Hyperion proto-supercluster

Short description: Galaxy cluster in the constellation Sextans

Hyperion proto-supercluster

Visualization of the Hyperion proto-supercluster

Observation data (Epoch J2000)
Constellation(s)| Sextans
Right ascension|  10h 6m
Declination| 2.3°
Major axis| 150 Mpc (489 Mly)
Minor axis| 60 Mpc (196 Mly)
Redshift| 2.45
Binding mass| 4.8×1015 M☉
See also: Galaxy group, Galaxy cluster, List of galaxy groups and clusters

The Hyperion proto-supercluster is the largest and earliest known proto-supercluster, 5,000 times the mass of the Milky Way and seen at 20% of the current age of the universe. It was discovered in 2018 by analysing the redshifts of 10,000 objects observed with the Very Large Telescope in Chile.

## Contents

* 1 Discovery
* 2 Physical description
* 3 Use in cosmology
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 Sources
* 7 Further reading

## Discovery

The discovery was announced in late 2018.[1][2]

The discovery team led by Olga Cucciati used computational astrophysics methods and astroinformatics; statistical techniques were applied to large datasets of galaxy redshifts, using a two-dimensional Voronoi tessellation to correlate gravitational interaction (virialization) of visible structures.[3] The existence of non-visible (dark matter) structures was inferred.[citation needed]

Correlation was based on redshift data captured in a sky survey called VIMOS-VLT Deep Survey, using the Visible Multi Object Spectrograph (VIMOS) instrument of the Very Large Telescope in Chile,[4] and other surveys to a lesser extent. Spectroscopic redshift data for 3,822 objects (galaxies) was selected.[5]

The discovery was published in Astronomy & Astrophysics in September 2018.[4]

## Physical description

The structure is estimated to weigh 4.8 × 1015 solar masses (about 5,000 times the mass of the Milky Way[6]) and to extend 60 Mpc × 60 Mpc × 150 Mpc (196 Mly × 196 Mly × 489 Mly).[7][8] It lies within the two square degree Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) field of the constellation Sextans.[4] Hyperion's redshift is z=2.45[7] putting it 11 billion light years from Earth; it existed at less than 20% of the present age of the Universe.[9] Eventually it is "expected to evolve into something similar to the immense structures in the local universe such as the superclusters making up the Sloan Great Wall or the Virgo Supercluster".[10]

## Use in cosmology

The supercluster contains dark matter, evidenced by a mismatch between the visible objects in it and their computed gravitational binding. As a relic from the early Universe, the dark matter data could be used to test cosmological theories.[8] As the 2018 paper authors note, "the identification of massive/complex proto-clusters at high redshift could be useful to give constraints on dark matter simulations" of the Lambda-CDM model.[11]

## See also

* Lynx Supercluster, former record-holder supercluster for red shift z=1.26–1.27 (distance or time of formation)
* CL J1001+0220, record-holder galaxy cluster since 2016 at z=2.5

## References

1. ↑ Katherine Hignett (October 17, 2018), "Astronomers Find Largest Galaxy Proto-supercluster", Newsweek, https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/astronomers-find-largest-galaxy-proto-supercluster/ar-BBOvra5
2. ↑ Largest Galaxy Proto-Supercluster Found – Astronomers using ESO's Very Large Telescope uncover a cosmic titan lurking in the early Universe, European Southern Observatory (ESO), 17 October 2018, Science Release eso1833, https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1833/, retrieved 18 October 2018
3. ↑ Cucciati et al. 2018.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Doris Elin Salazar (October 17, 2018). "Meet Hyperion: Colossal Supercluster in the Early Universe". https://www.space.com/42173-hyperion-supercluster-discovered-early-universe.html.
5. ↑ Cucciati et al. 2018, p. 3.
6. ↑ Don Lincoln (October 21, 2018), This 'supercluster' of galaxies lets us peek into the universe's past, CNN, https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/21/opinions/hyperion-supercluster-opinion-lincoln/index.html
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Cucciati et al. 2018, p. 1.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Nicole Mortillaro (October 17, 2018), Astronomers find most massive structure in the early universe: Proto-supercluster may contain thousands of galaxies, CBC, https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/proto-supercluster-galaxies-1.4865301
9. ↑ Natalia A. Ramos Miranda (October 17, 2018), "Scientists in Chile unveil 'A Cosmic Titan' cluster of galaxies", Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-space-galaxy/scientists-in-chile-unveil-a-cosmic-titan-cluster-of-galaxies-idUSKCN1MR2RS
10. ↑ "Astronomers Find A Cosmic Titan In The Early Universe", Keck Observatory News (Kamuela, Hawaii: W. M. Keck Observatory, California Association for Research in Astronomy), October 19, 2018, http://keckobservatory.org/hyperion/, retrieved 2018-11-22
11. ↑ Cucciati et al. 2018, p. 17.

## Sources

* Cucciati, O.; Lemaux, B. C.; Zamorani, G.; Le Fèvre, O.; Tasca, L. A. M.; Hathi, N. P.; Lee, K.-G.; Bardelli, S. et al. (2018). "The progeny of a cosmic titan: A massive multi-component proto-supercluster in formation at z = 2.45 in VUDS". Astronomy & Astrophysics 619: A49. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833655. Bibcode: 2018A&A...619A..49C.

## Further reading

* Douglas Heaven (October 17, 2018), "Cosmic supercluster is largest object ever seen in the early universe", New Scientist, https://www.newscientist.com/article/2182883-cosmic-supercluster-is-largest-object-ever-seen-in-the-early-universe/
* Alison Klesman (October 18, 2018), "Astronomers discover a galaxy supercluster growing in the early universe – This titanic group of galaxies was already forming just 2.3 billion years after the Big Bang.", Astronomy.com, http://www.astronomy.com/news/2018/10/astronomers-discover-a-galaxy-supercluster-growing-in-the-early-universe

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2018 in space

* « 2017

2019 »

Space probe launches |

* TESS (lunar flyby; Apr 2018)
* InSight / Mars Cube One (mission to Mars; May 2018)
* Parker Solar Probe (solar space mission; Aug 2018)
* BepiColombo (mission to Mercury; Oct 2018)
* Chang'e 4 / Yutu-2 (mission to the Moon; Dec 2018)

Impact events|

* 2018 LA
* Kamchatka meteor

Selected NEOs|

* Asteroid close approaches
* 2010 WC9
* 2017 VR12
* 2017 YE5
* 2017 YZ1
* 2018 AH
* 2018 BD
* 2018 BF3
* 2018 CB
* 2018 CC
* 2018 CF2
* 2018 CL
* 2018 CN2
* 2018 CY2
* 2018 DV1
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* 2018 PD20
* 2018 LF16
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* (276033) 2002 AJ129
* (163899) 2003 SD220
* (505657) 2014 SR339

Exoplanets |

* Gliese 1132 c
* K2-141b
* K2-146b
* K2-148b
* K2-155d
* K2-229b
* K2-239b
* K2-239c
* K2-239d
* K2-288Bb
* Barnard's Star b
* EPIC 211945201 b
* HD 89345 b
* KELT-21b
* NGTS-3Ab

Discoveries|

* AT2018cow
* Novae (List)
* Carina
* Musca
* Perseus
* MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1
* Hyperion proto-supercluster
* 2015 TH367 (orbit announced)
* 2015 TG387 (orbit announced)
* 2017 OF69 (announced)
* 2018 VG18

Comets |

* C/2018 V1
* 46P/Wirtanen
* Hyperbolic comets
* C/2017 U7 (announced in 2018)
* C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)
* C/2018 F4 (PANSTARRS)

Space exploration|

* Hayabusa2 (asteroid Ryugu arrival; June 2018)
* OSIRIS-REx (asteroid Bennu arrival; Dec 2018)
* New Horizons (encounter with 486958 Arrokoth; Dec 2018 / Jan 2019)
* Dawn retirement
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* Category:2017 in space — Category:2018 in space — Category:2019 in space

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Constellation of Sextans

* List of stars in Sextans
* Sextans in Chinese astronomy

Stars|

| Bayer|

* α
* β
* γ
* δ
* ε

|

Flamsteed|

* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 9
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 20
* 21
* 23
* 24
* 25
* 26
* 27
* 31
* 32
* 33
* 34
* 35
* 36
* 39
* 40
* 41

Variable|

* S
* T
* Y
* RW
* SW
* VY

HR|

* 3879
* 3901
* 3907
* 3915
* 3959
* 4000
* 4034
* 4059
* 4060
* 4085
* 4092
* 4109
* 4122
* 4224
* 4233
* 4240

HD|

* 85461
* 86081
* 86341
* 90057
* 92788

Other|

* BD-08°2823
* FIRST J102347.6+003841
* Gliese 382
* Gliese 393
* LHS 292
* PG 1026+002
* PG 1047+003
* Cosmos Redshift 7 galaxy
* WASP-43

| Exoplanets|

* BD-08°2823 b
* c
* HD 86081 b
* HD 92788 b
* WASP-43 b

|

Galaxies|

| NGC|

* 2974
* 3115
* 3169

|

Other|

* Baby Boom Galaxy
* Cosmos Redshift 7
* LAE J095950.99+021219.1
* Sextans A
* Sextans B
* Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal

| Galaxy clusters|

* CL J1001+0220
* Hyperion proto-supercluster

|

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