Cloverleaf quasar

Short description: Rare example of a quadruply-lensed quasar

Cloverleaf, H1413+117, QSO 1415+1129

File:Cloverleaf-quasar.jpg

ESO image of the Cloverleaf quasar

Observation data (Epoch J2000)
Right ascension|  14 h 15 m 46.27 s
Declination| +11° 29 ′ 43.4 ″
Redshift| 2.56
Distance| 11 Gly
Apparent magnitude (V)| 17
Notable features| Four-image lens, bright CO emission
Other designations
QSO J1415+1129, QSO B1413+1143, H 1413+117, Clover Leaf Quasar
See also: Quasar,List of quasars]]

The Cloverleaf quasar (H1413+117, QSO J1415+1129) is a bright, gravitationally lensed quasar discovered by Hazard, Morton, Terlevich and McMahon in 1984.[1] It receives its name because of gravitational lensing spitting the single quasar into four images.[2] Gravitational lensing of the quasar H1413+1011 was discovered in Magain et al. [1] in 1988 discovered that the quasars was split by gravitational lensing by a foreground galaxy into four images gave it the name "Cloverleaf quasar".

## Contents

* 1 Quasar
* 1.1 Black hole
* 1.2 Lensing galaxy and partial Einstein ring
* 2 History
* 3 Gallery
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 Further reading
* 7 External links

## Quasar

Molecular gas (notably CO) detected in the host galaxy associated with the quasar is the oldest molecular material known and provides evidence of large-scale star formation in the early universe. Thanks to the strong magnification provided by the foreground lens, the Cloverleaf is the brightest known source of CO emission at high redshift[3] and was also the first source at a redshift z = 2.56 to be detected with HCN[4] or HCO+ emission.[5] This suggests the quasar is currently undergoing an intense wave of star formations thus increasing its luminosity.[4] A radio jet has also been found on the side of quasar according to a study published in 2023.[6]

File:The "cloverleaf" quasar H 1413+117 (eso8806a).jpgCCD image of the Cloverleaf quasar taken in March 1988 by the ESO/MPI 2.2m telescope. The four separated images are part of the quasar.

The 4 quasar images were originally discovered in 1984; in 1988, they were determined to be a single quasar split into four images, instead of 4 separate quasars. The X-rays from iron atoms were also enhanced relative to X-rays at lower energies. Since the amount of brightening due to gravitational lensing doesn't vary with the wavelength, this means that an additional object has magnified the X-rays. The increased magnification of the X-ray light can be explained by gravitational microlensing, an effect which has been used to search for compact stars and planets in our galaxy. Microlensing occurs when a star or a multiple star system passes in front of light from a background object. If a single star or a multiple star system in one of the foreground galaxies passed in front of the light path for the brightest image, then that image would be selectively magnified.[7]

### Black hole

The X-rays would be magnified much more than the visible light if they came from a region around the central supermassive black hole of the lensing galaxy that was smaller than the origin region of the visible light. The enhancement of the X-rays from iron ions would be due to this same effect. The analysis indicates that the X-rays are coming from a very small region, about the size of the Solar System, around the central black hole. The visible light is coming from a region ten or more times larger. The angular size of these regions at a distance of 11 billion light years is tens of thousands times smaller than the smallest region that can be resolved by the Hubble Space Telescope. This provides a way to test models for the flow of gas around a supermassive black hole.[7] Additionally, inner regions of the quasar's accretion disk around the black hole has been detected suggesting outflow wind.[8]

### Lensing galaxy and partial Einstein ring

Data from NICMOS and a special algorithm resolved the lensing galaxy and a partial Einstein ring. The Einstein ring represents the host galaxy of the lensed quasar.[9]

## History

The Cloverleaf quasar was discovered in 1988. Data on the Cloverleaf collected by the Chandra X-ray Observatory in 2004 were compared with that gathered by optical telescopes. One of the X-ray components (A) in the Cloverleaf is brighter than the others in both optical and X-ray light but was found to be relatively brighter in X-ray than in optical light. The X-rays from iron atoms were also enhanced relative to X-rays at lower energies.[7]

## Gallery

* Quadruple image of the quasar taken with Hubble Space Telescope.

Quadruple image of the quasar taken with Hubble Space Telescope.

* Graphic illustration of four images of the quasar caused by gravitational lensing.

Graphic illustration of four images of the quasar caused by gravitational lensing.

## See also

* List of quasars

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 C. Hazard; D. C. Morton; R. Terlevich; R. G. McMahon (1984). "Nine new quasi-stellar objects with broad absorption lines.". Astrophysical Journal 282: 33-52. doi:10.1086/162174. Bibcode: 1984ApJ...282...33H.
2. ↑ information@eso.org. "The Cloverleaf quasar" (in en). https://www.eso.org/public/images/cloverleaf-quasar/.
3. ↑ S. Venturini; P. M. Solomon (2003). "The Molecular Disk in the Cloverleaf Quasar". Astrophysical Journal 590 (2): 740–745. doi:10.1086/375050. Bibcode: 2003ApJ...590..740V.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 P. Solomon; P. Vanden Bout; C. Carilli; M. Guelin (2003). "The Essential Signature of a Massive Starburst in a Distant Quasar". Nature 426 (6967): 636–638. doi:10.1038/nature02149. PMID 14668856. Bibcode: 2003Natur.426..636S.
5. ↑ D. A. Riechers (2006). "First Detection of HCO+ Emission at High Redshift". Astrophysical Journal Letters 645 (1): L13–L16. doi:10.1086/505908. Bibcode: 2006ApJ...645L..13R.
6. ↑ Zhang, Lei; Zhang, Zhi-Yu; Nightingale, James W.; Zou, Ze-Cheng; Cao, Xiaoyue; Tsai, Chao-Wei; Yang, Chentao; Shi, Yong et al. (2023-09-01). "Discovery of a radio jet in the Cloverleaf quasar at z = 2.56". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 524 (3): 3671–3682. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2069. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2023MNRAS.524.3671Z.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Chandra :: Photo Album :: Cloverleaf Quasar (a.k.a. H1413+117) :: More Images of the Cloverleaf Quasar". https://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2004/h1413/more.html.
8. ↑ Chartas, G.; Eracleous, M.; Dai, X.; Agol, E.; Gallagher, S. (2007-06-01). "Discovery of Probable Relativistic Fe Emission and Absorption in the Cloverleaf Quasar H 1413+117". The Astrophysical Journal 661 (2): 678–692. doi:10.1086/516816. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2007ApJ...661..678C. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...661..678C/abstract.
9. ↑ Chantry, Virginie; Magain, Pierre (August 2007). "Deconvolution of HST images of the Cloverleaf gravitational lens : detection of the lensing galaxy and a partial Einstein ring". Astronomy & Astrophysics 470 (2): 467–473. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066839. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2007A&A...470..467C.

## Further reading

* R. Barvainis; L. Tacconi; R. Antonucci; D. Alloin; P. Coleman (2002). "Extremely strong carbon monoxide emission from the Cloverleaf quasar at a redshift of 2.5". Nature 371 (6498): 586–588. doi:10.1038/371586a0. Bibcode: 1994Natur.371..586B.
* C. M. Bradford (2009). "The Warm Molecular Gas Around the Cloverleaf Quasar". Astrophysical Journal 705 (1): 112. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/705/1/112. Bibcode: 2009ApJ...705..112B.

## External links

* Chandra at Havard CfA, "Cloverleaf Quasar: Chandra Looks Over a Cosmic Four-Leaf Clover", 20 February 2009

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Boötes constellation

Stars (list)|

| Bayer|

* α (Arcturus)
* β (Nekkar)
* γ (Seginus)
* δ (Princeps)
* ε (Izar)
* ζ
* η (Muphrid)
* θ (Asellus Primus)
* ι (Asellus Secundus)
* κ (Asellus Tertius)
* λ (Xuange)
* μ (Alkalurops)
* ν1
* ν2
* ξ
* ο
* π
* ρ
* σ
* τ
* υ
* φ
* χ
* ψ
* ω

|

Flamsteed|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* 6 (e)
* 7
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12 (d)
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 18
* 20
* 22 (f)
* 24 (g)
* 26
* 31
* 32
* 33
* 34
* 38 (h, Merga)
* 39
* 40
* 44 (i)
* 45 (c)
* 46 (b)
* 47 (k)
* 50
* 101 Vir

Variable|

* R
* S
* T
* V
* RS
* RV
* RX
* SS
* ST
* SW
* TU
* TY
* TZ
* UU
* UY
* UZ
* VW
* XY
* YZ
* ZZ
* AC
* AD
* AR
* BL
* BP
* BX
* BY
* CH
* CI
* CK
* CN
* CP
* CR
* DE
* EF
* EK
* GU
* HN
* HP

HR|

* 5123
* 5129
* 5137
* 5138
* 5156
* 5164
* 5220
* 5243
* 5254
* 5262
* 5270
* 5273
* 5274
* 5310
* 5335
* 5333
* 5346
* 5347
* 5360
* 5361 (A)
* 5363
* 5372
* 5373
* 5374
* 5385
* 5387
* 5388
* 5394
* 5402
* 5416
* 5422
* 5423
* 5433
* 5445
* 5448
* 5454
* 5462
* 5464
* 5467
* 5472
* 5473
* 5483
* 5493
* 5507
* 5510
* 5524
* 5529
* 5532
* 5537
* 5541
* 5550
* 5567
* 5569
* 5574
* 5575
* 5581
* 5592
* 5609
* 5630
* 5633
* 5635
* 5639
* 5640
* 5648
* 5673
* 5674
* 5677
* 5715
* 5716
* 5726
* 5741
* 5752
* 5830
* 5835

HD|

* 119784
* 122443
* 124678
* 125076
* 126307
* 129357
* 131496 (Arcalís)
* 132406
* 132563
* 135944
* 136418

Gliese|

* GJ 526
* Gliese 569

Other|

* CFBDSIR 1458+10
* G 166-45
* GD 165
* HAT-P-4
* LHS 2924
* LkCa 19
* 2MASS 1503+2525
* PSR J1518+4904
* SDSS J1416+1348
* Sigma 1785
* TVLM 513-46546
* WASP-14
* ZTF J153932.16+502738.8

Star clusters|

| Globular|

* NGC 5466

|

Galaxies|

| NGC|

* 5008
* 5239
* 5248
* 5249
* 5251
* 5293
* 5332
* 5405
* 5409
* 5411
* 5414
* 5416
* 5417
* 5418
* 5423
* 5424
* 5431
* 5434
* 5434B
* 5436
* 5437
* 5446
* 5454
* 5456
* 5459
* 5463
* 5463B
* 5469
* 5481
* 5482
* 5487
* 5490
* 5490B
* 5490C
* 5492
* 5497
* 5498
* 5499
* 5500
* 5504
* 5504C
* 5505
* 5508
* 5509
* 5511
* 5511A
* 5512
* 5513
* 5514
* 5514A
* 5515
* 5517
* 5518
* 5520
* 5522
* 5523
* 5525
* 5527
* 5528
* 5529
* 5531
* 5532B
* 5533
* 5535
* 5536
* 5538
* 5539
* 5541
* 5542
* 5543
* 5544
* 5545
* 5546
* 5548
* 5550
* 5553
* 5557
* 5559
* 5562
* 5567
* 5568
* 5570
* 5572
* 5579
* 5581
* 5582
* 5583
* 5587
* 5589
* 5590
* 5591
* 5594
* 5596
* 5598
* 5600
* 5601
* 5602
* 5603
* 5603B
* 5608
* 5609
* 5610
* 5611
* 5613
* 5614
* 5615
* 5616
* 5622
* 5623
* 5624
* 5625
* 5627
* 5628
* 5629
* 5630
* 5633
* 5635
* 5637
* 5639
* 5639B
* 5641
* 5642
* 5644
* 5646
* 5647
* 5649
* 5653
* 5654
* 5655
* 5656
* 5657
* 5659
* 5660
* 5665
* 5665A
* 5666
* 5669
* 5672
* 5673
* 5675
* 5676
* 5677
* 5681
* 5682
* 5683
* 5684
* 5685
* 5686
* 5687
* 5689
* 5693
* 5695
* 5696
* 5697
* 5698
* 5699
* 5700
* 5702
* 5707
* 5708
* 5709
* 5710
* 5711
* 5714
* 5717
* 5720
* 5721
* 5722
* 5723
* 5724
* 5727
* 5730
* 5731
* 5732
* 5735
* 5736
* 5737
* 5739
* 5747
* 5748
* 5751
* 5752
* 5753
* 5754
* 5755
* 5758
* 5759
* 5760
* 5762
* 5763
* 5767
* 5769
* 5771
* 5772
* 5773
* 5778
* 5780
* 5782
* 5784
* 5785
* 5787
* 5788
* 5789
* 5790
* 5794
* 5795
* 5797
* 5798
* 5804
* 5805
* 5818
* 5820
* 5821
* 5827
* 5828
* 5828A
* 5829
* 5830
* 5835
* 5837
* 5842
* 5851
* 5852
* 5853
* 5857
* 5859
* 5860
* 5874
* 5875
* 5875A
* 5876
* 5886
* 5888
* 5889
* 5893
* 5895
* 5896
* 5899
* 5900
* 5902
* 5914
* 5914B
* 5918
* 5923
* 5929
* 5930
* 5932
* 5933
* 5934
* 5935
* 5943
* 5945
* 5947
* 5950
* 5966
* 5992
* 5993

|

Other|

* Arp 302
* Boötes I
* Boötes II
* Boötes III
* 3C 295
* 3C 296
* 3C 299
* 3C 303
* 3C 310
* 3C 315
* 4C 12.50
* 4C 26.42
* 4C 37.43
* CLASS B1359+154
* Cloverleaf quasar
* DDO 187
* DDO 190
* 1E 1415.6+2557
* H1426+428
* IRAS 13349+2438
* IRAS 15250+3609
* Markarian 463
* Markarian 477
* Markarian 478
* Markarian 841
* MS 1512-cB58
* OQ 172
* OQ 208
* OQ 530
* PG 1402+261
* PG 1404+226
* PG 1407+265
* PG 1411+442
* PG 1425+267
* PG 1543+489
* PKS 1413+135
* PKS 1424+240
* PKS 1502+106
* QSO B1400+162
* QSO B1422+202
* QSO B1422+231
* QSO B1504+377
* II Zw 71
* II Zw 73

Galaxy
clusters|

* Abell 1775
* Abell 1795
* Abell 1911
* Abell 1914
* Abell 1983
* Abell 2034
* E 1455+2232
* MS 1512.4+3647

Other|

* Boötes void
* GRB 990123
* GRB 010222
* GRB 050802
* GRB 060814
* GRB 080319B
* SCP 06F6

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