Black hole cosmology

Short description: Cosmological model in which the observable universe is the interior of a black hole

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A black hole cosmology (also called Schwarzschild cosmology or black hole cosmological model) is a cosmological model in which the observable universe is the interior of a black hole. Such models were originally proposed by theoretical physicist Raj Pathria,[1] and concurrently by mathematician I. J. Good.[2]

Any such model requires that the Hubble radius of the observable universe be equal to its Schwarzschild radius, that is, the product of its mass and the Schwarzschild proportionality constant. This is indeed known to be nearly the case; at least one cosmologist, however, considers this close match to be a coincidence.[3]

In the version as originally proposed by Pathria and Good, and studied more recently by, among others, Nikodem Popławski, [4] the observable universe is the interior of a black hole existing as one of possibly many inside a larger parent universe, or multiverse.

According to general relativity, the gravitational collapse of a sufficiently compact mass forms a singular Schwarzschild black hole. In the Einstein–Cartan–Sciama–Kibble theory of gravity, however, it forms a regular Einstein–Rosen bridge, or wormhole. Schwarzschild wormholes and Schwarzschild black holes are different mathematical solutions of general relativity and the Einstein–Cartan theory. Yet for observers, the exteriors of both solutions with the same mass are indistinguishable. The Einstein–Cartan theory extends general relativity by removing a constraint of the symmetry of the affine connection and regarding its antisymmetric part, the torsion tensor, as a dynamical variable. Torsion naturally accounts for the quantum-mechanical, intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of matter. The minimal coupling between torsion and Dirac spinors generates a repulsive spin-spin interaction which is significant in fermionic matter at extremely high densities. Such an interaction prevents the formation of a gravitational singularity. Instead, the collapsing matter reaches an enormous but finite density and rebounds, forming the other side of an Einstein-Rosen bridge, which grows as a new universe.[5] Accordingly, the Big Bang was a nonsingular Big Bounce at which the universe had a finite, minimum scale factor.[6] Or, the Big Bang was a supermassive white hole that was the result of a supermassive black hole at the heart of a galaxy in our parent universe.

## See also

* List of most massive black holes

## References

1. ↑ Pathria, R. K. (1972). "The Universe as a Black Hole". Nature 240 (5379): 298–299. doi:10.1038/240298a0. Bibcode: 1972Natur.240..298P.
2. ↑ Good, I. J. (July 1972). "Chinese universes". Physics Today 25 (7): 15. doi:10.1063/1.3070923. Bibcode: 1972PhT....25g..15G.
3. ↑ Landsberg, P. T. (1984). "Mass Scales and the Cosmological Coincidences". Annalen der Physik 496 (2): 88–92. doi:10.1002/andp.19844960203. Bibcode: 1984AnP...496...88L.
4. ↑ Popławski, N. J. (2010). "Radial motion into an Einstein-Rosen bridge". Physics Letters B 687 (2–3): 110–113. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.03.029. Bibcode: 2010PhLB..687..110P.
5. ↑ Popławski, N. J. (2010). "Cosmology with torsion: An alternative to cosmic inflation". Physics Letters B 694 (3): 181–185. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2010.09.056. Bibcode: 2010PhLB..694..181P.
6. ↑ Popławski, N. (2012). "Nonsingular, big-bounce cosmology from spinor-torsion coupling". Physical Review D 85 (10): 107502. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.85.107502. Bibcode: 2012PhRvD..85j7502P.

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Black holes

Types|

* Schwarzschild
* Rotating
* Charged
* Virtual
* Kugelblitz
* Primordial
* Planck particle

Size|

* Micro
* Extremal
* Electron
* Stellar
* Microquasar
* Intermediate-mass
* Supermassive
* Active galactic nucleus
* Quasar
* Blazar

Formation|

* Stellar evolution
* Gravitational collapse
* Neutron star
* Related links
* Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit
* White dwarf
* Related links
* Supernova
* Related links
* Hypernova
* Gamma-ray burst
* Binary black hole

Properties|

* Gravitational singularity
* Ring singularity
* Theorems
* Event horizon
* Photon sphere
* Innermost stable circular orbit
* Ergosphere
* Penrose process
* Blandford–Znajek process
* Accretion disk
* Hawking radiation
* Gravitational lens
* Bondi accretion
* M–sigma relation
* Quasi-periodic oscillation
* Thermodynamics
* Immirzi parameter
* Schwarzschild radius
* Spaghettification

Issues|

* Black hole complementarity
* Information paradox
* Cosmic censorship
* ER=EPR
* Final parsec problem
* Firewall (physics)
* Holographic principle
* No-hair theorem

Metrics|

* Schwarzschild (Derivation)
* Kerr
* Reissner–Nordström
* Kerr–Newman
* Hayward

Alternatives|

* Nonsingular black hole models
* Black star
* Dark star
* Dark-energy star
* Gravastar
* Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object
* Planck star
* Q star
* Fuzzball

Analogs|

* Optical black hole
* Sonic black hole

Lists|

* Black holes
* Most massive
* Nearest
* Quasars
* Microquasars

Related|

* Black Hole Initiative
* Black hole starship
* Compact star
* Exotic star
* Quark star
* Preon star
* Gamma-ray burst progenitors
* Gravity well
* Hypercompact stellar system
* Membrane paradigm
* Naked singularity
* Quasi-star
* Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
* Timeline of black hole physics
* White hole
* Wormhole

* Category
* Commons

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