Goldstone Solar System Radar

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The Goldstone Solar System Radar (GSSR) is a large radar system used for investigating objects in the Solar System. Located in the desert near Barstow, California, it comprises a 500-kW X-band (8500 MHz) transmitter and a low-noise receiver on the 70-m DSS 14 antenna at the Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex.[1] It has been used to investigate Mercury, Venus, Mars, the asteroids, and moons of Jupiter and Saturn. The most comparable facility was the radar at Arecibo Observatory,[2] until that facility collapsed. GSSR now stands alone.

## Planetary observations

GSSR can work in two different modes. In the monostatic radar mode, GSSR both transmits and receives. In bistatic mode, GSSR transmits and other radio astronomy facilities receive. Although more difficult to schedule, this offers two advantages - the transmitter does not need to turn off to allow the receiver to listen, and it allows the use of interferometry to extract more information from the reflected signal.

Bodies that have been investigated using GSSR include:

* Mercury: In particular, by watching specific reflected features of Mercury sweep across the Earth's surface (using spatially separated receivers), GSSR enables the pole position to be computed quite accurately. The measured librations show Mercury has a liquid core.
* Venus[3]
* Mars: GSSR was used extensively to characterize sites for Mars landers.
* Asteroids: Small asteroids appear only as unresolved points of light in ground-based optical telescopes. Radar, however, can image near-Earth asteroids and comets with a resolution of several meters. For example, the asteroid 4179 Toutatis was imaged in 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012. Although spacecraft such as Dawn can image particular asteroids in much finer detail, radar astronomy can investigate many more asteroids of different characteristics. For example, all existing images of binary asteroids were obtained through radar astronomy.[4][5]
* Moons of Jupiter
* Rings and moons of Saturn

* 4179 Toutatis in 1996

* (53319) 1999 JM8 in 1999

* (308635) 2005 YU55 in 2011

## Other scientific uses

* Recovery of the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory after loss of attitude control.[citation needed]
* Investigation of orbital debris around Earth.

## References

1. ↑ Latifiyan, Pouya (April 2021). "Space Telecommunications, how?". Take off (Tehran: Civil Aviation Technology College) 1: 15.
2. ↑ Slade, Martin, Lance AM Benner, and Arnold Silva (2011). "Goldstone solar system radar observatory: Earth-based planetary mission support and unique science results.". Proceedings of the IEEE 99 (5): 757–769. doi:10.1109/jproc.2010.2081650. http://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroids/Slade_Benner_Silva_IEEE_Proceedings.pdf.
3. ↑ Williams, Matt (4 May 2021). "How Long is a Day on Venus? We Finally Know the Exact Answer". Universe Today. https://www.universetoday.com/151056/how-long-is-a-day-on-venus-we-finally-know-the-exact-answer/#more-151056.
4. ↑ Brozović, Marina; Benner, Lance A. M.; Giorgini, Jon D.; Naidu, Shantanu P.; Busch, Michael W.; Lawrence, Kenneth J.; Jao, Joseph S.; Lee, Clement G. et al. (27 December 2018). "Goldstone Radar Observations of Horseshoe-orbiting Near-Earth Asteroid 2013 BS45, a Potential Mission Target". The Astronomical Journal 157 (1): 24. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaf04f.
5. ↑ Lawrence, Kenneth J.; Benner, Lance A.M.; Brozovic, Marina; Ostro, Steven J.; Jao, Joseph S.; Giorgini, Jon D.; Slade, Martin A.; Jurgens, Raymond F. et al. (January 2018). "Arecibo and Goldstone radar images of near-Earth Asteroid (469896) 2005 WC1". Icarus 300: 12–20. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.08.028. Bibcode: 2018Icar..300...12L. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103517303792.

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