40 Harmonia

A three-dimensional model of 40 Harmonia based on its light curve on the top and an image of 40 Harmonia on the bottom.

Discovery
Discovered by| H. Goldschmidt
Discovery date| March 31, 1856
Designations

MPC designation

| (40) Harmonia
Pronunciation| /hɑːrˈmoʊniə/[1]
Named after| Harmonia

Alternative designations

| 1950 XU
Minor planet category| Main belt
Orbital characteristics[2]
Epoch December 31, 2006 (JD 2454100.5)
|{{{apsis}}}|helion}}| 355.021 Gm (2.373 AU)
|{{{apsis}}}|helion}}| 323.537 Gm (2.163 AU)

Semi-major axis

| 339.279 Gm (2.268 AU)
Eccentricity| 0.046
Orbital period| 1,247.514 d (3.42 a)
Mean anomaly| 249.120°
Inclination| 4.256°
Longitude of ascending node| 94.287°

|{{{apsis}}}|helion}}

| 268.988°
Physical characteristics
Dimensions| 111.251 ± 0.391 km[2]
Mass| (2.206 ± 0.612/0.42)×1018 kg[3]
Mean density| 2.867 ± 0.795/0.546 g/cm3[3][lower-alpha 1]
Rotation period| 0.3712 d (8.909 h)[4]
Geometric albedo| 0.242[5]

Spectral type

| S
Apparent magnitude| 9.31 (brightest)
Absolute magnitude (H)| 6.55[2]

40 Harmonia is a large main-belt asteroid. It was discovered by German-French astronomer Hermann Goldschmidt on March 31, 1856,[6] and named after Harmonia, the Greek goddess of harmony. The name was chosen to mark the end of the Crimean War.

The asteroid is orbiting the Sun with a period of 3.42 years and a relatively low eccentricity of 0.046. It has a cross-sectional size of 107.6 km. The spectrum of 40 Harmonia matches an S-type (silicate) in the Tholen classification system, and is similar to primitive achondrite meteorites.[7] Photometric observations at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico during 2008–09 were used to generate a light curve that showed four unequal minima and maxima per cycle. The curve shows a period of 8.909 ± 0.001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.28 ± 0.02 in magnitude. This result is compatible with previous studies.[4]

Speckle interferometric observations carried out with the Nicholas U. Mayall Telescope at the Kitt Peak National Observatory during 1982–84 failed to discover a satellite companion.[8] In 1988 a search for satellites or dust orbiting this asteroid was performed using the UH88 telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatories, but the effort came up empty.[9]

## Notes

1. ↑ Assuming a diameter of 113.7 ± 7 km.

## References

1. ↑ Noah Webster (1884) A Practical Dictionary of the English Language
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Yeomans, Donald K., "40 Harmonia", JPL Small-Body Database Browser (NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory), https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=40, retrieved 2013-04-07 .
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Fienga, A.; Avdellidou, C.; Hanuš, J. (February 2020). "Asteroid masses obtained with INPOP planetary ephemerides". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 492 (1). doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3407. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/492/1/589/5658701.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Pilcher, Frederick (October 2009), "New Lightcurves of 8 Flora, 13 Egeria, 14 Irene, 25 Phocaea 40 Harmonia, 74 Galatea, and 122 Gerda", The Minor Planet Bulletin 36 (4): pp. 133–136, Bibcode: 2009MPBu...36..133P .
5. ↑ Asteroid Data Archive, Planetary Science Institute, http://www.psi.edu/pds/archive/astdata04/simps04/diamalb.tab, retrieved 2008-11-03 .
6. ↑ "Numbered Minor Planets 1–5000", Discovery Circumstances (IAU Minor Planet center), https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs000001.html, retrieved 2013-04-07 .
7. ↑ Hiroi, T. et al. (March 1993), "Modeling of S-type asteroid spectra using primitive achondrites and iron meteorites", Icarus 102 (1): pp. 107–116, doi:10.1006/icar.1993.1036, Bibcode: 1993Icar..102..107H .
8. ↑ Roberts, Lewis C. Jr. et al. (November 1995), "A Speckle Interferometric Survey for Asteroid Duplicity", Astronomical Journal 110: pp. 2463–2468, doi:10.1086/117704, Bibcode: 1995AJ....110.2463R .
9. ↑ Gradie, J.; Flynn, L. (March 1988), "A Search for Satellites and Dust Belts Around Asteroids: Negative Results", Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 19: pp. 405–406, Bibcode: 1988LPI....19..405G .

## External links

* 40 Harmonia at AstDyS-2, Asteroids—Dynamic Site
* Ephemeris * Observation prediction * Orbital info * Proper elements * Observational info
* 40 Harmonia at the JPL Small-Body Database
* Close approach * Discovery * Ephemeris * Orbit diagram * Orbital elements * Physical parameters

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