European Astronaut Corps

Short description: Unit of the European Space Agency providing astronauts on US and Russian missions

The European Astronaut Corps is a unit of the European Space Agency (ESA) that selects, trains, and provides astronauts as crew members on U.S. and Russian space missions. The corps has 13 active members, able to serve on the International Space Station (ISS). The European Astronaut Corps is based at the European Astronaut Centre in Cologne, Germany. They can be assigned to various projects both in Europe (at ESTEC, for instance) or elsewhere in the world, at NASA Johnson Space Center or Star City.

## Contents

* 1 Current members
* 1.1 2009 Group
* 1.2 2022 Group
* 2 Former members
* 3 European astronauts outside of ESA
* 3.1 Interkosmos
* 3.2 Space Shuttle
* 3.3 Mir
* 4 Space Shuttle missions
* 4.1 As Payload Specialists
* 4.2 As Mission Specialists
* 5 Missions to the Mir space stations
* 6 Missions to the International Space Station
* 7 Future missions to the International Space Station
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 External links

## Current members

As of 2023 are six active members of the European Astronaut Corps. Five of the six were selected in 2009, and one was selected in 2015.

Name
| Country
| Selection
| Time in space
| Missions

|
|
|
|

Samantha Cristoforetti  |  Italy  | 2009 ESA Group  | 370d 5h 45m  | Soyuz TMA-15M (Expedition 42/43), Crew-4 (Expedition 67/68)
Alexander Gerst  |  Germany  | 2009 ESA Group  | 362d 1h 50m  | Soyuz TMA-13M (Expedition 40/41), Soyuz MS-09 (Expedition 56/57)
Andreas Mogensen  |  Denmark  | 2009 ESA Group  | 9d 20h 14m  | Soyuz TMA-18M/16M, Crew-7 (Planned)
Luca Parmitano  |  Italy  | 2009 ESA Group  | 366d 23h 1m  | Soyuz TMA-09M (Expedition 36/37), Soyuz MS-13 (Expedition 60/61)
Thomas Pesquet  |  France  | 2009 ESA Group  | 396d 11h 34m  | Soyuz MS-03 (Expedition 50/51), Crew-2 (Expedition 65/66)
Matthias Maurer  |  Germany  | 2015 ESA Group  | 176d 2h 39m  | Crew-3 (Expedition 66/67)

All of the current members of the corps have flown to space and have visited the ISS. French astronaut Thomas Pesquet is the member of the corps who has accumulated the most time in space with 396 days, 11 hours and 34 minutes. He is the record holder for all the European astronauts in history. The corps currently includes one woman, Samantha Cristoforetti, who formerly held the record for the longest spaceflight by a woman. Timothy Peake, a member of the 2009 group, retired in 2023.[1]

### 2009 Group

On 3 April 2008, ESA director general Jean-Jacques Dordain announced that recruiting for a new class of European astronauts will start in the near future.[2] The selection program for 4 new astronauts was launched on 19 May 2008 with applications due by 16 June 2008[citation needed] so that final selection would be due spring 2009.[3] Almost 10,000 people registered as astronaut candidates as of 18 June 2008. 8,413 fulfilled the initial application criteria. From these 918 were chosen to take part in the first stage of psychological testing which led to 192 candidates on 24 September 2008. After two stage psychological tests 80 candidates continued on to medical evaluation in January–February 2009. 40 or so candidates head to formal interviews to select four new members to European Astronaut Corps.[3]

### 2022 Group

Recruitment for the 2022 ESA Astronaut Group took place over 2021-22 and added five "career" astronauts as well as for the first time a "reserve pool" of 11 astronaut candidates, and also a person with a physical disability through the "parastronaut feasibility project".[4][5]

In June 2023, Marcus Wandt, originally a reserve astronaut, was proposed for an Axiom Space mission and transitioned to career astronaut.[6]

Name  | Country  | Role

|
|

Sophie Adenot[7] |  France  | Career astronaut
Pablo Álvarez Fernández[8] |  Spain  | Career astronaut
Rosemary Coogan[9] |  United Kingdom  | Career astronaut
Raphaël Liégeois[10] |  Belgium  | Career astronaut
Marco Alain Sieber[11] |  Switzerland  | Career astronaut
John McFall[12] |  United Kingdom  | Parastronaut
Meganne Christian[13] |  United Kingdom  | Astronaut reserve
Anthea Comellini[14] |  Italy  | Astronaut reserve
Sara García Alonso[15] |  Spain  | Astronaut reserve
Andrea Patassa[16] |  Italy  | Astronaut reserve
Carmen Possnig[17] |  Austria  | Astronaut reserve
Arnaud Prost[18] |  France  | Astronaut reserve
Amelie Schoenenwald[19] |  Germany  | Astronaut reserve
Aleš Svoboda[20] |  Czech Republic  | Astronaut reserve
Sławosz Uznański[21] |  Poland  | Astronaut reserve
Marcus Wandt[22] |  Sweden  | Career astronaut
Nicola Winter[23] |  Germany  | Astronaut reserve

The funding by NASA and Russia of the International Space Station is currently planned to end in 2030. Thanks to their involvement with NASA's Orion programme, ESA will receive three flight opportunities for European astronauts to the Lunar Gateway.[24]

## Former members

There are 18 former members of the ESA astronaut corps.[25]

Some ESA astronauts were selected by other European agencies and then enrolled into the European Astronaut Corps in 1998.

Name
| Country
| Selection
| Time in space
| Missions

|
|
|
|

Hans Schlegel  |  Germany | 1987 DLR Group | 22d 18h 01m  | STS-55, STS-122
André Kuipers  |  Netherlands  | 1998 ESA Group  | 203d 15h 50m  | Soyuz TMA-4/3, Soyuz TMA-03M (Expedition 30/31)
Christer Fuglesang |  Sweden  | 1992 ESA Group  | 26d 17h 37m  | STS-116, STS-128
Léopold Eyharts  |  France | 1990 CNES Group | 68d 21h 28m  | Soyuz TM-27/26, STS-122/123 (Expedition 16)
Jean-François Clervoy  |  France | 1998 ESA Group  | 28d 03h 04m  | STS-66, STS-84, STS-103
Maurizio Cheli  |  Italy  | 1992 ESA Group  | 15d 17h 41m  | STS-75
Pedro Duque  |  Spain | 1992 ESA Group  | 18d 18h 46m  | STS-95, Soyuz TMA-3/2
Reinhold Ewald  |  Germany | 1990 DLR Group | 19d 16h 34m  | Soyuz TM-25/24
Umberto Guidoni  |  Italy  | 1989 ASI Group | 27d 15h 10m  | STS-75, STS-100
Claudie Haigneré née André-Deshays  |  France | 1985 CNES Group | 25d 14h 22m  | Soyuz TM-24/23, Soyuz TM-33/32
Jean-Pierre Haigneré  |  France | 1985 CNES Group | 209d 12h 24m  | Soyuz TM-17/16, Soyuz TM-29 (Mir EO-27)
Ulf Merbold  |  Germany | 1978 ESA Group  | 49d 21h 36m  | STS-9, STS-42, Soyuz TM-20/19 (Euromir 94)
Marianne Merchez  |  Belgium  | 1992 ESA Group  | N/A  | N/A
Ernst Messerschmid |  Germany | 1982 DLR Group | 7d 00h 44m  | STS-61-A
Paolo Nespoli  |  Italy  | 1998 ESA Group  | 313d 02h 36m  | STS-120, Soyuz TMA-20 (Expedition 26/27), Soyuz MS-05 (Expedition 52/53)
Claude Nicollier  |  Switzerland | 1978 ESA Group  | 42d 12h 03m  | STS-46, STS-61, STS-75, STS-103
Wubbo Ockels  |  Netherlands  | 1978 ESA Group  | 7d 00h 44m  | STS-61-A
Philippe Perrin  |  France | 1990 CNES Group | 13d 20h 35m  | STS-111
Thomas Reiter  |  Germany | 1992 ESA Group  | 350d 05h 35m  | Soyuz TM-22 (Mir EO-20), STS-121/116 (Expedition 13/14)
Gerhard Thiele  |  Germany | 1987 DLR Group | 11d 05h 38m  | STS-99
Michel Tognini  |  France | 1985 CNES Group | 18d 17h 45m  | Soyuz TM-15/14, STS-93
Frank de Winne  |  Belgium  | 1998 ESA Group  | 198d 17h 34m  | Soyuz TMA-1/TM-34, Soyuz TMA-15 (Expedition 20/21)
Roberto Vittori  |  Italy  | 1998 ESA Group  | 35d 12h 26m  | Soyuz TM-34/33, Soyuz TMA-6/5, STS-134
Timothy Peake  |  United Kingdom  | 2009 ESA Group  | 185d 22h 11m  | Soyuz TMA-19M (Expedition 46/47)

## European astronauts outside of ESA

### Interkosmos

Ten Europeans became astronauts within the Soviet Union's Interkosmos program, which allowed citizens of allied nations to fly missions to the Salyut 6, Salyut 7 and Mir space station.

* Aleksandr Panayotov Aleksandrov
* Jean-Loup Chrétien
* Bertalan Farkas
* Mirosław Hermaszewski
* Georgi Ivanov
* Sigmund Jähn
* Dumitru Prunariu
* Vladimír Remek
* Helen Sharman
* Franz Viehböck

### Space Shuttle

NASA trained and flew astronauts from allied nations on the Space Shuttle, especially as payload specialists for scientific missions such as Spacelab. Prior to the foundation of the ESA astronaut corps, both the French CNES and the German DLR had selected their own rosters of astronauts, notably in preparation for the introduction of the ISS. The following people flew on various Shuttle missions.[lower-alpha 1]

* Patrick Baudry
* Jean-Jacques Favier
* Dirk Frimout
* Reinhard Furrer
* Leonid Kadeniuk
* Franco Malerba
* Ulrich Walter

1. ↑ Other European astronauts who flew on the Space Shuttle were transferred to the ESA astronaut corps, and are listed above.

### Mir

The following people flew on missions to Mir under agreements between their nations and Russia.

* Ivan Bella
* Klaus-Dietrich Flade

## Space Shuttle missions

Astronauts from the European Astronaut Corps participated in several NASA Space Shuttle missions before the ISS era, in particular as Spacelab payload specialists. NASA considered the full-time ESA astronauts as payload specialists, but offered some the opportunity to train with its own astronauts and become NASA mission specialists.[26] (This list excludes missions to Mir or the ISS)

### As Payload Specialists

* Ulf Merbold – STS-9 (Spacelab), STS-42 (Spacelab)
* Reinhard Furrer – STS-61-A (Spacelab-D1 Mission)
* Wubbo Ockels – STS-61-A (Spacelab-D1 Mission)
* Hans Schlegel – STS-55 (Spacelab-D2 Mission)
* Ulrich Walter – STS-55 (Spacelab-D2 Mission)

### As Mission Specialists

* Claude Nicollier – STS-46, STS-61 (Hubble), STS-75, STS-103 (Hubble)
* Maurizio Cheli – STS-75
* Jean-François Clervoy – STS-66, STS-103 (Hubble)
* Gerhard Thiele – STS-99
* Pedro Duque – STS-95

## Missions to the Mir space stations

Astronauts from Europe have flown to Mir both on board Soyuz vehicles (as part of the Euromir programme) or on board the Space Shuttle.[27]

* Jean-Loup Chrétien – Aragatz (1988)  France
* Helen Sharman – Project Juno (1991)  UK
* Franz Viehböck – Austromir '91 (1991)  Austria
* Klaus-Dietrich Flade – Mir '92 (1992)  Germany
* Michel Tognini – Antarès (1992)  France
* Jean-Pierre Haigneré – Altair (1993)  France
* Ulf Merbold – Euromir '94 (1994)  Germany
* Thomas Reiter – Euromir '95 (1995)  Germany
* Claudie Haigneré – Cassiopée (1996)  France
* Reinhold Ewald – Mir '97 (1997)  Germany
* Jean-Loup Chrétien – STS-86 (1997)  France
* Léopold Eyharts – Pégase (1998)  France
* Jean-Pierre Haigneré – Perseus (1999)  France
* Ivan Bella – Stefanik (1999)  Slovakia

## Missions to the International Space Station

European astronauts to have visited the ISS are:

Astronaut | Agency | Mission | Launch | Return | Expedition | Launch Date | Return Date | Note

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Umberto Guidoni | ESA |  | STS-100 | STS-100 | Expedition 2 | 19 Apr 2001 | 1 May 2001 | Flight 6A with MPLM Raffaello, visited Expedition 2 crew
Claudie Haigneré | CNES | Andromède | Soyuz TM-33 | Soyuz TM-32 | Expedition 3 | 21 Oct 2001 | 31 Oct 2001 | Visited Expedition 3 crew
Roberto Vittori | ESA | Marco Polo | Soyuz TM-34 | Soyuz TM-33 | Expedition 4 | 25 Apr 2002 | 5 May 2002 | Visited Expedition 4 crew
Philippe Perrin | CNES |  | STS-111 | STS-111 | Expedition 4/5 | 5 Jun 2002 | 19 Jun 2002 | ISS Assembly Flight UF-2, launched with Expedition 5 crew and landed with Expedition 4 crew
Frank De Winne | ESA | Odissea | Soyuz TMA-1 | Soyuz TM-34 | Expedition 5 | 30 Oct 2002 | 10 Nov 2002 | Visited Expedition 5 crew
Pedro Duque | ESA | Cervantes | Soyuz TMA-3 | Soyuz TMA-2 | Expedition 7/8 | 18 Oct 2003 | 28 Oct 2003 | Launched with Expedition 8 crew landed with Expedition 7 crew,
André Kuipers | ESA | DELTA | Soyuz TMA-4 | Soyuz TMA-3 | Expedition 8/9 | 19 Apr 2004 | 30 Apr 2004 | Launnched with Expedition 8 crew, landed with Expedition 8 crew
Roberto Vittori | ESA | Eneide | Soyuz TMA-6 | Soyuz TMA-5 | Expedition 10/11 | 15 Apr 2005 | 24 Apr 2005 | Launched with Expedition 11 crew, landed with Expedition 10 crew
Thomas Reiter | ESA | Astrolab | STS-121 | STS-116 | Expedition 13/14 | 4 Jul 2006 | 22 Dec 2006 | ISS Assembly Flight ULF 1.1, first European to live on the ISS as flight engineer on Expedition 13 and 14
Christer Fuglesang | ESA | Celsius | STS-116 | STS-116 | Expedition 14 | 10 Dec 2006 | 22 Dec 2006 | ISS Assembly Flight 12A.1, visited Expedition 14 crew
Paolo Nespoli | ESA | Esperia | STS-120 | STS-120 | Expedition 16 | 23 Oct 2007 | 7 Nov 2007 | ISS Assembly Flight 10A, visited Expedition 16 crew
Hans Schlegel | ESA | Columbus | STS-122 | STS-122 | Expedition 16 | 7 Feb 2008 | 20 Feb 2008 | ISS Assembly Flight 1E, visited Expedition 16 crew
Léopold Eyharts | ESA | Columbus | STS-122 | STS-123 | Expedition 16 | 7 Feb 2008 | 27 Mar 2008 | ISS Assembly Flight 1E, second European to live on the ISS as flight engineer on Expedition 16
Frank De Winne | ESA | OasISS | Soyuz TMA-15 | Soyuz TMA-15 | Expedition 20/21 | 27 May 2009 | 1 Dec 2009 | Flight engineer on Expedition 20, first European to command the ISS as commander of Expedition 21
Christer Fuglesang | ESA | AlISSé | STS-128 | STS-128 | Expedition 20 | 29 Aug 2009 | 12 Sep 2009 | ISS Assembly Flight 17A, visited Expedition 20 crew
Paolo Nespoli | ESA | MagISStra | Soyuz TMA-20 | Soyuz TMA-20 | Expedition 26/27 | 15 Dec 2010 | 24 May 2011 | Flight engineer on Expedition 26 and 27
Roberto Vittori | ESA | DAMA | STS-134 | STS-134 | Expedition 27/28 | 16 May 2011 | 1 Jun 2011 | Visited Expedition 27 and 28
André Kuipers | ESA | PromISSe | Soyuz TMA-03M | Soyuz TMA-03M | Expedition 30/31 | 21 Dec 2011 | 1 Jul 2012 | Flight engineer on Expedition 30 and 31
Luca Parmitano | ESA | Volare | Soyuz TMA-09M | Soyuz TMA-09M | Expedition 36/37 | 28 May 2013 | 11 Nov 2013 | Flight engineer on Expedition 36 and 37, first member of the 2009 ESA astronaut class to fly
Alexander Gerst | ESA | Blue Dot | Soyuz TMA-13M | Soyuz TMA-13M | Expedition 40/41 | 28 May 2014 | 10 Nov 2014 | Flight engineer on Expedition 40 and 41
Samantha Cristoforetti | ESA | Futura | Soyuz TMA-15M | Soyuz TMA-15M | Expedition 42/43 | 23 Nov 2014 | 11 Jun 2015 | Flight engineer on Expedition 42 and 43, Longest uninterrupted spaceflight of a European astronaut
Andreas Mogensen | ESA | IrISS[28] | Soyuz TMA-18M | Soyuz TMA-16M | Expedition 44 | 2 Sep 2015 | 12 Sep 2015  | Visited Expedition 44 crew, first Danish astronaut
Timothy Peake | ESA | Principia[29] | Soyuz TMA-19M | Soyuz TMA-19M | Expedition 46/47 | 15 Dec 2015 | 18 June 2016 | Flight engineer on Expedition 46 and 47
Thomas Pesquet | ESA | Proxima[30] | Soyuz MS-03 | Soyuz MS-03 | Expedition 50/51 | 17 Nov 2016 | 16 May 2017 | Flight engineer on Expedition 50 and 51
Paolo Nespoli[31] | ESA | Vita | Soyuz MS-05 | Soyuz MS-05 | Expedition 52/53 | 28 July 2017 | 14 December 2017 | Flight engineer on Expedition 52 and 53
Alexander Gerst | ESA | Horizons | Soyuz MS-09 | Soyuz MS-09 | Expedition 56/57 | 6 June 2018 | 20 December 2018 | Flight engineer on Expedition 56, second European to command the ISS as commander of Expedition 57
Luca Parmitano | ESA | Beyond  | Soyuz MS-13 | Soyuz MS-13 | Expedition 60/61 | 20 July 2019  | 6 February 2020  | Flight engineer on Expedition 60, third European to command the ISS as commander of Expedition 61
Thomas Pesquet | ESA | Alpha  | SpaceX Crew-2 | SpaceX Crew-2 | Expedition 65/66 | 23 April 2021  | 9 November 2021  | Flight engineer on Expedition 65, fourth European to command the ISS as commander of the final part of Expedition 65 and the first part of Expedition 66.
Matthias Maurer | ESA | Cosmic Kiss  | SpaceX Crew-3 | SpaceX Crew-3 | Expedition 66/67 | 11 November 2021  | 6 May 2022  | Flight engineer on Expedition 66 and 67
Samantha Cristoforetti | ESA | Minerva | SpaceX Crew-4 | SpaceX Crew-4 | Expedition 67/68 | 27 Apr 2022 | 14 Oct 2022 | Flight engineer on Expedition 67, fifth European to command the ISS as commander of the first part of Expedition 68.

## Future missions to the International Space Station

Future European astronauts to the ISS are:

Astronaut | Agency | Mission | Launch | Return | Expedition | Launch Date | Return Date | Note

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Andreas Mogensen | ESA | Huginn[32] | SpaceX Crew-7 | SpaceX Crew-7 | Expeditions 69/70 | August 2023 | Q1 2024 | First non-American astronaut to pilot a United States spacecraft
Marcus Wandt | ESA | Muninn[33] | Axiom Mission 3 | Axiom Mission 3 | Visiting | November 2023 | November 2023 | First ESA Astronaut on a private mission to ISS, first from the 2022 European Space Agency Astronaut Group to fly in space.

## See also

* Canadian Astronaut Corps
* JAXA Astronaut Corps
* NASA Astronaut Corps
* List of astronauts by selection
* Human spaceflight
* History of spaceflight
* European contribution to the International Space Station

## References

1. ↑ "Astronaut Tim Peake assumes ESA ambassadorial role" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronaut_Tim_Peake_assumes_ESA_ambassadorial_role.
2. ↑ Clark, Stephen (3 April 2008). "Europe's new cargo freighter safely docks to space station". Spaceflight Now. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/ariane/v181/080403docking2.html.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Closing in on new astronauts". ESA. 24 September 2008. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Closing_in_on_new_astronauts.
4. ↑ "Astronaut selection 2021-22 FAQs" (in en). https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Careers_at_ESA/ESA_Astronaut_Selection/Astronaut_selection_2021-22_FAQs.
5. ↑ "ESA presents new generation of ESA astronauts" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/ESA_presents_new_generation_of_ESA_astronauts.
6. ↑ "N° 28–2023: ESA proposes Marcus Wandt from Sweden to fly on a future Axiom space mission" (in en). 15 June 2023. https://www.esa.int/Newsroom/Press_Releases/ESA_proposes_Marcus_Wandt_from_Sweden_to_fly_on_a_future_Axiom_space_mission. .
7. ↑ "Sophie Adenot" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Sophie_Adenot.
8. ↑ "Pablo Álvarez Fernández" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Pablo_Alvarez_Fernandez.
9. ↑ "Rosemary Coogan" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Rosemary_Coogan.
10. ↑ "Raphaël Liégeois" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Raphael_Liegeois.
11. ↑ "Marco Alain Sieber" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Marco_Alain_Sieber.
12. ↑ "John McFall" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/John_McFall.
13. ↑ "Meganne Christian" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Meganne_Christian.
14. ↑ "Anthea Comellini" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Anthea_Comellini.
15. ↑ "Sara García Alonso" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Sara_Garcia_Alonso.
16. ↑ "Andrea Patassa" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Andrea_Patassa.
17. ↑ "Carmen Possnig" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Carmen_Possnig.
18. ↑ "Arnaud Prost" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Arnaud_Prost.
19. ↑ "Amelie Schoenenwald" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Amelie_Schoenenwald.
20. ↑ "Aleš Svoboda" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Ales_Svoboda.
21. ↑ "Sławosz Uznański" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Slawosz_Uznanski.
22. ↑ "Marcus Wandt" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Marcus_Wandt.
23. ↑ "Nicola Winter" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Astronauts/Nicola_Winter.
24. ↑ Positive signs for Europe as ESA goes forward to the Moon
25. ↑ "European astronauts in new functions". ESA. 2 August 2019. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Astronauts/European_astronauts_in_new_functions.
26. ↑ Croft, Melvin; Youskauskas, John (2019). Come Fly with Us: NASA's Payload Specialist Program. Outward Odyssey: a People's History of Spaceflight. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 61–63. ISBN 9781496212252.
27. ↑ "European Manned Spaceflight Patches". ESA. 29 October 2009. http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/corporate/posterpatch.pdf.
28. ↑ "The iriss name and logos". ESA. 25 November 2015. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/iriss/The_iriss_name_and_logos.
29. ↑ "ESA mission name for astronaut Tim Peake: Principia F". ESA. 18 July 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Astronauts/ESA_mission_name_for_astronaut_Tim_Peake_Principia.
30. ↑ "Thomas Pesquet closer to space with mission name Proxima". ESA. 12 November 2015. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Astronauts/Thomas_Pesquet_closer_to_space_with_mission_name_Proxima.
31. ↑ "Third spaceflight for astronaut Paolo Nespoli". ESA. 30 July 2015. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Astronauts/Third_spaceflight_for_astronaut_Paolo_Nespoli.
32. ↑ "Introducing Huginn". ESA. 2022-08-18. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Introducing_Huginn.
33. ↑ "Muninn Mission Patch and Name". ESA. 2023-06-16. https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2023/06/Muninn_mission_patch_and_name.

## External links

* The European Astronaut Corps

* v
* t
* e

European human spaceflight

General|

* European Astronaut Corps
* ISS contribution
* ISS research

Facilities|

* European Astronaut Centre
* Columbus Control Centre
* German Space Operations Center
* Concordia Station

Earth-based research|

* AMASE
* Concordia winterovers
* Euro-MARS
* European Space Camp
* MARS-500
* MELiSSA
* Zero-G Airbus A310

Spacecraft used|

| Active|

* Soyuz-MS

|

Planned and proposed|

* DC4EU
* Orion
* European Service Module
* Skylon

Retired and cancelled|

* CSTS
* Hermes
* Soyuz-TM
* Soyuz-TMA
* Soyuz TMA-M
* Space Shuttle

Mission highlights|

| Space stations|

* Mir
* Euromir
* Interkosmos
* International Space Station
* ELIPS programme
* Modules
* Columbus
* Cupola
* Harmony
* Tranquility

|

Other|

* European Retrievable Carrier
* Hubble Space Telescope
* Faint Object Camera
* Multi-Purpose Logistics Module
* Spacelab
* Deutschland-1
* Deutschland-2
* Tethered Satellite System

* European Space Agency

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