List of nearest supergiants

Short description: none

This is a list of the nearest supergiant stars (luminosity class Ia, Iab or Ib) to Earth, located at a distance of up to 1,100 light-years (340 parsecs) from Earth.

Some of the brightest stars in the night sky, such as Rigel and Antares, are on the list.

## List

Name  | Distance (ly) | Spectral type | Stellar radius (R☉)  | Stellar mass (M☉)  | Apparent magnitude (V)  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|

Polaris | 323 – 433[1] | F7Ib-F8Ib[2][3] | 003750 37.5

[4]

| 0540 5.4

[4]

| 198 1.98

[5] (1.86 – 2.13)[2]

| The nearest supergiant, assuming the distance of 323 ly. It is a yellow supergiant.
Alpha Herculis Aa (Rasalgethi)  | 360[6] | M5 Ib-II[7] | 028400 284 ± 60

[7]

| 2.500 2.5

[7]

| 335 3.35

[8]

| Possibly a bright giant
Beta Draconis (Rastaban)  | 380±4[6] | G2Ib-IIa[9] | 004000 40

[10]

| 0540 6 ± 0.2

[11]

| 279 2.79

[11]

Zeta Capricorni | 386±10[6] | G4Ib: Ba2[12] | 002900 29

[13]

| 0450 4.5+0.3
−0.2

[14]

| 377 3.77

[15]

Betelgeuse | 408[16]–548+90
−49[17] | M1-M2Ia-ab[12] | 064000 640[18]–764+116
−62

[17]
(1021)[19]

| 1400 14

[16] – 19[17]

| 050 0.5

[20] (0.0 – 1.6)[21]

| The nearest bona fide red supergiant, and the 10th brightest star in the night sky.
Alpha Persei (Mirfak)  | 510±10[6] | F5Ib[11] | 006800 68 ± 3

[22]

| 0850 8.5 ± 0.3

[11]

| 180 1.806

[11]

| 35th brightest star in the night sky.
Alpha Aquarii (Sadalmelik)  | 520±20[6] | G2Ib[11] | 005289 52.89+1.68
−1.78

[11]

| 0513 5.13 ± 0.06

[11]

| 294 2.942

[23]

Beta Aquarii (Sadalsuud)  | 540[6] | G0Ib[10] | 004788 47.88+1.68
−1.81

[11]

| 0497 4.97 ± 0.1

[24]

| 287 2.87

[25]

Lambda Velorum (Suhail)  | 545±10[6] | K4Ib[12] | 021000 210

[26]

| 0700 7 ± 1

[26]

| 221 2.21

[25] (2.14 – 2.30)[27]

Alpha Scorpii A (Antares)  | 553.5[28][lower-alpha 1] | M1.5Iab-Ib[12] | 068000 680

[29]

| 1100 11

[29] – 16[16]

| 060 0.6 – 1.6

[30]

| 15th brightest star in the night sky.
Kappa Pavonis | F5-G5 I-II[31] | 001900 19-25

[32]

|  | 435 4.35

[33] (3.91 - 4.78)[34]

Beta Arae | 650[6] | K3Ib-II[35] | 014200 142

[36][lower-alpha 2]

| 0821 8.21

[36]

| 284 2.84

[37]

Saiph | 650±30[6] | B0.5Ia[38] | 002220 22.2

[39]

| 1550 15.5 ± 1.25

[40]

| 209 2.09

[41]

| The closest blue supergiant.
Epsilon Pegasi (Enif)  | 690±20[6] | K2Ib-II[12] | 021100 211

[42]

| 0707 7.07 – 12

[42][16]

| 240 2.399

[6] (2.37 – 2.45)[43]

Iota Carinae (Aspidiske)  | 690±70[6] | A9Ib[44] | 004300 43

[45]

| 0740 7.4

[46]

| 221 2.21

[37]

HD 115337 A | 698±2[47] | K0Ib[48] | 001640 16.4

[47]

| 0340 3.4

[42][16]

| 633 6.33

[49]

| Likely a giant star[50][51]
Zeta Persei | 750±30[6] | B1Ib[52] | 002600 26 – 27

[6]

| 1450 14.5 ± 1.9

[40]

| 286 2.86

[53]

Zeta Aurigae A  | 790[6] | K4Ib-K5II[54][55] | 014800 148 ± 3

[56]

| 0494 4.94

[40]

| 375 3.751

[57] (3.70 - 3.97)[34]

| Sometimes considered a red supergiant;[54] possible bright giant[55]
Pi Puppis (Ahadi)  | 807[58][lower-alpha 3] | K3Ib[59] | 023500 235

[38]

| 1170 11.7

[60]

| 273 2.733

[61]

Epsilon Geminorum (Mebsuta)  | 840±40[6] | G8Ib[22] | 014000 140 ± 35

[22]

| 1920 19.2 ± 0.1

[60]

| 306 3.06

[62]

Zeta Cephei | 840[6] | K1.5Ib[38] | 009400 94

[63]

|  | 335 3.35

[64]

Rigel | 863[65] | B8Ia[66] | 007890 78.9 ± 7.4

[67]

| 2100 21 ± 3

[68]

| 013 0.13

[69] (0.05 – 0.18)[70]

| 7th brightest star in the night sky, and the brightest supergiant.
Delta Cephei A  | 887±26[71][72] | F5Ib-G1Ib[73][74] | 004500 44.5

[75]

| 0450 4.5 ± 0.3

[75]

| 348 3.48 – 4.37

[73]

| Protoype of the Classical Cepheid variable stars.
Chi Aquilae | 900[6] | G8Ib[76] | 002220 22.2

[77]

|  | 580 5.8

[76]

Beta Doradus | 1040[78] | F4-G4Ia-II[79][80] | 006780 67.8 ± 0.7

[81]

| 0770 7.7 ± 0.2

[60]

| 346 3.46

– 4.08[79]

Zeta Puppis (Naos)  | 1080±40[6] | O4If(n)p[82] | 001400 14 – 26

[83]

| 5610 56.1

[84]

| 224 2.24

– 2.26[85]

| One of the most massive stars visible to the naked eye.

## External links

* "General Catalogue of Variable Stars: Version GCVS 5.1". Astronomy Reports 61 (1): 80–88. 2017. doi:10.1134/S1063772917010085. ISSN 1063-7729. Bibcode: 2017ARep...61...80S. http://www.sai.msu.su/gcvs/gcvs/.

## Notes and references

1. ↑ Calculated using a parallax of 5.89 milliarcseconds in the equation: 1/(Parallax (arcsec)) = distance (parsecs)
2. ↑ Radius calculated with temperature and luminosity
3. ↑ Calculated using a parallax of 4.04 milliarcseconds in the equation: 1/(Parallax (arcsec)) = distance (parsecs)

1. ↑ Turner, David G.; Kovtyukh, V. V.; Usenko, Igor; Gorlova, N. (2013-01-01). "The Pulsation Mode of the Cepheid Polaris". The Astrophysical Journal 762 (1): L8. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/762/1/L8. ISSN 2041-8205. Bibcode: 2013ApJ...762L...8T.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Query= alf UMi". General Catalogue of Variable Stars: Version GCVS 5.1. Lomonosov Moscow State University & Institute of Astronomy of Russian Academy of Sciences. http://www.sai.msu.su/gcvs/cgi-bin/search2.cgi?search=alf+UMi.
3. ↑ Lee, Byeong-Cheol; Mkrtichian, David E.; Han, Inwoo; Park, Myeong-Gu; Kim, Kang-Min (2008-06-01). "Precise Radial Velocities of Polaris: Detection of Amplitude Growth". The Astronomical Journal 135 (6): 2240–2244. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/6/2240. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2008AJ....135.2240L.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Fadeyev, Yu A. (2015-05-01). "Evolutionary status of Polaris". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 449 (1): 1011–1017. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv412. ISSN 1365-2966.
5. ↑ Evans, Nancy Remage; Schaefer, Gail H.; Bond, Howard E.; Bono, Giuseppe; Karovska, Margarita; Nelan, Edmund; Sasselov, Dimitar; Mason, Brian D. (2008-09-01). "Direct Detection of the Close Companion of Polaris with the Hubble Space Telescope". The Astronomical Journal 136 (3): 1137–1146. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/3/1137. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2008AJ....136.1137E.
6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 van Leeuwen, F. (November 2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy & Astrophysics 474 (2): 653–664. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2007A&A...474..653V.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Moravveji, Ehsan; Guinan, Edward F.; Khosroshahi, Habib; Wasatonic, Rick (2013). "THE AGE AND MASS OF THE α HERCULIS TRIPLE-STAR SYSTEM FROM a MESA GRID OF ROTATING STARS WITH 1.3 ⩽ M / M ☉⩽ 8.0". The Astronomical Journal 146 (6): 148. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/146/6/148.
8. ↑ häg, Erik (2001). "Tycho Star Catalogs: The 2.5 Million Brightest Stars". The Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics. doi:10.1888/0333750888/2862. ISBN 0-333-75088-8. https://doi.org/10.1888/0333750888/2862.
9. ↑ Keenan, P. C.; Pitts, R. E. (1980-04-01). "Revised MK spectral types for G, K ANS M stars.". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 42: 541–563. doi:10.1086/190662. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 1980ApJS...42..541K.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 McDonald, I.; Zijlstra, A. A.; Watson, R. A. (2017-10-01). "Fundamental parameters and infrared excesses of Tycho-Gaia stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 471 (1): 770–791. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1433. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2017MNRAS.471..770M.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 Lyubimkov, Leonid S.; Lambert, David L.; Rostopchin, Sergey I.; Rachkovskaya, Tamara M.; Poklad, Dmitry B. (2010-02-21). "Accurate Fundamental Parameters or A-, F-, and G-type Supergiants in the Solar Neighbourhood". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 402 (2): 1369–1379. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15979.x. Bibcode: 2010MNRAS.402.1369L.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Keenan, Philip C.; McNeil, Raymond C. (1989-10-01). "The Perkins Catalog of Revised MK Types for the Cooler Stars". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 71: 245. doi:10.1086/191373. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 1989ApJS...71..245K.
13. ↑ "Zeta Cap". http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/zetacap.html.
14. ↑ Jorissen, A.; Boffin, H. M. J.; Karinkuzhi, D.; Van Eck, S.; Escorza, A.; Shetye, S.; Van Winckel, H. (2019-06-01). "Barium and related stars, and their white-dwarf companions I. Giant stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics 626: A127. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834630. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2019A&A...626A.127J.
15. ↑ Anderson, Erik; Francis, Charles (2012-05-01). "XHIP: An Extended Hipparcos Compilation". Astronomy Letters 38 (5): 331–346. doi:10.1134/S1063773712050015. ISSN 1063-7737. Bibcode: 2012AstL...38..331A.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Neuhäuser, R; Torres, G; Mugrauer, M; Neuhäuser, D L; Chapman, J; Luge, D; Cosci, M (2022-07-29). "Colour evolution of Betelgeuse and Antares over two millennia, derived from historical records, as a new constraint on mass and age". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 516 (1): 693–719. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1969. ISSN 0035-8711.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Joyce, Meridith; Leung, Shing-Chi; Molnár, László; Ireland, Michael J.; Kobayashi, Chiaki; Nomoto, Ken'ichi (2020-10-13). "Standing on the shoulders of giants: New mass and distance estimates for Betelgeuse through combined evolutionary, asteroseismic, and hydrodynamical simulations with MESA". The Astrophysical Journal 902 (1): 63. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abb8db. ISSN 1538-4357. Bibcode: 2020ApJ...902...63J.
18. ↑ Mittag, M.; Schröder, K.-P.; Perdelwitz, V.; Jack, D.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M. (2023). "Chromospheric activity and photospheric variation of α Ori during the great dimming event in 2020". Astronomy & Astrophysics 669: A9. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244924.
19. ↑ Kravchenko, K.; Jorissen, A.; Van Eck, S.; Merle, T.; Chiavassa, A.; Paladini, C.; Freytag, B.; Plez, B. et al. (2021-06-01). "Atmosphere of Betelgeuse before and during the Great Dimming event revealed by tomography". Astronomy & Astrophysics 650: L17. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039801. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2021A&A...650L..17K.
20. ↑ Nicolet, B. (1978-10-01). "Catalogue of homogeneous data in the UBV photoelectric photometric system.". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series 34: 1–49. ISSN 0365-0138. Bibcode: 1978A&AS...34....1N.
21. ↑ "Detail for alf Ori". https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=24710.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Nordgren, Tyler E.; Germain, M. E.; Benson, J. A.; Mozurkewich, D.; Sudol, J. J.; Elias, N. M. II; Hajian, Arsen R.; White, N. M. et al. (1999-12-01). "Stellar Angular Diameters of Late-Type Giants and Supergiants Measured with the Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer". The Astronomical Journal 118 (6): 3032–3038. doi:10.1086/301114. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 1999AJ....118.3032N.
23. ↑ Cousins, A. W. J. (1984-01-01). "Standardisation of broad band photometry of equatorial standards.". South African Astronomical Observatory Circular 8: 59–67. Bibcode: 1984SAAOC...8...59C.
24. ↑ Baines, Ellyn K.; Armstrong, J. Thomas; Schmitt, Henrique R.; Zavala, R. T.; Benson, James A.; Hutter, Donald J.; Tycner, Christopher; van Belle, Gerard T. (2017-12-20). "Fundamental Parameters of 87 Stars from the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer". The Astronomical Journal 155 (1): 30. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa9d8b. ISSN 1538-3881.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Johnson, H. L.; Mitchell, R. I.; Iriarte, B.; Wisniewski, W. Z. (1966-01-01). "UBVRIJKL Photometry of the Bright Stars". Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory 4: 99–110. Bibcode: 1966CoLPL...4...99J.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Carpenter, Kenneth G.; Robinson, Richard D.; Harper, Graham M.; Bennett, Philip D.; Brown, Alexander; Mullan, Dermott J. (1999-08-10). "GHRS Observations of Cool, Low-Gravity Stars. V. The Outer Atmosphere and Wind of the Nearby K Supergiant λ Velorum*" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal 521 (1): 382. doi:10.1086/307520. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 1999ApJ...521..382C.
27. ↑ Ruban, E. V.; Alekseeva, G. A.; Arkharov, A. A.; Hagen-Thorn, E. I.; Galkin, V. D.; Nikanorova, I. N.; Novikov, V. V.; Pakhomov, V. P. et al. (2006-09-01). "Spectrophotometric observations of variable stars". Astronomy Letters 32 (9): 604–607. doi:10.1134/S1063773706090052. ISSN 1063-7737. Bibcode: 2006AstL...32..604R.
28. ↑ "alf Sco". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=Antares.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Ohnaka, Keiichi; Hofmann, Karl-Heinz; Schertl, Dieter; Weigelt, Gerd; Baffa, Carlo; Chelli, Alain; Petrov, Romain; Robbe-Dubois, Sylvie (July 2013). "High spectral resolution imaging of the dynamical atmosphere of the red supergiant Antares in the CO first overtone lines with VLTI/AMBER". Astronomy & Astrophysics 555: A24. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321063. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2013A&A...555A..24O.
30. ↑ Kiss, L. L.; Szabo, Gy M.; Bedding, T. R. (2006-11-11). "Variability in red supergiant stars: pulsations, long secondary periods and convection noise". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 372 (4): 1721–1734. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10973.x. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2006MNRAS.372.1721K.
31. ↑ Samus, N. N.; Kazarovets, E. V.; Durlevich, O. V.; Kireeva, N. N.; Pastukhova, E. N. (2009). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+, 2007-2017)". Vizier Online Data Catalog. Bibcode: 2009yCat....102025S. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009yCat....102025S.
32. ↑ Breitfelder, Joanne; Kervella, Pierre; Mérand, Antoine; Gallenne, Alexandre; Szabados, Laszlo; Anderson, Richard; Willson, Matthew; Bouquin, Jean-Baptiste Le (April 2015). "Observational calibration of the projection factor of Cepheids I. The Type II Cepheid kappa Pavonis". Astronomy & Astrophysics 576: A64. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425171. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2015A&A...576A..64B.
33. ↑ Feast, Michael W.; Laney, Cliford D.; Kinman, Thomas D.; van Leeuwen, Floor; Whitelock, Patricia A. (June 2008). "The Luminosities and Distance Scales of Type II Cepheid and RR Lyrae variables". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 386 (4): 2115–2134. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13181.x. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2008MNRAS.386.2115F.
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Samus, N. N.; Kazarovets, E. V.; Durlevich, O. V.; Kireeva, N. N.; Pastukhova, E. N. (2009-01-01). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+, 2007-2017)". VizieR Online Data Catalog: B/gcvs. Bibcode: 2009yCat....102025S. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009yCat....102025S.
35. ↑ De Medeiros, J. R.; Alves, S.; Udry, S.; Andersen, J.; Nordström, B.; Mayor, M. (January 2014). "A catalog of rotational and radial velocities for evolved stars V. Southern stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics 561: A126. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220762. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2014A&A...561A.126D.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Heiter, U.; Jofré, P.; Gustafsson, B.; Korn, A. J.; Soubiran, C.; Thévenin, F. (October 2015). "Gaia FGK Benchmark Stars: Effective temperatures and surface gravities". Astronomy & Astrophysics 582: A49. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526319. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2015A&A...582A..49H.
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Wielen, R.; Schwan, H.; Dettbarn, C.; Lenhardt, H.; Jahreiß, H.; Jährling, R. (1999-01-01). "Sixth Catalogue of Fundamental Stars (FK6). Part I. Basic fundamental stars with direct solutions.". Veroeffentlichungen des Astronomischen Rechen-Instituts Heidelberg 35: 1. Bibcode: 1999VeARI..35....1W.
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Morgan, W. W.; Keenan, P. C. (1973-01-01). "Spectral Classification". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 11: 29–50. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.11.090173.000333. ISSN 0066-4146. Bibcode: 1973ARA&A..11...29M.
39. ↑ Crowther, Paul; Lennon, Daniel; Walborn, Nolan (2006-01-01). "Physical Parameters and Wind Properties of Galactic Early B Supergiants". Astronomy & Astrophysics 446 (1): 279–293. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053685. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2006A&A...446..279C.
40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Hohle, Markus M.; Neuhaeuser, Ralph; Schutz, Bernard F. (2010-04-01). "Masses and Luminosities of O- and B-type stars and red super giants". Astronomische Nachrichten 331 (4): 349–360. doi:10.1002/asna.200911355. ISSN 0004-6337. Bibcode: 2010AN....331..349H.
41. ↑ Crawford, D. L.; Barnes, J. V.; Golson, J. C. (1971-12-01). "Four-color, H-beta and UBV photometry for bright B-type stars in the northern hemisphere.". The Astronomical Journal 76: 1058–1071. doi:10.1086/111220. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 1971AJ.....76.1058C.
42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Stock, S.; Reffert, S.; Quirrenbach, A. (2018-05-01). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Stellar parameters of 372 giant stars (Stock+, 2018)". VizieR Online Data Catalog: J/A+A/616/A33. doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36160033. Bibcode: 2018yCat..36160033S.
43. ↑ "Detail for eps Peg". https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=25522.
44. ↑ Houk, N.; Cowley, A. P. (1975-01-01). University of Michigan Catalogue of two-dimensional spectral types for the HD stars. Volume I. Declinations -90_ to -53_ƒ0.. Bibcode: 1975mcts.book.....H.
45. ↑ Kaler, James B.. "ASPIDISKE (Iota Carinae)". http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/aspidiske.html.
46. ↑ Smiljanic, R.; Barbuy, B.; De Medeiros, J. R.; Maeder, A. (April 2006). "CNO in evolved intermediate mass stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics 449 (2): 655–671. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054377. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2006A&A...449..655S.
47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Gaia Collaboration; Vallenari, A.; Brown, A. G. A.; Prusti, T.; de Bruijne, J. H. J.; Arenou, F.; Babusiaux, C.; Biermann, M. et al. (2022-07-30), Gaia Data Release 3: Summary of the content and survey properties, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940
48. ↑ Cowley, A. P.; Bidelman, W. P. (1979). "MK spectral types for some F and G stars". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 91: 83. doi:10.1086/130446. Bibcode: 1979PASP...91...83C. https://doi.org/10.1086/130446.
49. ↑ Fabricius, C.; Høg, E.; Makarov, V. V.; Mason, B. D.; Wycoff, G. L.; Urban, S. E. (2002-03-01). "The Tycho double star catalogue" (in en). Astronomy & Astrophysics 384 (1): 180–189. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011822. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2002A&A...384..180F. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2002/10/aah3310/aah3310.html.
50. ↑ Adams, Walter S.; Joy, Alfred H.; Humason, Milton L.; Brayton, Ada Margaret (1935-04-01). "The Spectroscopic Absolute Magnitudes and Parallaxes of 4179 Stars". The Astrophysical Journal 81: 187. doi:10.1086/143628. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 1935ApJ....81..187A. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1935ApJ....81..187A.
51. ↑ Stephenson, C. B.; Sanwal, N. B. (1969-06-01). "The masses of stars above the main sequence.". The Astronomical Journal 74: 689–704. doi:10.1086/110845. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 1969AJ.....74..689S. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969AJ.....74..689S.
52. ↑ Abt, Helmut A.; Levato, Hugo; Grosso, Monica (2002-07-01). "Rotational Velocities of B Stars". The Astrophysical Journal 573 (1): 359–365. doi:10.1086/340590. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2002ApJ...573..359A.
53. ↑ Lutz, T. E.; Lutz, J. H. (1977-06-01). "Spectral classification and UBV photometry of bright visual double stars.". The Astronomical Journal 82: 431–434. doi:10.1086/112066. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 1977AJ.....82..431L.
54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Levesque, Emily M. (2017). Astrophysics of red supergiants. AAS-IOP astronomy. Bristol: IOP Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7503-1330-8.
55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Shenavrin, V. I.; Taranova, O. G.; Nadzhip, A. E. (2011-01-01). "Search for and study of hot circumstellar dust envelopes" (in en). Astronomy Reports 55 (1): 31–81. doi:10.1134/S1063772911010070. ISSN 1562-6881. Bibcode: 2011ARep...55...31S. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063772911010070.
56. ↑ Harper, Graham M.; Bennett, Philip D.; Brown, Alexander; Ayres, Thomas R.; Ohnaka, Keiichi; Griffin, Elizabeth (2022-06-27). "HST STIS Observations of ζ Aurigae A's Irradiated Atmosphere". The Astronomical Journal 164 (1): 16. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac6feb. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2022AJ....164...16H.
57. ↑ Kiyokawa, M. (1967-01-01). "Photoelectric observations of ZET AUR during the 1963-64 eclipse.". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 19: 209. ISSN 0004-6264. Bibcode: 1967PASJ...19..209K. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967PASJ...19..209K.
58. ↑ "pi. Pup". https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/mobile/object.html?object_name=pi+Pup.
59. ↑ Houk, N. (1982-01-01). Michigan Catalogue of Two-dimensional Spectral Types for the HD stars. Volume_3. Declinations -40_ƒ0 to -26_ƒ0.. Bibcode: 1982mcts.book.....H.
60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 Tetzlaff, N.; Neuhäuser, R.; Hohle, M. M. (2011-01-01). "A catalogue of young runaway Hipparcos stars within 3kpc from the Sun". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 410 (1): 190–200. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17434.x. Bibcode: 2011MNRAS.410..190T.
61. ↑ Gutierrez-Moreno, A. (1966). "A system of photometric standards". Publications of the Department of Astronomy University of Chile 1. Bibcode: 1966PDAUC...1....1G.
62. ↑ Mallik, Sushma V. (1999-12-01). "Lithium abundance and mass". Astronomy and Astrophysics 352: 495–507. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 1999A&A...352..495M.
63. ↑ Messineo, Maria; Brown, Anthony G. A. (2019-06-18). "A catalog of known Galactic K-M stars of class I, candidate RSGs, in Gaia DR2". The Astronomical Journal 158 (1): 20. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab1cbd. ISSN 1538-3881.
64. ↑ Levesque, Emily M.; Massey, Philip; Olsen, K. A. G.; Plez, Bertrand; Josselin, Eric; Maeder, Andre; Meynet, Georges (August 2005). "The Effective Temperature Scale of Galactic Red Supergiants: Cool, But Not As Cool As We Thought". The Astrophysical Journal 628 (2): 973–985. doi:10.1086/430901. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2005ApJ...628..973L.
65. ↑ Sessions, Larry (2022-01-19). "Blue-white Rigel is Orion's brightest star" (in en-US). https://earthsky.org/brightest-stars/blue-white-rigel-is-orions-brightest-star/.
66. ↑ Przybilla, N.; Butler, K.; Becker, S. R.; Kudritzki, R. P. (2006-01-01). "Quantitative Spectroscopy of BA-type Supergiants". Astronomy & Astrophysics 445 (3): 1099–1126. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053832. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2006A&A...445.1099P.
67. ↑ Moravveji, Ehsan; Guinan, Edward F.; Shultz, Matt; Williamson, Michael H.; Moya, Andres (2012-03-10). "Asteroseismology of the Nearby SN-II Progenitor: Rigel Part I. The MOST High Precision Photometry and Radial Velocity Monitoring". The Astrophysical Journal 747 (2): 108. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/747/2/108. ISSN 0004-637X.
68. ↑ Shultz, M.; Wade, G. A.; Petit, V.; Grunhut, J.; Neiner, C.; Hanes, D.; Collaboration, the MiMeS (2014-02-21). "An Observational Evaluation of Magnetic Confinement in the Winds of BA Supergiants". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 438 (2): 1114–1126. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt2260. ISSN 0035-8711.
69. ↑ Ducati, J. R. (2002-01-01). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system.". VizieR Online Data Catalog. Bibcode: 2002yCat.2237....0D.
70. ↑ Guinan, Edward F.; Eaton, J. A.; Wasatonic, R.; Stewart, H.; Engle, S. G.; McCook, G. P. (2009-11-01). "Times-Series Photometry & Spectroscopy of the Bright Blue Supergiant Rigel: Probing the Atmosphere and Interior of a SN II Progenitor" (in en). Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5 (H15): 359. doi:10.1017/S1743921310009798. ISSN 1743-9221.
71. ↑ Benedict, G. Fritz; McArthur, B. E.; Fredrick, L. W.; Harrison, T. E.; Slesnick, C. L.; Rhee, J.; Patterson, R. J.; Skrutskie, M. F. et al. (September 2002). "Astrometry with Hubble Space Telescope: A Parallax of the Fundamental Distance Calibrator delta Cephei". The Astronomical Journal 124 (3): 1695–1705. doi:10.1086/342014. Bibcode: 2002AJ....124.1695B.
72. ↑ Majaess, Daniel J.; Turner, David G.; Gieren, Wolfgang (2012-03-10). "New Evidence Supporting Cluster Membership for the Keystone Calibrator Delta Cephei". The Astrophysical Journal 747 (2): 145. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/747/2/145. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2012ApJ...747..145M.
73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 "Query= del cep". General Catalogue of Variable Stars: Version GCVS 5.1. Lomonosov Moscow State University & Institute of Astronomy of Russian Academy of Sciences. http://www.sai.msu.su/gcvs/cgi-bin/search2.cgi?search=del+cep.
74. ↑ Engle, Scott G.; Guinan, Edward F.; Harper, Graham M.; Neilson, Hilding R.; Evans, Nancy Remage (2014-09-25). "The Secret Lives of Cepheids: Evolutionary Changes and Pulsation-Induced Shock Heating in the Prototype Classical Cepheid {\delta} Cep". The Astrophysical Journal 794 (1): 80. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/794/1/80. ISSN 1538-4357.
75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 Matthews, L. D.; Marengo, M.; Evans, N. R.; Bono, G. (2012-01-01). "New Evidence for Mass Loss from delta Cephei from HI 21-cm Line Observations". The Astrophysical Journal 744 (1): 53. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/744/1/53. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2012ApJ...744...53M.
76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Eggleton, P. P.; Tokovinin, A. A. (2008). "A catalogue of multiplicity among bright stellar systems". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 389 (2): 869–879. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x. Bibcode: 2008MNRAS.389..869E.
77. ↑ McDonald, Iain; Zijlstra, Albert A.; Boyer, Martha L. (2012-11-21). "Fundamental parameters and infrared excesses of Hipparcos stars". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 427 (1): 343–357. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21873.x. Bibcode: 2012MNRAS.427..343M.
78. ↑ McArthur, Barbara E.; Benedict, G. Fritz; Harrison, Thomas E.; van Altena, William (2011-05-01). "Astrometry with the Hubble Space Telescope: Trigonometric Parallaxes of Selected Hyads". The Astronomical Journal 141 (5): 172. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/141/5/172. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2011AJ....141..172M.
79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 "Query= bet dor". General Catalogue of Variable Stars: Version GCVS 5.1. Lomonosov Moscow State University & Institute of Astronomy of Russian Academy of Sciences. http://www.sai.msu.su/gcvs/cgi-bin/search2.cgi?search=bet+dor.
80. ↑ "VizieR". http://webviz.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-out.add=.&-source=V/50/catalog&recno=1922.
81. ↑ Taylor, Melinda M.; Booth, Andrew J. (1998-08-01). "The bright southern Cepheid beta Doradus: the radial velocity curve, distance and size". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 298 (2): 594–600. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01670.x. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 1998MNRAS.298..594T.
82. ↑ Sota, A.; Apellániz, J. Maíz; Walborn, N. R.; Alfaro, E. J.; Barbá, R. H.; Morrell, N. I.; Gamen, R. C.; Arias, J. I. (2011-04-01). "The Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey. I. Classification System and Bright Northern Stars in the Blue-Violet at R~2500". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 193 (2): 24. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/193/2/24. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 2011ApJS..193...24S.
83. ↑ Schilbach, E.; Roeser, S. (2008-10-01). "On the origin of field O-type stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics 489 (1): 105–114. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809936. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2008A&A...489..105S.
84. ↑ Bouret, J.-C.; Hillier, D. J.; Lanz, T.; Fullerton, A. W. (2012-08-01). "Properties of Galactic early-type O-supergiants: A combined FUV-UV and optical analysis". Astronomy & Astrophysics 544: A67. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118594. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2012A&A...544A..67B.
85. ↑ "Detail for zet Pup". https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=27176.

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