CAPSTONE

Illustration of the Cislunar Autonomous Positioning System Technology Operations and Navigation Experiment (CAPSTONE)

Names| Cislunar Autonomous Positioning System Technology Operations and Navigation Experiment
Mission type| Technology demonstration
Operator| Advanced Space[1]
Mission duration| Planned: 10 months
Elapsed: 3 years, 10 months and 18 days
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft| CAPSTONE
Spacecraft type| 12U CubeSat
Bus| CubeSat
Manufacturer| Advanced Space (management)
Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems (bus)
Stellar Exploration, Inc (propulsion)
Launch mass| 25 kg (55 lb)[2][3]
Start of mission
Launch date| 28 June 2022, 09:55 UTC[2]
Rocket| Electron/Photon HyperCurie
Launch site| Mahia, LC-1B[4]
Contractor| Rocket Lab
Moon orbiter
Orbital insertion| 14 November 2022, 00:38 UTC
Orbits| Near-rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO)[3]
Orbital parameters
Periselene altitude| 1,500 km (930 mi)
Aposelene altitude| 70,000 km (43,000 mi)
Inclination| Elliptic polar orbit

Lunar Gateway

PPE ->

CAPSTONE (Cislunar Autonomous Positioning System Technology Operations and Navigation Experiment) is a lunar orbiter that is testing and verifying the calculated orbital stability planned for the now canceled Lunar Gateway space station. The spacecraft is a 12-unit CubeSat that is also testing a navigation system that is measuring its position relative to NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) without relying on ground stations. It was launched on 28 June 2022, arrived in lunar orbit on 14 November 2022, and was scheduled to orbit for six months. On 18 May 2023, it completed its primary mission to orbit in the near-rectilinear halo orbit for six months, but will stay on this orbit, continuing to perform experiments during an enhanced mission phase.[5]

## Contents

* 1 Background
* 2 Spacecraft
* 3 Launch
* 4 Ballistic lunar transfer
* 5 Mission
* 6 See also
* 7 References

## Background

The Lunar Gateway was an in-development space station being planned by several national space agencies since at least 2018, including NASA, European Space Agency (ESA) and Canadian Space Agency (CSA). The Gateway was planned to be placed in a novel lunar orbit that had never been used until CAPSTONE, where it was expected to serve as a communications hub, science laboratory, short-term habitation module, and holding area for rovers and other robots.[6] Gateway was slated to play a major role in NASA's Artemis program. These plans were canceled in March 2026, when NASA announced it would cancel plans for the station and instead focus developing a lunar surface base between 2029 and 2036.[7]

Computer simulations indicated that this particular orbit—a near-rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO)—offers long-term stability with low propellant requirements for orbital station-keeping,[8] by using a precise balance point in the gravities of Earth and the Moon that offers a stable trajectory.[9]

The main objective of the CAPSTONE mission is to verify the theoretical orbital stability simulations for the Gateway with an actual spacecraft.[9][10][11] CAPSTONE is the first spacecraft to operate in an NRHO.[9][11] The spacecraft is also testing a navigation system called Cislunar Autonomous Positioning System (CAPS),[12] which measures its position relative to NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) without relying on ground stations.[9]

## Spacecraft

The orbiter is a 12-unit CubeSat.[9][10][11] The US$13.7 million contract was awarded to a private company called Advanced Space, Boulder, Colorado, on 13 September 2019 through a federal Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contract.[9][11] Advanced Space handled overall project management and some of the spacecraft's key technologies, including its CAPS positioning navigation system,[12] while Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems, Irvine, California, developed and built the spacecraft bus,[9] and Stellar Exploration, Inc developed its propulsion systems[13] that used Hydrazine.[14]

## Launch

The Electron rocket carrying CAPSTONE seen lifting off from Rocket Lab's Launch Complex in Mahia, New Zealand

Template:External video NASA announced on 14 February 2020 that CAPSTONE would be launched aboard a Rocket Lab Electron booster from the company's new launch site at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS), Wallops Island, in Virginia.[3] The launch was scheduled for October 2021 but was subsequently delayed and moved to launch from Mahia, LC-1 in New Zealand.[4][15] The launch contract with Rocket Lab has a value of US$9.95 million, according to NASA.[3]

Rocket Lab's new launch pad in Virginia, designated Launch Complex 2, was completed in 2019 and was hoped to be ready to support launches by 2021. The company said the new facility would principally support Electron missions with U.S. government payloads. However, certification of the Autonomous Flight Termination System (AFTS) took longer than anticipated, resulting in the launch site being changed to Mahia.[4]

CAPSTONE launched on 28 June 2022. After separating from the second stage, the Rocket Lab's Photon kick stage lifted the orbital apogee into a lunar-transfer orbit over six days by firing the HyperCurie bipropellant engine at perigee six times followed by the trans-lunar injection (TLI) burn, after which the CAPSTONE spacecraft was deployed on its journey to the Moon.[16]

On 5 July 2022, NASA lost contact with the spacecraft shortly after separation from Photon and stated their intention to recover two-way communication with the spacecraft and continue the mission.[17] On 6 July, mission operators re-established contact with the spacecraft.[18] By 30 September, CAPSTONE was "power positive" and on a stable trajectory towards the Moon while the mission operators worked to regain orientation control of the spacecraft.[19] The root cause of the problem was narrowed to a valve on a thruster that is probably partially open, which thus produces thrust whenever the propulsion system is pressurized. On 7 October, the team uploaded recovery commands, stopped the spin, and regained full 3-axis attitude control. It remained on track to insert into its targeted orbit.[20]

## Ballistic lunar transfer

CAPSTONE used a ballistic transfer to the Moon instead of a more conventional direct Hohmann transfer.[21] While trajectories of this type take much longer to reach their destination (about four months in this case, compared to about three days using a traditional direct transfer) they significantly reduce the propulsion requirements, which can increase the delivered mass (about 10–15% more mass).[22] After being ejected from Earth orbit by a series of burns of the Photon stage, the spacecraft reached a distance of about 1.5 million kilometers, where perturbations from the Sun became important.[21] It then fell back towards the Earth, intercepting the Moon's orbit and finally entering NRHO around the Moon on 14 November 2022.

## Mission

Following a three-month trip to the Moon after launch, the CAPSTONE lunar satellite spent six months collecting data during this demonstration, flying within 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of the Moon's North Pole on its near pass and 43,500 miles (70,000 km) from the South Pole at its farthest.[3][23]

Animation of CAPSTONE

Around the Earth

Around the Moon – Frame rotating with Moon – Front view

Around the Moon – Frame rotating with Moon – Side view

Earth * CAPSTONE * Moon

## See also

* Artemis program
* List of missions to the Moon
* Lunar Gateway

## References

1. ↑ "CAPSTONE". https://advancedspace.com/missions/capstone/.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "CAPSTONE". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2022-070A.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Clark, Stephen (15 February 2020). "NASA picks Rocket Lab to launch lunar CubeSat mission". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/02/15/nasa-picks-rocket-lab-to-launch-lunar-cubesat-mission/.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Rocket Lab to Launch NASA Funded Commercial Moon Mission from New Zealand" (Press release). Rocket Lab. 6 August 2021. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
5. ↑ Tabor, Abby (18 May 2023). "CAPSTONE Takes Moon Shot, Successfully Tests Navigation Technology". https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/ames/capstone-takes-moon-shot-successfully-tests-navigation-technology.
6. ↑ Connell, Dylan; Halloran, Kate (11 September 2018). "Competition Seeks University Concepts for Gateway and Deep Space Exploration Capabilities". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/competition-seeks-university-concepts-for-gateway-and-deep-space-exploration-capabilities. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
7. ↑ "NASA plans moon base instead of orbital lunar station" (in en). https://www.dw.com/en/nasa-plans-moon-base-instead-of-orbital-lunar-station/a-76510267.
8. ↑ "Angelic halo orbit chosen for humankind's first lunar outpost". ESA. 18 July 2019. https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/Angelic_halo_orbit_chosen_for_humankind_s_first_lunar_outpost.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Foust, Jeff (16 September 2019). "NASA cubesat to test lunar Gateway orbit". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/nasa-cubesat-to-test-lunar-gateway-orbit/.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Torbet, Georgina (15 September 2019). "NASA chooses a CubeSat project to test orbit route around the moon". Digital Trends. https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/nasa-cubesat-lunar-orbit/.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 "Advanced Space selected to develop CubeSat pathfinder mission". Aerospace Technology. 16 September 2019. https://www.aerospace-technology.com/news/nasa-selects-contractor-cubesat-mission/.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Cislunar Autonomous Positioning System (CAPS)". Advanced Space. https://advancedspace.com/caps/.
13. ↑ Hall, Loura (2020-07-31). "What is CAPSTONE?". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/small_spacecraft/capstone. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
14. ↑ Tabor, Abigail (2021-03-22). "Innovative Propulsion System Will Study Moon Orbit for Artemis". http://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/innovative-propulsion-system-gets-ready-to-help-study-moon-orbit-for-artemis.
15. ↑ David, Leonard (25 August 2021). "CAPSTONE, a small cubesat bound for the moon, is preparing for an October launch". Space.com. https://www.space.com/capstone-cubesat-moon-mission-october-2021-launch-prep.
16. ↑ Foust, Jeff (4 July 2022). "CAPSTONE heads to the moon". https://spacenews.com/capstone-heads-to-the-moon/.
17. ↑ Shields, Todd (5 July 2022). "Capstone Spacecraft on Moon Mission Loses Contact, NASA Says". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-05/capstone-spacecraft-on-moon-mission-loses-contact-nasa-says?sref=CIpmV6x8.
18. ↑ Frazier, Sarah (6 July 2022). "CAPSTONE Update: Communications Re-Established". https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/07/06/capstone-update-communications-re-established/.
19. ↑ Hoover, Rachel (30 September 2022). "CAPSTONE Team Continues Work Towards Spacecraft Recovery". https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/30/capstone-team-continues-work-towards-spacecraft-recovery/.
20. ↑ Frazier, Sarah (7 October 2022). "CAPSTONE Team Stops Spacecraft Spin, Clearing Hurdle to Recovery – Artemis" (in en-US). https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/10/07/capstone-team-stops-spacecraft-spin-clearing-hurdle-to-recovery/.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Figliozzi, Gianine (19 May 2022). "CAPSTONE Uses Gravity on Unusual, Efficient Route to the Moon". https://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/capstone-uses-gravity-on-unusual-efficient-route-to-the-moon.
22. ↑ "Ballistic Lunar Transfers to Near Rectilinear Halo Orbit". Advanced Space, LLC. https://advancedspace.com/blt/.
23. ↑ "CAPSTONE Launches to Test New Orbit for NASA's Artemis Moon Missions". 28 June 2022. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/capstone-launches-to-test-new-orbit-for-nasa-s-artemis-moon-missions.

* v
* t
* e

Artemis program

* List of missions
* Commercial Lunar Payload Services
* Exploration Ground Systems

Facilities|

* Cape Canaveral
* SLC-37B
* SLC-40
* SLC-41
* SLC-46
* Kennedy Space Center
* LC-39A
* LC-39B
* Mission Control Center
* Vandenberg
* SLC-3E
* SLC-4E
* White Sands

Launch vehicles|

* Atlas V
* Delta IV Heavy
* Falcon 9
* Block 5
* Heavy
* New Glenn
* Space Launch System
* Block 1
* Block 1B

Spacecraft|

* CAPSTONE
* HERACLES
* Human Landing System
* Lunar Gateway
* Nova-C
* Orion
* Peregrine

Planned flights|

| Uncrewed|

* Artemis 1 (2020)
* Peregrine Mission One (June 2021)
* Nova-C (July 2021)
* VIPER (2022)
* Artemis 8 (2028)

|

Crewed|

* Artemis 2 (2022)
* Artemis 3 (2024)
* Artemis 4 (2025)
* Artemis 5 (2026)
* Artemis 6 (2027)
* Artemis 7 (2028)

* Future missions indicated in italics.

* v
* t
* e

Spacecraft missions to the Moon

Exploration
programs|

* American
* Apollo
* Artemis
* Commercial Lunar Payload Services
* Lunar Orbiter
* Lunar Precursor
* Pioneer
* Ranger
* Surveyor
* Chinese (Chang'e)
* Indian (Chandrayaan)
* Japanese
* Russian
* Luna-Glob
* Soviet
* Crewed
* Luna
* Lunokhod
* Zond

Active
missions|

| Orbiters|

* ARTEMIS
* Chang'e 5-T1 (service module)
* Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
* Queqiao (relay satellite at L2)
* Chandrayaan-2

|

Landers|

* Chang'e 3
* Chang'e 4

Rovers|

* Yutu-2

Past
missions|

| Crewed landings|

* Apollo 11
* 12
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* (List of Apollo astronauts)

|

Orbiters|

* Apollo 8
* 10
* Apollo Lunar Module
* Chang'e 1
* 2
* Chandrayaan-1
* Clementine
* Explorer 35
* 49
* GRAIL
* Hiten
* LADEE
* Longjiang-2
* Luna 10
* 11
* 12
* 14
* 19
* 22
* Lunar Orbiter 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* Lunar Prospector
* PFS-1
* PFS-2
* SMART-1
* SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)

Impactors|

* LCROSS
* Luna 2
* Moon Impact Probe
* Ranger 4
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9

Landers|

* Apollo Lunar Module ×6
* Luna 9
* 13
* 16
* 17
* 20
* 21
* 23
* 24
* Surveyor 1
* 3
* 5
* 6
* 7

Rovers|

* Lunar Roving Vehicle
* Apollo 15
* 16
* 17
* Lunokhod 1
* 2
* Yutu

Sample return|

* Apollo 11
* 12
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* Luna 16
* 20
* 24

Failed landings|

* Surveyor 2
* 4
* Luna 5
* 7
* 8
* 15
* 18
* Beresheet
* Vikram / Pragyan

Flybys|

* 4M
* Apollo 13
* AsiaSat-3 / HGS-1
* Chang'e 5-T1 / Xiaofei
* Geotail
* ICE
* Longjiang-1
* Luna 1
* 3
* 4
* 6
* Mariner 10
* Nozomi
* Pioneer 4
* Ranger 5
* STEREO
* TESS
* WMAP
* WIND
* Zond 3
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* PAS-22

Planned
missions|

| Artemis|

* Artemis 1 (2020)
* ArgoMoon
* BioSentinel
* Cislunar Explorers
* CU-E3
* CuSP
* EQUULEUS
* LunaH-Map
* Lunar Flashlight
* Lunar IceCube
* NEA Scout
* OMOTENASHI
* SkyFire
* Team Miles
* Artemis 2 (2022)
* Artemis 3 (2024)
* Artemis 4 (2025)
* Artemis 5 (2026)
* Artemis 6 (2027)
* Artemis 7 (2028)
* Artemis 8 (2028)

|

CLPS|

* CAPSTONE (December 2020)
* Nova-C (2021)
* Peregrine M1 (Jul 2021)
* VIPER (2022)

Luna-Glob|

* Luna 25 (2021)
* Luna 26 (2024)
* Luna 27 (2025)
* Luna 28 (2027)
* Luna 29 (2028)
* Luna 30 (2028)
* Luna 31 (2028)

CLEP|

* Chang'e 5 (mid-2020)
* Chang'e 6 (2023–2024)
* Chang'e 7 (2023)
* Chang'e 8 (2027)

Others|

* Moon Express Lunar Scout (Jul 2020)
* International Lunar Observatory
* MoonLIGHT
* ALINA (2021)
* CubeRover
* Uni
* Hakuto-R M1 (Oct 2021)
* MoonRanger (2022)
* SLIM (Jan 2022)
* KPLO (Jul 2022)
* DESTINY+ (2022)
* Hakuto-R M2 (Mar 2023)
* #dearMoon project (2023)

Proposed
missions|

| Robotic|

* Chandrayaan-3 (November 2020)
* Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (2024)
* Artemis-7
* Blue Moon
* BOLAS
* Garatéa-L
* ISOCHRON
* Lunar Pathfinder
* McCandless
* Moon Diver
* XL-1

|

Crewed|

* DSE-Alpha
* Lunar Gateway (Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander)
* Lunar Orbital Station

Cancelled /
concepts|

* Altair
* Baden-Württemberg 1
* European Lunar Explorer
* International Lunar Network
* LEO
* LK
* Lunar-A
* Lunar Lander
* Lunar Mission One
* Lunar Observer
* Lunokhod 3
* MoonLITE
* MoonRise
* Prospector
* Resource Prospector
* SELENE-2
* Ukrselena

See also|

* Colonization of the Moon
* Google Lunar X Prize
* List of lunar probes
* List of missions to the Moon
* List of artificial objects on the Moon
* Lunar resources
* Apollo 17 Moon mice
* Moon landing conspiracy theories
* Apollo 11 anniversaries
* List of crewed lunar lander designs

* Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in italics.

* v
* t
* e

Orbital launches in 2022

January|

* Starlink G4-5 (49 satellites)
* ION-SCV 004 (LabSat, STORK-1, STORK-2, SW1FT), Capella 7, Capella 8, ICEYE X14, ICEYE X16, USA-320, USA-321, USA-322, USA-323, DEWA SAT-1, Flock 4x × 44, Kepler × 4, Lemur-2 × 5, Nepal PQ-1
* Lemur-2 Krywe, STORK-3, TechEdSat-13, Unicorn-1, Unicorn-2 × 4
* Shiyan 13
* Starlink G4-6 (49 satellites)
* USA-324 / GSSAP-5, USA-325 / GSSAP-6
* CSG-2

February|

* USA-326
* Starlink G4-7 (49 satellites)
* Kosmos 2553 / Neitron №1
* OneWeb L13 (34 satellites)
* EOS-04 / RISAT-1A
* Progress MS-19
* Cygnus NG-17 (KITSUNE)
* Starlink G4-8 (46 satellites)
* Starlink G4-11 (50 satellites)
* Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D × 9, Jilin-1 Mofang-02A 01

March|

* GOES-18 / GOES-T
* Starlink G4-9 (47 satellites)
* Noor 2
* Starlink G4-10 (48 satellites)
* SpaceBEE × 16, SpaceBEE NZ × 4
* Yaogan 34-02
* Soyuz MS-21
* Starlink G4-12 (53 satellites)
* Meridian-M 10

April|

* ION-SCV 005 (KSF2 × 4), EnMAP, Lynk Tower 01, MP42 / Tiger-3, ÑuSat × 5, SpaceBEE × 12
* Gaofen 3-03
* Kosmos 2554 / Lotos-S1 №5
* Axiom Mission 1
* ChinaSat 6D
* USA-327 / NOSS-3 9A, NOSS-3 9B
* Starlink G4-14 (53 satellites)
* SpaceX Crew-4
* Kosmos 2555 / EO MKA №2
* Starlink G4-16 (53 satellites)
* Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D × 4, Jilin-1 Gaofen-04A

May|

* SpaceBEE × 16, SpaceBEE NZ × 8, Unicorn-2F
* Jilin-1 Kuanfu-01C, Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D × 7
* Starlink G4-17 (53 satellites)
* Tianzhou 4
* Jilin-1 Mofang-01A†
* Starlink G4-13 (53 satellites)
* Starlink G4-15 (53 satellites)
* Starlink G4-18 (53 satellites)
* Kosmos 2556 / Bars-M 3L
* Boe OFT-2
* ION-SCV 006 (SBUDNIC), SHERPA AC1, Vigoride-3, ICEYE × 5, ÑuSat × 4, Lemur-2 × 5, Platform 1, PTD-3

June|

* Progress MS-20
* Shenzhou 14
* TROPICS 02†, TROPICS 04†
* Starlink G4-19 (53 satellites)
* CMS-02 or GSAT-24
* Yaogan 35-02 (3 satellites)
* CAPSTONE

July|

* Kosmos 2557 / GLONASS-K 16L
* Starlink G4-21 (53 satellites)
* Starlink G3-1 (46 satellites)
* Tianlian II-03
* SpaceX CRS-25 (TUMnanoSAT)
* Starlink G4-22 (53 satellites)
* Starlink G3-2 (46 satellites)
* Wentian
* Starlink G4-25 (53 satellites)
* Yaogan 35-03 (3 satellites)

August|

* Kosmos 2558 / Nivelir №3
* USA-335 / RASR-4
* USA-336 / SBIRS GEO-6
* Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft
* Danuri
* EOS-02 / Microsat-2A†, AzaadiSAT†
* Starlink G4-26 (52 satellites)
* Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D × 10, Jilin-1 Hongwai-01A × 6
* Starlink G3-3 (46 satellites)
* Yaogan 35-04 (3 satellites)
* Starlink G4-27 (53 satellites)
* Starlink G4-23 (54 satellites)
* Starlink G3-4 (46 satellites)

September|

* Yaogan 33-02
* Starlink G4-20 (51 satellites)
* Yaogan 35-05 (3 satellites)
* Eutelsat Konnect VHTS
* Starlink G4-2 (34 satellites)
* ChinaSat 1E
* Starlink G4-34 (54 satellites)
* Soyuz MS-22
* KH-11 19/NROL-91
* Shiyan 14, Shiyan 15
* Starlink G4-35 (52 satellites)
* Yaogan 36-01 (3 satellites)
* Shiyan 16A, Shiyan 16B, Shiyan 17

October|

* TechEdSat-15
* SES-20, SES-21
* SpaceX Crew-5
* Starlink G4-29 (52 satellites)
* Galaxy 33, Galaxy 34
* GLONASS-K 17L
* RAISE-3†, KOSEN-2†, MAGNARO†, MITSUBA†, WASEDA-SAT-ZERO†
* Huanjing 2E
* Yaogan 36-02 (3 satellites)
* Hotbird 13F
* Starlink G4-36 (54 satellites)
* OneWeb L14 (36 satellites)
* Gonets-M × 3
* Progress MS-21
* Starlink G4-31 (53 satellites)
* Shiyan 20C
* Mengtian

November|

* LDPE-2, USA-339 / Shepherd Demonstration, USA-340, USA-341, USA-344 / USUVL
* Kosmos 2563 / EKS-6
* Hotbird 13G
* MATS
* ChinaSat 19
* Cygnus NG-18 (SpaceTuna1)
* NOAA-21, LOFTID
* Tianzhou 5
* Galaxy 31, Galaxy 32
* Yaogan 34-03
* Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D × 5
* Artemis 1 (ArgoMoon, BioSentinel, CuSP, EQUULEUS, LunaH-Map, Lunar IceCube, LunIR, Near-Earth Asteroid Scout, OMOTENASHI, Team Miles)
* Eutelsat 10B
* EOS-06 / Oceansat-3, Astrocast × 4
* SpaceX CRS-26
* Yaogan 36-03 (3 satellites)
* Kosmos 2564 / GLONASS-M 761
* Shenzhou 15
* Kosmos 2565 / Lotos-S1 №6 (Kosmos 2566)

December|

* Gaofen 5-01A
* OneWeb L15 (40 satellites)
* Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D × 7, Jilin-1 Pingtai-01A 01
* Hakuto-R Mission 1 (Rashid), Lunar Flashlight
* Shiyan 20A, Shiyan 20B
* Galaxy 35, Galaxy 36, MTG-I1
* Yaogan 36-04 (3 satellites)
* Shiyan 21
* SWOT
* O3b mPOWER 1, O3b mPOWER 2
* Starlink G4-37 (54 satellites)
* Pléiades Neo 5†, Pléiades Neo 6†
* Gaofen 11-04
* Starlink G5-1 (54 satellites)
* Shiyan 10-02
* EROS-C3

Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).

* v
* t
* e

2022 in space

* « 2021

2023 »

Space probe launches |

* CAPSTONE (June 2022)
* Danuri (August 2022)
* Artemis I (November 2022)
* ArgoMoon
* EQUULEUS
* LunaH-Map
* Lunar IceCube
* NEA Scout
* OMOTENASHI
* LunIR
* Hakuto-R Mission 1 / Emirates Lunar Mission / Lunar Flashlight (December 2022)

Impact events|

* 2022 EB5
* 2022 WJ1

Selected NEOs|

* Asteroid close approaches
* 2020 AP1
* 2022 AE1
* 2022 AP7
* 2022 BX1
* (7482) 1994 PC1
* 2015 DR215
* 2022 FD1
* (7335) 1989 JA
* 2022 NX1
* 2022 QX4
* 161989 Cacus
* 65803 Didymos
* 2022 UR4
* 2022 RM4
* (741081) 2005 LW3
* 2022 WM7
* (745311) 2010 XC15
* 2022 YG

Discoveries|

* 2021 LL37 (TNO)
* 2021 RR205 (TNO)
* Alcyoneus (galaxy)
* CEERS-93316
* Gaia BH1
* GLASS-z12
* GNz7q
* GRB 221009A
* HD1 (galaxy)
* J1144–4308
* JADES-GS-z13-0
* OGLE-2011-BLG-0462
* PKS 2131-021
* PSR J0901–4046
* PSR J0952–0607
* Sagittarius A* imaged
* S4716
* SN 2022jli
* VFTS 243
* Webb's First Deep Field (SMACS J0723.3–7327)
* WD 1054–226
* WHL0137-LS
* ZTF J1813+4251
* 12 moons of Jupiter

Exoplanets |

* AB Aurigae b
* CO2 on WASP-39b
* Gliese 514 b
* Gliese 3929
* b
* c
* Gliese 896 Ab
* HD 83443 c
* HD 260655
* b
* c
* K2-2016-BLG-0005Lb
* Kepler-451
* c
* d
* Kepler-1708b and possible exomoon Kepler-1708b I
* LP 890-9
* b
* c
* Mu2 Scorpii
* b
* c
* OGLE-2018-BLG-1119Lb
* Pi Mensae d
* Proxima Centauri d
* TOI-1227 b
* TOI-1452 b
* TOI-2180 b

Comets |

* C/2021 O3 (PanSTARRS)
* 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
* C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)
* C/2022 E3 (ZTF)

Space exploration|

* DART (Dimorphos impact; September 2022)

*   * Category:2021 in outer space — Category:2022 in outer space — Category:2023 in outer space

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAPSTONE. Read more

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