Dark star (dark matter)

Short description: Hypothetical astronomical object heated by dark-matter annihilation

A dark star is a hypothetical type of star that may have existed early in the universe before conventional stars were able to form and thrive.

## Contents

* 1 Properties
* 2 Possible dark star candidates
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 Further reading
* 6 External links

## Properties

The dark stars would be composed mostly of normal matter, like modern stars, but a high concentration of neutralino dark matter present within them would generate heat via annihilation reactions between the dark-matter particles. This heat would prevent such stars from collapsing into the relatively compact and dense sizes of modern stars and therefore prevent nuclear fusion among the 'normal' matter atoms from being initiated.[1]

Under this model, a dark star is predicted to be an enormous cloud of molecular hydrogen and helium ranging between 1 and 960 astronomical units (AU) in radius and with a surface temperature and luminosity low enough that the emitted radiation would be invisible to the naked eye.[1][2]

In the unlikely event that dark stars have endured to the modern era, they could be detectable by their emissions of gamma rays, neutrinos, and antimatter and would be associated with clouds of cold molecular hydrogen gas that normally would not harbor such energetic, extreme, and rare particles.[3][2]

## Possible dark star candidates

In April 2023, a study investigated four extremely redshifted objects discovered by the James Webb Space Telescope.[4] Their study suggested that all of them, JADES-GS-z13-0, JADES-GS-z12-0, and JADES-GS-z11-0, are consistent with being point sources, and further suggested that the only point sources which could exist in this time and be bright enough to be observed at these phenomenal distances and redshifts (z = 10–13) were supermassive dark stars in the early universe, powered by dark matter annihilation.[4] Their spectral analysis of the objects suggested that they were between 500,000 and 1 million solar masses (M☉), as well as having a luminosity of billions of Suns (L☉); they would also likely be huge, possibly with radii surpassing 10,000 solar radii (R☉), far exceeding the size of the largest modern stars.[4]

## See also

* Population III star
* Supermassive star
* Quasi-star
* Primordial black hole

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Spolyar, Douglas; Freese, Katherine; Gondolo, Paolo (2008). "Dark Matter and the First Stars: A New Phase of Stellar Evolution". Physical Review Letters 100 (5): 051101. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.051101. PMID 18352355. Bibcode: 2008PhRvL.100e1101S.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "'Dark stars' may have populated early universe". 6 December 2007. https://physicsworld.com/a/dark-stars-may-have-populated-early-universe/.
3. ↑ Moore, Nicole (2 Dec 2007). "Dark matter powered the first stars, physicists speculate" (Press release). University of Michigan. "Gamma-rays, particles called neutrinos or antimatter could be tell-tale signs"
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Ilie, Cosmin; Paulin, Jillian; Freese, Katherine (2023-04-03). "Supermassive Dark Star candidates seen by JWST". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120 (30): e2305762120. doi:10.1073/pnas.2305762120. PMID 37433001. Bibcode: 2023PNAS..12005762I.

## Further reading

* Freese, Katherine; Gondolo, Paolo; Spolyar, Douglas (15–20 July 2007). "The effect of dark matter on the first stars: A new phase of stellar evolution". First Stars II Conference. 990. Santa Fe, NM: American Institute of Physics (published 11 March 2008). pp. 42–44. doi:10.1063/1.2905656. Bibcode: 2008AIPC..990...42F.
* Freese, Katherine; Bodenheimer, Peter; Gondolo, Paolo; Spolyar, Douglas (20–22 February 2008). "Dark stars: The first stars in the universe may be powered by dark matter heating". 8th UCLA Symposium. 1166. Marina del Rey, CA: American Institute of Physics (published 8 September 2009). pp. 33–38. doi:10.1063/1.3232192. Bibcode: 2009AIPC.1166...33F.
* Freese, Katherine; Ilie, Cosmin; Spolyar, Douglas; Valluri, Monica; Bodenheimer, Peter (2010). "SUPERMASSIVE DARK STARS: DETECTABLE IN JWST". The Astrophysical Journal 716 (2): 1397–1407. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/716/2/1397. Bibcode: 2010ApJ...716.1397F.
* Rindler-Daller, T.; Montgomery, M. H.; Freese, K.; Winget, D. E.; Paxton, B. (2015). "Dark Stars: Improved Models and First Pulsation Results". The Astrophysical Journal 799 (2): 210. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/799/2/210. Bibcode: 2015ApJ...799..210R.
* Freese, Katherine; Bodenheimer, Peter; Gondolo, Paolo; Spolyar, Douglas (2009). "Dark stars: A new study of the first stars in the Universe". New Journal of Physics 11 (10). doi:10.1088/1367-2630/11/10/105014. Bibcode: 2009NJPh...11j5014F.
* Ilie, Cosmin; Zhang, Saiyang (2019). "Multiscatter capture of superheavy dark matter by Pop III stars". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2019 (12): 051. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2019/12/051. Bibcode: 2019JCAP...12..051I.

## External links

* Siegel, Lee (2 Dec 2007). "Were the first stars dark?" (Press release). University of Utah.
* "Dark stars: The seeds of supermassive black holes?". 19 July 2019. https://www.astronomy.com/science/dark-stars-the-seeds-of-supermassive-black-holes/.
* "Webb May Have Spotted Supermassive Dark Stars | Sci.News". 15 July 2023. https://www.sci.news/astronomy/webb-supermassive-dark-stars-12096.html.
* "Have We Seen the First Glimpse of Supermassive Dark Stars?". 28 July 2023. https://www.universetoday.com/162568/have-we-seen-the-first-glimpse-of-supermassive-dark-stars/.
* "Nancy Grace Roman Could Detect Supermassive Dark Stars". 23 June 2023. https://www.universetoday.com/162063/nancy-grace-roman-could-detect-supermassive-dark-stars/.
* "Webb may have spotted "dark stars" made of annihilating dark matter". 17 July 2023. https://newatlas.com/space/dark-stars-matter-annihilating-james-webb/.
* "Dark matter power: James Webb telescope may have proven the existence of dark stars". 16 July 2023. https://www.salon.com/2023/07/16/dark-matter-power-james-webb-telescope-may-have-proven-the-existence-of-giant-dark-stars/.

* v
* t
* e

Stars

Formation|

* Accretion
* Molecular cloud
* Bok globule
* Young stellar object
* Protostar
* Pre-main-sequence
* Herbig Ae/Be
* T Tauri
* FU Orionis
* Herbig–Haro object
* Hayashi track
* Henyey track

Evolution|

* Main sequence
* Red-giant branch
* Horizontal branch
* Red clump
* Asymptotic giant branch
* Blue loop
* Protoplanetary nebula
* Planetary nebula
* PG1159
* Dredge-up
* Instability strip
* Luminous blue variable
* Blue straggler
* Stellar population
* Supernova
* Superluminous supernova / Hypernova

Spectral
classification|

* Early
* Late
* Main sequence
* O
* B
* A
* F
* G
* K
* M
* Brown dwarf
* WR
* OB
* Subdwarf
* O
* B
* Subgiant
* Giant
* Blue
* Red
* Yellow
* Bright giant
* Supergiant
* Blue
* Red
* Yellow
* Hypergiant
* Yellow
* Carbon
* S
* CN
* CH
* White dwarf
* Chemically peculiar
* Am
* Ap/Bp
* HgMn
* Helium-weak
* Barium
* Extreme helium
* Lambda Boötis
* Lead
* Technetium
* Be
* Shell
* B[e]

Remnants|

* White dwarf
* Helium planet
* Black dwarf
* Neutron
* Radio-quiet
* Pulsar
* Binary
* X-ray
* Magnetar
* Stellar black hole
* X-ray binary
* Burster

Hypothetical|

* Blue dwarf
* Green
* Black dwarf
* Exotic
* Boson
* Electroweak
* Strange
* Preon
* Planck
* Dark
* Dark-energy
* Quark
* Q
* Black
* Gravastar
* Frozen
* Quasi-star
* Thorne–Żytkow object
* Iron
* Blitzar

Stellar
nucleosynthesis|

* Deuterium burning
* Lithium burning
* Proton–proton chain
* CNO cycle
* Helium flash
* Triple-alpha process
* Alpha process
* Carbon burning
* Neon burning
* Oxygen burning
* Silicon burning
* S-process
* R-process
* Fusor
* Nova
* Symbiotic
* Remnant
* Luminous red nova

Structure|

* Core
* Convection zone
* Microturbulence
* Oscillations
* Radiation zone
* Atmosphere
* Photosphere
* Starspot
* Chromosphere
* Corona
* Stellar wind
* Bubble
* Bipolar outflow
* Accretion disk
* Asteroseismology
* Helioseismology
* Eddington luminosity
* Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism

Properties|

* Designation
* Dynamics
* Effective temperature
* Luminosity
* Kinematics
* Magnetic field
* Absolute magnitude
* Mass
* Metallicity
* Rotation
* Starlight
* Variable
* Photometric system
* Color index
* Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
* Color–color diagram

Star systems|

* Binary
* Contact
* Common envelope
* Eclipsing
* Symbiotic
* Multiple
* Cluster
* Open
* Globular
* Super
* Planetary system

Earth-centric
observations|

* Sun
* Solar System
* Sunlight
* Pole star
* Circumpolar
* Constellation
* Asterism
* Magnitude
* Apparent
* Extinction
* Photographic
* Radial velocity
* Proper motion
* Parallax
* Photometric-standard

Lists|

* Proper names
* Arabic
* Chinese
* Extremes
* Most massive
* Highest temperature
* Largest volume
* Smallest volume
* Brightest
* Historical
* Most luminous
* Nearest
* Nearest bright
* With exoplanets
* Brown dwarfs
* White dwarfs
* Milky Way novae
* Supernovae
* Candidates
* Remnants
* Planetary nebulae
* Timeline of stellar astronomy

Related articles|

* Substellar object
* Brown dwarf
* Sub-brown dwarf
* Planet
* Galactic year
* Galaxy
* Guest
* Gravity
* Intergalactic
* Starfield
* Tidal disruption event

'Category:Stars * '

* v
* t
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Dark matter

Forms of dark matter|

* Baryonic dark matter
* Cold dark matter
* Hot dark matter
* Light dark matter
* Mixed dark matter
* Warm dark matter
* Self-interacting dark matter
* Scalar field dark matter
* Primordial black holes

Hypothetical particles|

* Axino
* Axion
* Dark photon
* Holeum
* LSP
* Minicharged particle
* Neutralino
* Sterile neutrino
* SIMP
* WIMP

Theories and objects|

* Cuspy halo problem
* Dark fluid
* Dark galaxy
* Dark globular cluster
* Dark matter halo
* Dark radiation
* Dark star
* Dwarf galaxy problem
* Halo mass function
* Mass dimension one fermions
* Massive compact halo object
* Mirror matter
* Navarro–Frenk–White profile
* Scalar field dark matter

Search experiments|

| Direct detection|

* ADMX
* ANAIS
* ArDM
* CDEX
* CDMS
* CLEAN
* CoGeNT
* COSINE
* COUPP
* CRESST
* CUORE
* D3
* DAMA/LIBRA
* DAMA/NaI
* DAMIC
* DarkSide
* DARWIN
* DEAP
* DM-Ice
* DMTPC
* DRIFT
* EDELWEISS
* EURECA
* KIMS
* LUX
* LZ
* MACRO
* MIMAC
* NAIAD
* NEWAGE
* NEWS-G
* PandaX
* PICASSO
* PICO
* ROSEBUD
* SABRE
* SIMPLE
* TREX-DM
* UKDMC
* WARP
* XENON
* XMASS
* ZEPLIN

|

Indirect detection|

* AMS-02
* ANTARES
* ATIC
* CALET
* CAST
* DAMPE
* Fermi
* HAWC
* HESS
* IceCube
* MAGIC
* MOA
* OGLE
* PAMELA
* VERITAS

Other projects|

* MultiDark
* PVLAS

Potential dark galaxies|

* HE0450-2958
* HVC 127-41-330
* Smith's Cloud
* VIRGOHI21

Related|

* Antimatter
* Dark energy
* Exotic matter
* Galaxy formation and evolution
* Illustris project
* Imaginary mass
* Negative mass
* UniverseMachine

* v
* t
* e

Black holes

Types|

* Schwarzschild
* Rotating
* Charged
* Virtual
* Kugelblitz
* Primordial
* Planck particle

Size|

* Micro
* Extremal
* Electron
* Stellar
* Microquasar
* Intermediate-mass
* Supermassive
* Active galactic nucleus
* Quasar
* Blazar

Formation|

* Stellar evolution
* Gravitational collapse
* Neutron star
* Related links
* Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit
* White dwarf
* Related links
* Supernova
* Related links
* Hypernova
* Gamma-ray burst
* Binary black hole

Properties|

* Gravitational singularity
* Ring singularity
* Theorems
* Event horizon
* Photon sphere
* Innermost stable circular orbit
* Ergosphere
* Penrose process
* Blandford–Znajek process
* Accretion disk
* Hawking radiation
* Gravitational lens
* Bondi accretion
* M–sigma relation
* Quasi-periodic oscillation
* Thermodynamics
* Immirzi parameter
* Schwarzschild radius
* Spaghettification

Issues|

* Black hole complementarity
* Information paradox
* Cosmic censorship
* ER=EPR
* Final parsec problem
* Firewall (physics)
* Holographic principle
* No-hair theorem

Metrics|

* Schwarzschild (Derivation)
* Kerr
* Reissner–Nordström
* Kerr–Newman
* Hayward

Alternatives|

* Nonsingular black hole models
* Black star
* Dark star
* Dark-energy star
* Gravastar
* Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object
* Planck star
* Q star
* Fuzzball

Analogs|

* Optical black hole
* Sonic black hole

Lists|

* Black holes
* Most massive
* Nearest
* Quasars
* Microquasars

Related|

* Black Hole Initiative
* Black hole starship
* Compact star
* Exotic star
* Quark star
* Preon star
* Gamma-ray burst progenitors
* Gravity well
* Hypercompact stellar system
* Membrane paradigm
* Naked singularity
* Quasi-star
* Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
* Timeline of black hole physics
* White hole
* Wormhole

* Category
* Commons

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