Gum Nebula

Gum NebulaSupernova remnant

The Gum Nebula visible as a faint nebula with bright star Canopus and LMC at the lower left.

Observation data: J2000.0 epoch
Right ascension|  08h 00m
Declination| −43° 00′
Distance| 1470 ly (450 pc)
Apparent magnitude (V)| +12 (infrared only)
Apparent diameter| 30°
Constellation| Vela, Puppis
Physical characteristics
Absolute magnitude (V)| 3.73 (infrared)
Designations| Gum 12
See also: Lists of nebulae

The Gum Nebula (Gum 12) is an emission nebula that extends across 36° in the southern constellations Vela and Puppis. It lies approximately 450 parsecs from the Earth.[1] Hard to distinguish, it was widely believed to be the greatly expanded (and still expanding) remains of a supernova that took place about a million years ago. More recent research suggests it may be an evolved H II region. It contains the 11,000-year-old Vela Supernova Remnant, along with the Vela Pulsar.[2]

It is located between the two bright and massive stars system Naos (ζ Puppis) and Regor (γ² Velorum), the former is closer to the edge of the cloud facing the Sun , at a distance of about 330 ± 10 parsecs, while the latter, at about 336+8
−7 parsecs, is located closer to the center of the cloud. To its southeastern part lies the Vela Nebula , a supernova remnant that lies between the Gum Nebula and the Solar System, along the same line of sight.

The Gum Nebula is one of the largest known nebulae within the Milky Way and constitutes an important scenario for the study of the expansion of bubbles generated by supernova explosions within the environment of the galactic arms, as well as on the interaction between these and the surrounding molecular clouds ; in fact, on the edges of the cloud some limited star formation phenomena are active , localized in small clouds (known as cometary globules due to their appearance). Near some of these globules some HH objects are also found , including HH 47.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Description
* 2 Popular culture
* 3 Gallery
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Description

Map of Gum Nebula

The Gum Nebula contains about 32 cometary globules.[4] These dense cloud cores are subject to such strong radiation from O-type stars γ2 Vel and ζ Pup and formerly the progenitor of the Vela Supernova Remnant that the cloud cores evaporate away from the hot stars into comet-like shapes. Like ordinary Bok globules, cometary globules are believed to be associated with star formation.[5] A notable object inside one of these cometary globules is the Herbig-Haro object HH 46/47.

The main ionizing sources are the Vela OB2 association (including Gamma Velorum cluster and the P Puppis cluster), Zeta Puppis and the OB association Trumpler 10.[6][7] The star cluster NGC 2547 formed 100 pc more distant than Vela OB2 and is an interloper.[7] The Vela OB2 association is surrounded by the so-called "IRAS Vela Shell", located in the south of the Gum Nebula. The star clusters NGC 2547, Trumpler 10, NGC 2451B, Collinder 135 and Collinder 140 all have similar ages of about 30 Myrs. It is suggested that a few stars exploded in supernovae about 30 Myrs ago in the center of the Gum Nebula and triggered the formation of stars in the region.[8]

It is named after its discoverer, the Australian astronomer Colin Stanley Gum (1924–1960). Gum had published his findings in 1955 in a work called A study of diffuse southern H-alpha nebulae (see Gum catalog). He also published the discovery of the Gum Nebula in 1952 in the journal The Observatory. The observations were made with the Commonwealth Observatory.[9]

The Gum nebula was photographed during Apollo 16 while the command module was in the double umbra of the Sun and Earth, using high-speed Kodak film.[10]

## Popular culture

The Gum Nebula is explored by the crew of the Starship Titan in the Star Trek novel Orion's Hounds.[11]

## Gallery

* H-alpha Image of Gum Nebula

* Clouds near the center of the Gum Nebula

* Cometary Nebulae 30, 31 and 38 in the Gum Nebula. It also contains HH 120.

* Environment in the Gum Nebula with HH 46/7 (middle-right)

* Vela OB2 with its brightest star Gamma2 Velorum is located in the Gum Nebula. The image also contains the smaller star cluster NGC 2547 in the lower left part.

* One of 4 images of the Gum Nebula photographed by Apollo 16 in 1972. AS16-127-20024.

## See also

* CG 4
* Barnard's Loop

## References

1. ↑ Graham, J.A., 1986. Objects associated with low-mass star formation in the Gum nebula. The Astrophysical Journal, 302, pp.352-362.
2. ↑ B., Pettersson (December 2008). "Young Stars and Dust Clouds in Puppis and Vela" (in en). Handbook of Star Forming Regions, Volume II 5. Bibcode: 2008hsf2.book...43P. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008hsf2.book...43P/abstract.
3. ↑ Dopita, M. A.; Evans, I.; Schwartz, R. D. (December 1982). "Herbig-Haro Objects 46 and 47 - Evidence for bipolar ejection from a young star" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal 263: L73. doi:10.1086/183927. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 1982ApJ...263L..73D. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982ApJ...263L..73D/abstract.
4. ↑ Zealey, W. J., Z. Ninkov, E. Rice, M. Hartley, & S. B. Tritton. 1983, ApL, 23, 119.
5. ↑ Reipurth, B. (1983). "Star formation in BOK globules and low-mass clouds". Astronomy and Astrophysics 117: 183. Bibcode: 1983A&A...117..183R.
6. ↑ Kim, Jinyoung Serena; Walter, Frederick M.; Wolk, Scott J. (2005-03-01). "Low-Mass Star Formation in the Gum Nebula: The CG 30/31/38 Complex". The Astronomical Journal 129 (3): 1564–1579. doi:10.1086/428002. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2005AJ....129.1564K.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Armstrong, Joseph J.; Wright, Nicholas J.; Jeffries, R. D.; Jackson, R. J.; Cantat-Gaudin, Tristan (2022-12-01). "The structure and 3D kinematics of vela OB2". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 517 (4): 5704–5720. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3101. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2022MNRAS.517.5704A.
8. ↑ Cantat-Gaudin, T.; Mapelli, M.; Balaguer-Núñez, L.; Jordi, C.; Sacco, G.; Vallenari, A. (January 2019). "A ring in a shell: the large-scale 6D structure of the Vela OB2 complex" (in en). Astronomy & Astrophysics 621: A115. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834003. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2019A&A...621A.115C.
9. ↑ Gum, C. S. (1952-08-01). "A large H II region at galactic longitude 226 deg.". The Observatory 72: 151–154. ISSN 0029-7704. Bibcode: 1952Obs....72..151G.
10. ↑ Apollo 16 Preliminary Science Report (NASA SP-315), 1972. Chapter 31, Astronomical Photography, Part A, Gum Nebula, Glactic Cluster, and Zodiacal Light Photography, by R. D. Mercer, L. Dunkelman, and Thomas K. Mattingly.
11. ↑ Bennett, Christopher (2005-12-27). Orion's Hounds. Pocket Books. ISBN 141650950X. https://archive.org/details/orionshounds00benn.

## External links

*   * Gum Nebula on WikiSky: DSS2, SDSS, GALEX, IRAS, Hydrogen α, X-Ray, Astrophoto, Sky Map, Articles and images
* APOD: Gum Nebula, with mouse over (2009.08.22)
* Galaxy Map: Entry for Gum 12 in the Gum Catalog
* Galaxy Map: Detail chart for the Gould Belt (showing the location of Gum 12 relative to the Sun)
* Encyclopedia of Science: Entry for the Gum Nebula (erroneously called Gum 56)
* SouthernSkyPhoto.com

* v
* t
* e

Gum Catalog

Colin Stanley Gum

* Gum 1
* Gum 2
* Gum 3
* Gum 4
* Gum 5
* Gum 6
* Gum 7
* Gum 8
* Gum 9
* Gum 10
* Gum 12
* Gum 13
* Gum 14
* Gum 15
* Gum 16
* Gum 17
* Gum 18
* Gum 19
* Gum 20
* Gum 21
* Gum 22
* Gum 23
* Gum 24
* Gum 25
* Gum 26
* Gum 27
* Gum 28
* Gum 29
* Gum 30
* Gum 31
* Gum 32
* Gum 33
* Gum 34
* Gum 35
* Gum 36
* Gum 37
* Gum 38
* Gum 39
* Gum 40
* Gum 41
* Gum 42
* Gum 43
* Gum 44
* Gum 45
* Gum 46
* Gum 47
* Gum 48
* Gum 49
* Gum 50
* Gum 51
* Gum 52
* Gum 53
* Gum 54
* Gum 55
* Gum 56
* Gum 57
* Gum 58
* Gum 59
* Gum 60
* Gum 61
* Gum 62
* Gum 63
* Gum 64
* Gum 65
* Gum 66
* Gum 67
* Gum 68
* Gum 69
* Gum 70
* Gum 71
* Gum 72
* Gum 73
* Gum 74
* Gum 75
* Gum 76
* Gum 77
* Gum 78
* Gum 79
* Gum 80
* Gum 81
* Gum 82
* Gum 83
* Gum 84
* Gum 85

See also: Gum Nebula

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