List of directly imaged exoplanets

Short description: Exoplanets confirmed or discovered from direct imaging

Motion interpolation of seven images of the HR 8799 system taken from the W. M. Keck Observatory over seven years, featuring four exoplanets

This is a list of extrasolar planets that have been directly observed, sorted by observed separations. This method works best for young planets that emit infrared light and are far from the glare of the star. Currently, this list includes both directly imaged planets and imaged planetary-mass companions (objects that orbit a star but formed through a binary-star-formation process, not a planet-formation process). This list does not include free-floating planetary-mass objects in star-forming regions or young associations, which are also referred to as rogue planets.

The data given for each planet is taken from the latest published paper on the planet to have that data. In many cases it is not possible to have an exact value, and an estimated range is instead provided. The lightest, coldest, and oldest planet directly imaged is Proxima Centauri c, which has seven times Earth's mass, an effective temperature of 39 K, and an age of about 4.8 Ga. This list includes the four members of the multi-planet system that orbit HR 8799.

## Contents

* 1 Key
* 2 Exoplanets
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Key

Exoplanets have been discovered using several different methods for collecting or combining direct images to isolate planets from the background light of their star. Non-Redundant Aperture Masking Interferometry is a method of combining the views of multiple telescopes into a single image, while the other methods are algorithms for combining multiple direct images taken from the same telescope.

* ADI = Angular Differential Imaging
* KLIP = Karhunen–Loève Image Processing
* LOCI = Locally Optimized Combination of Images
* NRM = Non-Redundant Aperture Masking Interferometry
* RSDI = Reference Star Differential Imaging
* SDI = Spectral Differential Imaging
* TLOCI = Template Locally Optimized Combination of Images

## Exoplanets

Although listed in the table below, the identities of Fomalhaut b and Candidate 1 are disputed. They may not actually be true exoplanets.  † There is no consensus whether these companions of stars should be considered sub-brown dwarfs or planets Check https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/imaging.html to see more directly imaged planets. It contains an updated table of all of them.

Star | Exoplanet | Image  | Mass (MJ)  | Radius (RJ)  | Period (yr)  | Observed separation (AU)  | Eccentricity | Distance to Earth (ly)  | Year of discovery  | Imaging technique  | Ref(s).

|
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Alpha Centauri  | Candidate 1 (?)  |  | 0.11±0.05  | 0.459±0.17  | ~1  | 1.1  |  | 4.37  | 2021  |  |
AF Leporis  | AF Lep b |  | 2-5.5  |  | 20.6  | 8  | 0.47  | 87  | 2023  | Direct imaging  | [1][2][3]
Beta Pictoris | Beta Pictoris b |  | 12.7±0.3  | 1.5±0.2  | 22.47+3.77−2.26 | 9  | 0.08+0.09−0.05 | 0063 63.4±0.1

| 2008  | RSDI  | [4][5][6][7]
51 Eridani | 51 Eridani b |  | 2.6  | 1.0  | ?  | 13  | ?  | 0096 96

| 2014  | ADI, KLIP  | [8]
HR 8799 | HR 8799 e |  | 7.0  | 1.3  | 49  | 14.5  | 0.14  | 0128 128

| 2010  | ADI, LOCI  |
HR 8799 d | 7.0  | 1.3  | 100  | 24.5  | 0.09  | 0128 128

| 2008  | ADI, LOCI  |
HR 8799 c | 7.0  | 1.3  | 189  | 37.4  | 0.24  | 0128 128

| 2008  | ADI, LOCI  |
HR 8799 b | 5.0  | 1.2  | 474  | 69.2  | 0.17  | 0128 128

| 2008  | ADI, LOCI  |
2M J044144 | 2M J044144 b†  |  | 5–10  |  |  | 15  |  | 0456 456

| 2010  | Direct imaging  |
29 Cygni | HIP 99770 b |  | 13.9-16.1  | 1.05  | 51.0  | 16.9  | 0.25  | 130.9  | 2022  | ALOCI  | [9]
PDS 70 | PDS 70 b |  | ?  | ?  |  | 21  |  | 370  | 2018  | ADI, TLOCI  |
PDS 70 c |  | ?  | ?  |  | 35  |  | 370  | 2019  | SDI  |
HD 169142 | HD 169142 b  |  | 1-4  |  |  | 37.2  |  | 115  | 2019/2023  | pseudo-ADI, PDI, ASDI, ADI  | [10][11]
2M1207 | 2M1207b †  |  | 4.2  | 1.5  | 1620  | 40.6  | 0.37  | 0170 170

| 2004  | Direct imaging  |
59 Virginis | Gliese 504 b†  |  | 4+4.5−1 | ?  | ?  | 43.5  | ?  | 0057 57.27

| 2013  | ADI, LOCI  |
Kappa Andromedae | Kappa Andromedae b |  | 13+12−2 | ?  | 242–900 | 55  | 0.69–0.85 | 0168 168.0

| 2013  | ADI, LOCI  |
HD 95086 | HD 95086 b |  | 5.0  | ?  | ?  | 56  | ?  | 0295 295

| 2013  | ADI, LOCI  |
2MASS J01033563-5515561(AB)  | 2MASS J0103 AB b†  |  | 12-14  |  |  | 84  |  | 154  | 2013  | AO  | [12]
HIP 65426  | HIP 65426 b |  | 6-12  | 1.5  | 600  | 92  |  | 0363 363

| 2017  | ADI, TLOCI  | [13][14]
AB Aurigae | AB Aurigae b |  | 9-12  | 2.75  | ?  | 93  | 0.19-0.60  | 508  | 2022  | ADI/RSDI, ALOCI  | [15]
VHS 1256-1257 | VHS 1256 b †  |  | 11.2  |  | 3900  | 102  |  | 0040 40

| 2015  | Direct imaging  |
Fomalhaut | Fomalhaut b (?)  |  | < 2.0  |  | 872–2000  | 116.0  |  | 0025 25

| 2008/2012  | RSDI  |
2MASS J04372171+2651014  | 2M0437 b |  | 3-5  |  |  | 118  |  | 418  | 2021  | AO  | [16]
ROXs 42B  | ROXs 42Bb |  | 9±3  | 2.5  | 1968.3  | 0157 157

| Unknown  | 0440 440±16

| 2013  | Direct imaging  | [17]
2MASS J22362452+4751425  | 2M2236+4751 b†  |  | 11-14  |  |  | 230  |  | 205  | 2017  | AO  | [18]
AB Pictoris | AB Pictoris b†  |  | 10-14  |  |  | 260  |  | 164  | 2005  | imaging+ coronagraph  | [19][20]
FW Tauri  | FW Tauri b†  |  | 10±4  | ?  | ~12,000[21] | 330  | ?  | 0472 472.93

[22]

| 2013  | Direct imaging  | [23][24]
DH Tauri | DH Tauri b†  |  | 11±3  | 2.7±0.8  |  | 330  |  | 441  | 2005/2014  | Coronagraph, AO  | [25][26]
1RXS J1609 | 1RXS 1609 b†  |  | 8–14  | 1.7  | 6518  | 331.1  | 0.08  | 0470 470

| 2008/2010  | Direct imaging  |
HD 203030 | HD 203030 B |  | 11+4−3 |  |  | 487  |  | 128  | 2006  | SDI  | [27]
HD 106906 | HD 106906 b†  |  | 11±2  | ?  | ?  | 650  | ?  | 0300 300

| 2013  | ADI  |
DT Virginis | Ross 458(AB) c†  |  | 8.5  | 1.8  | 33,081  | 1167.7  | 0.17  | 0038 38

[28]

| 2011  | Direct imaging  |
BD+60 1417  | BD+60 1417b†  |  | 15±5  | 1.31±0.06  |  | 1662  |  | 144±13  | 2021  | Direct imaging  | [29]
2MASS J0249-0557AB  | 2MASS J0249-0557c†  |  | 11.6+1.3
−1.0 |  |  | 1950  |  | 159  | 2018  | Direct imaging  | [30]
GU Piscium | GU Piscium b†  |  | 11±2  |  | 163,000  | 2000  |  | 0155 155

| 2014  | Direct imaging  |
WD 0806-661 | WD 0806-661 B†  |  | 7–9  | ?  | ?  | 2500  | ?  | 0062 62

| 2011  | Direct imaging  |
L 34-26  | COCONUTS-2b†  |  | 6.3+1.5
−1.9 | 1.1±0.03 | ~1,100,000  | 6471  |  | 35.51±0.01  | 2021/2011  | Direct imaging  | [31]
TYC 9486-927-1 | 2MASS J2126–8140 |  | 13.3±1.7  | ?  | ~900,000  | 6684  | ?  | 80.72±13.86  | 2016/2006  | Direct imaging  | [32]

## See also

* Lists of exoplanets
* List of largest exoplanets
* List of nearest exoplanets
* List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates
* List of potentially habitable exoplanets
* List of stars with resolved images

## References

1. ↑ Franson, Kyle; Bowler, Brendan P.; Zhou, Yifan; Pearce, Tim D.; Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella C.; Biddle, Lauren I.; Brandt, Timothy D.; Crepp, Justin R. et al. (2023). "Astrometric Accelerations as Dynamical Beacons: A Giant Planet Imaged inside the Debris Disk of the Young Star AF Lep". The Astrophysical Journal Letters (American Astronomical Society) 950 (2): L19. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acd6f6. Bibcode: 2023ApJ...950L..19F.
2. ↑ Mesa, D.; Gratton, R.; Kervella, P.; Bonavita, M.; Desidera, S.; D'Orazi, V.; Marino, S.; Zurlo, A. et al. (2023-02-13). "AF Lep b: The lowest-mass planet detected by coupling astrometric and direct imaging data". Astronomy & Astrophysics 672: A93. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202345865. Bibcode: 2023A&A...672A..93M.
3. ↑ De Rosa, Robert J.; Nielsen, Eric L.; Wahhaj, Zahed; Ruffio, Jean-Baptise; Kalas, Paul G.; Peck, Anne E.; Hirsch, Lea A.; Roberson, William (2023-02-13). "Direct imaging discovery of a super-Jovian around the young Sun-like star AF Leporis". Astronomy & Astrophysics 672: A94. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202345877. Bibcode: 2023A&A...672A..94D.
4. ↑ Wang (2016). "The Orbit and Transit Prospects for β Pictoris b Constrained with One Milliarcsecond Astrometry". The Astronomical Journal 152 (4): 97. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/4/97. Bibcode: 2016AJ....152...97W.
5. ↑ Bonnefoy (2014). "Physical and orbital properties of β Pictoris b". Astronomy & Astrophysics 567: L9. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424041. Bibcode: 2014A&A...567L...9B.
6. ↑ Currie, Thayne et al. (2013). "A Combined Very Large Telescope and Gemini Study of the Atmosphere of the Directly Imaged Planet, β Pictoris b". The Astrophysical Journal 776 (1): 15. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/776/1/15. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2013ApJ...776...15C.
7. ↑ Morzinski (2015). "Magellan Adaptive Optics First-light Observations of the Exoplanet β Pic b. II. 3-5 μm Direct Imaging with MagAO+Clio, and the Empirical Bolometric Luminosity of a Self-luminous Giant Planet". The Astrophysical Journal 815 (2): 108. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/815/2/108. Bibcode: 2015ApJ...815..108M.
8. ↑ Macintoshi (2015). "Discovery and spectroscopy of the young Jovian planet 51 Eri b with the Gemini Planet Imager". Science 350 (6256): 64–7. doi:10.1126/science.aac5891. PMID 26272904. Bibcode: 2015Sci...350...64M.
9. ↑ Currie, Thayne et al. (2023), "Direct imaging and astrometric detection of a gas giant planet orbiting an accelerating star", Science 380 (6641): 198–203, doi:10.1126/science.abo6192, PMID 37053312, Bibcode: 2023Sci...380..198C
10. ↑ Gratton, R.; Ligi, R.; Sissa, E.; Desidera, S.; Mesa, D.; Bonnefoy, M.; Chauvin, G.; Cheetham, A. et al. (2019-03-01). "Blobs, spiral arms, and a possible planet around HD 169142". Astronomy and Astrophysics 623: A140. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834760. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2019A&A...623A.140G. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019A&A...623A.140G.
11. ↑ Hammond, Iain; Christiaens, Valentin; Price, Daniel J.; Toci, Claudia; Pinte, Christophe; Juillard, Sandrine; Garg, Himanshi (2023-03-01). "Confirmation and keplerian motion of the gap-carving protoplanet HD 169142 b". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 522 (1): L51–L55. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slad027. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2023MNRAS.522L..51H.
12. ↑ Delorme, P.; Gagné, J.; Girard, J. H.; Lagrange, A. M.; Chauvin, G.; Naud, M. -E.; Lafrenière, D.; Doyon, R. et al. (2013-05-01). "Direct-imaging discovery of a 12-14 Jupiter-mass object orbiting a young binary system of very low-mass stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics 553: L5. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321169. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2013A&A...553L...5D.
13. ↑ "ESO's SPHERE Unveils its First Exoplanet". https://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann17041/.
14. ↑ Chauvin (2017). "Discovery of a warm, dusty giant planet around HIP 65426". Astronomy & Astrophysics 605: L9. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731152. Bibcode: 2017A&A...605L...9C.
15. ↑ Currie, Thayne; Lawson, Kellen; Schneider, Glenn et al. (4 April 2022). "Images of embedded Jovian planet formation at a wide separation around AB Aurigae". Nature Astronomy (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 6 (6): 751–759. doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01634-x. ISSN 2397-3366. Bibcode: 2022NatAs...6..751C.
16. ↑ Gaidos, E.; Hirano, T.; Kraus, A. L.; Kuzuhara, M.; Zhang, Z.; Lee, R. A.; Salama, M.; Berger, T. A. et al. (2022-05-01). "Zodiacal exoplanets in time (ZEIT) XII: a directly imaged planetary-mass companion to a young Taurus M dwarf star". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 512 (1): 583–601. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3069. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2022MNRAS.512..583G. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MNRAS.512..583G.
17. ↑ Currie, Thayne; Daemgen, Sebastian; Debes, John; Lafreniere, David; Itoh, Yoichi; Jayawardhana, Ray; Ratzka, Thorsten; Correia, Serge (2014). "Direct Imaging and Spectroscopy of a Candidate Companion Below/Near the Deuterium-Burning Limit In The Young Binary Star System, ROXs 42B". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 780 (2): 30. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/780/2/L30. Bibcode: 2014ApJ...780L..30C.
18. ↑ Bowler, Brendan P.; Liu, Michael C.; Mawet, Dimitri; Ngo, Henry; Malo, Lison; Mace, Gregory N.; McLane, Jacob N.; Lu, Jessica R. et al. (2017-01-01). "Planets around Low-mass Stars (PALMS). VI. Discovery of a Remarkably Red Planetary-mass Companion to the AB Dor Moving Group Candidate 2MASS J22362452+4751425*". The Astronomical Journal 153 (1): 18. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/153/1/18. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2017AJ....153...18B.
19. ↑ Chauvin, G.; Lagrange, A. -M.; Zuckerman, B.; Dumas, C.; Mouillet, D.; Song, I.; Beuzit, J. -L.; Lowrance, P. et al. (2005-08-01). "A companion to AB Pic at the planet/brown dwarf boundary". Astronomy and Astrophysics 438 (3): L29–L32. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200500111. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2005A&A...438L..29C.
20. ↑ Bonnefoy, M.; Chauvin, G.; Lagrange, A. -M.; Rojo, P.; Allard, F.; Pinte, C.; Dumas, C.; Homeier, D. (2014-02-01). "A library of near-infrared integral field spectra of young M-L dwarfs". Astronomy and Astrophysics 562: A127. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118270. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2014A&A...562A.127B.
21. ↑ "Planet FW Tau b.". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. https://exoplanet.eu/catalog/fw_tau_b--1480/. Retrieved 21 Feb 2018.
22. ↑ "FW Tauri". Universe Guide. https://www.universeguide.com/star/fwtau.
23. ↑ Wu, Ya-Lin; Sheehan, Patrick D. (2017-09-08). "An ALMA Dynamical Mass Estimate of the Proposed Planetary-mass Companion FW Tau C". The Astrophysical Journal 846 (2): L26. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa8771. ISSN 2041-8213. Bibcode: 2017ApJ...846L..26W.
24. ↑ Mora, Ariel; Wu, Ya-Lin; Bowler, Brendan P.; Sheehan, Patrick (2020-01-08). "Measuring the Mass of the Faint Companion to FW Tau with ALMA". Research Notes of the AAS 4 (1): 9. doi:10.3847/2515-5172/ab6852. ISSN 2515-5172. Bibcode: 2020RNAAS...4....9M.
25. ↑ Itoh, Yoichi; Hayashi, Masahiko; Tamura, Motohide; Tsuji, Takashi; Oasa, Yumiko; Fukagawa, Misato; Hayashi, Saeko S.; Naoi, Takahiro et al. (2005-02-01). "A Young Brown Dwarf Companion to DH Tauri". The Astrophysical Journal 620 (2): 984–993. doi:10.1086/427086. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2005ApJ...620..984I. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...620..984I.
26. ↑ Zhou, Yifan; Herczeg, Gregory J.; Kraus, Adam L.; Metchev, Stanimir; Cruz, Kelle L. (2014-03-01). "Accretion onto Planetary Mass Companions of Low-mass Young Stars". The Astrophysical Journal 783 (1): L17. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/783/1/L17. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2014ApJ...783L..17Z.
27. ↑ Miles-Páez, Paulo A.; Metchev, Stanimir; Luhman, Kevin L.; Marengo, Massimo; Hulsebus, Alan (2017). "The Prototypical Young L/T-Transition Dwarf HD 203030B Likely Has Planetary Mass". The Astronomical Journal 154 (6): 262. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa9711. Bibcode: 2017AJ....154..262M.
28. ↑ "Ross 458(AB) c". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. https://exoplanet.eu/catalog/ross_458_ab_c--845/. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
29. ↑ Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Gagné, Jonathan; Popinchalk, Mark; Vos, Johanna M.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Schümann, Jörg; Schneider, Adam C.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy et al. (2021-12-01). "A Wide Planetary Mass Companion Discovered through the Citizen Science Project Backyard Worlds: Planet 9". The Astrophysical Journal 923 (1): 48. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac2499. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2021ApJ...923...48F.
30. ↑ Dupuy, Trent J.; Liu, Michael C.; Allers, Katelyn N.; Biller, Beth A.; Kratter, Kaitlin M.; Mann, Andrew W.; Shkolnik, Evgenya L.; Kraus, Adam L. et al. (2018-08-01). "The Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. III. 2MASS J0249-0557 c: A Wide Planetary-mass Companion to a Low-mass Binary in the β Pic Moving Group". The Astronomical Journal 156 (2): 57. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aacbc2. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2018AJ....156...57D.
31. ↑ Zhang, Zhoujian; Liu, Michael C.; Claytor, Zachary R.; Best, William M. J.; Dupuy, Trent J.; Siverd, Robert J. (2021-08-01). "The Second Discovery from the COol Companions ON Ultrawide orbiTS (COCONUTS) Program: A Cold Wide-Orbit Exoplanet around a Young Field M Dwarf at 10.9 pc". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 916 (2): L11. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac1123. ISSN 2041-8205. Bibcode: 2021ApJ...916L..11Z.
32. ↑ Deacon, N. R.; Schlieder, J. E.; Murphy, S. J. (2016-02-23). "A nearby young M dwarf with a wide, possibly planetary-mass companion". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 457 (3): 3191–3199. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw172. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2016MNRAS.457.3191D.

## External links

* "Candidates detected by imaging". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. 1995. https://exoplanet.eu/catalog/. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
* "Exoplanets Data Explorer". http://exoplanets.org/table/.
* https://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1624a/ \- Retrieved 2016-06-16

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