Breakthrough Initiatives

Short description: Science-based program founded in 2015

Breakthrough Initiatives is a science-based program founded in 2015 and funded by Julia and Yuri Milner,[1] also of Breakthrough Prize, to search for extraterrestrial intelligence over a span of at least 10 years. The program is divided into multiple projects. Breakthrough Listen will comprise an effort to search over 1,000,000 stars for artificial radio or laser signals. A parallel project called Breakthrough Message is an effort to create a message "representative of humanity and planet Earth".[2][3] The project Breakthrough Starshot, co-founded with Mark Zuckerberg,[4] aims to send a swarm of probes to the nearest star at about 20% the speed of light. The project Breakthrough Watch aims to identify and characterize Earth-sized, rocky planets around Alpha Centauri and other stars within 20 light years of Earth.[5] Breakthrough plans to send a mission to Saturn's moon Enceladus,[6] in search for life in its warm ocean, and in 2018 signed a partnership agreement with NASA for the project.[7]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Projects
* 2.1 Breakthrough Listen
* 2.2 Breakthrough Message
* 2.3 Breakthrough Starshot
* 2.4 Breakthrough Watch
* 2.5 Breakthrough Enceladus
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## History

The Breakthrough Initiatives were announced to the public on 20 July 2015, at London's Royal Society by physicist Stephen Hawking. Russian tycoon Yuri Milner created the Initiatives to search for intelligent extraterrestrial life in the Universe and consider a plan for possibly transmitting messages out into space.[8][9] The announcement included an open letter co-signed by multiple scientists, including Hawking, expressing support for an intensified search for alien radio communications. During the public launch, Hawking said: "In an infinite Universe, there must be other life. There is no bigger question. It is time to commit to finding the answer."[10][11]

The US$100 million cash infusion is projected to mark up the pace of SETI research over the early 2000s rate, and will nearly double the rate NASA was spending on SETI research annually in approximately 1973–1993.[9]

## Projects

### Breakthrough Listen

Main article: Astronomy:Breakthrough Listen

File:Green Bank Telescope, 2008.pngThe Green Bank Telescope is one of the radio telescopes used by the Breakthrough Listen project.

Breakthrough Listen is a program to search for intelligent extraterrestrial communications in the Universe.[8][10][12] With $100 million in funding and thousands of hours of dedicated telescope time on state-of-the-art facilities, it is the most comprehensive search for alien communications to date.[10][12] The project began in January 2016, and is expected to continue for 10 years.[13]

The project uses radio wave observations from the Green Bank Observatory and the Parkes Observatory, and visible light observations from the Automated Planet Finder.[14] Targets for the project include one million nearby stars and the centers of 100 galaxies. All data generated from the project are available to the public, and SETI@Home is used for some of the data analysis. The first results were published in April 2017, with further updates expected every 6 months.

### Breakthrough Message

The Breakthrough Message program is to study the ethics of sending messages into deep space.[12] It also launched an open competition with a US$1 million prize pool, to design a digital message that could be transmitted from Earth to an extraterrestrial civilization. The message should be "representative of humanity and planet Earth". The program pledges "not to transmit any message until there has been a global debate at high levels of science and politics on the risks and rewards of contacting advanced civilizations".[15]

### Breakthrough Starshot

Main article: Astronomy:Breakthrough Starshot

File:Press Conference at ESO HQ2.tif Breakthrough Starshot, announced 12 April 2016, is a US$100 million program to develop a proof-of-concept light sail spacecraft fleet capable of making the journey to Alpha Centauri at 20% the speed of light (60,000 km/s or 215 million km/h) taking about 20 years to get there,[16][17] and about 4 years to notify Earth of a successful arrival.[16][18][19]

The interstellar journey may include a flyby of Proxima Centauri b, an Earth-sized exoplanet that is in the habitable zone of its host star in the Alpha Centauri system.[20] From a distance of 1 Astronomical Unit (150 million kilometers or 93 million miles), the four cameras on each of the spacecraft could potentially capture an image of high enough quality to resolve surface features.[21] The spacecraft fleet would have 1000 craft, and each craft, named StarChip,[22] would be a very small centimeter-sized craft weighing several grams.[22] They would be propelled by several ground-based lasers of up to 100 gigawatts.[23] Each tiny spacecraft would transmit data back to Earth using a compact on-board laser communications system.[23] Pete Worden is the head of this project.[24][25] The conceptual principles to enable this interstellar travel project were described in "A Roadmap to Interstellar Flight", by Philip Lubin of UC Santa Barbara.[26][27] METI president Douglas Vakoch summarized the significance of the project, saying that "by sending hundreds or thousands of space probes the size of postage stamps, Breakthrough Starshot gets around the hazards of spaceflight that could easily end a mission relying on a single spacecraft. Only one nanocraft needs to make its way to Alpha Centauri and send back a signal for the mission to be successful. When that happens, Starshot will make history."[28]

In July 2017, scientists announced that precursors to StarChip, named Sprites, were successfully launched and flown.[29]

### Breakthrough Watch

Breakthrough Watch is a multimillion-dollar astronomical program to develop Earth- and space-based technologies that can find Earth-like planets in our cosmic neighborhood – and try to establish whether they host life.[30] The project aims to identify and characterize Earth-sized, rocky planets around Alpha Centauri and other stars within 20 light years of Earth, in search of oxygen and other "biosignatures."[5]

### Breakthrough Enceladus

Main article: Biology:Breakthrough Enceladus mission

Breakthrough Enceladus is an astrobiology space probe mission concept to explore the possibility of life on Saturn's moon, Enceladus.[6] In September 2018, NASA signed a collaboration agreement with Breakthrough to jointly create the mission concept.[31] This mission would be the first privately funded deep space mission.[7] It would study the content of the plumes ejecting from Enceladus's warm ocean through its southern ice crust.[32] Enceladus's ice crust is thought to be around two to five kilometers thick,[33] and a probe could use an ice-penetrating radar to constrain its structure.[34]

## See also

* Active SETI
* Colossus Array – Array of 74m telescopes capable of laser propelling nano crafts.
* Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence
* Interstellar probe
* Interstellar travel
* IXS Enterprise
* Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
* Ohio State University Radio Observatory
* 100 Year Starship
* Open data
* Open-source software
* Project Daedalus
* Project Dragonfly
* Project Icarus
* Project Longshot
* Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
* SETI@home
* Starship
* Starwisp

## References

1. ↑ "Breakthrough Initiatives - About". https://breakthroughinitiatives.org/about.
2. ↑ Lendino, Jamie (20 July 2015). "Stephen Hawking, Milner unveil $100M initiative to 'dramatically accelerate' search for alien life". ExtremeTech. https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/210393-stephen-hawking-and-yuri-milner-unveil-100-million-initiative-to-dramatically-accelerate-search-for-alien-life.
3. ↑ Johnson, Steven (28 June 2017). "Greetings, E.T. (Please Don't Murder Us.)". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/28/magazine/greetings-et-please-dont-murder-us.html.
4. ↑ Seung, Lee (2016-04-13). "Mark Zuckerberg just joined a new project to explore the universe faster" (in en-US). https://www.newsweek.com/mark-zuckerberg-joins-100-million-initiative-send-tiny-space-probes-explore-447513.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Breakthrough Initiatives" (in en). https://breakthroughinitiatives.org/Initiative/4.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Powell, Corey S. (19 December 2018). "Billionaire aims to jump-start search for alien life and rewrite rules of space exploration" (in en). https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/billionaire-aims-jump-start-search-alien-life-rewrite-rules-space-ncna949311.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Harris, Mark (November 8, 2018). "NASA is giving advice to Yuri Milner's private mission to Enceladus" (in en-US). https://www.newscientist.com/article/2184863-nasa-is-giving-advice-to-yuri-milners-private-mission-to-enceladus/. "The first private mission to deep space is gathering momentum."
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Feltman, Rachel (20 July 2015). "Stephen Hawking announces $100 million hunt for alien life". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2015/07/20/stephen-hawking-announces-100-million-hunt-for-alien-life/?tid=sm_tw.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Billings, Lee (20 July 2015). "Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Nets Historic Cash Infusion". Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/search-for-extraterrestrial-intelligence-nets-historic-cash-infusion/.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Merali, Zeeya (20 July 2015). "Search for extraterrestrial intelligence gets a $100-million boost. Russian billionaire Yuri Milner announces most comprehensive hunt for alien life.". Nature (Nature News) 523 (7561): 392–3. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.18016. PMID 26201576. Bibcode: 2015Natur.523..392M.
11. ↑ Vella, Matt (21 July 2015). "Read the Inspiring 'Questions of Existence' Letter from the World's Greatest Thinkers". Time. https://time.com/3964301/breakthrough-listen-letter/. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Rundle, Michael (20 July 2015). "$100m Breakthrough Listen is 'largest ever' search for alien civilisations". Wired. https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2015-07/20/breakthrough-listen-project. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
13. ↑ "Breakthrough Initiatives" (in en). https://breakthroughinitiatives.org/News/3.
14. ↑ Sample, Ian (20 July 2015). "Anybody out there? $100m radio wave project to scan far regions for alien life". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/jul/20/breakthrough-listen-massive-radio-wave-project-scan-far-regions-for-alien-life.
15. ↑ "Breakthrough Initiatives". https://www.breakthroughinitiatives.org/Initiative/2.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Stone, Maddie (12 April 2016). "Stephen Hawking and a Russian Billionaire Want to Build an Interstellar Starship". Gizmodo. https://gizmodo.com/a-russian-billionaire-and-stephen-hawking-want-to-build-1770467186.
17. ↑ Staff (12 April 2016). "Breakthrough Initiatives - Breakthrough Starshot". Breakthrough Initiatives. https://breakthroughinitiatives.org/About.
18. ↑ Overbye, Dennis (12 April 2016). "Reaching for the Stars, Across 4.37 Light-Years; A Visionary Project Aims for Alpha Centauri, a Star 4.37 Light-Years Away". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/13/science/alpha-centauri-breakthrough-starshot-yuri-milner-stephen-hawking.html.
19. ↑ "Breakthrough Starshot". Breakthrough Initiatives. 12 April 2016. https://breakthroughinitiatives.org/Initiative/3.
20. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (24 August 2016). "One Star Over, a Planet That Might Be Another Earth". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/25/science/earth-planet-proxima-centauri.html.
21. ↑ "Starshot - Target". https://breakthroughinitiatives.org/Target/3.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Gilster, Paul (12 April 2016). "Breakthrough Starshot: Mission to Alpha Centauri". Centauri Dreams. https://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=35402.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Starshot - Concept". https://breakthroughinitiatives.org/Concept/3.
24. ↑ McBride, Sarah (20 July 2015). "Billionaire Milner pledges $100 mln to find intelligent life in space". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/space-milner-idUSL2N0ZW1NB20150720.
25. ↑ "Breakthrough Initiatives". https://breakthroughinitiatives.org/News.
26. ↑ Lubin, Philip (April 2015). "A Roadmap to Interstellar Flight". Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 69: 40–72. February 2016. https://www.deepspace.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/A-Roadmap-to-Interstellar-Flight-15-w7-4-TOC.pdf. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
27. ↑ Hall, Loura (7 May 2015). "DEEP IN Directed Energy Propulsion for Interstellar Exploration". NASA News. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/deep-in-directed-energy-propulsion-for-interstellar-exploration. "NASA is pleased to hear that Professor Lubin has received external funding to continue the work started in his NIAC study."
28. ↑ Osborne, Hannah (2016-04-12). "Alpha Centauri mission: Stephen Hawking and Yuri Milner plan to send tiny spacecrafts [sic] to the stars". International Business Times UK. https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/alpha-centauri-mission-stephen-hawking-yuri-milner-plan-send-tiny-spacecrafts-stars-1554511.
29. ↑ Staff (26 July 2017). "In Quest To Reach Alpha Centauri, BreakThrough Starshot Launches World's Smallest Spacecraft - First Prototype 'Sprites' – Precursors to Eventual 'StarChip' Probes – Achieve Low Earth Orbit". BreakThroughInitiatives.org. https://breakthroughinitiatives.org/News/12.
30. ↑ "Breakthrough Initiatives" (in en). https://breakthroughinitiatives.org/About.
31. ↑ Mandelbaum, Ryan F. (November 8, 2018). "Report: NASA and Yuri Milner Working Together on Life-Hunting Mission to Enceladus" (in en-US). https://gizmodo.com/report-nasa-and-yuri-milner-working-together-on-life-h-1830309201.
32. ↑ Wall, Mike (November 9, 2018). "Billionaire Yuri Milner's Breakthrough Initiatives Eyes Private Mission to Seek Alien Life" (in en). https://www.space.com/42384-breakthrough-initiatives-alien-life-search-mission.html. "Breakthrough Initiatives was investigating the feasibility of launching a probe that would look for signs of life in the plume of water vapor and other material wafting from Enceladus' south polar region."
33. ↑ Deatrick, Elizabeth (2016-06-21). "Saturn moon Enceladus' ice shell likely thinner than expected" (in en-US). https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/2016/06/21/saturn-moon-enceladus-ice-shell-thinner-expected/.
34. ↑ Čadek, Ondřej; Tobie, Gabriel; Van Hoolst, Tim et al. (2016). "Enceladus's internal ocean and ice shell constrained from Cassini gravity, shape, and libration data" (in en). Geophysical Research Letters 43 (11): 5653–5660. doi:10.1002/2016GL068634. ISSN 1944-8007. Bibcode: 2016GeoRL..43.5653C.

## External links

* Breakthrough Initiatives web site
* Breakthrough Listen
* Breakthrough Message
* Yuri Milner and Stephen Hawking announce $100 million Breakthrough Initiative to dramatically accelerate search for intelligent life in the Universe / Breakthrough Initiatives, London, 20 July 2015
* Breakthrough Listen, Breakthrough Initiatives website
* Breakthrough Initiatives' official website
* Launching a StarChip – concept on YouTube
* Going interstellar (NASA) on YouTube
* Will Starshot's Insterstellar Journey Succeed? (PBS Digital Studios) on YouTube
* Official website
* Creation of Stephen Hawking's Universe with Nanotechnology

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* Astrobiology Society of Britain
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Signals of interest|

| Misidentified|

* CP 1919 (misidentified pulsar)
* CTA-102 (misidentified quasar)

|

Stars|

* KIC 8462852 (unusual light fluctuations)
* EPIC 204278916 (unusual light fluctuations)
* VVV-WIT-07 (unusual light fluctuations)
* HD 164595 signal (unknown origin)

Other|

* SHGb02+14a (radio source)
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Life in the Universe|

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Exhibitions|

* The Science of Aliens

Hypotheses|

* Ancient astronauts
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Programs|

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* List of interstellar radio messages
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People|

* Frank Drake
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