Decan

Short description: Groups of stars in Ancient Egyptian astronomy

'Diagonal star table' from the late 11th Dynasty coffin lid; found at Asyut, Egypt. Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim

The decans (/ˈdɛkənz/; Egyptian bꜣktw or baktiu, "[those] connected with work"[1]) are 36 groups of stars (small constellations) used in the ancient Egyptian astronomy to conveniently divide the 360 degree ecliptic into 36 parts of 10 degrees each, both for theurgical and heliacal horological purposes. The decans each appeared, geocentrically, to rise consecutively on the horizon throughout each daily Earth rotation. The rising of each decan marked the beginning of a new decanal "hour" (Greek hōra) of the night for the ancient Egyptians, and they were used as a sidereal star clock beginning by at least the 9th or 10th Dynasty (c. 2100 BCE).

Because a new decan also appears heliacally every ten days (that is, every ten days, a new decanic star group reappears in the eastern sky at dawn right before the Sun rises, after a period of being obscured by the Sun's light), the ancient Greeks called them dekanoi (δεκανοί; pl. of δεκανός dekanos) or "tenths".

Decans gave way to a lunar division of 27 or 28 lunar stations, also known as manzil, lunar mansions or nakshatras and thence to a zodiac of 12 signs, based on an anthropomorphic pattern of constellations,[2] and their use can be seen in the Dendera zodiac dated to circa 50 BCE.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Ancient Egyptian origins
* 2 Later developments
* 3 Descriptions of the decans
* 4 Ancient India
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 6.1 Works cited
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## Ancient Egyptian origins

Astronomical ceiling of Senemut Tomb showing various decans, as well as the personified representations of stars and constellations

Decans first appeared in the 10th Dynasty (2100 BCE) on coffin lids.[4] The sequence of these star patterns began with Sothis (Sirius), and each decan contained a set of stars and corresponding divinities. As measures of time, the rising and setting of decans marked 'hours' and groups of 10 days which comprised an Egyptian year. The ancient Book of Nut covers the subject of the decans.

There were 36 decans (36 × 10 = 360 days),[5] plus five added days to compose the 365 days of a solar based year. Decans measure sidereal time and the solar year is six hours longer; the Sothic and solar years in the Egyptian calendar realign every 1460 years. Decans represented on coffins from later dynasties (such as King Seti I) compared with earlier decan images demonstrate the Sothic-solar shift.

According to Sarah Symons:

> Although we know the names of the decans, and in some cases can translate the names (ḥry-ỉb wỉꜣ means 'in the centre of the boat') the locations of the decanal stars and their relationships to modern star names and constellations are not known. This is due to many factors, but key problems are the uncertainty surrounding the observation methods used to develop and populate the diagonal star tables, and the criteria used to select decans (brightness, position, relationship with other stars, and so on).[6]

## Later developments

These predictable heliacal re-appearances by the decans were eventually used by the Egyptians to mark the divisions of their annual solar calendar. Thus the heliacal rising of Sirius marked the annual flooding of the Nile.

This method led to a system of 12 daytime hours and 12 nighttime hours, varying in length according to the season. Later,[when?] a system of 24 "equinoctial" hours was used.({{{1}}}, {{{2}}}) After Hellenistic astrology arose in Alexandria, recorded principally in the work of Claudius Ptolemy and Vettius Valens, various systems attributing symbolic significance to decans arose and linked these to the "wandering stars" (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn) and the "Lights": (Sun and Moon).[7] Decans were connected, for example, with the winds, the four directions, the sect (day or night,) male and female, as well as the four humours (elements;) also these were hermetically considered linked with various diseases and with the timing for the engraving of talismans for curing them;[8] with decanic "faces" (or "phases"), a system where three decans are assigned to each zodiacal sign, each covering 10° of the zodiac, and each ruled by a planetary ruler (see Decan (astrology)); and correlated with astrological signs.[9]

## Descriptions of the decans

Decans are named in various Greco-Egyptian sources, many Hermetic writings, the Testament of Solomon,[10] and the writings of Aristobulus of Paneas.[11] Julius Firmicus Maternus, Cosmas of Maiuma, Joseph Justus Scaliger, and Athanasius Kircher.[10]

Images of the decans are described in Hermetic writings, by the Indian astrologer Varāhamihira, in the Picatrix, and in Japanese writings.[12] Varāhamihira's images of the decans was influenced by Greco-Egyptian, if not Hermetic, depictions of the decans by way of the Yavanajataka.[13] Their role in Japanese astrology may have derived from an earlier Chinese[14] or Indian form[15] possibly from adding the twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac to a list of twenty-four hour stars.[14] They were most common between the Kamakura and Edo periods.[15]

The first original decan position due to the precession in ancient times started at 0° of Cancer when the heliacal rising of Sirius (Egyptian Sepdet; Greco-Egyptian: Sothis) before sunrise marking the Egyptian New Year which fell at 0° of Leo at July 20 in the Julian calendar, that is July 22/23 on the Gregorian calendar.[citation needed]

Names of the Decans  Western Zodiac  | Decan  | Original Decan Position due to the Precession in Ancient Times  | Ancient Egyptian
(Budge)[16] | Greco-Egyptian[16][10] | Testament of Solomon[10][17][18] | Aristobulus's names[11] | Greek Hermeticism[10][19][20] | Latin Hermeticism[10][20][21] | Firmicus[10] | Cosmas[10][22] | Scalinger[10] | Kircher[10][23]

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Aries | 1  | 28  | <hiero>W17-Xr:r-w-sbA</hiero> Khent-kheru  | <hiero>W17-pt:sbA</hiero> ⲭⲟⲛⲧⲁⲣⲉ
Χont-har  | Rhyax or Ruax  | Bendonc  | Chenlachori  | Aulathamas  | Senator or Asiccan  | Aidoneus  | Asiccan  | Arueris (ⲁⲣⲟⲩⲉⲣⲓⲥ)
2  | 29  | <hiero>P11-d:nw-sbA</hiero> Qeṭ  | <hiero>W17-Xr:r-sbA</hiero> ⲭⲟⲛⲧⲁⲭⲣⲉ
Xont-χre  | Barsafael  | Mensour  | Chontaret  | Sabaoth  | Senacher or Asenter  | Persephone | Senacher  | Anubis (ⲁⲛⲟⲩⲃ)
3  | 30  | <hiero>zA-zA-P11-d:nw-sbA*sbA:sbA*sbA*sbA</hiero> Sasaqeṭ  | <hiero>zA-P11-sbA</hiero> ⲥⲓⲕⲉⲧ
Si-ket  | Artosael or Arôtosael  | Carexon  | Siket  | Disornafais  | Sentacher or Asentacer  | Eros | Acentacer  | Horus (ⲱⲣⲟⲥ)
Taurus | 4  | 31  | <hiero>a:r:t-sbA:sbA</hiero> Ārt  | <hiero>xA-w-sbA</hiero> ⲭⲱⲟⲩ
Xau  | Horopel  | Gisan  | Soou  | Jaus  | Suo or Asicat  | Charis  | Asicath  | Serapis (ⲥⲉⲣⲁⲡⲓⲥ)
5  | 32  | <hiero>xA*xA*xA-sbA</hiero> Khau  | <hiero>a:r-i-t:sbA</hiero> ⲉⲣⲱ, ⲁⲣⲟⲩ
Arat  | Kairoxanondalon or Iudal  | Tourtour  | Aron  | Sarnotois  | Aryo or Ason  | die Horen  | Viroaso  | Helitomenos (ⲉⲗⲓⲧⲟⲙⲉⲛⲟⲥ)
6  | 33  | <hiero>D41:n-Hr:r-w-O28-Z1-D63-Z1:sbA</hiero> Remen-ḥeru-an-Saḥ  | <hiero>D41:pt-sbA</hiero> ⲣⲉⲙⲉⲛⲁⲁⲣⲉ
Remen-hare  | Sphendonael  | Ballat  | Rhomenos  | Erchmubris  | Romanae or Arfa  | Litai  | Aharph  | Apopis (ⲁⲡⲱⲡⲓⲥ)
Gemini | 7  | 34  | <hiero>ms-s-M36-F21-D63-sbA</hiero> Mestcher-Saḥ  | <hiero>S24:z-V12:sbA</hiero> ⲑⲟⲥⲟⲗⲕ
Θosalk  | Sphandor  | Farsan  | Xocha  | Manuchos  | Thesogar or Tensogar  | Thetys  | Thesogar  | Tautus (ⲧⲟⲟⲩⲑ)
8  | 35  | <hiero>D41:n-Xr:r-D63-sbA</hiero> Remen-kher-Saḥ  | <hiero>Z7:a-r:t*sbA</hiero> ⲟⲩⲁⲣⲉ
Uaret  | Belbel  | Vaspan  | Ouari  | Samurois  | Ver or Asuae  | Kybele  | Verasua  | Cyclops (ⲕⲟⲩⲕⲗⲟⲯ)
9  | 36  | <hiero>a:Z1-D63-sbA</hiero> A-Saḥ  | <hiero>tp:a-D63-M44-t:sbA</hiero>
Phu-hor  | Kourtael or Kurtaêl  | Parquia  | Pepisoth  | Azuel  | Tepis or Atosoae  | Praxidike  | Tepisatosoa  | Titan (ⲧⲓⲧⲁⲛ)
|  | 37  | <hiero>D63-sbA</hiero> Saḥ  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cancer | 10  | 1 (= 0' Cancer)  | <hiero>M44-t:sbA</hiero> Sepṭet  | ⲥⲱⲑⲓⲥ
Sopdet  | Metathiax  | Panem  | Sotheir  | Seneptois  | Sothis or Socius  | Nike  | Sothis  | Apollun (ⲁⲡⲟⲗⲗⲟⲩⲛ)
11  | 2  | <hiero>tp:a-k:n-mwt-t:sbA</hiero> Ṭepā-Kenmut  | <hiero>S:tA-I2</hiero> ⲥⲓⲧ
Seta  | Katanikotael  | Catarno  | Ouphisit  | Somachalmais  | Sith  | Herakles  | Syth  | Hecate (ⲉⲕⲁⲧⲏ)
12  | 3  | <hiero>k-S3-mwt-t:sbA</hiero> Kenmut  | <hiero>k:n-F45A-sbA</hiero> ⲭⲛⲟⲩⲙⲓⲥ
Knum  | Saphthorael or Saphathoraél  | Hellors  | Chnouphos  | Charmine  | Thiumis or Thumus  | Hekate  | Thuimis  | Mercophta (ⲙⲉⲣⲕⲟⲫϯ)
Leo | 13  | 4  | <hiero>Xr:r-K?-k:n-mwt-t:sbA</hiero> Kher-khept-Kenmut  | <hiero>Xr:r-x:t-p:y-k:n:Aa15-sbA</hiero> ⲭⲁⲣⲭⲛⲟⲩⲙⲓⲥ
Χar-Knum  | Phobothel or Bobêl  | Jarea  | Chnoumos  | Zaloias  | Craumonis or Afruicois  | Hephaistos  | Aphruimis  | Typhon (ⲧⲟⲩⲫⲱⲉⲟⲩⲥ)
14  | 5  | <hiero>HAt-DA-t:sbA</hiero> Ḥā-tchat  | <hiero>HAt-DA-sbA</hiero> ⲏⲧⲏⲧ
Ha-tet  | Leroel or Kumeatêl  | Effraa  | Ipi  | Zachor  | Sic  | Isis | Sithacer  | Peroeus (ⲡⲉⲣⲟⲉⲟⲩⲥ)
15  | 6  | <hiero>pH:y-DA-t:sbA</hiero> Peḥui-tchat  | <hiero>pH:y-DA-sbA</hiero> ⲫⲟⲩⲧⲏⲧ
Phu-Tet  | Soubetti  | Hayas  | Phatiti  | Frich  | Futile or Eisie  | Sarapis  | Phuonisie  | Nephthe (ⲛⲉⲫⲑⲏ)
Virgo | 16  | 7  | <hiero>T-mA:t-Hr:r:t-sbA</hiero> Themat-ḥert  | <hiero>t:mA-sbA</hiero> ⲧⲱⲙ
Tom  | Katrax or Atrax  | Angaf  | Athoum  | Zamendres  | Thumis or Thinnis  | Themis  | Thumi  | Isis (ⲓⲥⲓⲥ)
17  | 8  | <hiero>T-mA:t-Xr:r:t-sbA</hiero> Themat-khert  | <hiero>Z7-M8-U33-bA-kA:sbA</hiero> ⲟⲩⲉⲥⲧⲉ—ⲃⲓⲕⲱⲧⲓ
Uste-bikot  | Jeropa or Ieropaêl  | Bethapen  | Brysous  | Magois  | Tophicus or Tropicus  | Moirai | Thopitus  | Piosiris (ⲡⲓⲟⲥⲓⲣⲓⲥ)
18  | 9  | <hiero>G?-U33-i-sbA</hiero> Usthȧ  | <hiero>i-p:z-t:sbA</hiero> ⲁⲫⲟⲥⲟ
Aposot  | Modobel or Buldumêch  | Baroche  | Amphatham  | Michulais  | Afut or Asuth  | Hestia | Aphut  | Cronus (ⲕⲣⲟⲛⲟⲥ)
Libra | 19  | 10  | <hiero>B2-U33-i-sbA</hiero> Bekathȧ  | <hiero>s-b-X:z-sbA</hiero> ⲥⲟⲩⲭⲱⲥ
Sob‿χos  | Madero or Naôth  | Zercuris  | Sphoukou  | Psineus  | Seuichut or Senichut  | Erinys  | Serucuth  | Zeuda (ⲍⲉⲟⲩⲇⲁ)
20  | 11  | <hiero>tp:a-W17-t:t-sbA</hiero> Ṭepā-khentet  | <hiero>tp*Z1:a-Z1-W17-sbA</hiero> ⲧⲡⲏⲭⲟⲛⲧⲓ
Tpa-χont  | Nathotho or Marderô  | Baham  | Nephthimes  | Chusthisis  | Sepisent or Atebenus  | Kairos | Aterechinis  | Omphta (ⲟⲙⲫϯ)
21  | 12  | <hiero>W17-t:t-Hr:r:t</hiero> Khentet-ḥert  | <hiero>W17-pt:sbA</hiero> ⲭⲟⲛⲧⲁⲣⲉ
Xont-har  | Alath  | Pieret  | Phou  | Psamiatois  | Senta or Atepiten  | Loimos  | Arpien  | Ophionius (ⲟⲫⲓⲟⲛⲓⲟⲥ)
Scorpio | 22  | 13  | <hiero>W17-t:t-Xr:r:t-sbA</hiero> Khentet-khert  | <hiero>W17-Xr:sbA</hiero> ⲭⲟⲛⲧⲁⲭⲣⲉ
Spt-χne  | Audameoth  | Haziza  | Name  | Necbeuos  | Sentacer or Asente  | Nymphs | Sentacer  | Arimanius (ⲁⲣⲓⲙⲁⲛⲓⲟⲥ)
23  | 14  | <hiero>T-Y4-s-n-W17-t*t:sbA</hiero> Themes-en-khentet  | <hiero>T-ms-s-n-W17-sbA</hiero> . . . . . .
Sesme  | Nefthada  | Nacy  | Oustichos  | Turmantis  | Tepsisen or Asentatir  | Leto | Tepiseuth  | Merota (ⲙⲉⲣⲱϯ)
24  | 15  | <hiero>Aa18-p:t-x:n:nw-N21:N21-sbA</hiero> Sapt-khennu  | <hiero>s-p:t-x:n-T19-sbA</hiero> ⲥⲡⲧⲭⲛⲉ
Si-sesme  | Akton  | Alleinac  | Aphebis  | Psermes  | Sentineu or Aterceni(-cem)  | Kairos (repeated)  | Senicer  | Panotragus (ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲧⲣⲁⲅⲟⲥ)
Sagittarius | 25  | 16  | <hiero>Hr:Z1-ib-P1-sbA</hiero> Ḥer-ab-uȧa  | <hiero>Hr:Z1-ib-P1-sbA</hiero> ʿⲣⲏⲟⲩⲱ
Hre-ua  | Anatreth  | Ortusa  | Sebos  | Clinothois  | Eregbuo or Ergbuo  | Loimos (repeated)  | Eregbuo  | Tolmophta (ⲧⲟⲗⲙⲟⲫϯ)
26  | 17  | <hiero>P6-W8:??:W10-V17-Ba16-S-s-m-w-sbA-Ba16a</hiero> Shesmu  | <hiero>z:S-mw-sbA</hiero> ⲥⲉⲥⲙⲉ, ⲥⲓⲥⲉⲥⲙⲉ
Sesme  | Enautha or Enenuth  | Daha  | Teuchmos  | Thursois  | Sagon  | Kore | Sagen  | Tomras (ⲧⲟⲙⲣⲁⲥ)
27  | 18  | <hiero>k:n-m-w-sbA</hiero> Kenmu  | <hiero>k:n-Aa15:sbA</hiero> ⲕⲟⲛⲓⲙⲉ
Konime  | Axesbyth or Phêth  | Satan  | Chthisar  | Renethis  | Chenene or Chenem  | Ananke  | Chenen  | Teraph (ⲧⲉⲣⲁⲫ)
Capricorn | 28  | 19  | <hiero>s-m-d:t*sbA</hiero> Semṭet  | <hiero>s-Aa15:t*sbA</hiero> ⲥⲙⲁⲧ
Smat  | Hapax or Harpax  | Eracto  | Tair  | Renpsois  | Themeso  | Asklepios  | Themeso  | Soda (ⲥⲱⲇⲁ)
29  | 20  | <hiero>tp:a-s-m-d:sbA</hiero> Ṭepā-semṭ  | <hiero>tp:a-s-Aa15:t*sbA</hiero> . . . . . . . .
Srat  | Anoster  | Salac  | Epitek  | Manethois  | Epiemu or Epimen  | Hygieia  | Epima  | Riruphta (ⲣⲓⲣⲟⲩⲫϯ)
30  | 21  | <hiero>z:r:t-E11-sbA</hiero> Sert  | <hiero>z:r-t:sbA</hiero> ⲥⲣⲱ
Si-srat  | Physikoreth or Alleborith  | Seros  | Epichnaus  | Marcois  | Omot  | Tolma  | Homoth  | Monuphta (ⲙⲟⲛⲟⲩⲫϯ)
Aquarius | 31  | 22  | <hiero>zA-zA-z:r:t-sbA</hiero> Sasa-sert  | <hiero>zA-z:r:t*sbA</hiero> ⲥⲓⲥⲣⲱ
Tpa-χu  | Aleureth or Hephesimireth  | Tonghel  | Isi  | Ularis  | Oro or Asoer  | Dike  | Oroasoer  | Brondeus (ⲃⲣⲟⲛⲇⲉⲟⲩⲥ)
32  | 23  | <hiero>Xr:r-K?-z:r:t*sbA</hiero> Kher-khept-sert  | <hiero>Xr:r-x*p:t-z:r:sbA</hiero> . . . . . . . .
Xu  | Ichthion  | Anafa  | Sosomo  | Luxois  | Cratero or Astiro  | Phobos | Astiro  | Vucula (ⲃⲟⲩⲕⲟⲩⲗⲁ)
33  | 24  | <hiero>Ax-Ax-sbA</hiero> Khukhu  | <hiero>tp:a-N8-sbA</hiero> ⲧⲡⲏⲭⲩ
Tpa-Biu  | Achoneoth or Agchoniôn  | Simos  | Chonoumous  | Crauxes  | Tepis or Amasiero  | Osiris | Tepisatras  | Proteus (ⲡⲣⲟⲧⲉⲟⲩⲥ)
Pisces | 34  | 25  | <hiero>bA-bA</hiero> Baba  | <hiero>N8-w-ra-sbA</hiero> ⲭⲩ
Biu  | Autoth or Autothith  | Achaf  | Tetimo  | Fambais  | Acha or Atapiac  | Okeanos  | Archatapias  | Rephan (ⲣⲉⲫⲁⲛ)
35  | 26  | <hiero>W17-Hr:r-w-sbA</hiero> Khent-ḥeru  | <hiero>tp:a-G30-sbA</hiero> ⲧⲡⲏⲃⲓⲟⲩ
Xont-Har  | Phtheneoth or Phthenoth  | Larvata  | Sopphi  | Flugmois  | Tepibui or Tepabiu  | Dolos | Thopibui  | Sourut (ⲥⲟⲟⲩⲣⲟⲩⲧ)
36  | 27  | <hiero>Hr:Z1-ib-W17-n:t*w-sbA</hiero> Ḥer-ȧb-khentu  | <hiero>-G30-Z3-sbA-</hiero> ⲃⲓⲟⲩ, ⲧⲡⲓⲃⲓⲟⲩ
Tpi-biu  | Bianakith  | Ajaras  | Syro  | Piatris  | Uiu or Aatexbui  | Elpis  | Atembui  | Phallophorus (ⲫⲁⲗⲗⲟⲫⲟⲣⲟⲥ)

## Ancient India

Main article: Religion:Drekkana

In India, the division of the zodiac into 36 ten degree portions is called either the drekkana (drekkāṇa), the dreshkana (dreṣkāṇa), or the drikana (dṛkāṇa).[24]

The iconography and use of the drekkanas is mention earliest by Sphujidhvaja in Yavanajataka (269–270 CE), and given detailed treatment by Varahamihira in his Brihat-Samhita (550 CE). Modern scholars believe the decans were imported into India through the Greeks, who learned about them from the Egyptians.[13]

## See also

* Asterism
* Astronomical ceiling of Senemut Tomb
* Chinese zodiac
* Line of advantage
* Palazzo Schifanoia, Ferrara
* Worship of heavenly bodies

## References

1. ↑ Keyser & Scarborough 2018, p. 79.
2. ↑ Ptolemy 1940.
3. ↑ Priskin 2016.
4. ↑ Symons 2013.
5. ↑ von Bomhard 1999, p. 51.
6. ↑ Symons 2007.
7. ↑ van der Waerden 1949.
8. ↑ Ruelle 1908, p. 247.
9. ↑ Julius Firmicus Maternus 1968, IV/22.
10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 Gundel 1936, pp. 77–81.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Gundel 1936, pp. 406–408.
12. ↑ Gundel 1936, pp. 223–225.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Pingree 1963.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Gundel 1936, pp. 217–221.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Michio 2008.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Budge 1904, p. [page needed].
17. ↑ Gundel 1936, pp. 49–62.
18. ↑ Conybeare 1898.
19. ↑ Ruelle 1908.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Gundel 1936, pp. 374–383.
21. ↑ Hermes Trismegistus 1993, pp. iii-12.
22. ↑ Gundel 1936, pp. 353–354.
23. ↑ Kircher 1652, pp. 182–186, Tome 2.
24. ↑ Monier Williams Sanskrit Dictionary[full citation needed]

### Works cited

* Budge, E. A. Wallis (1904). The gods of the Egyptians; or, Studies in Egyptian mythology. Chicago: Open Court Publishing Co.. https://archive.org/details/godsofegyptianso02budg.
* Conybeare, Frederick Cornwallis (tr.) (October 1898). "The Testament of Solomon". The Jewish Quarterly Review XI (1 ): 1–45 . doi:10.2307/1450398 .
* Gundel, Wilhelm (1936). Dekane und Dekansterbilder. Glückstadt and Hamburg: J. J. Augustin.
* Hermes Trismegistus (1993). Hand, Robert. ed. Hermes: Liber Hermetis Part I and Part II (1st ed.). Berkeley Springs, WV: Golden Hind Press. https://www.weiserantiquarian.com/pages/books/68073/hermes-trismegistus-robert-hand/hermes-liber-hermetis-part-i-and-part-ii-project-hindsight-latin-track-volume-ii-and-volume-iii?soldItem=true.
* Julius Firmicus Maternus (1968). Kroll, W.; Skutsch, F.. eds. Matheseos libri VIII. Stuttgart: Teubner. 2 vols.
* Keyser, Paul; Scarborough, John (2018). The Oxford Handbook of Science and Medicine in the Classical World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190878832.
* Kircher, Athanasius (1652). Oedipus Aegyptiacus. Italy: Vitale Mascardi.
* Michio, Yano (2008). "Bukkyō tenbugaku-senseijutsu no zuzō gakuteki junmen: sanjū rokkin to Dekan". Dōshisha daigaku rikō kenkyū hōkoku 48 (4): 1–6.
* Neugebauer, Otto (1969). The Exact Sciences in Antiquity (2nd ed.). Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-22332-2.
* Neugebauer, Otto (1983). "The Egyptian 'Decans'". Astronomy and History: Selected Essays. New York: Springer. pp. 205–209. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-5559-8. ISBN 978-0-387-90844-1.
* Pingree, David (1963). "The Indian Iconography of the decans and Horas". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 26 (3/4): 223–254. doi:10.2307/750493.
* Priskin, Gyula (2016). "The Astral Myth of Osiris: the Decans of Taurus and Libra". ENiM (9): 79–111. http://www.enim-egyptologie.fr/revue/2016/7/Priskin_ENiM9_p79-111.pdf. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
* Ptolemy (1940). Tetrabiblos. Book I Part 18. Cambridge, MA: Loeb.
* Ruelle, C. E. (October 1908). "Hermès Trismégiste: Le Livré Sacre sur les Décans: Texte, variantes et traduction française". Revue de Philologie 32 (4): 247–277.
* Symons, S. L. (2007). "A Star's Year: The Annual Cycle in the Ancient Egyptian Sky". in Steele, J. M.. Calendars and Years: Astronomy and Time in the Ancient World. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 1–33. ISBN 978-1842173022. http://www2.le.ac.uk/Members/sls25/paperstarsyear.
* Symons, S. L. (2013). "Diagonal Star Tables". Ancient Egyptian Astronomy (Online database). http://aea.physics.mcmaster.ca/index.php/en/database/diagonal-star-tables.
* van der Waerden, B. L. (January 1949). "Babylonian Astronomy. II. The Thirty-Six Stars". Journal of Near Eastern Studies 8 (1): 6–26. doi:10.1086/370901. "The property of the Chaldean Decans that one of them rose every ten days made them fit to be assimilated to the Egyptian decans. This assimilation was performed in the decan lists of Hellenistic astrology.".
* von Bomhard, Anna-Sophie (1999). The Egyptian Calendar: A Work for Eternity. London: Periplus.

## Further reading

* Christian, Paul (2014). "The Thirty-Six Decans". The History and Practice of Magic. Literary Licensing, LLC. pp. 476–478. ISBN 978-1498125062. https://www.mr-kaplan.com/Astrology/Paul_Christian.html.
* Symons, Sarah (2014). "Egyptian 'Star Clocks'". in Ruggles, Clive L.N.. Handbook of Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy. New York: Springer. pp. 1495–1500. ISBN 978-1-4614-6140-1.

## External links

* Ancient Egyptian Astronomy Database (Symons, Cockcroft, Bettencourt & Koykka, 2013)
* Egypt Astronomy/Astrology: The decans

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