Akari (satellite)

Short description: Infrared astronomy satellite developed by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

AKARI

Artist's conception of AKARI

Mission type| Infrared telescope
Operator| JAXA
COSPAR ID| 2006-005A
SATCAT no.| 28939
Website| global.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/astro_f/
Mission duration| 5 years, 9 months
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer| ISAS
Launch mass| 952 kg (2,099 lb)
Dimensions| 5.5 m × 1.9 m × 3.2 m (18.0 ft × 6.2 ft × 10.5 ft)
Start of mission
Launch date| Error: Value is not a valid timezone (help)[1]
Rocket| M-V, mission M-V-8
Launch site| M-V Pad, Uchinoura Space Center
End of mission
Disposal| decommissioned
Deactivated| 24 November 2011 (2011-11-24)
Decay date| 11 April 2023, 04:44 UTC
Orbital parameters
Reference system| Geocentric
Regime| Sun-synchronous
Semi-major axis| 6,884 km (4,278 mi)[2]
Eccentricity| 0.0129527[2]
Perigee altitude| 423.9 km (263.4 mi)[2]
Apogee altitude| 602.3 km (374.3 mi)[2]
Inclination| 98.2 degrees[2]
Period| 94.7 minutes[2]
RAAN| 305.9392 degrees[2]
Argument of perigee| 124.2012 degrees[2]
Mean anomaly| 354.1441 degrees[2]
Mean motion| 15.1995622 rev/day[2]
Epoch| 9 July 2015, 13:43:21 UTC[2]
Revolution no.| 50455[2]
Main
Type| Ritchey–Chrétien
Diameter| 0.67 m (2.2 ft)
Focal length| 4.2 m (14 ft)
Wavelengths| 1.7 to 180 µm (Infrared)
Instruments
FIS: Far-Infrared Surveyor
IRC: Infra-Red Camera

AKARI (ASTRO-F) was an infrared astronomy satellite developed by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, in cooperation with institutes of Europe and Korea. It was launched on 21 February 2006, at 21:28 UTC (06:28, 22 February JST) by M-V rocket into Earth Sun-synchronous orbit. After its launch it was named AKARI (明かり), which means light in Japanese. Earlier on, the project was known as IRIS (InfraRed Imaging Surveyor).

Its primary mission was to survey the entire sky in near-, mid- and far-infrared, through its 68.5 cm (27.0 in) aperture telescope.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Technical design
* 2 History
* 2.1 2008-2010
* 2.2 End of mission
* 3 Results
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Technical design

Its designed lifespan, of far- and mid-infrared sensors, was 550 days, limited by its liquid helium coolant.[4]

Its telescope mirror was made of silicon carbide to save weight. The budget for the satellite was ¥13,4 billion (~US$110 million).[5]

## History

By mid-August 2006, AKARI finished around 50 per cent of the all sky survey.[6]

By early November 2006, first (phase-1) all-sky survey finished. Second (phase-2) all-sky survey started on 10 November 2006.[7]

Due to the malfunction of Sun sensor after the launch, ejection of telescope aperture lid was delayed, resulting in the coolant lifespan estimate being shortened to about 500 days from launch. However, after JAXA estimated the remaining helium during early March 2007, observation time was extended at least until 9 September.[8]

On 11 July 2007, JAXA informed that 90 per cent of the sky was scanned twice. Also around 3,500 selected targets have been observed so far.[9]

On 26 August 2007, liquid-Helium coolant depleted, which means the completion of far- and mid-infrared observation. More than 96 per cent of the sky was scanned and more than 5,000 pointed observations were done.[10]

British and Japanese project team members were awarded a Daiwa Adrian Prize in 2004, by the Daiwa Anglo-Japanese Foundation in recognition of their collaboration.[11]

During December 2007, JAXA performed orbit correction manoeuvres to bring AKARI back into its ideal orbit. This was necessary because the boiled off helium led to an increase in altitude. If this had continued, the energy supply would have been cut off.[12]

### 2008-2010

A limited observation 'warm' programme continued with just NIR.

### End of mission

In May 2011, AKARI suffered a major electrical failure and the batteries could not take full charge from the solar panels. As a result, its science instruments were rendered inoperable when the satellite was in the Earth's shadow.[3] The operation of satellite was terminated officially on 24 November 2011.[13] The satellite reentered the atmosphere on 11 April 2023 at 04:44 UTC.[14]

## Results

* Star formation over three generations in the nebula IC4954/4955 in the constellation Vulpecula.[15]
* The first infrared detection of a supernova remnant in the Small Magellanic Cloud
* Detection of mass-loss from relatively young red-giant stars in the globular cluster NGC 104
* Detection of the molecular gas surrounding the active galactic nucleus in the ultra luminous infrared galaxy
* The constellation Orion and the winter Milky Way at 140 micrometre
* Star forming region in the constellation Cygnus
* Active star formation viewed from the outside: The peculiar spiral galaxy M101
* Dust processing in the supernova remnants in the Large Magellanic Cloud

The AKARI All-Sky Survey Point Source Catalogues was released on 30 March 2010.[16][17][18]

Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 514 (May 2010) was a feature issue of AKARI's results.[19]

## See also

* Infrared astronomy
* List of largest infrared telescopes
* List of space telescopes
* SPICA, proposed (eventually not built) successor space telescope to AKARI

## References

1. ↑ Stephen Clark (21 February 2006). "Japanese infrared space observatory goes into orbit". Spaceflight Now. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/m5/astrof/.
2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 "ATRO-F (AKARI) Satellite details 2006-005A NORAD 28939". N2YO. 6 July 2015. http://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=28939#results.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "JAXA Hopes To Keep AKARI Going Despite Power Failure". Space News International. 27 May 2011. http://www.spacenews.com/civil/110527-jaxa-keep-akari-going.html.
4. ↑ "The Infrared Astronomical Satellite AKARI and Nikon". Nikon. September 2007. http://www.nikon.com/about/technology/field/akari/index3.htm.
5. ↑ "Fueling trust in rocket science". The Japan Times. 28 February 2006. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ed20060228a1.html.
6. ↑ Issei Yamamura (August 2006). "AKARI Mission Lifetime". AKARI Newsletter 16. http://www.ir.isas.jaxa.jp/ASTRO-F/Observation/Newsletter/afnl_e_016.txt.
7. ↑ "The Infrared Astronomical Satellite AKARI and Nikon". Nikon. September 2007. http://www.nikon.com/about/technology/field/akari/index.htm.
8. ↑ Issei Yamamura (9 March 2007). "AKARI Cryogenic Lifetime". AKARI Newsletter 18. http://www.ir.isas.jaxa.jp/ASTRO-F/Observation/Newsletter/afnl_e_018.txt.
9. ↑ "Current Status of the AKARI Mission After one year of observations". http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/snews/2007/0711.shtml.
10. ↑ Usui, Fumihiko; Kuroda, Daisuke; MÜLler, Thomas G.; Hasegawa, Sunao; Ishiguro, Masateru; Ootsubo, Takafumi; Ishihara, Daisuke; Kataza, Hirokazu et al. (2011). "Asteroid Catalog Using AKARI: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 63 (5): 1117–1138. doi:10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117. ISSN 0004-6264. Bibcode: 2011PASJ...63.1117U.
11. ↑ "Daiwa Adrian Prizes - Prizes for UK-Japan Scientific Collaboration". https://www.dajf.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/DAP-fact-sheet.pdf.
12. ↑ Issei Yamamura (26 February 2008). "Happy Birthday, AKARI!". AKARI Newsletter 21. http://www.ir.isas.jaxa.jp/ASTRO-F/Observation/Newsletter/afnl_e_021.txt.
13. ↑ "赤外線天文衛星「あかり」（ASTRO-F）の運用終了について" (in ja). JAXA. 24 November 2011. http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2011/11/20111124_akari_j.html.
14. ↑ Joseph Remis [@jremis] (11 April 2023). "Actual decay 04h44mn 26°N 49°W.". https://twitter.com/jremis/status/1645712670614511618.
15. ↑ "AKARI (ASTRO-F) Results". JAXA/ISAS/LIRA. 28 November 2008. http://www.ir.isas.jaxa.jp/ASTRO-F/Outreach/results/results_e.html.
16. ↑ "新世代の赤外線天体カタログ、日本から世界に公開へ" (Press release) (in 日本語). 30 March 2010. Archived from the original on 2 April 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
17. ↑ "DARTS/AKARI at ISAS/JAXA". http://darts.isas.jaxa.jp/astro/akari/.
18. ↑ "AKARI | Research | Archive | PSC". http://www.ir.isas.jaxa.jp/ASTRO-F/Observation/PSC/Public/.
19. ↑ Bertout, C. (May 2010). "Special feature on AKARI results". Astronomy and Astrophysics 514: E1. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014744. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2010A&A...514E...1B. http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2010/06/contents/contents.html.

## External links

* JAXA/ISAS AKARI mission information

* v
* t
* e

Space observatories

Operating|

* AGILE (since 2007)
* AMS-02 (since 2011)
* Aoi (since 2018)
* ASTERIA (since 2017)
* Astrosat (since 2015)
* BRITE constellation (since 2013)
* CALET (since 2015)
* Chandra (AXAF) (since 1999)
* DAMPE (since 2015)
* Fermi (since 2008)
* Gaia (since 2013)
* HXMT (Insight) (since 2017)
* Hinode (Solar-B) (since 2006)
* HiRISE (since 2005)
* Hisaki (SPRINT-A) (since 2013)
* Hubble (since 1990)
* INTEGRAL (since 2002)
* IBEX (since 2008)
* IRIS (since 2013)
* ISS-CREAM (since 2017)
* MAXI (since 2009)
* Mikhailo Lomonosov (since 2016)
* Mini-EUSO (since 2019)
* NCLE (since 2018)
* NEOSSat (since 2013)
* NICER (since 2017)
* NuSTAR (since 2012)
* Odin (since 2001)
* SDO (since 2010)
* SOHO (since 1995)
* SOLAR (since 2008)
* Spektr-RG (since 2019)
* Spitzer (since 2003)
* STEREO (since 2006)
* Swift (since 2004)
* TESS (since 2018)
* WISE (since 2009)
* XMM-Newton (since 1999)

Planned|

* CHEOPS (2019)
* iWF-MAXI (2019)
* Astro-1 Telescope (2020)
* ILO-1 (2020)
* LUCI (2020)
* Nano-JASMINE (2020)
* ORBIS (2020)
* Solar Orbiter (SolO) (2020)
* IXPE (2021)
* James Webb (JWST) (2021)
* LORD (2021)
* SVOM (2021)
* XPoSat (2021)
* Euclid (2022)
* Space Solar Telescope (2022)
* XRISM (2022)
* Xuntian (2022)
* K-EUSO (2023)
* Solar-C (2023)
* SPHEREx (2023)
* Small-JASMINE (2024)
* Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission (2025+)
* Spektr-UV (2025)
* WFIRST (2025+)
* PLATO (2026)
* LiteBIRD (2027)
* ARIEL (2028)
* Spektr-M (2030+)
* ATHENA (2031)
* LISA (2034)

Proposed|

* Arcus
* AstroSat-2
* EXCEDE
* Fresnel Imager
* FOCAL
* HabEx
* Hibari
* Hypertelescope
* JEM-EUSO
* LUVOIR
* ATLAST
* HDST
* Lynx
* Nautilus Deep Space Observatory
* New Worlds Mission
* NRO donation to NASA
* OST
* PhoENiX
* Solar-D
* SPICA
* THEIA
* THESEUS

Retired|

* Akari (Astro-F) (2006–2011)
* ALEXIS (1993–2005)
* Alouette 1 (1962–1972)
* Ariel 1 (1962, 1964)
* Ariel 2 (1964)
* Ariel 3 (1967–1969)
* Ariel 4 (1971–1972)
* Ariel 5 (1974–1980)
* Ariel 6 (1979–1982)
* ATM (1973–1974)
* ASCA (Astro-D) (1993–2000)
* Astro-1 (1990)
* BBXRT
* HUT
* Astro-2 (HUT) (1995)
* Astron (1983–1989)
* ANS (1974–1976)
* BeppoSAX (1996–2003)
* CHIPSat (2003–2008)
* Compton (CGRO) (1991–2000)
* CoRoT (2006–2013)
* Cos-B (1975–1982)
* COBE (1989–1993)
* DXS (1993)
* EPOCh (2008)
* EPOXI (2010)
* Explorer 11 (1961)
* EXOSAT (1983–1986)
* EUVE (1992–2001)
* FUSE (1999–2007)
* Kvant-1 (1987–2001)
* GALEX (2003–2013)
* Gamma (1990–1992)
* Ginga (Astro-C) (1987–1991)
* Granat (1989–1998)
* Hakucho (CORSA-b) (1979–1985)
* HALCA (MUSES-B) (1997–2005)
* HEAO-1 (1977–1979)
* Herschel (2009–2013)
* Hinotori (Astro-A) (1981–1991)
* HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.) (1978–1982)
* HEAO-3 (1979–1981)
* HETE-2 (2000–2008)
* Hipparcos (1989–1993)
* IUE (1978–1996)
* IRAS (1983)
* IRTS (1995–1996)
* ISO (1996–1998)
* IXAE (1996–2004)
* Kepler (2009–2018)
* Kristall (1990–2001)
* LEGRI (1997–2002)
* LISA Pathfinder (2015–2017)
* MOST (2003–2019)
* MSX (1996–1997)
* OAO-2 (1968–1973)
* OAO-3 (Copernicus) (1972–1981)
* Orbiting Solar Observatory
* OSO 1
* OSO 2/OSO B
* OSO 3
* OSO 4
* OSO 5
* OSO 6
* OSO 7
* OSO 8
* Orion 1 (1971)
* Orion 2 (1973)
* PAMELA (2006–2016)
* PicSat (2018)
* Planck (2009–2013)
* RELIKT-1 (1983–1984)
* R/HESSI (2002–2018)
* ROSAT (1990–1999)
* RXTE (1995–2012)
* SAMPEX (1992–2004)
* SAS-B (1972–1973)
* SAS-C (1975–1979)
* Solwind (1979–1985)
* Spektr-R (2011–2019)
* Suzaku (Astro-EII) (2005–2015)
* Taiyo (SRATS) (1975–1980)
* Tenma (Astro-B) (1983–1985)
* Uhuru (1970–1973)
* Vanguard 3 (1959)
* WMAP (2001–2010)
* Yokoh (Solar-A) (1991–2001)

Hibernating
(Mission completed)|

* SWAS (1998–2005)
* TRACE (1998–2010)

Lost|

* OAO-1 (1966)
* OAO-B (1970)
* CORSA (1976)
* OSO C (1965)
* ABRIXAS (1999)
* HETE-1 (1996)
* WIRE (1999)
* Astro-E (2000)
* Tsubame (2014–2015)
* Hitomi (Astro-H) (2016)

Cancelled|

* AOSO
* Astro-G
* Constellation-X
* Darwin
* Destiny
* EChO
* Eddington
* FAME
* FINESSE
* GEMS
* HOP
* IXO
* JDEM
* LOFT
* OSO J
* OSO K
* Sentinel
* SIM & SIMlite
* SNAP
* SPOrt
* TAUVEX
* TPF
* XEUS
* XIPE

See also|

* Great Observatories program
* List of space telescopes
* List of proposed space observatories
* List of X-ray space telescopes

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Astronomical surveys

Photographic|

* Digitized Sky Survey (DSS)
* The INT Photometric H-Alpha Survey (IPHAS)
* NGS-POSS
* Palomar Distant Solar System Survey (PDSSS)
* SLUGGS

Infra-red|

* 2MASS
* Akari (Astro-F)
* Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS)
* UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS)
* SCUBA-2 All Sky Survey
* VISTA
* Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)

Radio|

* C-BASS
* GALEX Arecibo SDSS Survey (GASS)
* HIPASS
* NVSS
* Ohio Sky Survey
* PALFA Survey

Spectroscopic|

* 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS)
* 6dF Galaxy Survey (6dFGS)
* Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area Survey (CALIFA)
* CfA Redshift Survey
* Dark Energy Survey (DES)
* DEEP2 Redshift Survey (DEEP2)
* LAMOST
* Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)
* VIMOS-VLT Deep Survey (VVDS)
* WiggleZ

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