Commercial Resupply Services

Short description: NASA program for delivery of cargo to the ISS

Commercial Resupply Services

File:A SpaceX Dragon cargo spacecraft approaches the International Space Station (iss073e0519825).jpg

File:Northrop Grumman's Cygnus XL cargo craft approaches the International Space Station (ISS073E0703405).jpg

Dragon 2 (left) and Cygnus XL (right), two of the Commercial Resupply Services spacecraft

Type of project| Aerospace
Owner| NASA
Country| United States
Established| 2008; 18 years ago (2008)
Status| Active
Website| nasa.gov/international-space-station/commercial-resupply
Part of a series on

Private spaceflight
Astronaut Dale Gardner holding a "For Sale" sign
Active companies

* Arianespace
* Axiom Space
* ARCAspace
* Astra
* Bigelow Aerospace
* Blue Origin
* Copenhagen Suborbitals
* Northrop Grumman
* Rocket Lab
* Sierra Nevada Corporation
* SpaceX
* Virgin Galactic
* Firefly Aerospace

Flown vehicles

* Antares (rocket)
* Ariane 1
* Ariane 2
* Ariane 3
* Ariane 4
* Ariane 5
* Cygnus (spacecraft)
* Dragon 2
* Electron (rocket)
* Falcon 1
* Falcon 9
* Falcon Heavy
* New Shepard
* Pegasus (rocket)
* SpaceX Dragon

Contracts and programs

* Ansari X Prize
* Commercial Crew Development
* Commercial Resupply Services
* Google Lunar X Prize
* SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure
* SpaceX reusable launch system development program

* v
* t
* e

Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) are a series of flights awarded by NASA for the delivery of cargo and supplies to the International Space Station (ISS) on commercially operated spacecraft.[1]

The first phase of CRS contracts (CRS-1) were signed in 2008 and awarded $1.6 billion to SpaceX for twelve Dragon 1 and $1.9 billion to Orbital Sciences[note 1] for eight Cygnus flights, covering deliveries to 2016. The first operational resupply missions were flown by SpaceX in 2012 (CRS SpX-1)[2] and Orbital in 2014 (CRS Orb-1).[3] In 2015, NASA extended CRS-1 to twenty flights for SpaceX and twelve flights for Orbital ATK.[note 1][4][5]

A second phase of contracts (CRS-2) was solicited in 2014. CRS-2 contracts were awarded in January 2016 to Orbital ATK's continued use of Cygnus, Sierra Nevada Corporation's new Dream Chaser, and SpaceX's new Dragon 2, for cargo transport flights beginning in 2019 and expected to last through 2024.

## Contents

* 1 COTS demo flights
* 2 CRS-1 selection process
* 3 CRS-1 flights
* 3.1 Cargo Dragon flights
* 3.2 Cygnus flights
* 4 CRS-2 selection process
* 4.1 Requirements
* 4.2 Proposals
* 4.3 Awards
* 5 CRS-2 flights
* 5.1 Cygnus flights
* 5.2 Cargo Dragon flights
* 5.3 Cargo Dream Chaser flights
* 6 See also
* 7 Notes
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## COTS demo flights

NASA has been directed to pursue commercial spaceflight options since at least 1984, with the Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984 and Launch Services Purchase Act of 1990. By the 2000s funding was authorized for the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program, followed by the Commercial Crew Development program. The Antares and Falcon 9 launch vehicles and Cygnus and Dragon cargo spacecraft were developed using Space Act Agreements under the COTS program.[6]

The first flight contracted by NASA, COTS Demo Flight 1, took place on December 8, 2010, demonstrating a Dragon capsule's ability to remain in orbit, receive and respond to ground commands, and communicate with NASA's Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System. On August 15, 2011, SpaceX announced that NASA had combined the objectives of the COTS Demo Flight 2 and following Flight 3 into a single mission.[7][8] The rescoped COTS Demo Flight 2 successfully launched on May 22, 2012, delivering cargo to the ISS. The spacecraft reentered on May 31, landed in the Pacific Ocean, and was recovered, completing CRS certification requirements.[9][10]

Orbital Sciences first launched the Antares rocket from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport on April 21, 2013, with a test payload.[11] Orbital Sciences completed the Cygnus Orb-D1 demonstration flight on September 29, 2013, and the operational Cygnus CRS Orb-1 was launched January 9, 2014.[12][13][14][15]

## CRS-1 selection process

On December 23, 2008, NASA announced the initial awarding of cargo contracts - twelve flights to SpaceX and eight flights to Orbital Sciences Corporation.[16] PlanetSpace, which was not selected, submitted a protest to the Government Accountability Office.[17] On April 22, 2009, the GAO publicly released its decision to deny the protest, allowing the program to continue.[18]

## CRS-1 flights

Transport flights began under Commercial Resupply Services phase 1 (CRS-1) in 2012:

### Cargo Dragon flights

File:U.S. Commercial Cargo Ship Departs Space Station.webmDragon departs ISS CRS-8 Dragon at ISS, 2016

* CRS SpX-1: October 8, 2012[2][19]
* CRS SpX-2: March 1, 2013[20]
* CRS SpX-3: April 18, 2014[20]
* CRS SpX-4: September 21, 2014.[20]
* CRS SpX-5: January 10, 2015[21]
* CRS SpX-6: April 14, 2015
* CRS SpX-7: attempted on June 28, 2015. Launch failure 139 seconds after lift-off, IDA-1 destroyed. Investigation traced the accident to the failure of a strut inside the second stage's liquid-oxygen tank. NASA concluded that the most probable cause of the strut failure was a design error: instead of using a stainless-steel eye bolt made of aerospace-grade material, SpaceX chose an industrial-grade material without adequate screening and testing and overlooked the recommended safety margin.[22]
* CRS SpX-8: April 8, 2016
* CRS SpX-9: July 18, 2016
* CRS SpX-10: February 19, 2017
* CRS SpX-11: June 3, 2017
* CRS SpX-12: August 14, 2017
* CRS SpX-13: December 15, 2017[23]
* CRS SpX-14: April 2, 2018
* CRS SpX-15: June 29, 2018[24]
* CRS SpX-16: December 5, 2018[25][26][27]
* CRS SpX-17: May 4, 2019
* CRS SpX-18: July 25, 2019
* CRS SpX-19: December 5, 2019
* CRS SpX-20: March 7, 2020

### Cygnus flights

Standard size Cygnus (first three flights) Enhanced size Cygnus (remainder)

* CRS Orb-1:[note 2] January 9, 2014
* CRS Orb-2: July 13, 2014
* CRS Orb-3: October 28, 2014 - launch failure, food and care packages for the crew, parts, experiments, and the Arkyd-3 Flight Test (Non-optical) Satellite from Planetary Resources lost.

Following the failure, the Antares rocket was upgraded to the 230 series which used newly built RD-181 first-stage engines to provide greater payload performance and increased reliability.[28] The next two spacecraft were launched on the Atlas V. With the switch to more powerful launch vehicles and the introduction of a larger Enhanced Cygnus, enabled Orbital ATK to cover their initial CRS contracted payload obligation by OA-7.[29][30]

* CRS OA-4:[note 3] December 6, 2015 - Atlas V, first Enhanced Cygnus[29]
* CRS OA-6: March 23, 2016 - Atlas V
* CRS OA-5: October 17, 2016 - Antares 230
* CRS OA-7: April 18, 2017 - Atlas V

During August 2015, Orbital ATK disclosed that they had received an extension of the resupply program for four extra missions. These flights enable NASA to cover ISS resupply needs until CRS-2 begins.[29]

* CRS OA-8E: November 12, 2017
* CRS OA-9E: May 21, 2018[31][32]
* CRS NG-10:[note 4] November 17, 2018[33]
* CRS NG-11: April 17, 2019[34][35]

## CRS-2 selection process

NASA began a formal process to initiate Phase 2 of the Commercial Resupply Services, or CRS-2, in early 2014.[36] Later that year, an "Industry Day" was held in Houston, with seven high-level requirements disclosed to interested parties.[37]

### Requirements

The contracts were expected to include a variety of requirements:[37]

* delivery of approximately 14,000 to 17,000 kg (31,000 to 37,000 lb) per year 55 to 70 m3 (1,900 to 2,500 cu ft) of pressurized cargo in four or five transport trips
* delivery of 24–30 powered lockers per year, requiring continuous power of up to 120 watts at 28 volts, cooling, and two-way communications
* delivery of approximately 1,500 to 4,000 kg (3,300 to 8,800 lb) per year of unpressurized cargo, consisting of 3 to 8 items, each item requiring continuous power of up to 250 watts at 28 volts, cooling, and two-way communications
* return/disposal of approximately 14,000 to 17,000 kg (31,000 to 37,000 lb) per year 55 to 70 m3 (1,900 to 2,500 cu ft) of pressurized cargo
* disposal of 1,500 to 4,000 kg (3,300 to 8,800 lb) per year of unpressurized cargo, consisting of 3 to 8 items
* various ground support services

### Proposals

CRS-1 contractors Orbital Sciences[note 1] and SpaceX each submitted CRS-2 proposals, joined by Sierra Nevada, Boeing, and Lockheed Martin.[38]

SNC's proposal would use a cargo version of its Dream Chaser crew vehicle, the 'Dream Chaser Cargo System'. The proposed cargo Dream Chaser included an additional expendable cargo module for uplift and trash disposal. Downmass would only be provided via the Dream Chaser spaceplane itself.[38] Boeing's proposal likewise used a cargo version of its CST-100 crew vehicle.[39][40]

Lockheed Martin proposed a new cargo spacecraft called Jupiter, derived from the designs of the NASA's MAVEN and Juno spacecraft. It would have included a robotic arm based on Canadarm technology and a 4.4-meter (14 ft) diameter cargo transport module called Exoliner based on the Automated Transfer Vehicle, to be jointly developed with Thales Alenia Space.[40][41][42]

### Awards

Sierra Nevada Dream Chaser in development, 2013 drop-test preparations shown

When NASA issued the Commercial Resupply Services phase 2 (CRS-2) request for proposal (RFP) in September 2014, it received interest from five companies: Lockheed Martin, Boeing, Orbital ATK, Sierra Nevada, and SpaceX. NASA made a competitive range determination to remove Boeing and Lockheed Martin.

Three companies were awarded contracts on January 14, 2016.[43][37] Sierra Nevada Corporation's Dream Chaser, the SpaceX Dragon 2, and Orbital ATK[note 1] Cygnus were selected, each for a minimum of six launches.[43][44] The maximum potential value of all the contracts was indicated to be $14 billion, but the minimum value is considerably less. CRS-2 launches commenced in 2019 and were to extend to at least 2024. NASA officials explained that selecting three companies rather than two for CRS-2 increases cargo capabilities and ensures more redundancy in the event of a contractor failure or schedule delay.

Three more CRS-2 missions for Dragon 2 covering up to CRS-29 were announced in December 2020,[45][46] and six more were awarded in 2022 covering up to CRS-35.[47] The contracts were then extended to 2030.[48]

Northrop Grumman having purchased Orbital ATK were awarded 2 more Cygnus flights in 2020 and 6 more in 2022 covering up to NG-35 to provide resupply services to the station through 2026.[47] The contracts were then extended to 2030.

The CRS-2 flights commenced in November 2019 with the launch of Cygnus NG-12 mission.[49]

Inside-cargo is typically transported to and from the space station in "the form factor of single Cargo Transfer Bag Equivalent (CTBE) [which is the] unit for size of bag used to transport cargo from visiting vehicles,[50] such as SpaceX Dragon, Northrop Grumman Cygnus, or JAXA H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV). The bags are sized at 48 cm × 41 cm × 23 cm (19 in × 16.25 in × 9 in) and limited in transport mass to 27 kg (60 lb) each.[50] CTBE units are also used to price, and charge, commercial users of US Orbital Segment stowage space.[51]

## CRS-2 flights

### Cygnus flights

Cargo being loaded into Cygnus as part of CRS NG-15 in 2021

* CRS NG-12: November 2, 2019
* CRS NG-13: February 15, 2020
* CRS NG-14: October 3, 2020
* CRS NG-15: February 20, 2021
* CRS NG-16: August 10, 2021
* CRS NG-17: February 19, 2022
* CRS NG-18: November 7, 2022
* CRS NG-19: August 2, 2023

As a result Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Northrop Grumman was left with only two remaining Antares 230+ launch vehicles which were used for the CRS NG-18 and CRS NG-19 missions. Northrop Grumman initially acquired three flights from SpaceX with the Falcon 9 rocket while a replacement first stage and its engine are developed for its Antares 330 rocket.[52] They added additional Falcon 9 launches as Antares was further delayed.[53][54]

* CRS NG-20: January 30, 2024 - Falcon 9
* CRS NG-21: August 4, 2024 - Falcon 9
* CRS NG-22: TBD (indefinitely delayed after cargo module damaged during shipment)[55]
* CRS NG-23: September 14, 2025 - Falcon 9, first Cygnus XL
* CRS NG-24: April 8, 2026 - Falcon 9[56]
* CRS NG-25: 2026 (planned) - Falcon 9[54]

Northrop Grumman plans to launch further missions using the new Antares 300 series (Antares 330) rockets with booster stage and engines developed by Firefly Aerospace.[52][57]

### Cargo Dragon flights

Cargo Dragon fires its Draco engines as it approaches during CRS SpX-33

* CRS SpX-21: December 6, 2020
* CRS SpX-22: June 3, 2021
* CRS SpX-23: August 29, 2021
* CRS SpX-24: December 21, 2021
* CRS SpX-25: July 15, 2022
* CRS SpX-26: November 26, 2022
* CRS SpX-27: March 14, 2023
* CRS SpX-28: June 5, 2023
* CRS SpX-29: November 10, 2023
* CRS SpX-30: March 21, 2024
* CRS SpX-31: November 5, 2024
* CRS SpX-32: April 21, 2025
* CRS SpX-33: August 24, 2025[58]SpaceX CRS-34 before its launch at SLC-40.
* CRS SpX-34: May 15, 2026[56]
* CRS SpX-35: August 2026 (planned)[59]

### Cargo Dream Chaser flights

* SSC Demo-1: late 2026 (planned)[lower-alpha 1]

## See also

* Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) – development of crew vehicles
* Commercial Lunar Payload Services
* Comparison of space station cargo vehicles
* Multi-Purpose Logistics Module
* Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station

## Notes

1. ↑ Will not travel to the ISS

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Orbital Sciences was awarded a CRS contract in 2008. In 2015, Orbital Sciences became Orbital ATK through a business merger. Orbital ATK was awarded a CRS-2 contract in 2016. In 2018, Orbital ATK was acquired by Northrop Grumman.
2. ↑ Cygnus was owned and operated by Orbital Sciences for missions CRS Orb-1 to CRS Orb-3.
3. ↑ Cygnus was owned and operated by Orbital ATK for missions CRS OA-4 to CRS OA-9E.
4. ↑ Cygnus has been owned and operated by Northrop Grumman since mission NG-10.

## References

1. ↑ Jason Rhian (September 27, 2014). "NASA continues Commercial "push" with CRS extension". Spaceflight Insider. http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/commercial/nasa-continues-commercial-push-crs-extension/.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "SpaceX, NASA Target Oct. 7 Launch For Resupply Mission To Space Station". NASA. September 20, 2012. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/spacex-crs1-target.html.
3. ↑ Malik, Tariq (January 20, 2014). "Orbital's Cygnus Delivers Gifts, Ants To Station in First Commercial Run". spacenews.com. https://spacenews.com/39183orbitals-cygnus-delivers-gifts-ants-to-station-in-first-commercial-run/.
4. ↑ Bergin, Chris. "NASA lines up four additional CRS missions for Dragon and Cygnus". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/03/nasa-crs-missions-dragon-cygnus/.
5. ↑ de Selding, Peter B. (February 24, 2016). "SpaceX wins 5 new space station cargo missions in NASA contract estimated at $700 million". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/spacex-wins-5-new-space-station-cargo-missions-in-nasa-contract-estimated-at-700-million/.
6. ↑ "NASA Commercial Orbital Transportation Services". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/offices/c3po/about/c3po.html.
7. ↑ "SpaceX 2011 Update Page". SpaceX. December 15, 2011. http://www.spacex.com/updates.php.
8. ↑ "SpaceX plans November test flight to space station". AFP. August 15, 2011. https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hxEszJ8W7e9pmliOwZgdVcRCz0wQ?docId=CNG.f86f7de5aa4632fa5f9294df8b17a703.31.
9. ↑ Clark, Stephen (June 2, 2012). "NASA expects quick start to SpaceX cargo contract". SpaceFlightNow. https://spaceflightnow.com/falcon9/003/120602crs/.
10. ↑ "NASA Administrator Announces New Commercial Crew And Cargo Milestones". NASA. August 23, 2012. http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/commercial/crew-cargo-milestones.html.
11. ↑ Perrotto, Trent J. (April 21, 2013). "NASA Partner Orbital Sciences Test Launches Antares Rocket" (Press release). NASA. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
12. ↑ "SpaceX wins 5 new space station cargo missions in NASA contract estimated at $700 million - SpaceNews.com". February 24, 2016. https://spacenews.com/spacex-wins-5-new-space-station-cargo-missions-in-nasa-contract-estimated-at-700-million/.
13. ↑ "Cygnus docks with International Space Station". gizmag.com. September 29, 2013. https://www.gizmag.com/cygnus-dock-iss/29222/.
14. ↑ "Antares home page". Orbital Sciences. October 2012. http://www.orbital.com/Antares/.
15. ↑ "Antares press release". Orbital Sciences. October 2012. http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/release.asp?prid=829.
16. ↑ "NASA Awards Space Station Commercial Resupply Services Contracts" . NASA, December 23, 2008.
17. ↑ Chris Bergin (January 15, 2009). "Planetspace officially protest NASA's CRS selection". https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/01/planetspace-officially-protest-nasas-crs-selection/.
18. ↑ "B-401016; B-401016.2, PlanetSpace, Inc., April 22, 2009". GAO. April 22, 2009. http://www.gao.gov/decisions/bidpro/401016.htm.
19. ↑ "NASA Celebrates Dragon's Return". http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/multimedia/gallery/dragon_splashdown.html.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Clark, Stephen. "Launch Log (2012-2014)". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/launch-log-2012-2014/.
21. ↑ "CRS-5 Dragon successfully launched – Core ASDS landing attempted". NASASpaceFlight. January 10, 2015. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/01/spacex-dragon-crs-5-launch-historic-core-return/.
22. ↑ "NASA Independent Review Team SpaceX CRS-7 Accident Investigation Report Public Summary". NASA. March 12, 2018. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/public_summary_nasa_irt_spacex_crs-7_final.pdf.
23. ↑ "SpaceX launches and lands its first used rocket for NASA". The Verge. December 15, 2017. https://www.theverge.com/2017/12/15/16759416/spacex-nasa-used-falcon-9-rocket-launch-live-stream.
24. ↑ Gebhardt, Chris (July 2, 2018). "SpaceX CRS-15 Dragon arrives at ISS with science/crew supply payloads". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/07/spacex-dragon-iss-arrival-science-crew-supply-payloads/.
25. ↑ "Dragon Attached to Station, Returns to Earth in January – Space Station" (in en-US). https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2018/12/08/dragon-attached-to-station-returns-to-earth-in-january/.
26. ↑ "Falcon 9 successfully lofts CRS-16 Dragon enroute to ISS – Booster spins out but soft lands in water – NASASpaceFlight.com" (in en-US). December 5, 2018. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/12/falcon-9-crs-16-dragon-iss/.
27. ↑ Grush, Loren (December 5, 2018). "For the first time ever, a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket fails to stick a ground landing". https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/5/18127630/spacex-falcon-9-rocket-landing-failure-ground-cape-canaveral.
28. ↑ Chris (August 14, 2015). "Orbital ATK make progress toward Return To Flight of Antares rocket". https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/08/orbital-atk-progress-return-antares/.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Leone, Dan (August 17, 2015). "NASA Orders Two More ISS Cargo Missions From Orbital ATK". https://spacenews.com/nasa-orders-two-more-iss-cargo-missions-from-orbital-atk/.
30. ↑ Leone, Dan (August 20, 2015). "NASA Considering More Cargo Orders from Orbital ATK, SpaceX". https://spacenews.com/nasa-considering-more-cargo-orders-from-orbital-atk-spacex/.
31. ↑ "Antares • Cygnus OA-9" (in en-US). https://spaceflight101.com/events/antares-cygnus-oa-9/.
32. ↑ "Cygnus OA-9E delivers the science, won't be used as experiment module this flight – NASASpaceFlight.com" (in en-US). May 28, 2018. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/05/cygnus-oa-9e-science-wont-experiment-module-flight/.
33. ↑ Clark, Stephen. "Live coverage: Commercial Cygnus cargo craft arrives at space station – Spaceflight Now" (in en-US). https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/11/15/antares-cygnus-ng-10-mission-status-center/.
34. ↑ Fourst, Jeff (April 17, 2019). "Antares launches Cygnus on ISS cargo mission". https://spacenews.com/antares-launches-cygnus-on-iss-cargo-mission/.
35. ↑ Gebhardt, Chris (April 19, 2019). "NG-11 Cygnus, S.S. Roger Chaffee, brings the science to ISS". https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/04/ng-11-cygnus-brings-science-iss/.
36. ↑ "COMMERCIAL RESUPPLY SERVICES 2 – RFI NNJ14ZBG007L". NASA. February 21, 2014. https://prod.nais.nasa.gov/cgibin/eps/synopsis.cgi?acqid=159700.
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 "International Space Station Commercial Resupply Services 2 Industry Day". ppt file. NASA. April 10, 2014. http://prod.nais.nasa.gov/eps/eps_data/160022-OTHER-001-001.ppt.
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Jeff Foust (March 17, 2015). "Sierra Nevada Hopes Dream Chaser Finds "Sweet Spot" of ISS Cargo Competition". Space News. https://spacenews.com/sierra-nevada-hopes-dream-chaser-finds-sweet-spot-of-iss-cargo-competition/.
39. ↑ Dan Leone (January 24, 2015). "Weather Sat, CRS-2 Top U.S. Civil Space Procurement Agenda for 2015". SpaceNews.com. https://spacenews.com/weather-sat-tops-u-s-civil-space-procurement-agenda-for-2015/.
40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Jeff Foust (March 13, 2015). "Lockheed Martin Pitches Reusable Tug for Space Station Resupply". Space News. https://spacenews.com/lockheed-martin-pitches-reusable-tug-for-space-station-resupply/.
41. ↑ Avery, Greg (March 12, 2015). "Lockheed Martin proposes building ISS cargo ship for NASA". Denver Business Journal. http://www.bizjournals.com/denver/blog/boosters_bits/2015/03/lockheed-martin-proposes-building-iss-cargo-ship.html?page=all.
42. ↑ 'Jupiter' Space Tug Could Deliver Cargo To The Moon, March 12, 2015, retrieved March 13, 2015.
43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Sierra Nevada Corp. joins SpaceX and Orbital ATK in winning NASA resupply contracts". Washington Post. January 14, 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/01/14/nasa-expected-to-soon-announce-contracts-to-resupply-the-international-space-station/.
44. ↑ "NASA Awards International Space Station Cargo Transport Contracts" (Press release). NASA. January 14, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
45. ↑ Krebs, Gunter (April 19, 2021). "Dragon CRS-21,... CRS-29 (SpX 21,... 29)". Gunter's Space Page. https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/dragon-v2c.htm.
46. ↑ "SMSR Integrated Master Schedule". Office of Safety and Mission Assurance. NASA. June 7, 2021. https://sma.nasa.gov/docs/default-source/sma-disciplines-and-programs/smsr/smsr-intergrated-master-schedule_24feb2020.pdf.
47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 "NASA Orders Additional Cargo Flights to Space Station". March 25, 2022. https://www.nasa.gov/humans-in-space/nasa-orders-additional-cargo-flights-to-space-station/.
48. ↑ "SpaceX, Sierra Nevada, Northrop Grumman Receive ISS Cargo Contract Extensions". November 12, 2024. https://www.thomasnet.com/insights/spacex-sierra-nevada-northrop-grumman-receive-iss-cargo-contract-extensions/.
49. ↑ "Audit of the Commercial Resupply Services to the International Space Station". NASA Office of Inspector General. April 26, 2018. https://oig.nasa.gov/docs/IG-18-016.pdf.
50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 "Commercial and Marketing Pricing Policy". March 5, 2021. https://www.nasa.gov/leo-economy/commercial-use/pricing-policy.
51. ↑ "Commercial and Marketing Pricing Policy". June 7, 2019. https://www.nasa.gov/leo-economy/commercial-use/pricing-policy.
52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Northrop taps rocket startup Firefly to replace Antares' Russian engines". August 8, 2022. https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/northrop-taps-rocket-startup-firefly-replace-antares-russian-engines-2022-08-08/. "Those Falcon 9 missions will launch in late 2023 and 2024."
53. ↑ "NASA’s Northrop Grumman Commercial Resupply Services 23 Mission - Prelaunch Media Teleconference". NASA. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RyDPFCcAe6w. at 27:37 and 32:40
54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Garcia, Mark A. (May 1, 2026). "NASA, Partners Update International Space Station 2026 Flight Plan". https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/commercialcrew/2026/05/01/nasa-partners-update-international-space-station-2026-flight-plan.
55. ↑ Berger, Eric (March 26, 2025). "After a spacecraft was damaged en route to launch, NASA says it won’t launch" (in en-US). Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/03/nasa-sidelines-cygnus-spacecraft-after-damage-in-transit-to-launch-site/.
56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "NASA Orders Additional Cargo Flights to Space Station". NASA. March 25, 2022. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-orders-additional-cargo-flights-to-space-station.
57. ↑ "Northrop Grumman Teams with Firefly Aerospace to Develop Antares Rocket Upgrade and New Medium Launch Vehicle" (in en). August 8, 2022. https://news.northropgrumman.com/news/releases/northrop-grumman-teams-with-firefly-aerospace-to-develop-antares-rocket-upgrade-and-new-medium-launch-vehicle.
58. ↑ NASA’s SpaceX Crew-9 Post-Splashdown News Conference. March 18, 2025. Event occurs at 1:04:24. Retrieved March 18, 2025. "There is a particular SpaceX cargo flight, CRS-33, that has the ability to do some re-boosts for the space station and that needs to fly in than late August/early September timeframe, so we moved the handover up. The boost trunk, as we call it, will be there for a large part of the fall timeframe."
59. ↑ Berger, Eric (10 December 2025). "After key Russian launch site is damaged, NASA accelerates Dragon supply missions". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/space/2025/12/after-key-russian-launch-site-is-damaged-nasa-accelerates-dragon-supply-missions/.

## External links

* NASA Commercial Crew and Cargo webpage
* SpaceX (Space Exploration Technologies Corporation)
* OSC (Orbital Sciences Corporation)
* CRS contracts and Space Act agreements

* v
* t
* e

NASA

Policy and history|

| History|

* NACA (1915)
* National Aeronautics and Space Act (1958)
* Space Task Group (1958)
* Paine (1986)
* Rogers (1986)
* Ride (1987)
* Space Exploration Initiative (1989)
* Augustine (1990)
* U.S. National Space Policy (1996)
* CFUSAI (2002)
* CAIB (2003)
* Vision for Space Exploration (2004)
* Aldridge (2004)
* Augustine (2009)

|

General|

* Space Race
* Administrator and Deputy Administrator
* Chief Scientist
* Astronaut Corps
* Ranks and positions
* Chief
* Budget
* Spin-off technologies
* NASA TV
* NASA Social
* Launch Services Program
* Mercury Control Center
* Kennedy Space Center
* Vehicle Assembly Building
* Launch Complex 39
* Launch Control Center
* Operations and Checkout Building
* Johnson Space Center
* Mission Control
* Lunar Sample Laboratory

Robotic programs|

| Past|

* Hitchhiker
* Mariner
* Mariner Mark II
* MESUR
* Mars Surveyor '98
* New Millennium
* Lunar Orbiter
* Pioneer
* Planetary Observer
* Ranger
* Surveyor
* Viking
* Project Prometheus
* Mars Scout
* Mars Exploration Rover

|

Current|

* Living With a Star
* Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
* Earth Observing System
* Great Observatories program
* Explorer
* Small explorer
* Voyager
* Discovery
* New Frontiers
* Solar Terrestrial Probes
* Commercial Lunar Payload Services

Human spaceflight
programs|

| Past|

* X-15 (suborbital)
* Mercury
* Gemini
* Apollo
* Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (with the Soviet space program)
* Skylab
* Space Shuttle
* Shuttle–Mir (with Roscosmos State Corporation)
* Constellation

|

Current|

* International Space Station
* Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
* Commercial Crew Development
* Orion
* Artemis
* Lunar Gateway

Individual featured
missions
(human and robotic)|

| Past|

* COBE
* Mercury 3
* Mercury-Atlas 6
* Magellan
* Pioneer 10
* Pioneer 11
* Galileo
* GALEX
* GRAIL
* WMAP
* Space Shuttle
* Sojourner rover
* Spirit rover
* LADEE
* MESSENGER
* Aquarius
* Cassini
* Dawn
* Kepler space telescope
* Opportunity rover
* RHESSI
* observed

|

Currently
operating|

* Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
* 2001 Mars Odyssey
* New Horizons
* International Space Station
* Hubble Space Telescope
* Spitzer
* Swift
* THEMIS
* Mars Exploration Rover
* Curiosity rover
* timeline
* InSight
* GOES 14
* Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
* GOES 15
* Van Allen Probes
* Solar Dynamics Observatory
* Juno
* Mars Science Laboratory
* timeline
* NuSTAR
* Voyager 1
* Voyager 2
* WISE
* MAVEN
* MMS
* OSIRIS-REx
* Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite

Future|

* Joint Polar Satellite System
* James Webb Space Telescope
* Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope
* Mars 2020
* NISAR
* Europa Clipper

Communications
and navigation|

* Near Earth Network
* Space Network
* Deep Space Network (Goldstone
* Madrid
* Canberra
* Space Flight Operations Facility)
* Deep Space Atomic Clock

NASA lists|

* Astronauts
* by name
* by year
* Gemini astronauts
* Apollo astronauts
* List of NASA aircraft
* List of NASA missions
* uncrewed missions
* List of NASA contractors
* List of United States rockets
* List of NASA cancellations
* List of Space Shuttle missions
* crews
* List of NASA cameras on spacecraft

NASA images
and artwork|

* Earthrise
* The Blue Marble
* Family Portrait
* Pale Blue Dot
* Pillars of Creation
* Mystic Mountain
* Solar System Family Portrait
* The Day the Earth Smiled
* Fallen Astronaut
* Lunar plaques
* Pioneer plaques
* Voyager Golden Record
* Apollo 11 goodwill messages
* NASA insignia
* Gemini and Apollo medallions
* Mission patches

Related|

* Apollo 15 postal covers incident
* Space Mirror Memorial
* The Astronaut Monument
* U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
* Space program on U.S. stamps
* Apollo 17 Moon mice
* Other primates in space
* NASA spinoff technologies

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Components of the International Space Station

Overview|

* Manufacturing
* Assembly
* US Orbital Segment
* Russian Orbital Segment
* Expeditions
* Spacewalks
* Uncrewed visits
* Program
* Scientific research
* Maintenance

Orbiting|

| Major
components|

* Zarya (Functional Cargo Block)
* Zvezda (Service Module)
* Destiny (laboratory)
* Columbus (laboratory)
* Kibō (PM, ELM-PS, EF)
* Unity (Node 1)
* Harmony (Node 2)
* Tranquility (Node 3)
* Quest Joint Airlock
* Pirs (docking module, airlock)
* Rassvet (MRM 1)
* Poisk (MRM 2)
* Leonardo (PMM)
* Cupola
* Integrated Truss Structure (ITS)
* Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM)

|

Subsystems|

* Mobile Servicing System (MSS) / Canadarm2
* Dextre (SPDM)
* Boom Assembly
* Strela cranes
* Kibō Remote Manipulator System
* External Stowage Platforms (ESPs)
* ExPRESS Logistics Carriers (ELCs) 1-4
* Pressurized Mating Adapters (PMAs)
* International Docking Adapters (IDAs)
* Electrical System
* Life Support System

Experimental
devices|

* AMS-02
* CALET
* CATS
* GEDI
* HDEV
* MAXI
* NICER
* PK-3 Plus
* SAGE III

Future|

| Planned|

* Bishop (airlock module)
* European Robotic Arm (ERA)
* Nauka (Multipurpose Laboratory Module)
* Prichal (Uzlovoy Module)
* Science Power Module (NEM-1)

|

Proposed|

* Node 4
* XBASE
* Independence-1
* Axiom

Spare
hardware|

* Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules (MPLMs)
* Kibō (ELM-ES)
* ExPRESS Logistics Carrier (ELC) 5
* Interim Control Module (ICM)

Cancelled|

* Propulsion Module
* Centrifuge Accommodations Module (CAM)
* Habitation Module
* Crew Return Vehicle (CRV/ACRV)
* Science Power Platform (SPP)
* Universal Docking Module (UDM)
* Russian Research Module (RM)

Support
vehicles|

| Current|

* Cygnus
* Dragon
* Dragon 2
* H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV)
* Progress
* Soyuz

|

Future|

* Boeing CST-100 Starliner
* Dream Chaser Cargo System (DCCS)
* Orel (PPTS)

Former|

* Space Shuttle
* Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV)

Cancelled|

* NASDA HOPE-X
* ESA Hermes

Mission
control|

* MCC-H (NASA)
* TsUP (RKA)
* Col-CC (ESA)
* ATV-CC (ESA)
* JEM-CC (JAXA)
* HTV-CC (JAXA)
* MSS-CC (CSA)

Administrative|

* Multilateral Coordination Board
* Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
* Commercial Resupply Services
* Commercial Crew Development

* Book
* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station

* See also: {{Crewed ISS flights}}
* {{ISS expeditions}}

2000–2004|

* 2000
* 2R / Zvezda
* 1P
* 2P
* 3P
* 2001
* 4P
* 5P
* SO1 / Pirs
* 6P
* 2002
* 7P
* 8P
* 9P
* 2003
* 10P
* 11P
* 12P
* 2004
* 13P
* 14P
* 15P
* 16P

2005–2009|

* 2005
* 17P
* 18P
* 19P
* 20P
* 2006
* 21P
* 22P
* 23P
* 2007
* 24P
* 25P
* 26P
* 27P
* 2008
* 28P
* ATV-1
* 29P
* 30P
* 31P
* 2009
* 32P
* 33P
* 34P
* HTV-1
* 35P
* MIM2 / Poisk

2010–2014|

* 2010
* 36P
* 37P
* 38P
* 39P
* 40P
* 2011
* HTV-2
* 41P
* ATV-2
* 42P
* 43P
* 44P†
* 45P
* 2012
* 46P
* ATV-3
* 47P
* SpX-D
* HTV-3
* 48P
* SpX-1
* 49P
* 2013
* 50P
* SpX-2
* 51P
* ATV-4
* 52P
* HTV-4
* Orb-D1
* 53P
* 2014
* Orb-1
* 54P
* 55P
* SpX-3
* Orb-2
* 56P
* ATV-5
* SpX-4
* Orb-3†
* 57P

2015–2019|

* 2015
* SpX-5
* 58P
* SpX-6
* 59P†
* SpX-7†
* 60P
* HTV-5
* 61P
* OA-4
* 62P
* 2016
* OA-6
* 63P
* SpX-8
* 64P
* SpX-9
* OA-5
* 65P†
* HTV-6
* 2017
* SpX-10
* 66P
* OA-7
* SpX-11
* 67P
* SpX-12
* 68P
* OA-8E
* SpX-13
* 2018
* 69P
* SpX-14
* OA-9E
* SpX-15
* 70P
* HTV-7
* 71P
* NG-10
* SpX-16
* 2019
* SpX-DM1
* 72P
* NG-11
* SpX-17
* SpX-18
* 73P
* 60S
* HTV-8
* NG-12
* SpX-19
* 74P
* Boe-OFT†

Future|

* 2020
* SpX-20
* 75P
* NG-13
* HTV-9
* 76P
* SpX-21
* 77P
* Nauka
* 78P
* 2021
* Dream Chaser demo mission
* 2022
* HTV-X1
* Prichal
* NEM-1

Spacecraft|

* Roscosmos Progress
* ESA ATV
* JAXA HTV
* NASA CRS
* SpaceX Dragon
* Northrop Grumman Cygnus
* Sierra Nevada Dream Chaser

* Signs † indicate missions which failed to reach ISS

* v
* t
* e

SpaceX

History of SpaceX

Launch vehicles|

| Current|

* Falcon 9
* "Full Thrust" Block 5
* Falcon Heavy

|

In development|

* Starship*
* development history

Retired|

* Falcon 1
* Falcon 9
* v1.0
* v1.1
* "Full Thrust" v1.2 * Block 4

Canceled|

* Falcon 1e*
* Falcon 5*
* F9R Dev2*
* Falcon 9 Air*

Test vehicles|

* Grasshopper (retired)
* F9R Dev1† (destroyed)
* DragonFly (retired)
* Starhopper (retired)
* Starship Mk1†
* Starship Mk2* (suspended)
* Starship Mk3/SN1*
* Starship Mk4/SN2*

Spacecraft|

| Cargo|

* Dragon
* Starship cargo*
* Starship tanker*

|

Crewed|

* Dragon 2
* Starship*

Reusable hardware|

* First-stage boosters
* B1019
* B1021
* B1023
* B1029
* B1046
* B1047
* B1048
* B1049
* B1050
* B1051
* B1056
* Cargo capsules
* C106
* C108

Engines|

* Kestrel (retired)
* Merlin (1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, Vacuum)
* Draco
* SuperDraco
* Raptor
* Methalox thruster*

Missions|

* Falcon 1 launches
* Falcon 9 launches
* Falcon Heavy launches
* test flight
* Starlink
* #dearMoon project*

Launch sites|

| Orbital|

* Cape Canaveral
* Space Launch Complex 40
* Launch Pad 39A
* Vandenberg
* Space Launch Complex 4E
* Kwajalein
* Omelek Island†

|

Atmospheric|

* McGregor test site
* New Mexico test site†
* Boca Chica
* South Texas Launch Site

Landing sites|

* Autonomous spaceport drone ships
* Landing Zones
* LZ-1 at Cape Canaveral
* LZ-2 at Cape Canaveral
* LZ-4 at Vandenberg

Other facilities|

* Headquarters and factory (Hawthorne, California)
* Rocket development and test facility (McGregor, Texas)
* Satellite development facility (Redmond, Washington)
* Regional offices (Chantilly, Houston, Seattle, Washington DC)

Contracts|

* Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS)
* Commercial Resupply Services (CRS)
* Commercial Crew Development (CCDev)
* Commercial Crew integrated Capability (CCiCap)
* Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS)

R&D programs|

* SpaceX reusable launch system development program
* Falcon 9 first-stage landing tests
* Red Dragon (canceled)
* SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure

Key people|

* Elon Musk (CEO, CTO)
* Gwynne Shotwell (President and COO)
* Tom Mueller (VP of Propulsion Development)

* denotes unflown vehicles or engines and future missions or sites. † denotes failed missions, destroyed vehicles and abandoned sites.

* v
* t
* e

Dragon / Dragon 2 spaceflights

Past missions|

* Demo Flight 1 (Dec 2010)
* Demo Flight 2 (May 2012)
* CRS-1 (Oct 2012)
* CRS-2 (Mar 2013)
* CRS-3 (Apr 2014)
* CRS-4 (Sep 2014; on C106)
* CRS-5 (Jan 2015)
* CRS-6 (Apr 2015)
* CRS-7† (Jun 2015)
* CRS-8 (Apr 2016)
* CRS-9 (Jul 2016)
* CRS-10 (Feb 2017)
* CRS-11 (Jun 2017; on C106)
* CRS-12 (Aug 2017)
* CRS-13 (Dec 2017)
* CRS-14 (Apr 2018)
* CRS-15 (Jun 2018)
* CRS-16 (Dec 2018)
* Crew Dragon Demo-1 (Mar 2019)
* CRS-17 (May 2019)
* CRS-18 (Jul 2019)
* CRS-19 (Dec 2019)

Future missions|

* Crew Dragon Demo-2 (Q1 2020)
* CRS-20 (Mar 2020)
* USCV-1 (May 2020)

See also|

* Falcon 9
* launches
* Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
* Commercial Resupply Services
* Uncrewed spaceflights to the ISS

* Signs † indicate launch failures.

* v
* t
* e

Cygnus spaceflights

Past missions|

* Cygnus Mass Simulator (Apr 2013)
* Cygnus Orb-D1 (Sep 2013)
* CRS Orb-1 (Jan 2014)
* CRS Orb-2 (Jul 2014)
* CRS Orb-3† (Oct 2014)
* CRS OA-4 (Dec 2015)
* CRS OA-6 (Mar 2016)
* CRS OA-5 (Oct 2016)
* CRS OA-7 (Apr 2017)
* CRS OA-8E (Nov 2017)
* CRS OA-9E (May 2018)
* Cygnus NG-10 (Nov 2018)
* Cygnus NG-11 (Apr 2019)
* Cygnus NG-12 (Nov 2019)
* Cygnus NG-13 (Feb 2020)

Future missions|

* Cygnus NG-14 (Aug 2020)
* Cygnus NG-15 (Apr 2021)

See also|

* Antares
* Atlas V
* Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
* Commercial Resupply Services
* Uncrewed spaceflights to the ISS

* Signs † indicate launch failures.

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