Aram Chaos

Short description: Crater on Mars

Aram Chaos

Aram Chaos is the circular depression in the top left. Iani Chaos is in the bottom right.

Location| Margaritifer Terra, Mars
Coordinates|  [ ⚑ ] : 2°36′N 21°30′W﻿ / ﻿2.6°N 21.5°W﻿ / 2.6; -21.5
Diameter| 280 km (170 mi)
Depth| 3 km (1.9 mi)

Aram Chaos, centered at 2.6°N, 21.5°W, is a heavily eroded impact crater on Mars. It lies at the eastern end of the large canyon Valles Marineris and close to Ares Vallis. Various geological processes have reduced it to a circular area of chaotic terrain. Aram Chaos takes its name from Aram, one of the classical albedo features observed by Giovanni Schiaparelli, who named it after the Biblical land of Aram. Spectroscopic observation from orbit indicates the presence of the mineral hematite, likely a signature of a once aqueous environment.

## Contents

* 1 Description
* 2 Geology
* 2.1 Formation
* 2.1.1 Chaotic Terrain and Aqueous Environment
* 2.1.2 Possible Volcanic Constructs
* 2.2 Mineralogical Composition
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links
* 6 More Images

## Description

Aram Chaos is an impact crater on Mars measuring 280 kilometers (170 mi) in diameter. It lies in the Oxia Palus quadrangle in a region called Margaritifer Terra, and its exact coordinates on Mars are Template:Coord/display/. The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) on the orbiter Mars Odyssey found gray crystalline hematite on the floor of Aram Chaos and CRISM, the spectroscope on the MRO, found hydrated sulfates, jarosite, and hematite. The floor of Aram Chaos also contains huge blocks of collapsed, or chaotic, terrain that formed when water or ice was catastrophically removed. Small, shallow outlet channels are also visible in the eastern wall of the impact crater, as well as a small outflow channel connecting Aram Chaos with the Ares Valles outflow channel.

## Geology

### Formation

Aram Chaos, as an impact crater, started its formation with the high velocity impact of an unknown smaller body on the surface of Mars. This formed the large, circular depression that originally made up the crater. This crater was then filled with sediments, likely carried by aeolian processes, that were deposited into Aram Chaos over time. Subsequently, and in tandem with the compilation of these sedimentary layers, and aquifer formed beneath the surface of the crater.

#### Chaotic Terrain and Aqueous Environment

Following the deposition of sedimentary layers and the formation of the subsurface aquifer, a catastrophic geologic event occurred which caused the release of the subsurface aquifer and the subsequent catastrophic flooding, creating chaotic terrain within Aram Chaos. The repetition of this process led to layered terrains within Aram Chaos, including layers of the mineral hematite.[1][2][3] Several minerals in Aram Chaos, including the hematite sulfate minerals and water-altered silicates, suggest that a lake probably once existed within the crater at some point in time.[4][5] Scientists also suggest that flood channels within Aram Chaos were carved within just weeks or months by catastrophic outflows of groundwater from beneath Aram Chaos and nearby regions.[6] Because forming hematite requires liquid water, which cannot exist without a thick atmosphere, the presence of hematite also suggests that Mars had a much thicker atmosphere at some time in the past. Tilting and erosion of Aram Chaos is also evident in satellite imagery taken of the crater.

#### Possible Volcanic Constructs

There is a possible volcanic component to the formation of outflow channels in Aram Chaos. By melting the permafrost or ground ice originally in the crater, geothermal activity may have caused the creation of the visible outflow channels in the impact crater.[7] High resolution MOC images of the chaotic terrains in Aram Chaos show possible volcanic features within the crater, including hills resembling volcanoes, possible magmatic intrusions within the older rock layers, and possible volcanic ash deposits on the crater floor.

### Mineralogical Composition

Not including dust and regolith common on the surface of Mars, two distinct sections of identifiable minerals have been determined to exist within Aram Chaos: a mixture of hematite and/or goethite and a mixture of ferric oxides and sulfates.[8] Specifically, these minerals can be seen as two layers in Aram Chaos, described from top to bottom. The first layer consists mostly of nanophase iron oxides, which is about 250–500 meters thick, while the second layer is made up of a less than 500 m layer of polyhydrated sulfate and hematite.[9][10]

Ferric hydroxysulfate (Fe3+SO4OH) has been found in Aram Chaos. It was probably formed from the heating and oxidation of hydrated ferrous sulfates. The heat may have come from the deposition of lava or ash. Another psossibility is that heat came from the ground by way of hydrothermal processes. This iron and sulfur compound was discovered with the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) instrument.[11][12]

## See also

* Chaos terrain
* Geology of Mars
* HiRISE
* HiWish program
* List of areas of chaos terrain on Mars
* Martian chaos terrain
* Outflow channels
* Water on Mars

## References

1. ↑ Glotch, Timothy D. (2004). The thermal infrared spectral characteristics of hematite and its origin in Aram Chaos, Mars (Thesis). OCLC 63279533. ProQuest 305210528.
2. ↑ Sibille, L.; Mueller, R. P.; Niles, P. B.; Glotch, T.; Archer, P. D.; Bell, M. S. (October 2015). "Aram Chaos: A Long Lived Subsurface Aqueous Environment with Strong Water Resource Potential for Human Missions on Mars". First Landing Site/Exploration Zone Workshop for Human Missions to the Surface of Mars. pp. 1048. ProQuest 2128176559. Bibcode: 2015LPICo1879.1048S. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20150019643.
3. ↑ Glotch, Timothy D. (2005). "Geologic and mineralogic mapping of Aram Chaos: Evidence for a water-rich history". Journal of Geophysical Research 110 (E9): E09006. doi:10.1029/2004JE002389. Bibcode: 2005JGRE..110.9006G.
4. ↑ Lichtenberg, K. A.; Arvidson, R. E.; Morris, R. V.; Murchie, S. L.; Bishop, J. L.; Glotch, T. D.; Noe Dobrea, E. Z.; Mustard, J. F. et al. (March 2009). "Stratigraphy and Relationship of Hydrated Minerals in the Layered Deposits of Aram Chaos, Mars". 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. p. 2326. Bibcode: 2009LPI....40.2326L.
5. ↑ Lichtenberg, Kimberly A.; Arvidson, Raymond E.; Morris, Richard V.; Murchie, Scott L.; Bishop, Janice L.; Fernandez Remolar, David; Glotch, Timothy D.; Noe Dobrea, Eldar et al. (10 June 2010). "Stratigraphy of hydrated sulfates in the sedimentary deposits of Aram Chaos, Mars". Journal of Geophysical Research 115: E00D17. doi:10.1029/2009JE003353.
6. ↑ "HiRISE | Uplifted Blocks of Light-Toned Layered Deposits (ESP_054753_1825)". https://www.uahirise.org/ESP_054753_1825.
7. ↑ Lanz, J. K.; Jaumann, R. (March 2001). "Possible Volcanic Constructs in Aram Chaos Revealed by MOC and Their Impact on Outflow Channel Genesis". 32nd Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. p. 1574. Bibcode: 2001LPI....32.1574L.
8. ↑ Liu, Yang (2013). Spectral Identification and Analyses of Hydrous Mineral Deposits: Implications for the Aqueous History of Aram Chaos and Melas Chasma, Mars (Thesis). OCLC 861698923. ProQuest 1426182378.
9. ↑ Lichtenberg, K.; Arvidson, R.; Bishop, J.; Glotch, T.; Noe Dobrea, E.; Murchie, S.; Mustard, J.; Roach, L. (December 2008). "Mg- and Fe-Sulfate Layers in Aram Chaos, Mars". American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2008. pp. P44A–09. Bibcode: 2008AGUFM.P44A..09L.
10. ↑ Massé, M.; Le Mouélic, S.; Bourgeois, O.; Combe, J.-P.; Le Deit, L.; Sotin, C.; Bibring, J.-P.; Gondet, B. et al. (9 December 2008). "Mineralogical composition, structure, morphology, and geological history of Aram Chaos crater fill on Mars derived from OMEGA Mars Express data". Journal of Geophysical Research 113 (E12): E12006. doi:10.1029/2008JE003131. Bibcode: 2008JGRE..11312006M. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00488981/file/2008JE003131.pdf.
11. ↑ https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-61801-2.epdfsharing_token=F7TiRbpPtDjwgYsksfmWz9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0PAjDdPvFRj2u2Bxv99NecoRwbH58H9FxJ4DWGErtzvwAhaPQQTNwHZ1rOch_xqbzT0edNr1Hjo71vp1v8nU9CKUu9yYP1OdMfuRkISY-2zBMxtwmLMY5LVyaCLrS5M2w= [bare URL]
12. ↑ Bishop, J. et al. 2025. Characterization of ferric hydroxysulfate on Mars and implications of the geochemical environment supporting its formation. nature communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-61801-2

## External links

* HiRISE image of the area
* The geology of Aram Chaos
* Mars Express image of the area

## More Images

* Erosion in Aram Chaos, as seen by THEMIS

* Badlands of Aram Chaos

* Viking 1 Orbiter image

* Eastern floor of Aram Chaos

* Minerals that form in water have been detected in the cliffs in the Aram Chaos region of Mars, as pictured.

* Sediments in Aram Chaos

* Gully landforms in Aram Choas

* Aram Chaos in perspective view

* Aram Chaos in false color

* Aram Chaos in black and white

* Aram Chaos in true color

* Aram Chaos as seen by HiRISE

* Hanging valleys in Aram Chaos, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

* Blocks in Aram Chaos showing possible source of water, as seen by THEMIS

* Quadrangle map of Oxia Palus labeled with major features. Aram Chaos is near the bottom of the image.

* Tography map of Oxia Palus region of Mars showing the location of a number of chaos regions, including Aram Chaos.

* Wide view of Aram Chaos, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program. The black strip is where data was not gathered.

* Aram Chaos with a light toned mound as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program. The mound probably contains water bearing minerals.

* Light toned mound as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program. The mound probably contains water bearing minerals.

* Dark sand on top of light toned material, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program.

* v
* t
* e

Geography of Mars and geology of Mars

Cartography

| Regions|

* Abalos Undae
* Aspledon Undae
* Arabia Terra
* Cerberus
* Cydonia
* Eridania Lake
* Hyperboreae Undae
* Ogygis Undae
* Olympia Undae
* Planum Australe
* Planum Boreum
* Quadrangles
* Sinus Meridiani
* Siton Undae
* Tempe Terra
* Terra Cimmeria
* Terra Sabaea
* Tharsis
* Vastitas Borealis

|

Quadrangles|

* Aeolis
* Amazonis
* Amenthes
* Arabia
* Arcadia
* Argyre
* Casius
* Cebrenia
* Coprates
* Diacria
* Elysium
* Eridania
* Hellas
* Iapygia
* Ismenius Lacus
* Lunae Palus
* Mare Acidalium
* Mare Australe (South Pole)
* Mare Boreum (North Pole)
* Mare Tyrrhenum
* Margaritifer Sinus
* Memnonia
* Noachis
* Oxia Palus
* Phaethontis
* Phoenicis Lacus
* Sinus Sabaeus
* Syrtis Major
* Tharsis
* Thaumasia

Geology

| Surface features|

* Brain terrain
* Carbonates
* Chaos terrain
* Color
* Composition
* Concentric crater fill
* Dark slope streak
* Dichotomy
* Dune fields
* Hagal
* Nili Patera
* Fretted terrain
* Geysers
* Glaciers
* Groundwater
* Gullies
* Inverted relief
* Lakes
* Lava tubes
* Lineated valley fill (LVF)
* Lobate debris apron
* North Polar Basin
* Ocean hypothesis
* Ore resources
* Outflow channels
* Polar caps
* Ring mold craters
* Rootless cones
* Scalloped topography
* Seasonal flows
* Soil
* Spherules
* Surface
* Swiss cheese features
* Terrain softening
* Tholus
* Upper plains unit
* Valley networks
* Water
* Yardangs

|

History|

* Amazonian
* Hesperian
* Noachian
* Volcanology
* Observation history
* Canals (list)
* Classical albedo features

Rocks observed|

* Curiosity rover
* Bathurst Inlet
* Coronation
* Goulburn
* Hottah
* Jake Matijevic
* Link
* Rocknest
* Rocknest 3
* Tintina
* Opportunity rover
* Bounce
* El Capitan
* Last Chance
* Sojourner rover
* Barnacle Bill
* Yogi
* Spirit rover
* Adirondack
* Home Plate
* Mimi
* Pot of Gold
* Viking
* Big Joe
* Other
* Face
* Monolith

* Meteorites found on Mars
* Block Island
* Heat Shield
* Mackinac Island
* Meridiani Planum
* Oileán Ruaidh
* Shelter Island

* Martian meteorites found on Earth
* Balsaltic Breccia
* Chassignites
* Nakhlites
* Shergottites
* Other
* List

Topography

| Mountains and
volcanoes

(list by height)

* Acidalia Colles
* Alba Mons
* Anseris Mons
* Apollinaris Mons
* Ariadnes Colles
* Astapus Colles
* Ausonia Montes
* Avernus Colles
* Biblis Tholus
* Centauri Montes
* Charitum Montes
* Echus Montes
* Elysium
* Elysium Mons
* Albor Tholus
* Hecates Tholus
* Erebus Montes
* Galaxius Mons
* Hadriacus Mons
* Hellas Montes
* Jovis Tholus
* Libya Montes
* Mount Sharp
* Nereidum Montes
* Olympus Mons
* Phlegra Montes
* Syrtis Major Planum
* Tartarus Colles
* Tartarus Montes
* Tharsis Montes
* Ascraeus
* Pavonis
* Arsia
* Tharsis Tholus
* Tyrrhenus Mons
* Ulysses Tholus
* Uranius group
* Uranius Mons
* Ceraunius Tholus
* Uranius Tholus

|

Plains and
plateaus|

* Acidalia Planitia
* Aeolis Palus
* Amazonis Planitia
* Arcadia Planitia
* Argyre Planitia
* Chryse Planitia
* Daedalia Planum
* Elysium Planitia
* Eridania Planitia
* Hellas Planitia
* Hesperia Planum
* Icaria Planum
* Isidis Planitia
* Lunae Planum
* Meridiani Planum
* Oxia Planum
* Planum Australe
* Planum Boreum
* Syria Planum
* Syrtis Major Planum
* Utopia Planitia
* Eden Patera
* Orcus Patera
* Peneus Patera
* Pityusa Patera

Canyons and
valleys|

* Aram Chaos
* Arsia Chasmata
* Aromatum Chaos
* Atlantis Chaos
* Aureum Chaos
* Candor Chasma
* Chasma Boreale
* Coprates Chasma
* Echus Chasma
* Eos Chaos
* Eos Chasma
* Galaxias Chaos
* Ganges Chasma
* Gorgonum Chaos
* Hebes Chasma
* Hydaspis Chaos
* Hydraotes Chaos
* Iani Chaos
* Ister Chaos
* Ius Chasma
* Juventae Chasma
* Melas Chasma
* Ophir Chasma
* Tithonium Chasma

* List of valles
* Apsus
* Ares
* Arnus
* Asopus
* Athabasca
* Auqakuh
* Bahram
* Buvinda
* Dao
* Enipeus
* Frento
* Granicus
* Green Valley
* Harmakhis
* Hebrus
* Her Desher
* Hrad
* Huo Hsing
* Hypanis
* Iberus
* Indus
* Ituxi
* Kasei
* Labou
* Ladon
* Lethe
* Licus
* Louros
* Ma'adam
* Mad
* Maja
* Mamers
* Mangala
* Marineris
* Labes
* Marte
* Maumee
* Mawrth
* Minio
* Naktong
* Nanedi
* Niger
* Nirgal
* Padus
* Paraná
* Patapsco
* Peace
* Rahway
* Ravi
* Reull
* Sabis
* Sabrina
* Samara
* Scamander
* Shalbatana
* Simud
* Stura
* Tader
* Tinia
* Tinjar
* Tiu
* Tyras
* Uzboi
* ULM
* Vedra
* Verde
* Warrego

Fossae, mensae
rupes and labyrinthi|

* Amenthes Fossae
* Ceraunius Fossae
* Cerberus Fossae
* Coloe Fossae
* Cyane Fossae
* Elysium Fossae
* Hephaestus Fossae
* Icaria Fossae
* Labeatis Fossae
* Mangala Fossa
* Mareotis Fossae
* Medusae Fossae
* Memnonia Fossae
* Nili Fossae
* Olympica Fossae
* Oti Fossae
* Sirenum Fossae
* Tantalus Fossae
* Tempe Fossae
* Tithonium Fossae
* Tractus Fossae
* Ulysses Fossae
* Aeolis Mensae
* Ausonia Mensa
* Capri Mensa
* Cydonia Mensae
* Deuteronilus Mensae
* Ganges Mensa
* Nilosyrtis Mensae
* Protonilus Mensae
* Sacra Mensa
* Claritas Rupes
* Olympus Rupes
* Rupes Tenuis
* Angustus Labyrinthus
* Noctis Labyrinthus

Catenae and
craters|

* Artynia Catena
* Tithoniae Catenae
* Tractus Catena
* Adams
* Agassiz
* Airy
* Airy-0
* Aniak
* Antoniadi
* Arandas
* Argo
* Arkhangelsky
* Arrhenius
* Asimov
* Bacolor
* Bakhuysen
* Baldet
* Baltisk
* Bamberg
* Barabashov
* Barnard
* Beagle
* Becquerel
* Beer
* Belz
* Bernard
* Bianchini
* Boeddicker
* Bok
* Bond
* Bonestell
* Bonneville
* Brashear
* Briault
* Burroughs
* Burton
* Campbell
* Canso
* Cassini
* Caxias
* Cerulli
* Chafe
* Chapais
* Chincoteague
* Chryse Alien
* Clark
* Coblentz
* Columbus
* Copernicus
* Corby
* Crewe
* Crivitz
* Crommelin
* Cruls
* Curie
* Da Vinci
* Danielson
* Darwin
* Davies
* Dawes
* Dejnev
* Denning
* Dilly
* Dinorwic
* Douglass
* Dromore
* Du Martheray
* Eagle
* Eberswalde
* Eddie
* Ejriksson
* Emma Dean
* Endeavour
* Matijevic Hill
* Endurance
* Erebus
* Escalante
* Eudoxus
* Fenagh
* Fesenkov
* Firsoff
* Flammarion
* Flaugergues
* Focas
* Fontana
* Fournier
* Fram
* Galdakao
* Gale
* Galle
* Garni
* Gasa
* Gilbert
* Gill
* Gledhill
* Gold
* Graff
* Green
* Grindavik
* Gusev
* Apollo 1 Hills
* Chaffee
* Grissom
* White
* Columbia Hills
* Husband
* McCool
* Sleepy Hollow
* Hadley
* Haldane
* Hale
* Halley
* Hartwig
* Heaviside
* Heimdal
* Heinlein
* Helmholtz
* Henry
* Herschel
* Hipparchus
* Holden
* Holmes
* Hooke
* Huggins
* Hussey
* Hutton
* Huxley
* Huygens
* Iazu
* Ibragimov
* Inuvik
* Janssen
* Jarry-Desloges
* Jeans
* Jezero
* Jezža
* Joly
* Jones
* Kaiser
* Keeler
* Kepler
* Kinkora
* Kipini
* Knobel
* Koga
* Korolev
* Kufra
* Kuiper
* Kunowsky
* Lambert
* Lamont
* Lampland
* Lassell
* Lau
* Le Verrier
* Li Fan
* Liais
* Lipik
* Liu Hsin
* Llanesco
* Lockyer
* Lod
* Lohse
* Lomonosov
* Lowell
* Lyell
* Lyot
* Mädler
* Magelhaens
* Maggini
* Main
* Mandora
* Maraldi
* Mariner
* Marth
* Martz
* Masursky
* Maunder
* McLaughlin
* McMurdo
* Mellish
* Mendel
* Mie
* Milankovic
* Millochau
* Mitchel
* Miyamoto
* Mohawk
* Mojave
* Molesworth
* Montevallo
* Moreux
* Müller
* Nansen
* Nereus
* Newton
* Nhill
* Nicholson
* Niesten
* Nipigon
* Onon
* Orson Welles
* Oudemans
* Palana
* Pangboche
* Pasteur
* Penticton
* Perepelkin
* Peridier
* Persbo
* Pettit
* Phillips
* Pickering
* Playfair
* Pollack
* Poona
* Porter
* Porth
* Priestley
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* Puńsk
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* Schiaparelli
* Schmidt
* Secchi
* Semeykin
* Sharonov
* Sibu
* Sinton
* Sitka
* Sklodowska
* Slipher
* Smith
* South
* Spallanzani
* Srīpur
* Steno
* Stokes
* Stoney
* Suess
* Suzhi
* Tarsus
* Taytay
* Teisserenc de Bort
* Terby
* Thila
* Thira
* Tikhonravov
* Tikhov
* Timbuktu
* Tombaugh
* Tooting
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* Troy
* Trud
* Trumpler
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* Udzha
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* Zumba
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