Beresheet

Full-size model of the Beresheet moon lander

Names| Sparrow (2011–2018)
Mission type| Technology demonstration
Operator| Israel Aerospace Industries[1] and SpaceIL
COSPAR ID| 2019-009B
SATCAT no.| 44049
Website| www.spaceil.com
Mission duration| 48 days, 17 hours, 38 minutes (achieved)
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft| Beresheet[2]
Spacecraft type| Lunar lander
Manufacturer| SpaceIL and Israel Aerospace Industries[3]
Launch mass| 585 kg[4]
Dry mass| 150 kg (330 lb)
Dimensions| Diameter: 2 m (6 ft 7 in);
Height: 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)[5]
Start of mission
Launch date| 22 February 2019, 01:45 UTC[6][7]
Rocket| Falcon 9 B5
Launch site| CCAFS, SLC-40
Contractor| SpaceX
End of mission
Disposal| Destroyed upon impact on the Moon surface
Destroyed| 11 April 2019, 19:23 UTC
Moon lander
Landing date| Lunar capture: 4 April 2019
Landing: 11 April 2019 (failure)[8]
Landing site| Mare Serenitatis[9]
[ ⚑ ] 32°35′44″N 19°20′59″E﻿ / ﻿32.5956°N 19.3496°E﻿ / 32.5956; 19.3496
| Instruments

Magnetometer
Laser retroreflector array

Beresheet Series

Beresheet 2 ->

Beresheet (Hebrew: בְּרֵאשִׁית, Bərēšīṯ, lit. In the beginning; Book of Genesis) was a demonstrator of a small robotic lunar lander and lunar probe operated by SpaceIL and Israel Aerospace Industries. Its aims included inspiring youth and promoting careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), and landing its magnetometer, time capsule, and laser retroreflector on the Moon. The lander's gyroscopes failed on 11 April 2019 causing the main engine to shut off, which resulted in the lander crashing on the Moon.[10] Its final resting position is 32.5956°N, 19.3496°E.[11]

The lander was previously known as Sparrow and was officially renamed to Beresheet in December 2018.[12] Its net mass was 150 kg (330 lb); when fueled at launch, its mass was 585 kg (1,290 lb). It had been compared to a washing machine, as it stood at about the height of one at 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) and was similar in width to large household appliances.[13] It used seven ground stations for Earth–lander communication.[14] Its mission control center was at Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) in Yehud, Israel.

## Contents

* 1 Planning and construction
* 2 Payload
* 3 Propulsion
* 4 Launch
* 5 Planned landing site
* 6 Planned operations
* 6.1 NASA contribution
* 7 Crash landing
* 7.1 Post-mission failure investigation
* 8 Wreckage
* 9 Beresheet 2
* 10 Minor planet
* 11 Intellectual property
* 12 See also
* 13 References
* 14 External links
* 15 Initial visibility
* 16 TemplateData
* 17 Template transclusions
* 18 Initial visibility
* 19 TemplateData

## Planning and construction

Beresheet was co-developed by SpaceIL and Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) with support from Israel Space Agency and Morris Kahn, its major financier. It represented the first privately initiated Moon mission and was stimulated by the Google Lunar X Prize.[15] SpaceIL and IAI constructed the vehicle[16] and was supported by the Israel Space Agency.[17] The time window for participation in the Google Lunar X Prize closed before the launch. After the mission, Lunar X Prize awarded a US$1 million award to SpaceIL to support a second mission.[18]

The costs for the project, including launch, were about US$100 million.[19] The government of Israel's commitment to the project was stated to be 10% in July 2018.[20] However, in 2019 just before the launch, SpaceIL told media that the overall budget was about US$90 million, and only about US$2 million of that came from the Israeli government.[21]

## Payload

The spacecraft carried a "time capsule" containing over 30 million pages of data, including a full copy of the English-language Wikipedia, the Wearable Rosetta disc, the PanLex database, the Torah, children's drawings, a children's book inspired by the space launch, memoirs of a Holocaust survivor, Israel's national anthem ("Hatikvah"), the Israeli flag, and a copy of the Israeli Declaration of Independence.[6][22][23][24][25] At the last minute, genetic samples and tardigrades were added in epoxy resin between the digital layers.[26]

Its scientific payload included a magnetometer supplied by the Israeli Weizmann Institute of Science to measure the local magnetic field, and a laser retroreflector array supplied by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center to enable precise measurements of the Earth–Moon distance.[27][28]

## Propulsion

The spacecraft propulsion system was designed and built by Israel Aerospace Industries, based on monomethylhydrazine (MMH) fuel and mixed oxides of nitrogen (MON) oxidizer. It featured nine engines, the main engine was the LEROS 2b liquid-propellant, restartable rocket engine which was used to reach lunar orbit, deceleration of the spacecraft, and an attempted propulsive landing.[29][30]

## Launch

Trajectory on a silver medal of the 2019 International Physics Olympiad

In October 2015, SpaceIL signed a contract for a launch from Cape Canaveral in Florida on a SpaceX Falcon 9 booster, via Spaceflight Industries.[20][31] It was launched on 22 February 2019 at 01:45 UTC (20:45 local time on 21 February 2019) as a secondary payload,[6][32][33] along with the telecom satellite PSN-6.[34] Beresheet was controlled by a command center in Yehud, Israel.[35]

From 24 February to 19 March 2019, the main engine was used four times to raise the orbit, putting its apogee close to the Moon's orbital distance.[36] The spacecraft performed maneuvers so as to be successfully captured into an elliptical lunar orbit on 4 April 2019, and adjusted its flight pattern in a circular orbit around the Moon. Once it was in the correct circular orbit, it was planned to decelerate for a soft landing on the lunar surface. This was planned for 11 April 2019.[37]

## Planned landing site

The planned landing site was in the north part of the Mare Serenitatis,[9] and the landing zone was about 15 km (9.3 mi) in diameter.[38]

## Planned operations

Beresheet was planned to operate for an estimated two days on the lunar surface,[20] as it had no thermal control and was expected to quickly overheat.[39] Its main mission would have been to gather imagery and send it back to Earth. Additionally, the craft would have made magnetic measurements. It was also planned to reignite its main engine and perform a "hop" to another place in the Moon's surface, demonstrating relocation capability in its Moon exploration.[21] The retroreflector was a passive device requiring no electrical power and was expected to be functional for several decades.[40]

### NASA contribution

In addition to contributing the laser retroreflector to the mission, NASA planned to contribute space communications capabilities during the cruise phase and operations phase, even giving Beresheet time on the Deep Space Network. NASA also planned to survey Beresheet with its Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (which it did after the crash-landing). In exchange, SpaceIL would have shared its magnetic measurements with NASA.[21]

## Crash landing

Crash site of Beresheet as seen by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

On 11 April 2019, the lander crash-landed on the lunar surface. An Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU2) gyroscope failed during the braking procedure on approach to the landing site, and the ground control crew was unable to reset the individual component due to a sudden loss of communications with the control network.[41] By the time communications were restored, the craft's main engine had already been inactive for an extended period. The engine was brought back online following a system-wide reset; however, the craft had already lost too much altitude to slow its descent sufficiently. The final telemetry reading indicated that at an altitude of 150 m (490 ft) the craft was still traveling at over 500 km/h (310 mph; 140 m/s), resulting in a total loss on impact with the lunar surface.[42][43] Prior to impact, the probe had been able to take two last photographs: a view of itself against the Moon, and a closer shot of the Moon's surface.[44]

The lander's final resting position is  [ ⚑ ] 32°35′44″N 19°20′59″E﻿ / ﻿32.5956°N 19.3496°E﻿ / 32.5956; 19.3496,[11] portrayed in the following LROC images:[45]

* M1236487095L (before impact)[46]
* M1098722768L (before impact - 2012-08-04 - 12:31:41, line 24245, sample 4031)[47]
* M1101080642R (before impact - 2012-08-31 - 19:29:35, line 14398, sample 1424)[48]
* M1310536929R (after impact)[49]

### Post-mission failure investigation

Several malfunctions plus human-in-the-loop decisions led to the crash landing during the final lunar descent. These were the result of limited funding; poor systems engineering design with a lack of redundancy in some systems and an inability of telemetry-software updates to remain active following system reboot; as well as human decisions about which path to take after the failure of one of the two redundant accelerometers (inertial measurement units, or IMUs) during the final lunar descent. A decision was made by the control team—which could have continued the descent with a single IMU, or tried to reinitiate the IMU which had shut down—to restart the second IMU.[50]

Due to the design of the spacecraft, restarting the IMU blocks communication with the functioning IMU. For less than one critical second, the spacecraft did not receive any acceleration data from the good IMU, and as programmed, identified it as a navigation malfunction, which caused a reboot of the spacecraft computer. The reboot lasted only approximately two seconds, but since the spacecraft design did not allow for previous software updates to be loaded automatically from the hard drive on reboot, the software patches had to be uploaded once again as a command file. Five tries were needed to get the updates to load, with the computer rebooting each time, and the main engine shut down during the reboots. Since the engine was needed to be continuously firing during the descent to decelerate Beresheet, the spacecraft retained excessive speed and struck the lunar surface at over 500 km/h (310 mph; 140 m/s).[50]

## Wreckage

NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) overflew the area where Beresheet's telemetry ended, and took photos of the surface. When those photos were compared against earlier photos of the same location, one set of new features was obvious. A faint lighter line leads to a lighter halo surrounding a dark crater. A lump is visible at the head of the crater opposite the line. The light halo may either be gas associated with the craft's wreckage or fine soil particles blown outward by the impact.[51] A small NASA payload known as the Lunar Retroflector Array (LRA) is hoped to have survived the crash. Though it may have separated from the main wreckage, the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) instrument on the LRO is pulsing laser images at the crash site in hopes of finding the LRA.[52][needs update]

In August 2019, scientists reported that a capsule containing tardigrade micro-animals in their natural cryptobiotic state may have survived the crash and lived on the Moon for a while. On previous space missions, tardigrades were exposed to the open vacuum of space and some were able to live for a period of time.[53][54] There is no real danger they will spread across the Moon,[53] but this "tardigrade affair" attracted the criticism of professionals who pointed out the lack of both planetary protection measures and international regulation to enforce such measures.[55] In May 2021, a team of researchers led by Alejandra Traspas, a student at Queen Mary University of London, claimed that the tardigrades were most likely destroyed by the force of the crash.[56]

## Beresheet 2

Main article: Astronomy:Beresheet 2

Originally Beresheet was planned to be a one-time-only mission.[3][21] However, on 13 April 2019, Morris Kahn announced that a new mission, named Beresheet 2, would attempt a second time to land on the Moon.[57] On 25 November 2019, it was announced that Beresheet 2 would attempt to send one lander to the Moon and another to Mars.[58][59]

On 9 December 2020, SpaceIL announced that the Beresheet 2 Moon mission would launch in 2024 (later planned to 2025), and would consist of an orbiter and two landers. It would have a budget of US$100 million, similar to that of Beresheet 1, and would include more international collaboration, with the United Arab Emirates as one of seven countries expressing interest.[60] As of 2025, the mission was suspended due to lack of funding.[61]

## Minor planet

The minor planet 27050 Beresheet is named after the spacecraft.[62]

## Intellectual property

IAI owns the intellectual property of the Beresheet design.[63] On 9 June 2019, it was announced that IAI signed an agreement with the American company Firefly Aerospace to build a lunar lander based on Beresheet.[63] Firefly Aerospace is one of several "main contractors" for NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS), and they planned to propose a lunar lander based on Beresheet called Genesis.[63][64] Genesis would be launched on another vehicle Firefly planned to build, a rocket called Beta,[64] or a Falcon 9 launch vehicle[65] in late 2022.[66] Due to changing CLPS specifications, Firefly determined that Genesis no longer fit NASA's requirements and started work on a new lunar lander design called Blue Ghost in 2021.[67] Despite being developed by Firefly, IAI will support the Blue Ghost lunar lander development effort as per their previous agreement on Genesis.[67]

On 4 February 2021, NASA awarded a CLPS contract worth approximately US$93.3 million to Firefly Aerospace to deliver a suite of ten science investigations and technology demonstrations to the Moon in 2023.

## See also

* Commercial use of space
* List of artificial objects on the Moon
* List of missions to the Moon
* List of software bugs § Space

## References

1. ↑ This 'Sparrow' lunar lander may soon make Israel the 4th country to land the Moon Dave Mosher, Business Insider 14 August 2018
2. ↑ SpaceX Delays Launch of First Private Lunar Lander Without Explanation Kristin Houser, Futurism 18 December 2018
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 IAI studying follow-on opportunities for SpaceIL lunar lander Jeff Foust, SpaceNews 17 September 2018
4. ↑ "Beresheet". NASA's Solar System Exploration website. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/beresheet/in-depth/.
5. ↑ "Israeli unmanned spacecraft to land on Moon in 2019". BBC News. 10 July 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-44777305.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Graham, William (21 February 2019). "SpaceX launches Indonesian satellite launch and Israeli moon mission". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/02/spacex-indonesian-launch-israeli-moon-mission/.
7. ↑ Pietrobon, Steven (8 December 2018). "United States Commercial ELV Launch Manifest". http://www.sworld.com.au/steven/space/uscom-man.txt.
8. ↑ Israeli spirits soar as Moon launch countdown begins 18 February 2019
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Here's (almost) everything you need to know about Israel's Moon lander Jason Davis, The Planetary Society 8 November 2018
10. ↑ Lidman, Melanie. "Israel's Beresheet spacecraft crashes into the moon during landing attempt". https://www.timesofisrael.com/israels-beresheet-spacecraft-crashes-during-moon-landing-attempt/.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Beresheet Crash Site Spotted! | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera". Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC), School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University. http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/1101.
12. ↑ SpaceIL, IAI to send time capsule on Israel's historic Moon mission SpaceIL website Retrieved 17 December 2018
13. ↑ "Tiny Israeli spacecraft Beresheet enters orbit around the moon". 6 April 2019. https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/israeli-beresheet-lunar-orbit/.
14. ↑ SpaceIL - Technology
15. ↑ "Israel schickt ersten privat finanzierten Mond-Lander auf den Weg" (in de). Deutsche Welle. 19 February 2019. https://www.dw.com/de/israel-schickt-ersten-privat-finanzierten-mond-lander-auf-den-weg/a-47534715.
16. ↑ "SpaceIL says "chain of events" led to crash of lunar lander". https://astronaut.com/spaceil-says-chain-of-events-led-to-crash-of-lunar-lander/.
17. ↑ Lunsford, Christine (9 February 2019). "Israel's 1st Moon Lander: The SpaceIL Beresheet Lunar Mission in Pictures". https://www.space.com/43188-israel-first-moon-lander-spaceil-beresheet-photos.html.
18. ↑ Wehner, Mike (15 April 2019). "We now know why Israel's lunar lander crashed into the Moon". BGR. https://www.yahoo.com/news/spaceil-first-lander-crashed-moon-220403535.html.
19. ↑ Wall, Mike (4 April 2019). "Pioneering Israeli Lunar Lander Arrives in Orbit Around the Moon". https://www.space.com/israeli-moon-lander-beresheet-lunar-orbit-success.html.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Winner, Stewart; Solomon, Shoshanna (10 July 2018). "Israeli spacecraft aims for historic moon landing... within months". The Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-first-israeli-spacecraft-set-for-trip-to-the-moon/.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Grush, Loren (19 February 2019). "Israeli spacecraft poised to become first privately funded lander on the Moon". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/19/18228611/spaceil-israel-lunar-lander-beresheet-spacex-falcon-9-mission.
22. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (21 February 2019). "After SpaceX Launch, Israeli Spacecraft Begins Journey to the Moon". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/21/science/spacex-launch-israel.html.
23. ↑ Holmes, Oliver (20 February 2019). "Israel to launch first privately funded moon mission". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/feb/20/israel-to-launch-first-privately-funded-moon-mission.
24. ↑ Musaddique, Shafi (21 February 2019). "Israel to take "digital bible" to space as it becomes fourth country to land on the Moon". https://www.euronews.com/2019/02/21/israel-to-take-digital-bible-to-space-as-it-becomes-fourth-country-to-land-on-the-moon.
25. ↑ "The first library on another celestial body". https://www.archmission.org/spaceil.
26. ↑ Oberhaus, Daniel (5 August 2019). "A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades on the Moon". Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/a-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon.
27. ↑ Potter, Sean (3 October 2018). "NASA, Israel Space Agency Sign Agreement for Commercial Lunar Cooperat". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-israel-space-agency-sign-agreement-for-commercial-lunar-cooperation. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
28. ↑ NASA Video (29 November 2018), NASA Announces New Moon Partnerships with U.S. Companies, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t2TfS_ckxjA, retrieved 3 December 2018 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
29. ↑ Amos, Jonathan (21 February 2019). "Israel's Beresheet robot sets its sights on the Moon". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-47313486.
30. ↑ Lunde, Endre (21 February 2019). "Nammo's British Rocket Engine Powers Israel's Mission to the Moon". My News Desk. https://www.mynewsdesk.com/no/nammo/pressreleases/nammos-british-rocket-engine-powers-israels-mission-to-the-moon-2838630.
31. ↑ Israeli GLXP Team Is First to Sign Launch Agreement For Private Mission to the Moon On SpaceX Falcon 9 7 October 2015
32. ↑ SpaceX Falcon 9 rideshare launch to send a commercial lander to the Moon in 2019 Eric Ralph, Teslarati 12 September 2018
33. ↑ Ronel, Asaf (10 July 2018). "First Israeli Spacecraft to Head to Moon on Back of Elon Musk's SpaceX Rocket". Haaretz. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-first-israeli-spacecraft-to-the-moon-to-launch-in-december-1.6264356.
34. ↑ SpaceIL making final fundraising push for lunar lander mission Jeff Foust, SpaceNews 14 December 2017
35. ↑ staff. "Israeli lunar craft successfully completes first maneuver". https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-lunar-craft-successfully-completes-first-maneuver/.
36. ↑ "Beresheet lander on course for the moon". 19 March 2019. https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/03/19/beresheet-lander-on-course-for-the-moon/.
37. ↑ "Recalculating Route: The plan of spacecraft's trajectory has been completed". SpaceIL. July 2018. http://www.spaceil.com/general/מחשבת-מסלול-מחדש-הושלמה-תכנית-בניית-המ/.
38. ↑ Landing site selection for the SpaceIL mission to the Moon Yuval Grossman. Lunar And Planetary Science Conference XLVIII March 2017
39. ↑ With SpaceIL launch, its to the Moon and beyond for Israel Yaakov Lappin, Heritage 11 January 2019
40. ↑ David, Leonard (31 March 2019). "NASA's Piggyback Experiment on Israeli Moon Lander Could Aid Future Lunar Touchdowns". Space.com. https://www.space.com/israel-moon-lander-nasa-instrument.html.
41. ↑ LIVE broadcast - Beresheet lands on the Moon Fasten your seatbelts, we are about to land (Live videocast). Yehud, Israel: SpaceIL. 11 April 2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019. commentary beginning 32'56" (combined Hebrew and English)
42. ↑ Foust, Jeff (12 April 2019). "SpaceIL says "chain of events" led to crash of lunar lander". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/spaceil-says-chain-of-events-led-to-crash-of-lunar-lander.
43. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (11 April 2019). "Israel's Beresheet Spacecraft Moon Landing Attempt Appears to End in Crash". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/11/science/israel-moon-landing-beresheet.html.
44. ↑ Dent, Steve (14 April 2019). "Israel's Moon probe snaps a final photo before crashing". Engadget. https://www.engadget.com/2019/04/14/beresheet-moon-probe-final-image-the-big-picture/.
45. ↑ "Beresheet Crash Site Spotted!". Arizona State University. http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/1101.
46. ↑ "LROC Observation M1236487095L". https://wms.lroc.asu.edu/lroc/view_lroc/LRO-L-LROC-3-CDR-V1.0/M1236487095LC.
47. ↑ "LROC Observation M1098722768L". https://wms.lroc.asu.edu/lroc/view_lroc/LRO-L-LROC-3-CDR-V1.0/M1098722768LC.
48. ↑ "LROC Observation M1101080642R". https://wms.lroc.asu.edu/lroc/view_lroc/LRO-L-LROC-3-CDR-V1.0/M1101080642RC.
49. ↑ "LROC Observation M1310536929R". https://wms.lroc.asu.edu/lroc/view_lroc/LRO-L-LROC-3-CDR-V1.0/M1310536929RC.
50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Nevo, Ettay (20 February 2020). ﻿What Happened to Beresheet?﻿ (Report). Weizman Institute of Science. https://davidson.weizmann.ac.il/en/online/sciencepanorama/what-happened-beresheet. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
51. ↑ Howell, Elizabeth (15 May 2019). "Moon Crash Site Found! NASA Probe Spots Grave of Israeli Lunar Lander". SpaceNews. https://www.space.com/beresheet-moon-lander-crash-site-photos.html.
52. ↑ David, Leonard (17 April 2019). "Did NASA Experiment Survive Israeli Moon Lander's Crash?". SpaceNews. https://www.space.com/did-nasa-experiment-survive-beresheet-crash.html.
53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Oberhaus, Daniel (5 August 2019). "A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades on the Moon". Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/a-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon/.
54. ↑ Resnick, Brian (6 August 2019). "Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the Moon - The tardigrade conquest of the Solar System has begun.". https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/8/6/20756844/tardigrade-moon-beresheet-arch-mission.
55. ↑ Alvarez, Tamara (Jan 1, 2020). The Eighth Continent: An Ethnography of Twenty-First Century Euro-American Plans to Settle the Moon (Thesis). p. 164-166. Archived from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved Nov 1, 2021.
56. ↑ O'Callaghan, Jonathan (2021). "Hardy water bears survive bullet impacts—up to a point". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abj5282.
57. ↑ "SpaceIL". https://www.facebook.com/SpaceIL/posts/2250757561633732.
58. ↑ Keyser, Zachary (2019-11-28). "SpaceIL heading back to space, mission to Mars on the horizon". https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/SpaceIL-co-founder-Beresheet-II-ready-for-lift-off-in-three-years-Mars-on-the-horizon-608939.
59. ↑ Jerenberg, Batya (2019-11-25). "SpaceIL reveals new moon mission set for 2022, with Mars attempt in works". https://worldisraelnews.com/spaceil-reveals-new-moon-mission-set-for-2022-with-mars-attempt-in-works/.
60. ↑ "Israel launches second bid to put a lander on the moon; UAE may join". 9 December 2020. https://www.timesofisrael.com/beresheet-2-israel-launches-plan-for-second-moon-shot-in-2024-uae-may-join/.
61. ↑ "SpaceIL Suspends Beresheet 2 Lunar Mission Project" (in en-US). 2025-04-05. https://davidson.weizmann.ac.il/en/online/sciencenews/spaceil-suspends-beresheet-2-lunar-mission-project.
62. ↑ IAU
63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 Firefly to partner with IAI on lunar lander Jeff Foust, SpaceNews 9 July 2019
64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Grush, Loren (2019-07-09). "Israel’s failed lunar lander will live on in the design of Firefly Aerospace’s new Moon spacecraft" (in en-US). https://www.theverge.com/2019/7/9/20686024/beresheet-lunar-lander-genesis-iai-firefly-aerospace-moon-israel.
65. ↑ Firefly Genesis Firefly Aerospace Accessed on 13 September 2019
66. ↑ "In parallel with rocket development, Firefly launches lunar lander initiative". Spaceflight Now. 1 April 2020. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/04/01/in-parallel-with-rocket-development-firefly-offers-details-on-lunar-lander-initiative/.
67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Foust, Jeff (4 February 2021). "Firefly wins NASA CLPS lunar lander contract". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/firefly-wins-nasa-clps-lunar-lander-contract/.

## External links

| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beresheet.

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* From Plutarch to Beresheet: a Short History of Lunar Exploration
* National Geographic - First privately funded moon lander crash-lands

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Past|

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* Blue Ghost M1
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* Chang'e 5-T1 (service module)
* Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
* Queqiao (relay satellite at L2)
* Chandrayaan-2

|

Landers|

* Chang'e 3
* Chang'e 4

Rovers|

* Yutu-2

Past
missions|

| Crewed landings|

* Apollo 11
* 12
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* (List of Apollo astronauts)

|

Orbiters|

* Apollo 8
* 10
* Apollo Lunar Module
* Chang'e 1
* 2
* Chandrayaan-1
* Clementine
* Explorer 35
* 49
* GRAIL
* Hiten
* LADEE
* Longjiang-2
* Luna 10
* 11
* 12
* 14
* 19
* 22
* Lunar Orbiter 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* Lunar Prospector
* PFS-1
* PFS-2
* SMART-1
* SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)

Impactors|

* LCROSS
* Luna 2
* Moon Impact Probe
* Ranger 4
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9

Landers|

* Apollo Lunar Module ×6
* Luna 9
* 13
* 16
* 17
* 20
* 21
* 23
* 24
* Surveyor 1
* 3
* 5
* 6
* 7

Rovers|

* Lunar Roving Vehicle
* Apollo 15
* 16
* 17
* Lunokhod 1
* 2
* Yutu

Sample return|

* Apollo 11
* 12
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* Luna 16
* 20
* 24

Failed landings|

* Surveyor 2
* 4
* Luna 5
* 7
* 8
* 15
* 18
* Beresheet
* Vikram / Pragyan

Flybys|

* 4M
* Apollo 13
* AsiaSat-3 / HGS-1
* Chang'e 5-T1 / Xiaofei
* Geotail
* ICE
* Longjiang-1
* Luna 1
* 3
* 4
* 6
* Mariner 10
* Nozomi
* Pioneer 4
* Ranger 5
* STEREO
* TESS
* WMAP
* WIND
* Zond 3
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* PAS-22

Planned
missions|

| Artemis|

* Artemis 1 (2020)
* ArgoMoon
* BioSentinel
* Cislunar Explorers
* CU-E3
* CuSP
* EQUULEUS
* LunaH-Map
* Lunar Flashlight
* Lunar IceCube
* NEA Scout
* OMOTENASHI
* SkyFire
* Team Miles
* Artemis 2 (2022)
* Artemis 3 (2024)
* Artemis 4 (2025)
* Artemis 5 (2026)
* Artemis 6 (2027)
* Artemis 7 (2028)
* Artemis 8 (2028)

|

CLPS|

* CAPSTONE (December 2020)
* Nova-C (2021)
* Peregrine M1 (Jul 2021)
* VIPER (2022)

Luna-Glob|

* Luna 25 (2021)
* Luna 26 (2024)
* Luna 27 (2025)
* Luna 28 (2027)
* Luna 29 (2028)
* Luna 30 (2028)
* Luna 31 (2028)

CLEP|

* Chang'e 5 (mid-2020)
* Chang'e 6 (2023–2024)
* Chang'e 7 (2023)
* Chang'e 8 (2027)

Others|

* Moon Express Lunar Scout (Jul 2020)
* International Lunar Observatory
* MoonLIGHT
* ALINA (2021)
* CubeRover
* Uni
* Hakuto-R M1 (Oct 2021)
* MoonRanger (2022)
* SLIM (Jan 2022)
* KPLO (Jul 2022)
* DESTINY+ (2022)
* Hakuto-R M2 (Mar 2023)
* #dearMoon project (2023)

Proposed
missions|

| Robotic|

* Chandrayaan-3 (November 2020)
* Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (2024)
* Artemis-7
* Blue Moon
* BOLAS
* Garatéa-L
* ISOCHRON
* Lunar Pathfinder
* McCandless
* Moon Diver
* XL-1

|

Crewed|

* DSE-Alpha
* Lunar Gateway (Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander)
* Lunar Orbital Station

Cancelled /
concepts|

* Altair
* Baden-Württemberg 1
* European Lunar Explorer
* International Lunar Network
* LEO
* LK
* Lunar-A
* Lunar Lander
* Lunar Mission One
* Lunar Observer
* Lunokhod 3
* MoonLITE
* MoonRise
* Prospector
* Resource Prospector
* SELENE-2
* Ukrselena

See also|

* Colonization of the Moon
* Google Lunar X Prize
* List of lunar probes
* List of missions to the Moon
* List of artificial objects on the Moon
* Lunar resources
* Apollo 17 Moon mice
* Moon landing conspiracy theories
* Apollo 11 anniversaries
* List of crewed lunar lander designs

* Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in italics.

* v
* t
* e

21st-century space probes

Active space probes
(deep space missions)|

| Moon|

* ARTEMIS
* Chandrayaan-2
* Chang'e 3
* Chang'e 4 (Yutu-2)
* Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

|

Mars|

* ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

Venus|

* Akatsuki

Minor planet|

* Chang'e 2
* Hayabusa2 / MINERVA-II
* New Horizons
* OSIRIS-REx

Solar science|

* ACE
* DSCOVR
* Parker Solar Probe
* SOHO
* STEREO
* Wind

Others|

* BepiColombo
* Gaia
* Juno
* THEMIS
* Voyager 1
* Voyager 2

Completed after 2000
(by termination date)|

| 2000s|

* 2001
* NEAR Shoemaker
* Deep Space 1
* 2003
* Pioneer 10
* Galileo
* Nozomi
* 2004
* Genesis
* 2005
* Huygens
* 2006
* Mars Global Surveyor
* 2008
* Phoenix
* 2009
* Chang'e 1
* Ulysses
* Chandrayaan-1
* SELENE
* LCROSS

|

2010s|

* 2010
* Hayabusa
* MER Spirit
* 2011
* Stardust
* 2012
* GRAIL
* 2013
* Deep Impact
* 2014
* LADEE
* Venus Express
* Chang'e 5-T1
* 2015
* MESSENGER
* PROCYON
* IKAROS
* 2016
* Rosetta / Philae
* Yutu
* ExoMars Schiaparelli
* 2017
* LISA Pathfinder
* Cassini
* 2018
* MASCOT
* Dawn
* Longjiang-1
* 2019
* MarCO
* MER Opportunity
* Beresheet
* Longjiang-2
* Vikram / Pragyan

* List of Solar System probes
* List of lunar probes
* List of space telescopes

* v
* t
* e

Google Lunar X Prize

Organizers|

* Google
* Sundar Pichai
* Larry Page
* Sergey Brin
* X Prize Foundation
* Peter Diamandis

Finalist teams|

* Hakuto
* Moon Express
* SpaceIL
* Synergy Moon
* TeamIndus

Withdrawn teams|

* Advaeros
* AngelicvM
* ARCA
* Astrobotic
* Barcelona Moon Team
* C-Base Open Moon
* Euroluna
* FREDNET
* Independence-X
* JURBAN
* LunaTrex
* Micro-Space
* Mystical Moon
* Next Giant Leap
* Odyssey Moon
* Omega Envoy
* Part-Time Scientists
* Penn State Lunar Lion Team
* Team Puli
* Quantum3
* Rocket City Space Pioneers
* SCSG
* Selenokhod
* SpaceMETA
* STELLAR
* Team Italia
* Team Phoenicia
* Team Plan B
* Team SELENE

Spacecraft|

* ALINA (Part-Time Scientists)
* Beresheet (SpaceIL)
* HHK-1 / ECA (TeamIndus)
* MX-1E (Moon Express)
* Peregrine (Astrobotic)
* SORATO (Hakuto)
* Tesla (Synergy Moon)
* Unity (AngelicvM)

* v
* t
* e

Israeli space program

Reconnaissance satellites|

* Ofeq
* Ofek-5
* Ofek-7
* TecSAR
* Ofek-9
* Ofek-10
* Ofek-11

Earth observation|

* EROS
* EROS A
* EROS B
* EROS C
* VENµS

Communications satellites|

* Amos
* Amos-1
* Amos-2
* Amos-3
* Amos-4
* Amos-5
* Amos-6 (destroyed)
* Amos-7
* Amos-8
* Amos-17

Research satellites|

* TechSat-Gurwin
* Sloshsat-FLEVO
* BGUSAT
* DIDO-2

Satellites in development|

* TAUVEX (cancelled)
* OPsat [he; he; אופסאט (לוויין)]
* INSAT
* ULTRASAT
* SHALOM
* SAMSON
* Inklajn 1

Launch vehicle|

* Shavit

Sounding rocket|

* Shavit 2

Moon exploration|

* INLSE
* SpaceIL
* Beresheet
* Beresheet 2

Observatories|

* Wise Observatory
* Givatayim Observatory
* Ilan Ramon youth physics center

Primary spaceports|

* Palmachim Airbase

People|

* Yitzhak Ben Yisrael
* Yuval Ne'eman
* Moshe Bar-Lev [he; he; משה בר-לב]
* Noah Brosch

Astronauts|

* Ilan Ramon

* v
* t
* e

Orbital launches in 2019

January|

* ChinaSat-2D
* Iridium NEXT 66–75
* Payam-e Amirkabir†
* RAPIS-1, ALE-1, RISESAT, MicroDragon, AOBA-VELOX-IV, NEXUS, OrigamiSat-1
* USA-290 (NROL-71 / Kennen)
* Jilin-1 Hyperspectral × 2, Xiaoxiang 1-03, Lingque 1A
* Microsat-R, Kalamsat

February|

* Dousti†
* GSAT-31, SaudiGeoSat-1 / HellasSat-4
* EgyptSat A, Helios Wire 4
* Nusantara Satu / PSN 6, Beresheet, S5
* OneWeb x6

March|

* Crew Dragon Demo-1
* ChinaSat-6C
* Soyuz MS-12
* WGS-10
* PRISMA
* Lingque 1B†
* "Two Thumbs Up" (R3D2)
* Tianlian II-01

April|

* EMISAT, Aistechsat-3, Astrocast 0.2, BlueWalker 1, Flock-4a × 20, Lemur-2 × 4, M6P
* Progress MS-11
* O3b FM17–FM20
* Arabsat-6A
* Cygnus NG-11
* BeiDou-3 I1
* Tianhui 2-01A, Tianhui 2-01B

May|

* SpaceX CRS-17
* "That's a Funny Looking Cactus"
* BeiDou-2 G8
* RISAT-2B
* Yaogan 33†
* Starlink 0 (60 satellites)
* GLONASS-M 758
* Yamal-601

June|

* Bufeng-1A, Bufeng-1B, Jilin-1, Tianqi-3, Tianxiang-1A, Tianxiang-1B, Xiaoxiang 1-03
* RADARSAT Constellation × 3
* Eutelsat 7C, AT&T T-16
* BeiDou-3 I2Q
* STP-2
* "Make It Rain" (BlackSky Global 3, Prometheus × 2, ACRUX-1, SpaceBEE 8 & 9)

July|

* Meteor-M 2-2
* Kosmos 2535, Kosmos 2536, Kosmos 2537, Kosmos 2538
* Falcon Eye 1†
* Spektr-RG
* Soyuz MS-13
* Chandrayaan-2
* Vikram
* Pragyan
* CAS-7B
* SpaceX CRS-18
* Yaogan x3
* Meridian 8
* Progress MS-12

August|

* Blagovest-14L
* EDRS-C / HYLAS-3
* Amos-17
* AEHF-5
* Tianqi-2, Qian Sheng-1 01 / Xingshidai-5
* Chinasat 18
* "Look Ma, No Hands"
* BlackSky Global 4
* BRO 1
* Pearl White × 2
* Soyuz MS-14
* GPS IIIA-02
* Nahid-1†
* Geo-IK-2 No.3
* Taiji-1, Xiaoxiang 1-07

September|

* Ziyuan I-02D, Ice Pathfinder, Taurus 1
* Zhuhai-1 x2
* BeiDou-3 M23, M24
* HTV-8
* Yunhai-1 02
* Soyuz MS-15
* EKS-3

October|

* Gaofen 10R
* Eutelsat 5 West B, MEV-1
* ICON
* "As The Crow Flies"
* Palisade
* TJSW-4

November|

* Cygnus NG-12
* Gaofen 7
* BeiDou-3 I3Q
* Starlink 1 (60 satellites)
* Jilin-1 Gaofen-02A
* Ningxia-1 (Zhongzi) ×5
* KL-Alpha A, B
* BeiDou-3 M21, M22
* Kosmos 2542, Kosmos 2543
* Inmarsat-5 F5 (GX5), TIBA 1
* Cartosat-3
* Gaofen 12

December|

* SpaceX CRS-19
* "Running Out Of Fingers"
* Progress MS-13
* Jilin-1 Gaofen-02B
* HEAD-2A, HEAD-2B
* GLONASS-M 759
* RISAT-2BR1, Izanagi
* BeiDou-3 M19, M20
* JCSAT-18 / Kacific 1
* CHEOPS, COSMO-SkyMed, OPS-SAT, EyeSat, ANGELS
* CBERS 4A / Ziyuan I-04A
* Starliner Boe-OFT
* Elektro-L No.3
* Gonets-M 14, 15, 16, BLITS-M
* Shijian 20

Launches are separated by dots (|

This page may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Please consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings.

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Slovene pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Thai pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Neukirch, Jürgen; Schmidt, Alexander; Wingberg, Kay (2000), Cohomology of Number Fields, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, 323, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-66671-4 Template:EscapePersian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{| class="wikitable" width="100%"

! rowspan="3" colspan="2" width="14%" style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | Date/Time (UTC) ! Configuration ! Serial number ! Launch site ! Outcome |-

|style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Payload |style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Separation orbit |style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Operator |style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Function |- | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#e4dfdf;border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | Remarks |-

Parameter 1=time required!

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Templates using the classes `class=navbox` ({{navbox}}) or `class=nomobile` ({{sidebar}}) are not displayed in article space on the mobile web site of English Wikipedia. Mobile page views accounted for 60% to 70% of all page views from 2020 through 2025. Briefly, these templates are not included in articles because 1) they are not well designed for mobile, and 2) they significantly increase page sizes--bad for mobile downloads--in a way that is not useful for the mobile use case. You can review/watch phab:T124168 for further discussion.

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Hawaiian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]German pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Dutch pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Belarusian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Catalan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{{{1}}}Mongolian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Javanese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]N Not doneLatin pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]

| rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" |

| style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" | | style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" | | style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" | | style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" |

Vietnamese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]

Life timeline

This box: view * talk * edit

-4500 --

-4000 --

-3500 --

-3000 --

-2500 --

-2000 --

-1500 --

-1000 --

-500 --

0 --

white;">water

Single-celled
life

green;">photosynthesis

Eukaryotes

Multicellular
life

white;">Arthropods white;">Molluscs</span>]]

white;">Plants

Dinosaurs

Mammals

Flowers

Birds

Primates

Earth (−4540)

Earliest water

Earliest life

Earliest oxygen

Atmospheric oxygen

Oxygen crisis

Sexual reproduction

Earliest plants

Ediacara biota

Cambrian explosion

Tetrapoda

Earliest apes

black;">Pongola

black;">Huronian

black;">Cryogenian

black;">Andean

black;">Karoo

black;">Quaternary

black;">Ice Ages

Clickable

(million years ago)

(See also: Human timeline, and Nature timeline.)

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Templates using the classes `class=navbox` ({{navbox}}) or `class=nomobile` ({{sidebar}}) are not displayed in article space on the mobile web site of English Wikipedia. Mobile page views accounted for 60% to 70% of all page views from 2020 through 2025. Briefly, these templates are not included in articles because 1) they are not well designed for mobile, and 2) they significantly increase page sizes--bad for mobile downloads--in a way that is not useful for the mobile use case. You can review/watch phab:T124168 for further discussion.

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Chambers, Robert; Thomson, Thomas Napier (1857). "[[s:A biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen/|]]". A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen. Glasgow: Blackie and Son. {{{1}}}Polish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Malagasy pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Japanese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Armenian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Czech pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]∶Manx pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/full/{{{1}}}/0 Alemannic German pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tagalog pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]French pronunciation: ​[{{{1}}}]Error: Invalid time. In progressPalomares, M. L. D. and Pauly, D., eds. (2011). "{{{1}}} {{{2}}}" in SeaLifeBase. April 2011 version.Turkish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Finnish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2006). "{{{1}}} {{{2}}}" in FishBase. April 2006 version.

|- | ... | — | — | — | — | — | —

|-Old Norse pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Salish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Basque pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{{{1}}}data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | UnreleasedNorwegian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{"., {{{year}}} (aged {{{4}}})Hungarian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Quechua pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Arabic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Punjabi pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Afrikaans pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Romanian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Hebrew pronunciation: [{{{1}}}][INVALID OR MISSING PARAMETER IN TEMPLATE Beresheet]Uto-Aztecan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tamil pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Hindustani pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Swedish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Kazakh pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]

* v
* t
* e

Microsoft security products

Numbers in brackets are the years of the initial release of the product.

For Windows|

* Windows Firewall [2001]
* Baseline Security Analyzer [2004]
* Malicious Software Removal Tool [2005]
* Windows Defender [2006]
* Microsoft SmartScreen [2006]
* Microsoft Security Essentials [2009]
* Microsoft Safety Scanner [2011]

For Windows Server|

* Exchange Online Protection [2007]
* System Center Data Protection Manager [2007]
* Identity Manager [2010]

Discontinued|

* MSAV [1993]
* Threat Management Gateway [1997]
* OneCare Safety Scanner [2006]
* Unified Access Gateway [2007]
* Windows Live OneCare [2006]
* RootkitRevealer [2006]
* Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit [2009]

Related topics|

* Data Execution Prevention
* Kernel Patch Protection
* Mandatory Integrity Control
* MS Antivirus (malware)
* User Account Control

Lao pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tibetan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Khmer pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na" | —`{{{1}}}`Welsh pronunciation: [{{{1}}}] Partially doneAthabaskan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Māori pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]IPA: [{{{1}}}]Bulgarian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Korean pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Icelandic pronunciation: ​[{{{1}}}]Sanskrit pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Bengali pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Indonesian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]CROSBI {{{1}}}), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Cubesats are smaller.
Crewed flights are bolded. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in brackets).

* v
* t
* e

SpaceX rocket launches

SpaceX launch vehicles|

* Falcon 1
* Falcon 9
* v1.0
* v1.1
* Full Thrust
* Block 5
* Falcon Heavy

Falcon 1 missions|

* Demo 1† (FalconSAT-2)
* Demo 2†
* Flight 3†
* Trailblazer
* PRESat
* NanoSail-D
* Explorers
* Ratsat
* RazakSAT

Falcon 9 missions|

| Demonstration flights|

* Dragon Spacecraft Qualification Unit
* NASA COTS Demo Flight 1
* Dragon C2+
* Crew Dragon Demo-1
* Crew Dragon in-flight abort test

|

Dragon ISS logistics|

* CRS-1
* CRS-2
* CRS-3
* CRS-4
* CRS-5
* CRS-6
* CRS-7†
* CRS-8
* CRS-9
* CRS-10
* CRS-11
* CRS-12
* CRS-13
* CRS-14
* CRS-15
* CRS-16
* CRS-17
* CRS-18
* CRS-19
* CRS-20
* CRS-21
* CRS-22
* (missions contracted up to CRS-26)

Dragon 2 crewed missions|

* Crew Dragon Demo-2
* USCV-1
* Bigelow Crew 1

Commercial satellites|

* SES-8
* Thaicom 6
* Orbcomm OG2 × 6
* AsiaSat 8
* AsiaSat 6
* ABS-3A / Eutelsat 115 West B
* TürkmenÄlem 52°E
* Orbcomm OG2 × 11
* SES-9
* JCSAT-14
* Thaicom 8
* ABS-2A / Eutelsat 117 West B
* JCSAT-16
* Amos-6†
* Iridium NEXT 1–10
* EchoStar 23
* SES-10
* Inmarsat-5 F4
* BulgariaSat-1
* Iridium NEXT 11–20
* Intelsat 35e
* Iridium NEXT 21–30
* SES-11
* Koreasat 5A
* Iridium NEXT 31–40
* Hispasat 30W-6
* Iridium NEXT 41–50
* Bangabandhu-1
* Iridium NEXT 51–55
* SES-12
* Telstar 19V
* Iridium NEXT 56–65
* Telkom 4 (Merah Putih)
* Telstar 18V
* Es'hail 2
* SSO-A
* Iridium NEXT 66–75
* Nusantara Satu \+ Beresheet
* Amos 17
* JCSAT-18
* SXM 7
* SXM 8
* Türksat 5A

Scientific satellites|

* CASSIOPE
* DSCOVR
* Jason-3
* Formosat-5
* TESS
* GRACE-FO
* SAOCOM 1A
* RADARSAT Constellation
* SAOCOM 1B
* Hakuto-R
* Jason-CS
* KPLO
* DART

Military satellites|

* NROL-76
* X-37B OTV-5
* Zuma
* SES-16 / GovSat-1
* Paz
* GPS IIIA-01
* ANASIS-II
* GPS IIIA-03
* GPS IIIA-04
* GPS IIIA-05
* SARah 1
* GPS IIIA-06
* SARah 2/3

Starlink constellation|

* 2019
* Starlink group 0
* 1
* 2020
* Starlink group 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9

Rideshares|

* 2021
* Mission 1
* 2022
* Mission 2
* 2023
* Mission 3

Falcon Heavy missions|

* Test flight
* Tesla Roadster
* Arabsat-6A
* USAF STP-2
* DSX
* FormoSat-7
* LightSail 2
* GPIM
* DSAC
* ISAT
* AFSPC-44
* AFSPC-52
* ViaSat-3 class

* Italics indicate future missions and vehicles under development. † denotes failed missions and destroyed vehicles.

* v
* t
* e

2019 in space

* « 2018

2020 »

Space probe launches |

* Beresheet (lunar lander; Feb 2019)
* Chandrayaan-2 / Vikram / Pragyan (lunar obiter, lander and rover; Jul 2019)

Impact events|

* Kamchatka meteor (announced)
* 2019 MO

Selected NEOs|

* Asteroid close approaches
* 2016 AZ8
* 2018 XB4
* (12538) 1998 OH
* 66391 Moshup
* 1620 Geographos
* 2100 Ra-Shalom
* 2006 QV89
* 2019 SU3
* 2019 TA7
* 2019 UN13

Exoplanets |

* K2-288Bb
* Wolf 359 b and c
* Struve 2398 Bb and Bc
* Luyten's Star d and e
* L 1159-16 b, c, and d
* Gliese 687 c
* AD Leonis b
* Gliese 251 c
* LP 816-60 b
* Gliese 754 b
* Gliese 588 b and c
* Gliese 784 b
* Gliese 555 b
* Teegarden's Star b and c

Discoveries|

* 2019 AQ3
* ASASSN-19bt
* EPIC 204376071
* FarFarOut
* K2-18b water vapor detected on exoplanet
* Messier 87 supermassive black hole M87* imaged
* 2I/Borisov
* WD 0145+234 detection of exoasteroid disruption
* WD J0914+1914

Comets |

* 289P/Blanpain
* 78P/Gehrels
* 168P/Hergenrother
* 163P/NEAT
* 138P/Shoemaker–Levy
* 171P/Spahr

Space exploration|

* New Horizons (encounter with 486958 Arrokoth; Dec 2018 / Jan 2019)
* Chang'e 4 / Yutu-2 (landing on the far side of the Moon; Jan 2019)
* Hayabusa2 (departure from 162173 Ryugu; Dec 2019)

* Category:2018 in space — Category:2019 in space — Category:2020 in space

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