CNEOS 2014-01-08

Short description: Purported interstellar meteor that hit Earth on 8 January 2014

‹ The template Infobox event is being considered for merging. ›

CNEOS 2014-01-08

CNEOS 2014-01-08 (Pacific Ocean)

Date| 8 January 2014; 12 years ago (2014-01-08)
Time| 17:05:34 UT[1]
Location| near Papua New Guinea
Coordinates|  [ ⚑ ] 1°18′S 147°36′E﻿ / ﻿1.3°S 147.6°E﻿ / -1.3; 147.6[1]

CNEOS 2014-01-08 was a 0.45 m (1.5 ft) meteor that impacted Earth on 8 January 2014 near the northeast coast of Papua New Guinea. It was claimed to be an interstellar object in a 2019 preprint by astronomers Amir Siraj and Avi Loeb,[2] and this was published in 2022.[3][4][5][6] This was supported by the U.S. Space Command in 2022 based on the object's velocity relative to the Sun.[7][8][9][10][11][12][4] NASA and other astronomers doubt this,[13][14][15][16][17][18] and still other experts found Earth-related explanations for the purported meteorite impact instead.[19]

## Contents

* 1 Discovery and putative confirmation
* 2 Search for fragments
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Discovery and putative confirmation

According to the researchers, the meteor originated from an unbound hyperbolic orbit with a confidence of 99.999%.[6] The interstellar candidate was found in data from the Center for Near-Earth Object Studies.[20] The estimated speed of the meteor, around 60 km/s (37 mi/s), was likely produced in the innermost cores[clarification needed] of another stellar system.[21] A 2019 study by Jorge I. Zuluaga published as a research note by the American Astronomical Society concluded that even if the direction were completely unknown, the probability that CNEOS 2014-01-08 was hyperbolic would still be 48%.[22]

Confirmation is stymied because information quantifying the accuracy of the U.S. government's data is not publicly available. In 2022, the United States Space Command divulged that data on the meteor's velocity is "sufficiently accurate to indicate an interstellar trajectory."[23][5]

Further related studies were reported on 1 September 2023.[24][25]

## Search for fragments

File:Location of CNEOS 2014-01-08 for the first Galileo Project ocean deep-water expedition.pngThe Galileo Project intends to recover fragments of CNEOS 2014-01-08 from the seafloor off the coast of Papua New Guinea[26]

Amir Siraj, one of the authors who reported the finding of the purported interstellar meteorite, noted, "We are currently investigating whether a mission to the bottom of the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Manus Island in the hopes of finding fragments of the 2014 meteor could be fruitful or even possible."[5][27] Later, in a preprint (as well as in interviews), the authors described a planned expedition by The Galileo Project to retrieve small fragments of the meteor by deploying a magnetic sled on the seafloor of the impact region using a long-line winch,[28][29][30][31][32] as the object—according to Loeb—"appears to be rare both in composition and in speed", and a possible identity with "extraterrestrial equipment" cannot be ruled out.[33][34] Siraj noted that "[t]he alternative way to study an interstellar object at close range is by launching a space mission to a future object passing through the Earth's neighborhood"—a feat thought to be much more expensive than the project's planned budget of $1.6 million.[31] In the study, the astronomers write:[30][32]

> Interestingly, CNEOS 2014-01-08, with a ram pressure of 194 MPa at peak brightness, has the highest material strength of all 273 bolides. The second highest tensile strength is smaller by more than a factor of 2, namely 81 MPa for the 2017-12-15 13:14:37 bolide. The third highest tensile strength, 75 MPa, belongs to the 2017-03-09 04:16:37 bolide, which we identified as a possible interstellar meteor candidate (Siraj & Loeb 2019c). Of course, this result does not imply that the first interstellar meteor was artificially made by a technological civilization and not natural in origin (Loeb 2021). Iron meteorites make about a twentieth of all space rocks arriving on Earth.

In a September 2022 blog post, Loeb announced that the Galileo Project expedition to search for fragments had been fully funded.[35]

In November 2022, a paper was published claiming that the purportedly anomalous properties (such as high tensile strength and strongly hyperbolic trajectory) possessed by CNEOS-2014-01-08 are better described as measurement error, rather than as genuine parameters. If this is correct, successful retrieval of any meteoroid fragments is highly unlikely.[13]

In July 2023, Amir Siraj and Avi Loeb reported finding metallic fragments that they believed to be from CNEOS 2014-01-08, the isotopic ratios of which indicated an age greater than that of the Solar System.[36][37] Other astronomers have doubted that the meteor was interstellar,[14][38] and criticized Siraj's and Loeb's method for determining where the meteor might have landed on Earth—claiming, e.g., that the seismic data used by the two astrophysicists had resulted not from an impact, but merely from nearby truck traffic.[19]

## See also

* 1I/ʻOumuamua
* 2I/Borisov
* 3I/ATLAS

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Fireball and Bolide Data". Center for Near-Earth Object Studies. https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/fireballs/.
2. ↑ Siraj, Amir; Loeb, Abraham (2019-06-04). "Discovery of a Meteor of Interstellar Origin". arXiv:1904.07224 [astro-ph.EP].
3. ↑ Siraj, Amir; Loeb, Abraham (2019-09-16). "An Argument for a Kilometer-Scale Nucleus of C/2019 Q4". Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society 3 (9): 132. doi:10.3847/2515-5172/ab44c5. Bibcode: 2019RNAAS...3..132S.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Roulette, Joey (15 April 2022). "Military Memo Deepens Possible Interstellar Meteor Mystery – The U.S. Space Command seemed to confirm a claim that a meteor from outside the solar system had entered Earth's atmosphere, but other scientists and NASA are still not convinced. (+ Comment)". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/15/science/interstellar-meteor-debate.html#permid=117852708.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Diaz, Jaclyn. "The first known interstellar meteor hit Earth in 2014, U.S. officials say". NPR. https://www.npr.org/2022/04/14/1092869771/interstellar-meteor-hit-earth-in-2014.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 U.S. Space Command [@us_spacecom] (Apr 7, 2022). "I had the pleasure of signing a memo with @ussfspoc's Chief Scientist, Dr. Mozer, to confirm that a previously-detected interstellar object was indeed an interstellar object, a confirmation that assisted the broader astronomical community." (in en). https://twitter.com/us_spacecom/status/1511856370756177921.
7. ↑ United States Space Command (6 April 2022). "I had the pleasure of signing a memo with @ussfspoc's Chief Scientist, Dr. Mozer, to confirm that a previously-detected interstellar object was indeed an interstellar object, a confirmation that assisted the broader astronomical community.". Twitter. https://twitter.com/US_SpaceCom/status/1511856370756177921.
8. ↑ Ferreira, Becky (7 April 2022). "Secret Government Info Confirms First Known Interstellar Object on Earth, Scientists Say – A small meteor that hit Earth in 2014 was from another star system, and may have left interstellar debris on the seafloor.". Vice News. https://www.vice.com/en/article/secret-government-info-confirms-first-known-interstellar-object-on-earth-scientists-say/.
9. ↑ Wenz, John (11 April 2022). ""It Opens A New Frontier Where You're Using The Earth As A Fishing Net For These Objects." – Harvard Astronomer Believes An Interstellar Meteor (or Craft) Hit Earth In 2014". Inverse. https://www.inverse.com/science/interstellar-meteor-2014-discovery.
10. ↑ Siraj, Amir; Loeb, Abraham (4 June 2019). "Discovery of a Meteor of Interstellar Origin". arXiv:1904.07224 [astro-ph.EP].
11. ↑ Handal, Josh; Fox, Karen; Talbert, Tricia (8 April 2022). "U.S. Space Force Releases Decades of Bolide Data to NASA for Planetary Defense Studies". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/us-space-force-releases-decades-of-bolide-data-to-nasa-for-planetary-defense-studies.
12. ↑ Siraj, Amir (12 April 2022). "Spy Satellites Confirmed Our Discovery of the First Meteor from beyond the Solar System - A high-speed fireball that struck Earth in 2014 looked to be interstellar in origin, but verifying this extraordinary claim required extraordinary cooperation from secretive defense programs". Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/spy-satellites-confirmed-our-discovery-of-the-first-meteor-from-beyond-the-solar-system/.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Vaubaillon, J. (October 2022). "Hyperbolic meteors: is CNEOS 2014-01-08 interstellar?". WGN, Journal of the International Meteor Organization 50 (5): 140–143. Bibcode: 2022JIMO...50..140V.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Brown, Peter G.; Borovička, Jiří (August 2023). "On the Proposed Interstellar Origin of the USG 20140108 Fireball". The Astrophysical Journal 953 (2): 167. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ace421. Bibcode: 2023ApJ...953..167B.
15. ↑ Gallardo, Patricio A. (October 2023). "Anthropogenic Coal Ash as a Contaminant in a Micro-meteoritic Underwater Search". Research Notes of the AAS 7 (10): 220. doi:10.3847/2515-5172/ad03f9. Bibcode: 2023RNAAS...7..220G.
16. ↑ Desch, Steve; Jackson, Alan (November 2023). "Critique of arXiv submission 2308.15623, "Discovery of Spherules of Likely Extrasolar Composition in the Pacific Ocean Site of the CNEOS 2014-01-08 (IM1) Bolide", by A. Loeb et al". arXiv:2311.07699 [astro-ph.EP].
17. ↑ Fernando, Benjamin et al. (March 2024). "Seismic and acoustic signals from the 2014 'Interstellar Meteor'". Geophysical Journal International 238 (2): 1027–1039. doi:10.1093/gji/ggae202. Bibcode: 2024GeoJI.tmp..181F.
18. ↑ Desch, Steve (March 2024). "Be,La,U-rich spherules as microtektites of terrestrial laterites: What goes up must come down". arXiv:2403.05161 [astro-ph.EP].
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Richtel, Matt (11 March 2024). "Surprise: An 'Extraterrestrial' Gadget Was Something More Familiar - In 2014 a fireball from outer space was posited to be an alien artifact. A recent study suggests otherwise.". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/11/science/meteor-avi-loeb.html.
20. ↑ Katz, Brigit (17 April 2019). "An Interstellar Meteor May Have Collided With Earth in 2014" (in en). https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/interstellar-meteor-may-have-collided-earth-2014-180971981/.
21. ↑ Dorminey, Bruce. "Interstellar Meteor Likely Struck Earth In 2014, Say Astronomers" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucedorminey/2019/04/17/interstellar-meteor-likely-struck-earth-in-2014-say-astronomers/.
22. ↑ Zuluaga, Jorge I. (2019-05-03). "Speed Thresholds for Hyperbolic Meteors: The Case of the 2014 January 8 CNEOS Meteor" (in en). Research Notes of the AAS 3 (5): 68. doi:10.3847/2515-5172/ab1de3. ISSN 2515-5172. Bibcode: 2019RNAAS...3...68Z.
23. ↑ Marples, Megan (13 April 2022). "US military confirms an interstellar meteor collided with Earth". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/13/world/interstellar-meteor-discovery-scn/index.html.
24. ↑ McRae, Mike (1 September 2023). "Material Found in Ocean Is Not From This Solar System, Study Claims". https://www.sciencealert.com/material-found-in-ocean-is-not-from-this-solar-system-study-claims.
25. ↑ Loeb, Avi; et al. (29 August 2023). "Discovery of Spherules of Likely Extrasolar Composition in the Pacific Ocean Site of the CNEOS 2014-01-08 (IM1) Bolide". arXiv:2308.15623 [astro-ph.EP].
26. ↑ Loeb, Abraham (2023). "Overview of the Galileo Project". Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation 12 (1). doi:10.1142/S2251171723400032. Bibcode: 2023JAI....1240003L.
27. ↑ McNamee, Kai (31 August 2022). "An astronomer thinks alien tech could be on the ocean floor. Not everyone agrees". NPR. https://www.npr.org/2022/08/31/1119941103/astronomer-searches-ocean-extraterrestrial-meteor-alien-life-avi-loeb.
28. ↑ Carter, Jamie (9 August 2022). "Astronomers plan to fish an interstellar meteorite out of the ocean using a massive magnet" (in en). livescience.com. https://www.livescience.com/interstellar-asteroid-fishing-expedition.
29. ↑ "Astronomers: Let's Fish a Meteorite From the Ocean ... With a Mattress-Sized Magnet". www.yahoo.com. https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/astronomers-let-fish-meteorite-ocean-215300450.html.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Johnston, Scott Alan (4 August 2022). "An Interstellar Meteor Struck the Earth in 2014, and now Scientists Want to Search for it at the Bottom of the Ocean". Universe Today. https://www.universetoday.com/157009/an-interstellar-meteor-struck-the-earth-in-2014-and-now-scientists-want-to-search-for-it-at-the-bottom-of-the-ocean/.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Carter, Jamie (10 August 2022). "Astronomers plan to fish an interstellar meteorite out of the ocean using a massive magnet" (in en). Space.com. https://www.space.com/interstellar-asteroid-fishing-expedition-meteorite.
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Siraj, Amir; Loeb, Abraham; Gallaudet, Tim (5 August 2022). "An Ocean Expedition by the Galileo Project to Retrieve Fragments of the First Large Interstellar Meteor CNEOS 2014-01-08". arXiv:2208.00092 [astro-ph.EP].
33. ↑ Loeb, Avi (18 April 2022). "The First Interstellar Meteor Had a Larger Material Strength Than Iron Meteorites" (in en). https://avi-loeb.medium.com/the-first-interstellar-meteor-had-a-larger-material-strength-than-iron-meteorites-bd8680ffaeb2.
34. ↑ Fuschetti, Ray; Johnson, Malcolm; Strader, Aaron. "Harvard Professor Believes Alien Tech Could Have Crashed Into Pacific Ocean — And He Wants to Find It". NBC Boston. https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/harvard-professor-believes-alien-tech-could-have-crashed-into-the-pacific-ocean-and-he-wants-to-find-it/2805992/.
35. ↑ Loeb, Avi (2022-09-16). "Message in an Interstellar Bottle" (in en). https://avi-loeb.medium.com/message-in-an-interstellar-bottle-c393ea526e9f.
36. ↑ Siraj, Amir (5 July 2023). "Have We Found Fragments of a Meteor from Another Star?". https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/have-we-found-fragments-of-a-meteor-from-another-star/.
37. ↑ Loeb, Avi (5 July 2023). "I'm a Harvard Astronomer. I Think We Found Interstellar Material". Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/harvard-astronomer-alien-discovery-interstellar-material-1811087.
38. ↑ Miller, Katrina (24 July 2023). "Scientist's Deep Dive for Alien Life Leaves His Peers Dubious - Avi Loeb, a Harvard astrophysicist, says that material recovered from the seafloor could be from an extraterrestrial spacecraft. His peers are skeptical. + comment". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/24/science/avi-loeb-extraterrestrial-life.html.

## External links

* Ask Ethan: Did we recover alien technology from the bottom of the ocean? (14 July 2023)

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