List of missions to the Moon

Short description: None

A replica of Luna 9, the first spacecraft to land on the Moon

The first image taken of the far side of the Moon, returned by Luna 3

As part of human exploration of the Moon, numerous space missions have been undertaken to study Earth's natural satellite. Of the Moon landings, Luna 2 of the Soviet Union was the first spacecraft to reach its surface successfully,[1] intentionally impacting the Moon on 13 September 1959. In 1966, Luna 9 became the first spacecraft to achieve a controlled soft landing,[2] while Luna 10 became the first mission to enter orbit, and in 1968 Zond 5 became the first mission to carry lifeforms (tortoises) to close proximity of the Moon.

Between 1968 and 1972, crewed missions to the Moon were conducted by the United States as part of the Apollo program. Apollo 8 was the first crewed mission to enter orbit in December 1968, and it was followed by Apollo 10 in May 1969. Six missions landed humans on the Moon, beginning with Apollo 11 in July 1969, during which Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Moon. Apollo 13 was intended to land; however, it was restricted to a flyby due to a malfunction aboard the spacecraft. All nine crewed missions returned safely to the Earth.

While the United States focused on the crewed Apollo program, the Soviet Union conducted uncrewed missions that deployed rovers and returned samples to the Earth. Three rover missions were launched, of which two were successful, and eleven sample return flights were attempted with three successes.

Missions to the Moon have been conducted by the following nations and organisations (in chronological order): the Soviet Union, the United States , Japan , the European Space Agency, China , India , Luxembourg, Israel, Italy, South Korea , the United Arab Emirates, Russia , and Mexico. The Moon has also been visited by five spacecraft not dedicated to studying it; four spacecraft have flown past it to gain gravity assistance, and a radio telescope, Explorer 49, was placed into selenocentric orbit in order to use the Moon to block interference from terrestrial radio sources.

## Contents

* 1 20th century
* 2 21st century
* 3 Statistics
* 3.1 Launches by decade
* 3.2 Mission milestone by country
* 3.3 National surface statistics
* 3.4 Missions by organization/company
* 4 Future missions
* 4.1 Funded and are under development
* 4.1.1 Robotic
* 4.1.2 Crewed
* 4.2 Proposed but full funding still unclear
* 4.2.1 Robotic
* 5 Unrealized concepts
* 5.1 1960s
* 5.2 2010s
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## 20th century

Legend

⚀ Cubesat or similar

Mission  | Spacecraft  | Launch date  | Carrier rocket  | Operator  | Mission type  | Outcome

|
|
|
|
|
|

1  | Pioneer 0

(Able I)[3]

| Pioneer 0  | 17 August 1958  | Thor DM-18 Able I[3] |  United States Air Force | Orbiter  | Launch failure
First attempted launch beyond Earth orbit; failed to orbit due to turbopump gearbox malfunction resulting in first-stage explosion.[3] Reached apogee of 16 kilometres (10 mi).[4]
2  | Luna E-1 No.1 | Luna E-1 No.1 | 23 September 1958  | Luna |  OKB-1  | Impactor  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; rocket disintegrated due to excessive vibration.[3][5]
3  | Pioneer 1

(Able II)[3]

| Pioneer 1  | 11 October 1958  | Thor DM-18 Able I[3] |  NASA | Orbiter  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; premature second-stage cutoff due to accelerometer failure. Later known as Pioneer 1.[3] Reached apogee of 113,800 kilometres (70,700 mi).[6]
4  | Luna E-1 No.2 | Luna E-1 No.2 | 11 October 1958  | Luna |  OKB-1  | Impactor  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; carrier rocket exploded due to excessive vibration.[3][5]
5  | Pioneer 2

(Able III)

| Pioneer 2  | 8 November 1958  | Thor DM-18 Able I |  NASA | Orbiter  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; premature second-stage cutoff due to erroneous command by ground controllers; third stage failed to ignite due to broken electrical connection.[3] Reached apogee of 1,550 kilometres (960 mi).[7]
6  | Luna E-1 No.3 | Luna E-1 No.3 | 4 December 1958  | Luna |  OKB-1  | Impactor  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; seal failure in hydrogen peroxide pump cooling system resulted in core-stage underperformance.[3][5]
7  | Pioneer 3 | Pioneer 3 | 6 December 1958  | Juno II |  NASA | Flyby  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; premature first-stage cutoff.[3] Reached apogee of 102,360 kilometres (63,600 mi).[8]
8  | Luna 1

(E-1 No.4)

| Luna 1  | 2 January 1959  | Luna |  OKB-1  | Impactor  | Partial failure
Carrier rocket guidance problem resulted in failure to impact Moon, flew past in a heliocentric orbit.[9] Closest approach 5,995 kilometres (3,725 mi) on 4 January.[10] First spacecraft to fly by the Moon.
9  | Pioneer 4 | Pioneer 4 | 3 March 1959  | Juno II |  NASA | Flyby  | Partial failure
Second-stage overperformance resulted in flyby at greater altitude than expected, out of instrument range, with 58,983 kilometres (36,650 mi) of distance.[9] Closest approach at 22:25 UTC on 4 March. First U.S. spacecraft to leave Earth orbit.[11]
10  | E-1A No.1 | E-1A No.1 | 18 June 1959  | Luna |  OKB-1  | Impactor  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; guidance system malfunction.[9]
11  | Luna 2

(E-1A No.2)

| Luna 2 | 12 September 1959  | Luna |  OKB-1  | Impactor  | Successful
Successful impact at 21:02 on 14 September 1959. First spacecraft to reach lunar surface.[12] The impact made the Soviet Union the 1st country to reach the surface of the Moon.
12  | Luna 3

(E-2A No.1)

| Luna 3 | 4 October 1959  | Luna |  OKB-1  | Flyby  | Successful
Returned first images of the far side of the Moon.[13]
13  | Pioneer P-3

Able IVB

| Pioneer P-3 | 26 November 1959  | Atlas-D Able |  NASA | Orbiter  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit;[14] payload fairing disintegrated due to design fault.[9]
14  | Luna E-3 No.1 | Luna E-3 No.1 | 15 April 1960  | Luna |  OKB-1  | Flyby  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; premature third-stage cutoff.[15]
15  | Luna E-3 No.2 | Luna E-3 No.2 | 16 April 1960  | Luna |  OKB-1  | Flyby  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; rocket disintegrated ten seconds after launch.[15]
16  | Pioneer P-30

(Able VA)

| Pioneer P-30 | 25 September 1960  | Atlas-D Able |  NASA | Orbiter  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; second-stage oxidizer system malfunction resulting in premature cutoff.[16][15]
17  | Pioneer P-31

(Able VB)

| Pioneer P-31 | 15 December 1960  | Atlas-D Able |  NASA | Orbiter  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit, exploded 68 seconds after launch, at an altitude of 12.2 kilometres (7.6 mi). Second stage ignited while first stage was still attached and burning.[17][15]
18  | Ranger 3

(P-34)

| Ranger 3 | 26 January 1962  | Atlas LV-3 Agena-B |  NASA | Impactor  | Spacecraft failure
Ranger 3 lander  | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Partial launch failure due to guidance problem; attempt to correct using spacecraft's engine resulted in it missing the Moon by 36,793 kilometres (22,862 mi).[18][19]
19  | Ranger 4

(P-35)

| Ranger 4 | 23 April 1962  | Atlas LV-3 Agena-B |  NASA | Impactor  | Spacecraft failure
Ranger 4 lander  | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Failed to deploy solar panels, ran out of power ten hours after launch; incidental impact on the far side of the Moon on 26 April. First spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon.[18][20]

The impact made the United States the 2nd country to reach the surface of the Moon.

20  | Ranger 5

(P-36)

| Ranger 5 | 18 October 1962  | Atlas LV-3 Agena-B |  NASA | Impactor  | Spacecraft failure
Ranger 5 lander  | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Solar panels erroneously disengaged from power system, failed ​8 3⁄4 hours after launch when batteries were depleted.[18] Missed the Moon as course correction was not completed.[21]
21  | Luna E-6 No.2 | Luna E-6 No.2 | 4 January 1963  | Molniya-L  |  OKB-1  | Lander  | Launch failure
Failed to depart Low Earth orbit;[22] guidance system power failure prevented upper-stage ignition.[23]
22  | Luna E-6 No.3 | Luna E-6 No.3 | 3 February 1963  | Molniya-L  |  OKB-1  | Lander  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; guidance failure.[23]
23  | Luna 4

(E-6 No.4)

| Luna 4 | 2 April 1963  | Molniya-L  |  OKB-1  | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Failed to perform mid-course correction,[23] remained in high Earth orbit until given escape velocity by orbital perturbation.[24]
24  | Ranger 6

(P-54)

| Ranger 6 | 30 January 1964  | Atlas LV-3 Agena-B |  NASA | Impactor  | Spacecraft failure
Impacted on 2 February 1964, failed to return images due to power system failure.[25][26]
25  | Luna E-6 No.6 | Luna E-6 No.6 | 21 March 1964  | Molniya-M |  OKB-1  | Lander  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; third stage underperformed due to oxidiser valve failure.[25]
26  | Luna E-6 No.5 | Luna E-6 No.5 | 20 April 1964  | Molniya-M |  OKB-1  | Lander  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; power failure caused by broken connection resulted in premature third-stage cutoff.[25]
27  | Ranger 7 | Ranger 7 | 28 July 1964  | Atlas LV-3 Agena-B |  NASA | Impactor  | Successful
Impacted on 30 July 1964 at 13:25:48 UTC.[27]
28  | Ranger 8 | Ranger 8 | 17 February 1965  | Atlas LV-3 Agena-B |  NASA | Impactor  | Successful
Impacted on 20 February 1965 at 09:57:37 UTC.[28][29]
29  | Kosmos 60

(E-6 No.9)

| Kosmos 60 | 12 March 1965  | Molniya-L  |  Lavochkin | Lander  | Launch failure
Upper stage failed to restart due to guidance system short circuit,[28] Failed to depart low Earth orbit.[30]
30  | Ranger 9 | Ranger 9 | 21 March 1965  | Atlas LV-3 Agena-B |  NASA | Impactor  | Successful
Impacted on 24 March 1965 at 14:08:20 UTC.[28][31]
31  | Luna E-6 No.8 | Luna E-6 No.8 | 10 April 1965  | Molniya-L  |  Lavochkin | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Third stage failed to ignite due to loss of oxidiser pressure, failed to orbit.[28]
32  | Luna 5

(E-6 No.10)

| Luna 5 | 9 May 1965  | Molniya-M |  Lavochkin | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Loss of control after gyroscope malfunction,[28] failed to decelerate for landing and impacted the Moon at 19:10 UTC on 12 May 1965.[32]
33  | Luna 6

(E-6 No.7)

| Luna 6 | 8 June 1965  | Molniya-M |  Lavochkin | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Engine failed to shut down after performing mid-course correction manoeuvre,[28] flew past the Moon in a heliocentric orbit.[33]
34  | Zond 3

(3MV-4 No.3)

| Zond 3 | 18 July 1965  | Molniya |  Lavochkin | Flyby  | Successful
Flew past the Moon on 20 July 1965 at a distance of 9,200 kilometres (5,700 mi).[34] Conducted technology demonstration for future planetary missions.[28]
35  | Luna 7

(E-6 No.11)

| Luna 7 | 4 October 1965  | Molniya |  Lavochkin | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Attitude control failure shortly before landing prevented controlled descent; impacted the lunar surface 22:08:24 UTC on 7 October 1965.[28][35]
36  | Luna 8

(E-6 No.12)

| Luna 8 | 3 December 1965  | Molniya |  Lavochkin | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Landing airbag punctured, resulting in loss of attitude control shortly before planned touchdown,[28] impacted Moon on 6 December 1965 at 21:51:30 UTC.[36]
37  | Luna 9

(E-6 No.13)

| Luna 9 | 31 January 1966  | Molniya-M |  Lavochkin | Lander  | Successful
First spacecraft to land successfully on the Moon. Touchdown on 3 February 1966 at 18:45:30 UTC.[37] Returned data until 6 February at 22:55 UTC.[38]
38  | Kosmos 111

(E-6S No.204)

| Kosmos 111 | 1 March 1966  | Molniya-M |  Lavochkin | Orbiter  | Launch failure
Upper stage lost attitude control and failed to ignite;[38] spacecraft never left low Earth orbit.[39]
39  | Luna 10

(E-6S No.206)

| Luna 10 | 31 March 1966  | Molniya-M |  Lavochkin | Orbiter  | Successful
Entered orbit at 18:44 UTC on 3 April 1966, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon.[40] Continued to return data until 30 May.[38]
40  | Surveyor 1 | Surveyor 1 | 30 May 1966  | Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D |  NASA | Lander  | Successful
Landed in Oceanus Procellarum on 2 June 1966 at 06:17:36 UTC.[38] Returned data until loss of power on 13 July.[41]
41  | Explorer 33

(AIMP-D)

| Explorer 33 | 1 July 1966  | Delta E1 |  NASA | Orbiter  | Launch failure
Magnetospheric probe; rocket imparted greater velocity than had been planned, leaving spacecraft unable to enter orbit.[38] Repurposed for Earth orbit mission which was completed successfully.[42]
42  | Lunar Orbiter 1 | Lunar Orbiter 1 | 10 August 1966  | Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D |  NASA | Orbiter  | Partial failure
Orbital insertion at around 15:36 UTC on 14 August. Deorbited early due to lack of fuel and to avoid communications interference with the next mission, impacted the Moon at 13:30 UTC on 29 October 1966.[43]
43  | Luna 11

(E-6LF No.101)

| Luna 11 | 21 August 1966  | Molniya-M |  Lavochkin | Orbiter  | Partial failure
Entered orbit on 28 August 1966. Failed to return images; other instruments operated correctly.[38] Conducted gamma ray and X-ray observations to study the composition of the Moon, investigated the lunar gravitational field, the presence of meteorites in the lunar environment and the radiation environment at the Moon.

Ceased operation on 1 October 1966 after power was depleted.[44]

44  | Surveyor 2 | Surveyor 2 | 20 September 1966  | Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D |  NASA | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
One thruster failed to ignite during mid-course correction manoeuvre, resulting in loss of control.[38] Impacted the Moon at 03:18 UTC on 23 September 1966.[45]
45  | Luna 12

(E-6LF No.102)

| Luna 12 | 22 October 1966  | Molniya-M |  Lavochkin | Orbiter  | Successful
Entered orbit on 25 October 1966 and returned data until 19 January 1967.[46] Completed photography mission intended for Luna 11.[38]
46  | Lunar Orbiter 2 | Lunar Orbiter 2 | 6 November 1966  | Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D |  NASA | Orbiter  | Successful
Entered orbit at about 19:51 UTC on 10 November 1966 to begin photographic mapping mission. Impacted on the far side of the lunar surface following deorbit burn on 11 October 1967 at end of mission.[47]
47  | Luna 13

(E-6M No.205)

| Luna 13 | 21 December 1966  | Molniya-M |  Lavochkin | Lander  | Successful
Successfully landed in Oceanus Procellarum at 18:01 UTC on 24 December 1966.[38] Returned images from the surface and studied the lunar soil.[48] Operated until depletion of power at 06:31 UTC on 28 December.[38]
48  | Lunar Orbiter 3 | Lunar Orbiter 3 | 5 February 1967  | Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D |  NASA | Orbiter  | Successful
Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 February 1967. Deorbited at end of mission and impacted the Moon on 9 October 1967.[49]
49  | Surveyor 3 | Surveyor 3 | 17 April 1967  | Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D |  NASA | Lander  | Successful
Landed at 00:04 UTC on 20 April 1967 and operated until 3 May.[50][51] Visited by Apollo 12 astronauts in 1969, with some parts removed for return to Earth.[52]
50  | Lunar Orbiter 4 | Lunar Orbiter 4 | 4 May 1967  | Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D |  NASA | Orbiter  | Successful
Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 May 1967, operated until 17 July. Decayed from orbit, with lunar impact occurring on 6 October 1967.[50][53]
51  | Surveyor 4 | Surveyor 4 | 14 July 1967  | Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D |  NASA | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Contact with spacecraft lost at 02:03 UTC on 17 July, two and a half minutes before scheduled landing.[50] NASA determined that the spacecraft may have exploded, otherwise it impacted the Moon.[54]
52  | Explorer 35
(AIMP-E) | Explorer 35
(AIMP-E) | 19 July 1967  | Delta E1 |  NASA | Orbiter  | Successful
Magnetospheric probe, studying the Moon and interplanetary space. Deactivated on 27 June 1973.[55] Presumed to have impacted the Moon during the 1970s.[56]
53  | Lunar Orbiter 5 | Lunar Orbiter 5 | 1 August 1967  | Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D |  NASA | Orbiter  | Successful
Final mission in the Lunar Orbiter series, entered selenocentric orbit on 5 August at 16:48 UTC and conducted a photographic survey until 18 August. Deorbited and impacted the Moon on 31 January 1968.[57]
54  | Surveyor 5 | Surveyor 5 | 8 September 1967  | Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D |  NASA | Lander  | Successful
Landed in Mare Tranquillitatis at 00:46:44 UTC on 11 September. Last signals received at 04:30 UTC on 17 December 1967.[58]
55  | Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L | Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L | 27 September 1967  | Proton-K/D |  Lavochkin | Flyby  | Spacecraft failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to reach orbit after a blocked propellant line caused one of the first-stage engines to not ignite.[50]
56  | Surveyor 6 | Surveyor 6 | 7 November 1967  | Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D |  NASA | Lander  | Successful
Landed in Sinus Medii at 01:01:04 UTC on 10 November.[50] Made brief flight from lunar surface at 10:32 UTC on 17 November, followed by second landing after travelling 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in). Last contact at 19:14 UTC on 14 December.[59]
57  | Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L | Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L | 22 November 1967  | Proton-K/D |  Lavochkin | Flyby  | Launch failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions; unable to achieve orbit after second-stage engine failed to ignite.[50]
58  | Surveyor 7 | Surveyor 7 | 7 January 1968  | Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D |  NASA | Lander  | Successful
Final Surveyor mission.[60] Landed 29 kilometres (18 mi) from Tycho crater at 01:05:36 UTC on 10 January. Operated until 21 February 1968.[61]
59  | Luna E-6LS No.112 | Luna E-6LS No.112 | 7 February 1968  | Molniya-M |  Lavochkin | Orbiter  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit after third stage ran out of fuel.[61]
60  | Luna 14

(E-6LS No.113)

| Luna 14 | 7 April 1968  | Molniya-M |  Lavochkin | Orbiter  | Successful
Tested communications for proposed crewed missions and studied the mass concentration of the Moon. Entered orbit on 10 April at 19:25 UTC.[62]
61  | Soyuz 7K-L1 No.7L  | Soyuz 7K-L1 No.7L  | 22 April 1968  | Proton-K/D |  Lavochkin | Flyby  | Launch failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to orbit after second-stage engine incorrectly commanded to shut down. Spacecraft was recovered using its prototype launch escape system.[61]
62  | Zond 5

(7K-L1 No.9L)

| Zond 5 | 14 September 1968  | Proton-K/D |  Lavochkin | Flyby  | Successful
Two tortoises and other life forms on board a technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Made a closest approach of 1,950 kilometres (1,210 mi) on 18 September, and circled the Moon before returning to Earth. Landed in the Indian Ocean on 21 September at 16:08 UTC, becoming the first Lunar spacecraft to be recovered successfully and carried the first Earth life to travel to and around the Moon.[63]
63  | Zond 6

(7K-L1 No.12L)

| Zond 6 | 10 November 1968  | Proton-K/D |  Lavochkin | Flyby  | Spacecraft failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Carrying turtles, making this the second mission of Earthlings to travel in close proximity of the Moon, the flyby was on 14 November with a closest approach of 2,420 kilometres (1,500 mi).[64] Reentered Earth's atmosphere on 17 November; recovery was unsuccessful after parachutes were prematurely jettisoned.[61]
64  | Apollo 8 | Apollo 8 | 21 December 1968  | Saturn V |  NASA | Crewed orbiter  | Successful
First crewed mission to the Moon; entered orbit around the Moon with four-minute burn beginning at 09:59:52 UTC on 24 December. Completed ten orbits of the Moon before returning to Earth with an engine burn at 06:10:16 UTC on 25 December. Landed in the Pacific Ocean at 15:51 UTC on 27 December.[65]
65  | Soyuz 7K-L1 No.13L  | Soyuz 7K-L1 No.13L  | 20 January 1969  | Proton-K/D |  Lavochkin | Flyby  | Launch failure
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to orbit after one of the four second-stage engines shut down prematurely. Third-stage engine also shut down prematurely. The spacecraft was recovered using its launch escape system.[66]
66  | Luna E-8 No.201 | Luna E-8 No.201 | 19 February 1969  | Proton-K/D |  Lavochkin | Lander  | Launch failure
Lunokhod  | Rover  | Launch failure
First launch of the Lunokhod rover. Launch vehicle disintegrated 51 seconds after launch and exploded.[67]
67  | Soyuz 7K-L1S No.3  | Soyuz 7K-L1S No.3  | 21 February 1969  | N1 |  OKB-1  | Orbiter  | Launch failure
First launch of N1 rocket; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. First stage prematurely shut down 70 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed 50 kilometres (31 mi) from launch site. Spacecraft landed some 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the launch pad after successfully using its launch escape system.[67]
68  | Apollo 10 | Apollo 10 | 18 May 1969  | Saturn V |  NASA | Orbiter  | Successful
Apollo 10 Lunar Module  | Orbiter  | Successful
Dress rehearsal for Apollo 11. Lunar Module with two astronauts on board descended to a distance of 14.326 kilometres (8.902 mi) above the lunar surface.[68]
69  | Luna E-8-5 No.402  | Luna E-8-5 No.402  | 14 June 1969  | Proton-K/D |  Lavochkin | Lander  | Launch failure
Luna E-8-5 No.402 Return Craft  | Sample Return  | Launch failure
Intended to land on the Moon and return lunar soil sample. Did not reach Earth orbit after fourth stage failed to ignite.[66]
70  | Soyuz 7K-L1S No.5  | Soyuz 7K-L1S No.5  | 3 July 1969  | N1 |  OKB-1  | Orbiter  | Launch failure
Intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. All first-stage engines shut down 10 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed and exploded on the launch pad. Spacecraft landed safely 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the launch site after using launch escape sequence.[67]
71  | Luna 15

(E-8-5 No.401)

| Luna 15 | 13 July 1969  | Proton-K/D |  Lavochkin | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Luna 15 Return Craft  | Sample Return  | Launch failure
Reached lunar orbit at 10:00 UTC on 17 July. Descent retro-rocket burn started at 15:47 UTC on 21 July. Contact lost three minutes after de-orbit burn; probably crashed on the Moon.[67]
72  | Apollo 11 | Apollo 11 | 16 July 1969  | Saturn V |  NASA | Orbiter  | Successful
Apollo 11 Lunar Module | Lander/Launch Vehicle  | Successful
First crewed landing on the Moon. The Lunar Module Eagle landed at 20:17 UTC on 20 July 1969.
73  | Zond 7

(7K-L1 No.11L)

| Zond 7 | 7 August 1969  | Proton-K/D |  Lavochkin | Flyby  | Successful
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Carried four turtles in a lunar flyby on 10 August, with a closest approach of 1,200 kilometres (750 mi); returned to Earth and landed in Kazakhstan at 18:13 UTC on 14 August.[67]
74  | Kosmos 300

(E-8-5 No.403)

| Kosmos 300 | 23 September 1969  | Proton-K/D |  Lavochkin | Lander  | Launch failure
Kosmos 300 Return Craft  | Sample return  | Launch failure
Third attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth-stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to oxidiser leak. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere about 4 days after launch.[67]
75  | Kosmos 305

(E-8-5 No.404)

| Kosmos 305 | 22 October 1969  | Proton-K/D |  Lavochkin | Lander  | Launch failure
Kosmos 305 Return Craft  | Sample Return  | Launch failure
Fourth attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth-stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to control system malfunction. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere within one orbit after launch.[67]
76  | Apollo 12 | Apollo 12 | 14 November 1969  | Saturn V |  NASA | Orbiter  | Successful
Apollo 12 Lunar Module  | Lander/Launch Vehicle  | Successful
Second crewed lunar landing.
77  | Luna E-8-5 No.405  | Luna E-8-5 No.405  | 6 February 1970  | Proton-K/D |  Lavochkin | Lander  | Launch failure
Luna E-8-5 No.405 Return Craft  | Sample return  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit
78  | Apollo 13 | Apollo 13 | 11 April 1970  | Saturn V |  NASA | Orbiter  | Spacecraft failure
Apollo 13 Lunar Module  | Lander/Launch Vehicle  | Successful
Lunar landing aborted following Service Module oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon; flew past the Moon (free-return trajectory) and returned the crew safely to Earth.
79  | Luna 16

(E-8-5 No.406)

| Luna 16 | 12 September 1970  | Proton-K/D |  Lavochkin | Lander  | Successful
Luna 16 Return Craft  | Sample return  | Successful
First robotic sampling mission.
80  | Zond 8

(7K-L1 No.14L)

| Zond 8 | 20 October 1970  | Proton-K/D |  Lavochkin | Flyby  | Successful
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions; returned to Earth successfully.
81  | Luna 17

(E-8 No.203)

| Luna 17 | 10 November 1970  | Proton-K/D |  Lavochkin | Lander  | Successful
Lunokhod 1 | Rover  | Successful
Luna 17 deployed Lunokhod 1.
82  | Apollo 14 | Apollo 14 | 31 January 1971  | Saturn V |  NASA | Orbiter  | Successful
Apollo 14 Lunar Module  | Lander/Launch Vehicle  | Successful
Third crewed lunar landing.
83  | Apollo 15 | Apollo 15 | 26 July 1971  | Saturn V |  NASA | Orbiter  | Successful
Apollo 15 Lunar Module  | Lander/Launch Vehicle  | Successful
Lunar Roving Vehicle | Rover  | Successful
Fourth crewed lunar landing, and first to use the Lunar Roving Vehicle.
84  | PFS-1 | PFS-1 | 26 July 1971  | Saturn V |  NASA | Orbiter  | Successful
PFS-1 was deployed from Apollo 15.
85  | Luna 18

(E-8-5 No.407)

| Luna 18 | 2 September 1971  | Proton-K/D |  Lavochkin | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Luna 18 Return Craft  | Sample return  | Spacecraft failure
Failed during descent to lunar surface.
86  | Luna 19

(E-8LS No.202)

| Luna 19  | 28 September 1971  | Proton-K/D |  Lavochkin | Orbiter  | Successful
Entered an orbit around the Moon on 2 October 1971 after two midcourse corrections on 29 September and 1 October.
87  | Luna 20

(E-8-5 No.408)

| Luna 20 | 14 February 1972  | Proton-K/D |  Lavochkin | Lander  | Successful
Luna 20 Return Craft  | Sample return  | Successful
Luna 20 soft landed on the Moon in a mountainous area known as the Terra Apollonius (or Apollonius highlands) near Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fertility), 120 km from where Luna 16 had landed.
88  | Apollo 16 | Apollo 16 | 16 April 1972  | Saturn V |  NASA | Orbiter  | Successful
Apollo 16 Lunar Module  | Lander/Launch Vehicle  | Successful
Lunar Roving Vehicle | Rover  | Successful
5th crewed lunar landing.
89  | PFS-2 | PFS-2 | 16 April 1972  | Saturn V |  NASA | Orbiter  | Successful
PFS-2 deployed from Apollo 16.
90  | Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1  | Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1  | 23 November 1972  | N1 |  OKB-1  | Orbiter  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth.
91  | Apollo 17 | Apollo 17 | 7 December 1972  | Saturn V |  NASA | Orbiter  | Successful
Apollo 17 Lunar Module  | Lander/Launch Vehicle  | Successful
Lunar Roving Vehicle | Rover  | Successful
Sixth and last crewed lunar landing and last use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle; the orbiting command module included five mice.
92  | Luna 21

(E-8 No.204)

| Luna 21 | 8 January 1973  | Proton-K/D |  Lavochkin | Lander  | Successful
Lunokhod 2 | Rover  | Successful
Deployed Lunokhod 2.
93  | Explorer 49

(RAE-B)

| Explorer 49 | 10 June 1973  | Delta 1913 |  NASA | Orbiter  | Successful
Radio astronomy spacecraft, operated in selenocentric orbit to avoid interference from terrestrial radio sources.
94  | Mariner 10 | Mariner 10 | 3 November 1973  | Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1A |  NASA | Flyby  | Successful
Interplanetary spacecraft, mapped lunar north pole to test cameras.
95  | Luna 22

(E-8LS No.206)

| Luna 22 | 29 May 1974  | Proton-K/D |  Lavochkin | Orbiter  | Successful
Inserted into a circular lunar orbit on 2 June 1974
96  | Luna 23

(E-8-5M No.410)

| Luna 23 | 16 October 1975  | Proton-K/D |  Lavochkin | Lander  | Partial failure
Luna 23 Return Craft  | Sample Return  | Precluded
Tipped over upon landing, precluding any sample return attempt. Functioned for three days on surface.
97  | Luna E-8-5M No.412  | Luna E-8-5M No.412  | 16 October 1975  | Proton-K/D |  Lavochkin | Lander  | Launch failure
Luna E-8-5M No.412 Return Craft  | Sample Return  | Launch failure
Failed to orbit.
98  | Luna 24

(E-8-5M No.413)

| Luna 24 | 9 August 1976  | Proton-K/D |  Lavochkin | Lander  | Successful
Luna 24 Return Craft  | Sample Return  | Successful
Entered orbit on 11 August 1976 and landed in Mare Crisium at 16:36 UTC on 18 August. Sample capsule launched at 05:25 UTC on 19 August and recovered ​96 1⁄2 hours later.[69] Returned 170.1 grams (6.00 oz) of lunar regolith.[70] Final mission to the Moon from the Soviet Union.
99  | ISEE-3

(ICE/Explorer 59)

| ISEE-3  | 12 August 1978  | Delta 2914 |  NASA | Flyby  | Successful
Five flybys in 1982 and 1983 en route to comet 21P/Giacobini–Zinner.
100  | Hiten

(MUSES-A)

| Hiten | 24 January 1990  | Mu-3S-II  |  ISAS | Orbiter  | Successful
Hagoromo | Orbiter  | Spacecraft failure
Designed for flyby, placed into selenocentric orbit during extended mission after failure of Hagoromo. Deorbited and impacted in USGS quadrangle LQ27 on 10 April 1993.[71] Hagoromo was deployed from Hiten. The impact made Japan the 3rd country to reach the surface of the Moon.
101  | Geotail | Geotail | 24 July 1992  | Delta II 6925 |  ISAS/NASA | Flyby  | Successful
Series of flybys to regulate high Earth orbit.
102  | WIND  | WIND  | 1 November 1994  | Delta II 7925-10 |  NASA | Flyby  | Successful
Made two flybys on 1 December 1994 and 27 December 1994 to reach the Earth–Sun L1 Lagrangian point.
103  | Clementine

(DSPSE)

| Clementine | 25 January 1994  | Titan II (23)G Star-37FM  |  United States Air Force /NASA | Orbiter  | Successful
Completed Lunar objectives successfully; failed following departure from selenocentric orbit.
104  | HGS-1 | HGS-1 | 24 December 1997  | Proton-K/DM3  |  Hughes  | Flyby  | Successful
Communications satellite; made two flybys in May and June 1998 en route to geosynchronous orbit after delivery into wrong orbit.
105  | Lunar Prospector

(Discovery 3)

| Lunar Prospector | 7 January 1998  | Athena II  |  NASA | Orbiter  | Successful
The mission ended on July 31, 1999
106  | Nozomi

(PLANET-B)

| Nozomi | 3 July 1998  | M-V |  ISAS | Flyby  | Successful
Two flybys en route to Mars.

## 21st century

Legend

⚀ Cubesat or similar

Mission  | Spacecraft  | Launch date  | Carrier rocket  | Operator  | Mission type  | Outcome

|
|
|
|
|
|

107  | WMAP  | WMAP  | 30 June 2001  | Delta II 7425-10 |  NASA | Flyby  | Successful
Flyby on 30 July 2001 to reach the Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point.
108  | SMART-1 | SMART-1 | 27 September 2003  | Ariane 5G |  ESA | Orbiter  | Successful
Impacted Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ26 at end of mission on 3 September 2006. The impact made ESA member states the 4th to reach the surface of the Moon.
109  | STEREO | STEREO A  | 25 October 2006  | Delta II 7925-10L |  NASA | Flyby  | Successful
STEREO B  | Successful
Both component spacecraft entered heliocentric orbit on 15 December 2006.
110  | ARTEMIS  | ARTEMIS P1  | 17 February 2007  | Delta II 7925 |  NASA | Orbiter  | Operational
ARTEMIS P2  | Orbiter  | Operational
Two THEMIS spacecraft moved to selenocentric orbit for extended mission; entered orbit July 2011.
111  | SELENE | Kaguya | 14 September 2007  | H-IIA 2022 |  JAXA | Orbiter  | Successful
Okina | Orbiter  | Successful
Ouna | Orbiter  | Successful
Deployed Okina and Ouna satellites. Kaguya and Okina impacted the Moon at end of mission.[72] Ouna completed operations on 29 June 2009[73] but remains in selenocentric orbit.
112  | Chang'e 1 | Chang'e 1 | 24 October 2007  | Long March 3A |  CNSA | Orbiter  | Successful
Impacted Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ21 on 1 March 2009, at end of mission. The impact made China the 6th country to reach the surface of the Moon.
113  | Chandrayaan-1 | Chandrayaan-1 | 22 October 2008  | PSLV-XL C11  |  ISRO | Orbiter  | Successful
Moon Impact Probe | Impactor  | Successful
Succeeded through mission. Orbit lasted 312 days, short of intended 2 years; However mission achieved most of its intended objectives. Terminated in 2009, remains in selenocentric orbit; discovered water ice on the Moon.[74] Moon Impact Probe was deployed from the orbiter. It successfully impacted Moon's Shackleton Crater in the USGS quadrangle LQ30 at 20:31 on 14 November 2008 releasing underground debris that could be analyzed by the orbiter for presence of water/ice. With this mission, India became the first to impact the Lunar south pole and the 5th nation to reach the lunar surface.
114  | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter | 18 June 2009  | Atlas V 401 |  NASA | Orbiter  | Operational
Entered orbit on June 23, 2009
115  | LCROSS | LCROSS | 18 June 2009  | Atlas V 401 |  NASA | Impactor  | Successful
Observed impact of Centaur upper stage that launched it and LRO, then impacted itself. Impacts in USGS quadrangle LQ30.
116  | Chang'e 2 | Chang'e 2 | 1 October 2010  | Long March 3C |  CNSA | Orbiter  | Successful
Following completion of six month Lunar mission, departed selenocentric orbit for Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point;[75] subsequently flew by asteroid 4179 Toutatis.[76]
117  | GRAIL | Ebb

(GRAIL-A)

| 10 September 2011[77][78] | Delta II 7920H |  NASA | Orbiter  | Successful
Flow

(GRAIL-B)

| Orbiter  | Successful
Impacted the Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ01 on 17 December 2012 at end of mission.[79]
118  | LADEE  | LADEE  | 7 September 2013  | Minotaur V |  NASA | Orbiter  | Successful
Mission ended on 18 April 2014, when the spacecraft's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the far side of the Moon.
119  | Chang'e 3 | Chang'e 3 | 1 December 2013  | Long March 3B |  CNSA | Lander  | Operational
Yutu | Rover  | Successful
Entered orbit on 6 December 2013 with landing at 13:12 UTC on 14 December. Yutu rover was deployed from Chang'e 3.
120  | Chang'e 5-T1 | Chang'e 5-T1 | 23 October 2014  | Long March 3C |  CNSA | Orbiter  | Successful
Chang'e 5-T1 Return Capsule  | Orbiter  | Successful
Demonstration of re-entry capsule for Chang'e 5 sample-return mission at lunar return velocity.
121  | Manfred Memorial Moon Mission | Manfred Memorial Moon Mission | 23 October 2014  | Long March 3C |  LuxSpace  | Flyby / Impactor (post mission)  | Successful
Attached to third stage of CZ-3C used to launch Chang'e 5-T1. Impacted the Moon on 4 March 2022. The impact made Luxembourg the 8th country to reach the surface of the Moon.
122  | TESS | TESS | 18 April 2018  | Falcon 9 Full Thrust |  NASA | Flyby  | Successful
Flyby on 17 May 2018 to designated high Earth orbit.[80]
123  | Queqiao | Queqiao relay satellite | 21 May 2018  | Long March 4C |  CNSA | Relay Satellite  | Operational
Entered designated Earth–Moon L2 orbit on 14 June in preparation of Chang'e 4 far-side lunar lander in December 2018.
124  | Longjiang | Longjiang-1 | 21 May 2018  | Long March 4C |  CNSA | Orbiter  | Spacecraft failure
Longjiang-2 | Orbiter  | Successful
Launched on the same rocket as Queqiao. Longjiang-1 never entered Moon orbit,[81] while Longjiang-2 operated in lunar orbit until 31 July 2019, when it impacted the lunar surface.[82]
125  | Chang'e 4 | Chang'e 4 | 7 December 2018  | Long March 3B |  CNSA | Lander  | Operational
Yutu-2 | Rover  | Operational
First spacecraft to soft land on the far side of the Moon (South Pole–Aitken basin). Landed 3 January 2019 and deployed the Yutu-2 rover.[83][84] Cottonseeds sprouted in the lander in a biological experiment, the first plants to sprout on the Moon.[85]
126  | Beresheet | Beresheet | 22 February 2019  | Falcon 9 |  SpaceIL | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
First Israeli and first privately funded lunar lander mission. Technology demonstration. Instrumentation included a magnetometer and laser retroreflector.[86][87] Spacecraft crashed into the lunar surface after main engine failure during descent from lunar orbit phase.[88] The impact made Israel the 7th country to reach the surface of the Moon.
127  | Chandrayaan-2 | Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter  | 22 July 2019  | LVM3 |  ISRO | Orbiter  | Operational
Vikram  | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Pragyan | Rover  | Precluded
Entered orbit on 20 August 2019. Lander separated from orbiter but crashed during a landing attempt on 6 September 2019, attributed to a software glitch. Both lander and rover were lost. Orbiter remained operational.[89]
128  | Chang'e 5 | Chang'e 5 Orbiter  | 23 November 2020  | Long March 5 |  CNSA | Orbiter  | Operational
Chang'e 5 Lander  | Lander  | Successful
Chang'e 5 Ascender  | Launch Vehicle  | Successful
Chang'e 5 Returner  | Sample Return  | Successful
First lunar sample return mission from China, which returned 1.731 kg (61.1 oz) of lunar samples on 16 December 2020. The orbiter received a mission extension and is currently in a distant retrograde orbit (DRO) of the Moon.[90]
129  | CAPSTONE | ⚀ CAPSTONE | 28 June 2022[91] | Electron |  NASA | Orbiter  | Operational
Lunar orbiting CubeSat that will test and verify the calculated orbital stability planned for the Gateway space station.
130  | Danuri

(Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter)

| Danuri | 4 August 2022[91] | Falcon 9 |  KARI | Orbiter[92][93] | Operational
Lunar Orbiter by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) of South Korea . The orbiter, its science payload and ground control infrastructure are technology demonstrators. The orbiter will also be tasked with surveying lunar resources such as water ice, uranium, helium-3, silicon, and aluminium, and produce a topographic map to help select future lunar landing sites.
131  | Artemis 1 | Artemis 1 Orion MPCV CM-002 | 16 November 2022[94] | SLS Block 1  |  NASA | Orbiter  | Successful
Uncrewed test of Orion spacecraft in lunar flyby and lunar Distant retrograde orbit.
132  | LunaH-Map  | ⚀ LunaH-Map  | 16 November 2022  | SLS Block 1  |  NASA | Orbiter  | Spacecraft failure
It was designed to search for evidence of lunar water ice inside permanently shadowed craters using its neutron detector.
133  | Lunar IceCube | ⚀ Lunar IceCube | 16 November 2022  | SLS Block 1  |  NASA | Orbiter  | Spacecraft failure
It was intended to use its infrared spectrometer to detect water and organic compounds in the lunar surface and exosphere.
134  | ArgoMoon | ⚀ ArgoMoon | 16 November 2022  | SLS Block 1  |  ASI | Flybys  | Operational
It is designed to image the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage and will collect telemetry validating the nanotechnology on board the platform in the hostile environment of deep space.
135  | LunIR | ⚀ LunIR | 16 November 2022  | SLS Block 1  |  Lockheed Martin | Flyby  | Successful
It is to flyby the Moon and collect its surface thermography.
136  | Near-Earth Asteroid Scout | ⚀ Near-Earth Asteroid Scout | 16 November 2022  | SLS Block 1  |  NASA | Flyby  | Spacecraft failure
It is a solar sail that will flyby a near-Earth asteroid.
137  | EQUULEUS | ⚀ EQUULEUS | 16 November 2022  | SLS Block 1  |  JAXA | Flybys  | Operational
It will image the Earth's plasmasphere, impact craters on the Moon's far side, and small trajectory maneuvers near the Moon.
138  | OMOTENASHI | ⚀ OMOTENASHI | 16 November 2022  | SLS Block 1  |  JAXA | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
It was a lunar surface probe attempting to semi-hard land using solid rocket motors. Carrier and solid motor was to impact. Communication failure occurred and the probe missed and flew by the Moon.
139  | BioSentinel | ⚀ BioSentinel | 16 November 2022  | SLS Block 1  |  NASA | Flyby  | Operational
CubeSat spacecraft on an astrobiology mission that will use budding yeast to detect, measure, and compare the impact of deep space radiation on DNA repair over long time beyond low Earth orbit.
140  | CubeSat for Solar Particles | ⚀ CubeSat for Solar Particles | 16 November 2022  | SLS Block 1  |  NASA | Flyby  | Spacecraft failure
CubeSat to orbit the Sun to study the dynamic particles and magnetic fields.
141  | Team Miles | ⚀ Team Miles | 16 November 2022  | SLS Block 1  |  Fluid & Reason  | Flyby  | Successful[95]
CubeSat that will demonstrate navigation in deep space using innovative plasma thrusters.
142  | Hakuto-R Mission 1 | Hakuto-R  | 11 December 2022  | Falcon 9 Block 5 |  ispace | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
SORA-Q  |  Tomy/JAXA/Dodai  | Rover  | Precluded
Lunar lander technology demonstration.[96] Contact lost during final stage of landing and deemed a failure. Cause of failure determined to be a software bug associated with the altitude estimation system.[97]
143  | Emirates Lunar Mission | Rashid | 11 December 2022  | Falcon 9 Block 5 |  UAESA/MBRSC  | Rover  | Precluded
Lunar rover demonstration. Launched aboard ispace's Hakuto-R lander.[98] Lost with Hakuto-R. The impact made the United Arab Emirates the 9th country to reach the surface of the Moon.
144  | Lunar Flashlight | ⚀ Lunar Flashlight | 11 December 2022  | Falcon 9 Block 5 |  NASA | Flyby  | Spacecraft failure
Initially scheduled to be launched on the Artemis 1 mission, moved to a Falcon 9 Block 5 after not making it for the payload integration deadline. NASA announced later that it would not make its planned orbit or monthly flybys due to thruster issues.[99][100]
145  | Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer | Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer | 14 April 2023  | Ariane 5 ECA  |  ESA | Flyby  | Enroute
Will fly by the Moon in August 2024 en route to Ganymede.
146  | Chandrayaan-3 | Chandrayaan-3 | 14 July 2023  | LVM3 |  ISRO | Orbiter  | Successful
Vikram lander | Lander  | Successful
Pragyan rover | Rover  | Successful
Launched on 14 July 2023, Orbit insertion on 5 August 2023, Lander separated from propulsion module on 17 August 2023, landed on 23 August 2023, 12:32 UTC and deployed the Pragyan rover. First spacecraft to soft land near the lunar South Pole. Later during extended operations, the Propulsion Module returned back to Earth's orbit.
147  | Luna 25 | Luna 25 | 10 August 2023  | Soyuz-2.1b/Fregat |  Roscosmos | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Launched on 10 August 2023, Orbital insertion on 16 August 2023, failed orbital maneuver on 19 August 2023 set the spacecraft on the crash course with the Moon's surface. Loss of communication was confirmed by Roscosmos on 20 August 2023. The impact made Russia the 10th country to reach lunar surface.
148  | SLIM | SLIM  | 6 September 2023  | H-IIA |  JAXA | Lander  | Operational
LEV-1  | Hopper  | Successful
LEV-2 (Sora-Q)  |  Tomy / JAXA / Doshisha University  | Rover  | Successful
Launched alongside XRISM as a co-passenger on 7 September 2023. Performed lunar swing-by, followed by lunar orbital insertion on 25 December 2023 and a successful landing with incorrect attitude to orient solar panels towards sun on 19 January 2024, 15:20 UTC. LEV-1 and LEV-2 were successfully deployed and landed separately from SLIM shortly before its own landing. LEV-1 conducted six hops on lunar surface.
149  | Peregrine Mission One | Peregrine  | 8 January 2024  | Vulcan Centaur VC2  |  Astrobotic Technology | Lander  | Spacecraft failure
Colmena × 5  |  UNAM  | Rovers  | Precluded
⚀ Iris  |  CMU | Rover  | Precluded
Part of CLPS. Peregrine lander's reaction thrusters' leak deemed the spacecraft uncontrollable for landing and it decayed in the Earth's atmosphere 10 days later.

## Statistics

Map of all soft landings on the lunar near side

### Launches by decade

This is a list of 149 missions (including failed ones) to the Moon. It includes Flybys, Impact probes, orbiters, landers, rovers and crewed missions.

Launches to Moon  Decade  |

|

1950s  |

1960s  |

1970s  |

1980s  |

1990s  |

2000s  |

2010s  |

2020s  |

### Mission milestone by country

This is a list of major milestones achieved by country. Recorded is the first spacecraft from each respective country to accomplish each milestone, to regardless of mission type or intended outcome. For example, Beresheet was not intended to be an impactor, but achieved that milestone incidentally.

Legend

Milestone achieved
Milestone not achieved
† First to achieve

Country  | Flyby  | Orbit  | Impact  | Lander  | Rover  | Sample return  | Crewed landing

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

United States | Pioneer 4, 1959 | Lunar Orbiter 1, 1966 | Ranger 4, 1962 | Surveyor 1, 1966 | Apollo 15, 1971 | Apollo 11, 1969 †  | Apollo 11, 1969 †
Soviet Union | Luna 1, 1959 †  | Luna 10, 1966 †  | Luna 2, 1959 †  | Luna 9, 1966 †  | Lunokhod 1, 1970 †  | Luna 16, 1970 | N/A
China | Chang'e 1, 2007 | Chang'e 1, 2007  | Chang'e 1, 2009  | Chang'e 3, 2013 | Yutu 1, 2013 | Chang'e 5, 2020 | N/A
India | Chandrayaan 1, 2008 | Chandrayaan 1, 2008  | MIP, 2008 | Chandrayaan 3, 2023 | Pragyan, 2023 | N/A  | N/A
Japan | Hiten, 1990 | Hiten, 1990  | Hiten, 1993  | SLIM, 2024 | LEV-1, 2024  | N/A  | N/A
Israel | Beresheet, 2019 | Beresheet, 2019  | Beresheet, 2019  | Beresheet, 2019  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A
Russia | Luna 25, 2023 | Luna 25, 2023  | Luna 25, 2023  | Luna 25, 2023  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A
ESA  | SMART-1, 2003 | SMART-1, 2003  | SMART-1, 2006  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A
Luxembourg  | 4M, 2014 | N/A  | 4M, 2022  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A
South Korea | Danuri, 2022 | Danuri, 2022  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A
Italy  | ArgoMoon, 2022 | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A
UAE | N/A  | N/A  | Rashid, 2023 | N/A  | Rashid, 2023  | N/A  | N/A
Mexico  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | Colmena, 2024 | N/A  | N/A

### National surface statistics

Country  | To reach surface  | To soft land

|
|

Soviet Union | First  | First
United States | Second  | Second
Japan | Third  | Fifth
ESA  | Fourth  |
India | Fifth  | Fourth
China | Sixth  | Third
Israel | Seventh  |
Luxembourg  | Eighth  |
UAE | Ninth  |
Russia | Tenth  |

### Missions by organization/company

Analysis of numbers of lunar missions  Country  | Agency
or company  | Successful  | Partial
failure  | Failure  | Total  | Total for
country

|
|
|
|
|
|

USSR | Lavochkin | 16  | 2  | 22  | \-  | 40  | 58
Energia | 2  | \-  | 16  | \-  | 18
USA  | NASA | 36  | 2  | 14  | 3  | 55  | 57
United States Air Force | 1  | \-  | 1  | \-  | 2
Japan  | ISAS | 2  | \-  | 2  | \-  | 4  | 8
JAXA | 1  | \-  | 1  | 2  | 4
China  | CNSA | 7  | \-  | \-  | 5  | 7  | 7
India  | ISRO | 2  | 1  | \-  | 2  | 3  | 3
EU  | ESA | 1  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 1  | 1
Luxembourg  | LuxSpace | 1  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 1  | 1
South Korea | KARI | 1  | \-  | \-  | 1  | 1  | 1
USA (private company)  | Lockheed Martin | 1  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 1  | 1
USA (private company)  | Fluid & Reason  | 1  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 1  | 1
USA (private company)  | Astrobotic Technology | \-  | \-  | 1  | \-  | 1  | 1
Italy  | ASI | 1  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 1  | 1
Israel  | SpaceIL | \-  | \-  | 1  | \-  | 1  | 1
Russia | Roscosmos | \-  | \-  | 1  | \-  | 1  | 1
UAE  | UAESA  | \-  | \-  | 1  | \-  | 1  | 1
Japan (private company)  | ispace | \-  | \-  | 1  | \-  | 1  | 1

## Future missions

There are several future lunar missions planned or proposed by various nations and organisations.

### Funded and are under development

#### Robotic

Mission | Spacecraft | Launch date | Carrier rocket | Operator | Mission type

|
|
|
|
|

IM-1 | Nova-C | February 2024[101] | Falcon 9 B5 |  Intuitive Machines | Lander
⚀ EagleCam[102] |  ERAU | Deployable camera
First Nova-C. Payloads delivery for NASA's CLPS and for private customers.[103]
Doge-1 | ⚀ Doge-1[104] | February 2024[101] | Falcon 9 B5 |  GEC | Orbiter
12U CubeSat, the mission is being paid for entirely with the cryptocurrency Dogecoin. First Canada lunar mission.
Queqiao 2 | Queqiao relay satellite 2 | March 2024[105][106] | Long March 8 |  CNSA | Relay Satellite
Tiandu-1[107] |  Deep Space Exploration Laboratory | Orbiter
Tiandu-2[107] | Orbiter
Relay satellite to support future missions of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program targeting south pole region.[108]
Chang'e 6 | Chang'e 6 Lander | May 2024[109] | Long March 5 |  CNSA | Lander
Chang'e 6 Orbiter | Orbiter
Chang'e 6 Ascent Vehicle | Ascent Vehicle
⚀ ICECUBE-Q[110] |  SUPARCO | Orbiter
First sample-return from the South Pole–Aitken basin on the far side of the Moon.[111] ICECUBE-Q will be Pakistan first lunar mission.
IM-2 | Nova-C | Q2 2024[112] | Falcon 9 B5 |  Intuitive Machines | Lander
Khon1 | Relay Satellite
µNova | Hopper
MAPP |  Lunar Outpost

Nokia

| Rover
AstroAnt[113] |  MIT | Rover
Yaoki[114] |  Dymon | Rover
Second Nova-C. Payloads delivery for NASA's CLPS and for private customers.[103] MAPP and µNova will test a new Nokia lunar communication system.
SHERPA-ES mission[115] | SHERPA-ES | Q2 2024[112] | Falcon 9 B5 |  Spaceflight Industries | Gravity Asist
Lunar Trailblazer |  NASA | Orbiter
Lunar flyby towards geostationary orbit, payload delivery.
Blue Ghost M1 | Blue Ghost Lander | Q3 2024[116] | Falcon 9 B5 |  Firefly Aerospace | Lander
Lunar lander, carrying NASA-sponsored experiments and commercial payloads to Mare Crisium.[117][118]
Griffin Mission 1[119] | Griffin lander | November 2024 | Falcon Heavy |  Astrobotic Technology | Lander
Will host the VIPER Rover.
VIPER[120] | VIPER | November 2024 | Falcon Heavy |  NASA | Rover
Will prospect for lunar resources in the south pole region, especially for water ice.
IM-3 | Nova-C | 2024[121][122] | Falcon 9 B5 |  Intuitive Machines | Lander
Khon2 | Relay Satellite
CADRE x3 |  NASA | Rovers
Lunar vertex | Rover
Third Nova-C. Payloads delivery for NASA's CLPS and for private customers.[103] Lunar Vertex mission.
Hakuto-R Mission 2 | Hakuto-R | 2024[123] | Falcon 9 B5 |  ispace | Lander
Ispace rover |  Ispace Europe | Rover
Rover for collecting lunar resources and other commercial payloads.
Starship Demo mission | Starship HLS | 2025[124] | Starship |  SpaceX | Lander
Uncrewed demo mission of Starship HLS.
DESTINY+ | DESTINY+ | 2025[125] | Epsilon S |  JAXA | Flyby
Lunar flyby toward asteroid 3200 Phaethon.
PPE and HALO[126] | PPE | NET 2025[124] | Falcon Heavy |  NASA

Northrop Grumman

| Space station assembly
HALO
First two modules of Lunar Gateway.
Lunar Polar Exploration Mission | LUPEX lander | 2026[127] | H3 |  ISRO | Lander
LUPEX rover |  JAXA | Rover
Lander and rover, part of Chandrayaan programme.[128]
Artemis 3 Starship HLS delivery | Starship HLS | 2026 | Starship |  SpaceX | Lander
Roo-ver[129] |  Australian Space Agency | Rover
Delivery of Starship HLS for Artemis 3 mission.
APEX 1.0 | APEX 1.0 | 2026[130] | TBD |  ispace U.S.

Draper

| Lander
Lunar lander. ispace Mission 3, and mission CP-12 of the CLPS program.
Blue Ghost M2[131] | Blue Ghost lander | 2026 | TBD |  Firefly Aerospace | Lander
Elytra orbital vehicle | Orbiter
Second mission of Firefly Aerospace, part of CLPS, includes 2 stage variant of blue ghost.
Lunar Pathfinder | Lunar Pathfinder | 2026 | TBD |  ESA | Relay Satellite
Lunar communications satellite to support future lunar missions.
Chang'e 7 | Chang'e 7 Orbiter | 2026[132] | Long March 5 |  CNSA | Orbiter
Chang'e 7 Lander | Lander
Chang'e 7 Rover | Rover
Chang'e 7 Hopper | Hopper
Payloads include an orbiter, south pole lander, rover, and a mini flying probe to look for the presence of water-ice.[132]
Starship cargo mission | Starship HLS | 2026 | Starship |  SpaceX | Lander
First SpaceX lunar cargo mission, yet to be announced by SpaceX itself.
FLEX[133] | FLEX | 2026 | Starship |  Astrolab | Rover
Large Lunar rover, can accommodate cargo and 2 astronauts.
Astrobotic mission 3[134] | TBA | 2026 | Falcon Heavy |  Astrobotic | Lander
⚀ LunaGrid-Lite CubeRover | Rover
Third lunar mission by Astrobotic, will land at lunar south pole. LunaGrid-Lite mission.
Canadian lunar rover mission | Canadensys Lunar Rover | 2026 | TBD |  Canadensys

CSA

| Rover
First Canadian lunar rover. Will fly as part of NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services initiative.[135]
ZeusX | ZeusX service module | Q4 2027 | TBD |  Qosmosys | Orbiter
ZeusX lunar lander | Lander
LIBER | Rover
First lunar landing attempt for Singapore, lander can carry up to 800 kg to lunar surface.
Luna 26 | Luna 26 | 2027[136] | Soyuz-2.1b / Fregat |  Roscosmos | Orbiter
Orbiter, part of the Luna-Glob programme.[137]Will scout for Luna 27 landing site.
Luna 27 | Luna 27 | 2028[136] | Angara A5 / Fregat |  Roscosmos | Lander
Lander, part of Luna-Glob programme.
Luna 27 (Backup) | Luna 27 | 2028 | Angara A5 / Fregat |  Roscosmos | Lander
Backup for Luna 27, will launch a few months after Luna 27.
Chang'e 8 | Chang'e 8 Orbiter | 2028[138] | Long March 5 |  CNSA | Orbiter
Chang'e 8 Lander | Lander
Chang'e 8 Rover | Rover
Chang'e 8 Robot | Hopper
South pole lander.[139] Testing technology for using local resources and manufacturing with 3D printing.[140]
SpaceX GLS-1[141] | Dragon XL | 2028 | Falcon Heavy |  SpaceX | Resupply vehicle
First resupply mission to Lunar Gateway.
Uncrewed Blue Moon Demo mission | Blue Moon HLS | 2028 | New Glenn |  Blue Origin | Lander
Cislunar Transporter | 2028 | New Glenn |  Lockheed Martin | Transfer vehicle
Demo mission of Blue Moon lander system in preparation for crewed landing in 2029.
Artemis 4 Starship HLS delivery | Starship HLS | 2028 | Starship |  SpaceX | Lander
Delivery of Starship HLS for Artemis 4 mission.
Artemis 5 Blue Moon HLS delivery | Blue Moon HLS | 2028 | New Glenn |  Blue Origin | Lander
Cislunar Transporter | 2028 | New Glenn |  Lockheed Martin | Transfer vehicle
Delivery of Blue Moon HLS for Artemis 5 mission.
Argonaut M1[142] | Argonaut Lander | 2030 | Ariane 64 |  ESA | Lander
Robotic Lander system. Will act as resupply vehicle for future Moonbase.

#### Crewed

Agency or company | Name | Spacecraft | Launch date | Launch vehicle | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

NASA

CSA

| Artemis 2 | Orion | September 2025[124] | SLS Block 1 | Crewed test of the Orion spacecraft on a free-return trajectory around the Moon.
NASA | Artemis 3 | Orion, Starship HLS | September 2026[124] | SLS Block 1 | Deliver the "first woman and next man" to the Moon.
SpaceX | dearMoon project | Starship | 2020s[143] | Starship | Space tourism and art project; free-return trajectory and Earth re-entry of the Starship.
NASA | Artemis 4 | Orion, Starship HLS | September 2028[144] | SLS Block 1B | First flight of Block 1B configuration. Deliver I-HAB and conduct second Artemis crewed lunar landing.
NASA | Artemis 5 | Orion, Blue Moon HLS | September 2029[145] | SLS Block 1B | Crewed Gateway and Surface expedition. Delivery of ESPRIT and Lunar Terrain Vehicle.
NASA | Artemis 6 | Orion, TBD | September 2030[145] | SLS Block 1B | Lunar landing with delivery of Crew and Science Airlock module.
CNSA | Chinese crewed lunar mission 1 | Next-gen spacecraft, Crewed lander | 2030[146] | Long March 10 | Two launches of the LM-10 to put a pair of astronauts on the Moon for a 6-hour stay.[108]

### Proposed but full funding still unclear

#### Robotic

The following robotic space probe missions have been proposed but their full funding is unclear or not yet been requested:

Agency or company | Mission | Name of spacecraft | Proposed launch | Notes

|
|
|
|

SpaceIL | Beresheet 2[147] | Orbiter | 2025 | One orbiter, Two landers.
Lander 1
Lander 2
Airvantis | Garatéa-L | 2025[148] | Proposed lunar CubeSat, Partnership between UKSA and ESA.
OHB

IAI

| LSAS lander | 2025 | proposed commercial lander, will rideshare with a Geostationary satellite.
Parsec | Parsec lunar satellites | 2025 | Parsec lunar communication constellation.[149]
Turkish Space Agency | AYAP-1 | 2026 | Turkey will perform a hard landing on the Moon.
ESA | Lunar Meteoroid Impact Observer | 2026 | Proposed CubeSat to observe asteroid impacts on Far side of Moon.
Australian Space Agency | Lunar Trailblazer | 2026 | Under study for possible rover mission
Template:Country data Holland Delft University of Technology | Lunar zebro | 2026 | Small swarming rover, radiation measurements
CNSA

Roscosmos

| ILRS 1-5 | 2026 - 2035 | 5 crucial missions planned for comprehensive establishment of ILRS to complete the in-orbit and surface facilities
Turkish Space Agency | AYAP-2 | Lander | 2028 | Soft landing mission
Rover
ISRO | Chandrayaan-4 | 2028 | Proposed Sample-return mission, part of Chandrayaan programme.
Roscosmos | Luna 28 | 2030[150] | Proposed Sample-return mission, part of Luna-Glob program, may include small rover.
Roscosmos | Luna 29 | Luna 29 Lander | 2030s[136] | Proposed Sample-return mission, part of Luna-Glob program, Will include Luna-Grunt rover.
Luna-Grunt rover
KARI | Phase 2 of the Korean lunar exploration program | 2030 [151] | Lander and rover
Roscosmos | Zeus | 2030 | Nuclear Propelled Space Tug, might deliver payloads to the moon
NASA | BOLAS | TBD | 2 tethered CubeSats on a very low lunar orbit.[152]
Magellan Aerospace | Autonomous Impactor for Lunar Exploration | TBD | Impactor for LEAP
NASA | Lunar Crater Radio Telescope | TBD | Radio telescope made by 4 rovers
LiftPort Group | Lunar space elevator | TBD | Creating a reusable, replaceable and expandable Lunar elevator to open up the resources present on the Moon
ESC Aerospace | LVICE² | TBD | Measuring the concentration of micrometeorites[153]

## Unrealized concepts

### 1960s

* Soviet crewed lunar programs – The Soviet Union had been pursuing a crewed lunar flyby mission using Soyuz 7K-L1 launched aboard Proton-K and a crewed landing mission using Soyuz 7K-LOK and LK Lander launched aboard N1 rocket. After a series of N1 failures, both of these programs were cancelled in 1970 and 1976 respectively.[154]

### 2010s

* Resource Prospector – Concept by NASA of a rover that would have performed a survey expedition on a polar region of the Moon. It was canceled in April 2018.[155]
* Indo-Russian joint mission – A joint mission between India and Russia for a robotic lander and rover was under development since 2007. Russia was supposed to develop the lander while India would develop an orbiter, a rover and launch the composite. However, with failure of Fobos-Grunt mission, Russia was unable to provide the lander in time and requested India to accept the delay and risk. The collaboration ended with India repurposing its orbiter towards Mars with its Mars Orbiter Mission in 2013.[156]

## See also

* List of lunar probes
* List of artificial objects on the Moon
* List of extraterrestrial orbiters
* List of missions to Mars
* List of missions to Venus
* Timeline of Solar System exploration
* List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies
* Moon landing

## References

1. ↑ "Why failure is the fuel for a trip to Moon". 11 September 2019. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/why-failure-is-the-fuel-for-a-trip-to-moon/articleshow/71077117.cms.
2. ↑ "Chandrayaan-2 landing: 40% lunar missions in last 60 years failed, finds Nasa report". https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/chandrayaan-2-landing-40-lunar-missions-in-last-60-years-failed-finds-nasa-report-1596620-2019-09-07.
3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1958". Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 17–19. https://history.nasa.gov/monograph24/1958.pdf. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
4. ↑ "Pioneer 0". US National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=ABLE1.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Wade, Mark. "Luna E-1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/craft/lunae1.htm. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
6. ↑ "Pioneer 1". US National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1958-007A.
7. ↑ "Pioneer 2". US National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=PION2.
8. ↑ "Pioneer 3". US National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1958-008A.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1959". Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 21–24. https://history.nasa.gov/monograph24/1959.pdf. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
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17. ↑ "Pioneer P-31". US National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=PIONZ.
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19. ↑ "Ranger 3". US National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-001A.
20. ↑ "Ranger 4". US National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-012A.
21. ↑ "Ranger 5". US National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-055A.
22. ↑ "Sputnik 25". US National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1963-001A.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1963". Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 39–40. https://history.nasa.gov/monograph24/1963.pdf. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
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25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Siddiqi, Asif A. (2002). "1964". Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000. Monographs in Aerospace History, No. 24. NASA History Office. pp. 41–45. https://history.nasa.gov/monograph24/1964.pdf. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
26. ↑ "Luna 4". US National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-007A.
27. ↑ "Ranger 7". US National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-041A.
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29. ↑ "Ranger 8". US National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-010A.
30. ↑ "Cosmos 60". US National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-018A.
31. ↑ "Ranger 9". US National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-023A.
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34. ↑ "Zond 3". US National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-056A.
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51. ↑ "Surveyor 3". US National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-035A.
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79. ↑ Blau, Patrick. "GRAIL Mission Design and Timeline". Spaceflight 101. http://www.spaceflight101.com/grail-mission-design-timeline.html.
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82. ↑ @planet4589 (31 July 2019). "The Chinese Longjiang-2 (DSLWP-B) lunar orbiting spacecraft completed its mission on Jul 31 at about 1420 UTC, in a planned impact on the lunar surface.". https://twitter.com/planet4589/status/1156732417950048256.
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86. ↑ Grush, Loren (21 February 2019). "Watch SpaceX launch a trio of spacecraft, including a lander bound for the Moon". https://www.theverge.com/2019/2/21/18233768/spacex-falcon-9-rocket-launch-spaceil-beresheet-moon-spaceflight-nusantara-satu.
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92. ↑ "NASA Funds CubeSat Pathfinder Mission to Unique Lunar Orbit". NASA (Press release). 13 September 2019. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
93. ↑ "Rocket Lab to Launch NASA Funded Commercial Moon Mission from New Zealand". Rocket Lab. 9 August 2021. https://www.rocketlabusa.com/about-us/updates/rocket-lab-to-launch-nasa-funded-commercial-moon-mission-from-new-zealand/.
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95. ↑ "Happy to note that the Team Miles cubesat is alive and sending radio signals. NASA ground stations will be engaging in the next week or so.". 9 December 2022. https://twitter.com/MilesSpace/status/1601424119085805568.
96. ↑ "ispace Begins Final Assembly of Lunar Lander Flight Model Ahead of First Mission". ispace. 14 July 2021. https://ispace-inc.com/news/?p=2012.
97. ↑ "ispace Announces Results of the "HAKUTO-R" Mission 1 Lunar Landing". https://ispace-inc.com/news-en/?p=4691.
98. ↑ "MBRSC Teams Up with Japan's ispace on Emirates Lunar Mission". ispace. 14 April 2021. https://ispace-inc.com/news/?p=1874.
99. ↑ "NASA Eyes New Lunar CubeSat Orbit, Propulsion Challenges Continue – Small Satellite Missions". 8 February 2023. https://blogs.nasa.gov/smallsatellites/2023/02/08/nasa-eyes-new-lunar-cubesat-orbit-propulsion-challenges-continue/.
100. ↑ "NASA gives up on tiny Lunar Flashlight probe's troubled moon ice mission". 12 May 2023. https://www.space.com/nasa-gives-up-lunar-flashlight-moon-mission.
101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 Foust, Jeff (19 December 2023). "Intuitive Machines delays first lunar lander launch to February". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/intuitive-machines-delays-first-lunar-lander-launch-to-february/.
102. ↑ Cavaliere, Mike (20 October 2020). "Eagles to Land First Student Project on Moon to Snap Selfie of Lunar Landing". ERAU. https://news.erau.edu/headlines/eagles-to-land-first-student-project-on-moon-snap-selfie-of-lunar-landing.
103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 103.2 Kanayama, Lee (13 April 2020). "NOVA-C selects landing site, Masten gains CLPS contracts". NASASpaceFlight. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/04/nova-c-landing-site-masten-clps-contracts/.
104. ↑ "Will Geometric Energy Corporation and SpaceX Use Artificial Intelligence in the Doge-1 Mission to the Moon?". https://www.wicz.com/story/48342952/will-geometric-energy-corporation-and-spacex-use-artificial-intelligence-in-the-doge-1-mission-to-the-moon.
105. ↑ Jones, Andrew (17 October 2023). "China to launch Queqiao-2 relay satellite in early 2024". spacenews.com. https://spacenews.com/china-to-launch-queqiao-2-moon-relay-satellite-in-early-2024/.
106. ↑ China N' Asia Spaceflight [@CNSpaceflight] (24 November 2022). "Update:
2024 Queqiao-2 data relay
2025 Chang'e-6 lunar sample return from far side
2026 Chang'e-7 lunar landing in south pole
2028 Chang'e-8 basic model of lunar research station". https://twitter.com/CNSpaceflight/status/1595758500977971201.
107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 "China advances lunar exploration programdate=April 25, 2023". http://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c6842471/content.html.
108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 Jones, Andrew (8 September 2022). "China's Moon Missions Shadow NASA Artemis's Pace". IEEE Spectrum. https://spectrum.ieee.org/china-moon-mission-artemis.
109. ↑ Jones, Andrew (10 January 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 probe arrives at spaceport for first-ever lunar far side sample mission". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/chinas-change-6-probe-arrives-at-spaceport-for-first-ever-lunar-far-side-sample-mission/.
110. ↑ "Mission overview and Design of Lunar CubeSat "ICUBE-Q" onboard Chang'E-6". researchgate (Press release). 25 April 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
111. ↑ "China's Moon Missions Shadow NASA Artemis's Pace - IEEE Spectrum". https://spectrum.ieee.org/china-moon-mission-artemis.
112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 "Falcon 9 Block 5 - PRIME-1 (IM-2)". Next Spaceflight. 4 July 2023. https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/6828.
113. ↑ Johnson, Arianna. "MIT Will Return To The Moon For The First Time Since Apollo, Thanks To This Space Startup". https://www.forbes.com/sites/ariannajohnson/2022/11/09/mit-will-return-to-the-moon-for-the-first-time-since-apollo-thanks-to-this-space-startup/.
114. ↑ Machines, Intuitive (5 January 2023). "Intuitive Machines Adds Commercial Lunar Rover to its Second Mission to the Moon". https://www.intuitivemachines.com/post/intuitive-machines-adds-commercial-lunar-rover-to-its-second-mission-to-the-moon.
115. ↑ Foust, Jeff (27 September 2021). "Spaceflight offers lunar flyby rideshare mission". https://spacenews.com/spaceflight-offers-lunar-flyby-rideshare-mission/.
116. ↑ Alamalhoadei, Aria (6 November 2023). "Firefly's Blue Ghost lander represents a big bet on a future lunar economy". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2023/11/06/fireflys-blue-ghost-lander-represents-a-big-bet-on-a-future-lunar-economy/.
117. ↑ "NASA Selects Firefly Aerospace for Artemis Commercial Moon Delivery in 2023". NASA (Press release). 4 February 2021. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
118. ↑ "Lunar Lander". Firefly Aerospace. 1 February 2021. https://firefly.com/lunar-lander/.
119. ↑ "Astrobotic selects Falcon Heavy to launch NASA's VIPER lunar rover" (in en-US). 2021-04-13. https://spacenews.com/astrobotic-selects-falcon-heavy-to-launch-nasas-viper-lunar-rover/.
120. ↑ Loff, Sarah (23 October 2019). "New VIPER Lunar Rover to Map Water Ice on the Moon". http://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-viper-lunar-rover-to-map-water-ice-on-the-moon.
121. ↑ Crain, Timothy (18–20 July 2022). "Commercial Capabilities to Support Lunar Exploration – Intuitive Machines". John Glenn Memorial Symposium. Case Western Reserve University: American Astronautical Society. https://astronautical.org/dev/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Glenn_2022_Crain.pdf. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
122. ↑ "Three-peat: Intuitive Machines Selects SpaceX Falcon 9 Rocket for Third Moon Mission". Intuitive Machines (Press release). 10 August 2021. Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
123. ↑ "Key Updates for HAKUTO-R Announced as Mission 1 Lander Prepares to Enter Final Stage of Integration". ispace. 25 January 2022. https://ispace-inc.com/news/?p=2168.
124. ↑ 124.0 124.1 124.2 124.3 Smith, Marcia (9 January 2024). "NASA Delays Next Artemis Missions to 2025 and 2026". SpacePolicyOnline. https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-delays-next-artemis-missions-to-2025-and-2026/.
125. ↑ Jones, Andrew (6 November 2023). "Japan's mission to bizarre asteroid Phaethon delayed to 2025". Space.com. https://www.space.com/japan-destiny-mission-asteroid-phaethon-launch-delay.
126. ↑ Potter, Sean (9 February 2021). "NASA Awards Contract to Launch Initial Elements for Lunar Outpost". http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-awards-contract-to-launch-initial-elements-for-lunar-outpost.
127. ↑ "ISRO to handhold private sector to create innovative space ecosystem in the country: S. Somanath, Chairman" (in en-US). 2022-04-11. https://www.geospatialworld.net/latest/isro-to-handhold-private-sector-to-create-innovative-space-ecosystem-in-the-country-s-somanath-chairman/. "We are working with JAXA on developing a payload, as well as a mission to go to moon. This will be launched using Japan's launch vehicle, but the spacecraft will be jointly developed by ISRO and Japan. A lander which will land on the moon. This will be after Chandrayaan 3 It will take three, four, five years to develop."
128. ↑ ISRO planning 7 interplanetary missions, Venus on the to-do list . Sidharth MP, DNA India. 18 May 2019.
129. ↑ "Australia votes to name its 1st moon rover 'Roo-ver'". 6 December 2023. https://www.space.com/australia-names-first-lunar-rover-roo-ver.
130. ↑ Foust, Jeff (29 September 2023). "Ispace revises design of lunar lander for NASA CLPS mission". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/ispace-revises-design-of-lunar-lander-for-nasa-clps-mission/.
131. ↑ "NASA selects Firefly Aerospace for mission to moon's far side in 2026". 17 March 2023. https://www.space.com/moon-far-side-mission-firefly-aerospace-2026.
132. ↑ 132.0 132.1 Jones, Andrew (28 November 2022). "China outlines pathway for lunar and deep space exploration". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/china-outlines-pathway-for-lunar-and-deep-space-exploration/.
133. ↑ "A Big Rover Aims to Be Like 'UPS for the Moon'". https://news.yahoo.com/big-rover-aims-ups-moon-140651702.html.
134. ↑ "Astrobotic Purchases Falcon Heavy Launch Services". 25 April 2023. https://www.astrobotic.com/astrobotic-purchases-falcon-heavy-launch-services/.
135. ↑ "First Canadian rover to explore the Moon". CSA. 9 January 2023. https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/astronomy/moon-exploration/first-canadian-rover-to-explore-the-moon.asp.
136. ↑ 136.0 136.1 136.2 "Ученый сообщил об активном ходе работ по импортозамещению комплектующих "Луны-27"" (in ru). TASS. 19 July 2023. https://tass.ru/kosmos/18307283.
137. ↑ Russian Moon exploration program . Russian Research Institute (IKI). 2017.
138. ↑ Chen, Stephen (2021-12-29). "China speeds up moon base plan in space race against the US". https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3161324/china-speeds-moon-base-plan-space-race-against-us?module=inline&pgtype=article.
139. ↑ China's Deep Space Exploration Roadmap . 2018.
140. ↑ Jones, Andrew (2021-12-29). "China has moon's south pole in its sights with 3 missions launching this decade". https://www.space.com/china-upcoming-moon-missions-details.
141. ↑ Foust, Jeff (24 February 2023). "NASA plans to start work this year on first Gateway logistics mission". https://spacenews.com/nasa-plans-to-start-work-this-year-on-first-gateway-logistics-mission/.
142. ↑ Hiesinger, H.; Landgraf, M.; Carey, W.; Karouji, Y.; Haltigin, T.; Osinski, G.; Mall, U.; Hashizume, K. et al. (2019). "HERACLES: An ESA-JAXA-CSA Joint Study on Returning to the Moon". 50th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2132): 1327. Bibcode: 2019LPI....50.1327H. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019LPI....50.1327H/abstract.
143. ↑ "#dearMoon". https://dearmoon.earth/.
144. ↑ Foust, Jeff (13 March 2023). "NASA planning to spend up to $1 billion on space station deorbit module". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/nasa-planning-to-spend-up-to-1-billion-on-space-station-deorbit-module/.
145. ↑ 145.0 145.1 Foust, Jeff (13 March 2023). "NASA planning to spend up to $1 billion on space station deorbit module". https://spacenews.com/nasa-planning-to-spend-up-to-1-billion-on-space-station-deorbit-module/.
146. ↑ Jones, Andrew (15 November 2021). "Chinese crewed moon landing possible by 2030, says senior space figure". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/chinese-crewed-moon-landing-possible-by-2030-says-senior-space-figure/.
147. ↑ Mark R. Whittington (12 February 2023). "Beresheet 2: The latest in America's inclusive return to the moon". The Hill. https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3854290-beresheet-2-the-latest-in-americas-inclusive-return-to-the-moon/.
148. ↑ "Conheça a Garatéa-L, missão que pretende levar o Brasil à Lua em 2025" (in pt-br). 2022-08-10. https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/ciencia-e-saude/2022/08/5028275-conheca-a-garatea-l-missao-que-pretende-levar-o-brasil-a-lua-em-2025.html.
149. ↑ "Parsec™ Service from Lockheed Martin". https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/2021/lunar-communication-and-navigation-network.html.
150. ↑ @katlinegrey (11 August 2023). "Yuri Borisov: Roscosmos plans to launch #Luna26 in 2027, Luna-27 - in 2028, and Luna-28 - in 2030 or later. After that, the next goal will be a crewed mission to the Moon.". https://twitter.com/katlinegrey/status/1689922853607550976.
151. ↑ https://www.korea.kr/news/policyNewsView.do?newsId=148885478 . Blue House, 문 대통령 "내년 달 궤도선·2030년 달 착륙…7대 우주강국 도약". 18 May 2021.
152. ↑ Bi-Sat Observations of the Lunar Atmosphere Above Swirls (BOLAS): Tethered SmallSat Investigation of Hydration and Space Weathering Processes at the Moon. (PDF) Stubbs, T. J.; Malphrus, B. K.; Hoyt, R., etal. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference; 19–23 March 2018 at The Woodlands, Texas, USA.
153. ↑ "About the mission" (in en). esc Aerospace. 2023. https://lvice2.cz/en/o-misi/.
154. ↑ Brian Harvey; Olga Zakutnyaya (2011). Russian Space Probes: Scientific Discoveries and Future Missions. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 211–. ISBN 978-1-4419-8150-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=q6qyVkapjeoC&pg=PA211.
155. ↑ NASA scraps a lunar surface mission — just as it's supposed to focus on a Moon return Loren Grush, The Verge April 27, 2018
156. ↑ "How ISRO modified a lunar orbiter into Mars orbiter Mangalyaan, India's "Moon Man" recalls". Zee News. 2020-10-25. https://zeenews.india.com/india/how-isro-modified-a-lunar-orbiter-into-mars-orbiter-mangalyaan-indias-moon-man-recalls-2320097.html.

## External links

* Interactive map of many of the successful Moon landings to date

* v
* t
* e

Spacecraft missions to the Moon

Exploration
programs|

* American
* Apollo
* Artemis
* Commercial Lunar Payload Services
* Lunar Orbiter
* Lunar Precursor
* Pioneer
* Ranger
* Surveyor
* Chinese (Chang'e)
* Indian (Chandrayaan)
* Japanese
* Russian
* Luna-Glob
* Soviet
* Crewed
* Luna
* Lunokhod
* Zond

Active
missions|

| Orbiters|

* ARTEMIS
* Chang'e 5-T1 (service module)
* Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
* Queqiao (relay satellite at L2)
* Chandrayaan-2

|

Landers|

* Chang'e 3
* Chang'e 4

Rovers|

* Yutu-2

Past
missions|

| Crewed landings|

* Apollo 11
* 12
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* (List of Apollo astronauts)

|

Orbiters|

* Apollo 8
* 10
* Apollo Lunar Module
* Chang'e 1
* 2
* Chandrayaan-1
* Clementine
* Explorer 35
* 49
* GRAIL
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* 22
* Lunar Orbiter 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* Lunar Prospector
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Impactors|

* LCROSS
* Luna 2
* Moon Impact Probe
* Ranger 4
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9

Landers|

* Apollo Lunar Module ×6
* Luna 9
* 13
* 16
* 17
* 20
* 21
* 23
* 24
* Surveyor 1
* 3
* 5
* 6
* 7

Rovers|

* Lunar Roving Vehicle
* Apollo 15
* 16
* 17
* Lunokhod 1
* 2
* Yutu

Sample return|

* Apollo 11
* 12
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* Luna 16
* 20
* 24

Failed landings|

* Surveyor 2
* 4
* Luna 5
* 7
* 8
* 15
* 18
* Beresheet
* Vikram / Pragyan

Flybys|

* 4M
* Apollo 13
* AsiaSat-3 / HGS-1
* Chang'e 5-T1 / Xiaofei
* Geotail
* ICE
* Longjiang-1
* Luna 1
* 3
* 4
* 6
* Mariner 10
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* Pioneer 4
* Ranger 5
* STEREO
* TESS
* WMAP
* WIND
* Zond 3
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* PAS-22

Planned
missions|

| Artemis|

* Artemis 1 (2020)
* ArgoMoon
* BioSentinel
* Cislunar Explorers
* CU-E3
* CuSP
* EQUULEUS
* LunaH-Map
* Lunar Flashlight
* Lunar IceCube
* NEA Scout
* OMOTENASHI
* SkyFire
* Team Miles
* Artemis 2 (2022)
* Artemis 3 (2024)
* Artemis 4 (2025)
* Artemis 5 (2026)
* Artemis 6 (2027)
* Artemis 7 (2028)
* Artemis 8 (2028)

|

CLPS|

* CAPSTONE (December 2020)
* Nova-C (2021)
* Peregrine M1 (Jul 2021)
* VIPER (2022)

Luna-Glob|

* Luna 25 (2021)
* Luna 26 (2024)
* Luna 27 (2025)
* Luna 28 (2027)
* Luna 29 (2028)
* Luna 30 (2028)
* Luna 31 (2028)

CLEP|

* Chang'e 5 (mid-2020)
* Chang'e 6 (2023–2024)
* Chang'e 7 (2023)
* Chang'e 8 (2027)

Others|

* Moon Express Lunar Scout (Jul 2020)
* International Lunar Observatory
* MoonLIGHT
* ALINA (2021)
* CubeRover
* Uni
* Hakuto-R M1 (Oct 2021)
* MoonRanger (2022)
* SLIM (Jan 2022)
* KPLO (Jul 2022)
* DESTINY+ (2022)
* Hakuto-R M2 (Mar 2023)
* #dearMoon project (2023)

Proposed
missions|

| Robotic|

* Chandrayaan-3 (November 2020)
* Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (2024)
* Artemis-7
* Blue Moon
* BOLAS
* Garatéa-L
* ISOCHRON
* Lunar Pathfinder
* McCandless
* Moon Diver
* XL-1

|

Crewed|

* DSE-Alpha
* Lunar Gateway (Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander)
* Lunar Orbital Station

Cancelled /
concepts|

* Altair
* Baden-Württemberg 1
* European Lunar Explorer
* International Lunar Network
* LEO
* LK
* Lunar-A
* Lunar Lander
* Lunar Mission One
* Lunar Observer
* Lunokhod 3
* MoonLITE
* MoonRise
* Prospector
* Resource Prospector
* SELENE-2
* Ukrselena

See also|

* Colonization of the Moon
* Google Lunar X Prize
* List of lunar probes
* List of missions to the Moon
* List of artificial objects on the Moon
* Lunar resources
* Apollo 17 Moon mice
* Moon landing conspiracy theories
* Apollo 11 anniversaries
* List of crewed lunar lander designs

* Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in italics.

{{Navbox | name = Lunar rovers | title = Lunar rovers | bodyclass = hlist | state = | basestyle = background:#DDDDDD;

| group1 = Active | list1 =

* Yutu-2 (2019–present, on Chang'e 4)}}

* v
* t
* e

Crewed lunar spacecraft

Orbiters|

* Retired
* Apollo command and service module
* Cancelled
* LK-1 / LK-700 (VA spacecraft

Landers|

* Retired
* Apollo Lunar Module
* Canceled
* Lunniy Korabl
* Altair

Proposed|

* Starship
* Lunar Gateway‎
* Lunar Orbital Station
* Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander
* Blue Moon

See also|

* Moon landing
* conspiracy theories
* List of lunar probes
* List of artificial objects on the Moon
* List of missions to the Moon

* v
* t
* e

Space missions by destination

Planets|

* Mercury
* Venus
* Mars
* Outer planets
* Jupiter
* Saturn
* Uranus
* Neptune

Others|

* The Moon
* lunar probes
* Minor planets
* Comets

Orbiters|

* Extraterrestrial orbiters
* Mars orbiters
* Objects in heliocentric orbit

* v
* t
* e

21st-century space probes

Active space probes
(deep space missions)|

| Moon|

* ARTEMIS
* Chandrayaan-2
* Chang'e 3
* Chang'e 4 (Yutu-2)
* Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

|

Mars|

* ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

Venus|

* Akatsuki

Minor planet|

* Chang'e 2
* Hayabusa2 / MINERVA-II
* New Horizons
* OSIRIS-REx

Solar science|

* ACE
* DSCOVR
* Parker Solar Probe
* SOHO
* STEREO
* Wind

Others|

* BepiColombo
* Gaia
* Juno
* THEMIS
* Voyager 1
* Voyager 2

Completed after 2000
(by termination date)|

| 2000s|

* 2001
* NEAR Shoemaker
* Deep Space 1
* 2003
* Pioneer 10
* Galileo
* Nozomi
* 2004
* Genesis
* 2005
* Huygens
* 2006
* Mars Global Surveyor
* 2008
* Phoenix
* 2009
* Chang'e 1
* Ulysses
* Chandrayaan-1
* SELENE
* LCROSS

|

2010s|

* 2010
* Hayabusa
* MER Spirit
* 2011
* Stardust
* 2012
* GRAIL
* 2013
* Deep Impact
* 2014
* LADEE
* Venus Express
* Chang'e 5-T1
* 2015
* MESSENGER
* PROCYON
* IKAROS
* 2016
* Rosetta / Philae
* Yutu
* ExoMars Schiaparelli
* 2017
* LISA Pathfinder
* Cassini
* 2018
* MASCOT
* Dawn
* Longjiang-1
* 2019
* MarCO
* MER Opportunity
* Beresheet
* Longjiang-2
* Vikram / Pragyan

* List of Solar System probes
* List of lunar probes
* List of space telescopes

* v
* t
* e

The Moon

Physical
properties|

* Internal structure
* Topography
* Atmosphere
* Gravity field
* Hill sphere
* Magnetic field
* Sodium tail
* Moonlight
* Earthshine

Orbit|

* Lunar distance
* Orbital elements
* Distance
* Perigee and apogee
* Libration
* Nodes
* Nodal period
* Precession
* Syzygy
* New moon
* Full moon
* Eclipses
* Lunar eclipse
* Total penumbral lunar eclipse
* Tetrad
* Solar eclipse
* Solar eclipses on the Moon
* Eclipse cycle
* Supermoon
* Tide
* Tidal force
* Tidal locking
* Tidal acceleration
* Tidal range
* Lunar station

Surface and
features|

* Selenography
* Terminator
* Hemispheres
* Near side
* Far side
* Poles
* North pole
* South pole
* Face
* Maria
* List
* Mountains
* Peak of eternal light
* Valleys
* Volcanic features
* Domes
* Calderas
* Lava tubes
* Craters
* List
* Ray systems
* Crater of eternal darkness
* South Pole–Aitken basin
* Soil
* Swirls
* Rilles
* Wrinkle ridges
* Rocks
* Lunar basalt 70017
* Water
* Space weathering
* Micrometeorite
* Sputtering
* Quakes
* Transient lunar phenomenon

Science|

* Observation
* Libration
* Lunar theory
* Origin
* Giant-impact hypothesis
* Theia
* Lunar magma ocean
* Geology
* Timescale
* Late Heavy Bombardment
* Lunar meteorites
* KREEP
* Experiments
* Lunar laser ranging
* ALSEP
* Lunar sample displays
* Apollo 11
* Apollo 17
* Lunar seismology

Exploration|

* Missions
* Apollo program
* Probes
* Landing
* Colonization
* Tourism
* Lunar resources

Time-telling and
navigation|

* Lunar calendar
* Lunisolar calendar
* Month
* Lunar month
* Nodal period
* Fortnight
* Sennight
* Lunar station
* Lunar distance

Phases and
names|

* New
* Full
* Names
* Crescent
* Super and micro
* Blood
* Blue
* Black
* Dark
* Wet
* Tetrad

Related|

* Lunar effect
* Moon illusion
* Pareidolia
* Man in the Moon
* Moon rabbit
* Craters named after people
* Artificial objects on the Moon
* Memorials on the Moon
* Moon in fiction
* Moon landing conspiracy theories
* Moon Treaty
* Moon in mythology
* Hjúki and Bil
* "Moon is made of green cheese"
* Natural satellite
* Double planet
* Lilith (hypothetical second moon)

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Spaceflight lists and timelines

* Timeline of spaceflight

General|

* Space exploration
* outline
* timeline
* Spaceflight records
* Space Race
* Asian Space Race
* Rocket and missile technology

Human spaceflight|

| General|

* Crewed spacecraft
* timeline
* Spaceflights
* 1961–1970
* 1971–1980
* 1981–1990
* 1991–2000
* 2001–2010
* 2011–present
* by program
* Soviet
* Russian
* Vostok
* Soyuz
* Mercury
* Gemini
* Apollo
* Skylab
* Shenzhou
* Gaganyaan
* Spacelab
* Artemis

|

Salyut|

* Expeditions
* Spaceflights
* crewed
* uncrewed
* Spacewalks
* Visitors

Mir|

* Expeditions
* Spaceflights
* crewed
* uncrewed
* Spacewalks
* Visitors

ISS|

* Expeditions
* Spaceflights
* crewed
* uncrewed
* Spacewalks
* Visitors
* Deployed

Shuttle|

* Crews
* Missions
* timeline
* Rollbacks

People|

* Astronauts
* by name
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* by first flight
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* female
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* Space travelers by name
* Space travelers by nationality
* timeline
* Dead astronauts

EVA|

* 1965–1999
* 2000–2014
* 2015–present
* Cumulative spacewalk records
* Longest spacewalks
* Spacewalkers

Solar System exploration|

* Timeline
* Interplanetary voyages
* Landings on other planets
* artificial objects
* Objects at Lagrangian points
* Probes
* active
* leaving the Solar System
* lunar probes
* Missions to the Moon
* Timeline of satellites
* Sample-return mission
* Mars

Earth-orbiting satellites|

* Climate research
* Communications satellite firsts
* CubeSats
* PocketQube
* Earth observation satellites
* timeline
* Geosynchronous orbit
* GOES
* Kosmos
* Magnetospheric
* NRO
* TDRS
* USA

Vehicles|

* Orbital launch systems
* Comparison
* Sounding rocket list
* Spacecraft
* uncrewed
* crewed
* Upper stages
* Sounding rocket
* Small-lift launch vehicle
* Medium-lift launch vehicle
* Heavy-lift launch vehicle
* Super heavy-lift launch vehicle

Launches by rocket type|

* Ariane
* Atlas
* Black Brant
* Electron
* Falcon 9 and Heavy
* H-I and H-II
* Long March
* Proton
* PSLV
* R-7 (including Semyorka, Molniya, Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz)
* Scout
* SLS
* Thor and Delta
* Titan
* Tsyklon
* V-2 tests
* Zenit

Launches by spaceport|

* Satish Dhawan

Agencies, companies
and facilities|

* Communications satellite companies
* comparison
* Private spaceflight companies
* Rocket launch sites
* Space agencies
* Spacecraft manufacturers

Other mission lists
and timelines|

* First orbital launches by country
* NASA missions
* Constellation missions
* Timeline of private spaceflight
* Timeline of longest spaceflights

* v
* t
* e

Future spaceflights

Crewed|

| 2020|

* Soyuz MS-16 (April)
* Soyuz MS-17 (October)
* Shenzhou 12
* Crew Dragon Demo-2
* Boeing Crewed Flight Test
* USCV-1
* USCV-2
* New Shepard (crewed flight test)
* VSS Unity VF02

|

2021|

* Gaganyaan Crewed Flight 1
* Shenzhou 13
* USCV-3

2022|

* Artemis 2

2023+|

* #dearMoon project (2023)
* Artemis 3 (2024)

Robotic|

| 2020|

* AFSPC-7
* ALOS-3
* ALOS-4
* Artemis 1 (November)
* Orion
* Lunar Flashlight
* NEA Scout
* BioSentinel
* SkyFire
* Lunar IceCube
* CuSP
* LunaH-Map
* EQUULEUS
* OMOTENASHI
* ArgoMoon
* Cislunar Explorers
* CU-E3
* Team Miles
* Chandrayaan-3
* Chang'e 5
* GSAT-20
* Hope Mars Mission (July)
* HX-1 (July–August)
* Ingenio
* Inmarsat-6 F1
* JCSAT-17
* Kounotori 9 (May)
* Mars 2020 (July–August)
* MX-1E (July)
* Nauka / European Robotic Arm (December)
* QZS-1R
* RAPIS-2 / Z-Sat / DRUMS / KOSEN-1
* Rosalind Franklin rover and Kazachok lander (July)
* Solar Orbiter (February)
* Space Complex Alpha
* TARANIS

|

2021|

* Aditya-L1
* Astrobotic M1 (June)
* AEM rovers
* Uni
* EXA/AEC lunar orbiter
* B330
* CAPSTONE (December)
* DART / LICIA (June)
* Dream Chaser (September)
* Hakuto-R M1 (October)
* IXPE (April)
* James Webb Space Telescope (March)
* Landsat 9 (January)
* Lucy (October)
* Luna 25 (July)
* Nova-C (July)
* PROBA-3 (Q2)
* PTScientists
* Tianhe
* SES-17
* Space RIDER
* UN/Dream Chaser
* Wentian
* XPoSat

2022|

* Biomass (October)
* DESTINY+
* EarthCARE (June)
* Euclid (June)
* HTV-X1
* JUICE (June)
* KPLO (July)
* MetOp-SG Series A
* NISAR (September)
* Power and Propulsion Element (December)
* Prichal
* Psyche (August)
* PUNCH / TRACERS
* Soyuz GVK-1
* SpaceX Starship (1st Mars departure)
* TEREX-1
* Weather System Follow-on Microwave
* XRISM / SLIM (January)

2023|

* Chang'e 7
* Hakuto-R M2 (March)
* MetOp-SG Series B
* QZS-5
* QZS-6
* QZS-7
* Shukrayaan-1
* SMILE
* SPHEREx

2024+|

* Chang'e 6 (2023 or 2024)
* FLEX
* GOES-U (2024)
* Hera / APEX / Juventas (October 2024)
* IMAP / SWFO-L1 (October 2024)
* Luna 26 (2024)
* MMX (September 2024)
* MOM 2 (2024)
* Small-JASMINE (2024)
* ZhengHe (2024)
* Europa Clipper (2025)
* Luna 27 (2025)
* Luna 28 (2025+)
* Spektr-UV (2025)
* Dragonfly (2026)
* PLATO (2026)
* Venera-D (2026 or 2031)
* Chang'e 8 (2027)
* LiteBIRD (2027)
* ARIEL / Comet Interceptor]] (2028)
* ATHENA (2031)
* LISA (2034)

TBA|

* Energia-100
* Europa Lander (2025?)
* KiwiSAT
* Lybid 1
* Nano-JASMINE
* Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission
* WFIRST (mid-2020s)

Recently
launched|

* Progress MS-13 (6 December)
* Jilin-1 Gaofen-02B (7 December)
* HEAD-2A / 2B (7 December)
* GLONASS-M List of GLONASS satellites

* List of proposed missions to the Moon
* List of proposed space observatories

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List of missions to the Moon. Read more

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