List of private spaceflight companies

Short description: None

Private spaceflight companies include non-governmental or privately-owned entities focused on developing and/or offering equipment and services geared towards spaceflight, both robotic and human. This list includes both inactive and active entities.

List of abbreviations used in this article

LEO: Low Earth orbit
GTO: Geostationary transfer orbit
HCO: Heliocentric orbit
VTOL: Vertical take-off and landing
SSTO: Single-stage-to-orbit
TSTO: Two-stage-to-orbit
SSTSO: Single-stage-to-sub-orbit

## Contents

* 1 Commercial astronauts
* 2 Manufacturers of space vehicles
* 2.1 Cargo transport vehicles
* 2.2 Crew transport vehicles
* 2.2.1 Orbital
* 2.2.2 Suborbital
* 2.3 Launch vehicle manufacturers
* 2.4 Landers, rovers and orbiters
* 2.5 Research craft and tech demonstrators
* 3 Propulsion manufacturers
* 4 Satellite launchers
* 5 Space-based economy
* 5.1 Space manufacturing
* 5.2 Space mining
* 5.3 Space stations
* 5.4 Space settlement
* 6 Spacecraft component developers and manufacturers
* 7 Spaceliner companies
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 External links

## Commercial astronauts

* Association of Spaceflight Professionals[1][2] — Astronaut training, applied research and development, payload testing and integration, mission planning and operations support (Christopher Altman, Soyeon Yi)[1][3]

## Manufacturers of space vehicles

Main article: Astronomy:List of spacecraft manufacturers

### Cargo transport vehicles

Company name  | Spacecraft  | Launch system  | Length (m)  | Dry mass (kg)  | Launch mass (kg)  | Payload (kg)  | Payload volume (m3)  | Return payload (kg)  | Diameter (m)  | Generated power (W)  | Automated docking  | Status

|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

SpaceX | Dragon | Falcon 9 Block 5 | 6.1 | 4,200[4] | 10,200 | 6,000[5] pressurized or unpressurized, in any mixture[6] | 10.0 (pressurized), plus 14 (unpressurized), or 34 (unpressurized with extended trunk)[7] | 3,000 capsule return[8] | 3.7 | 2,000[9] | No  | Retired (21/22)
Dragon 2 | Falcon 9 Block 5 | 8.1 | 6,400 |  | 6,000[5] | 10.0 (pressurized), plus 14 (unpressurized)  | 3,000[5] | 3.7 |  | Yes  | Operational (8/8)
Orbital | Cygnus (standard) | Antares 110 | 5.14 | 1,500[10] |  | 2,000[10] | 18.9[10] | None  | 3.07 | 3,500[11] | No  | Retired (3/4)
Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems | Cygnus (enhanced) | Antares 230
Atlas V 401
Falcon 9 Block 5 | 6.34 | 1,800[12] |  | 3,500[12] | 27[12] | None  | 3.07 |  | No  | Operational (15/15)
Sierra Nevada Corporation  | Dream Chaser Cargo System | Atlas V
Vulcan[13] |  |  |  | 5,000 pressurized, 500 unpressurized[14] |  | 1,750[14] |  |  | Yes  | Development
Planned: 2023

### Crew transport vehicles

#### Orbital

Company name  | Spacecraft  | Range  | Launch
system  | Crew
size  | Length (m)  | Diameter (m)  | Launch mass (kg)  | Power
system  | Generated
power (W)  | First
spaceflight*  | Status

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Blue Origin | Biconic Space Vehicle  | LEO | New Glenn |  |  |  |  |  |  | Planned date not known  | Development
Boeing | CST-100 Starliner | LEO | Multiple, initially Atlas V | 7[15] | 5.03[16] | 4.56[16] |  | Solar panels  |  | Planned: First Crewed 2023
(First Uncrewed: 20 December 2019, Second Uncrewed: 19 May 2022)  | Testing

(2/3)

Sierra Nevada Corporation  | Dream Chaser Space System | LEO | Multiple, initially Vulcan Centaur  | 7[17][18] | 9[19] |  | 11,300[20] |  |  | 2026[21] | Development
SpaceX | Dragon 2 | LEO | Falcon 9 Block 5 | 7[note 1] | 8.1[22] | 3.7[23] |  | Solar  |  | Crewed: May 30, 2020
(Uncrewed: 2 March 2019)  | Operational (11/11)
Starship | Mars[24][note 2] | Super Heavy | <=100 | 50[24] | 9[24][note 3] | 1,335,000[24] | Solar panels  |  | Planned: First Crewed date not known (First Uncrewed: 20 April 2023)  | Testing

(0/2)

* - Format: Crewed (Uncrewed), includes failures

1. ↑ Number of seats will be 4 for crew member rotations for the ISS
2. ↑ Although designed to be capable of flying to anywhere in the solar system, this vehicle's intended maximum range is Mars
3. ↑ Plus fins/legs

#### Suborbital

Company name  | Spacecraft  | Range  | Launch
system  | Crew
size  | Length (m)  | Diameter (m)  | Launch mass (kg)  | First
spaceflight*  | Status

|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|

Scaled Composites | SpaceShipOne | 100 km (62 mi)  | White Knight | 1 | 8.53  | 8.05  | 3,600  | 21 June 2004  | Retired (3/3)[note 1]
Blue Origin | New Shepard Crew Capsule | 114 km (71 mi) (capsule, using the launch escape system motor)  | New Shepard | 6 |  | 3.6  |  | Crewed: July 20, 2021

(Uncrewed: April 29, 2015)

| Operational (8/8)
The Spaceship Company | SpaceShipTwo | 110 km (68 mi)  | White Knight Two | 8 (2 Pilots, 6 Passengers)  | 18.3  | 8.3  | 9,740  | 13 December 2018  | Testing (10/11)[note 2]
Copenhagen Suborbitals[note 3] | Tycho Deep Space | 105 km (65 mi)
| Spica | 1 | 13  | 0.955  | 4,000  | Planned date not known  | Development
PD AeroSpace | (Unknown)  | 110 km (68 mi)[25] | (Unknown)  | 8 (6 passengers, 2 pilots)  | 14.8[26] |  | >6,000  | Planned date not known  | Development
World View | Explorer Capsule  | 30 km (19 mi)  | Stratospheric Balloon  | 10 (8 passengers, 1 pilot, 1 concierge)  |  | 5.5  | 4,500  | Planned 2024  | Development

* - Format: Crewed (Uncrewed), includes failures

1. ↑ Does not include crewed atmospheric flights
2. ↑ Does not include powered flights not intended to reach space
3. ↑ Denmark's amateur human space program.

### Launch vehicle manufacturers

Further information: Engineering:List of orbital launch systems

Company name  | Launcher
name  | Launcher
type  | No. of
stages  | Maximum
reach  | Launcher
status  | Maiden
flight  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

ABL Space Systems | RS1  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Operational (0/1)  | 10 January 2023  | [27]
Agnikul Cosmos | Agnibaan  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  |
ARCA Space | Haas 2b  | Suborbital crewed rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Cancelled  | —  | [28]
Haas 2CA  | Light rocket  | 1  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  | [29]
Super Haas  | Medium rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Proposed  | Unknown  | [30]
EcoRocket Demonstrator  | Reusable light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | 2022 (planned)  | [31]
EcoRocket Heavy  | Heavy rocket  | 3  | Deep space  | Proposed  | Unknown  | [31]
Australian Space Research Institute | AUSROC Nano | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [32]
Astra Space | Astra Rocket 1  | Sounding rocket  | 2  | Suborbital  | Retired (0/1)  | 2018  | [33][34][35]
Astra Rocket 2  | Sounding rocket  | 2  | Suborbital  | Retired (0/1)  | 2018  | [36]
Astra Rocket 3  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Retired (2/5)  | 2020  | [37][38]
Astra Rocket 4  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2023 (planned)  | [39][40]
SALVO  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  | [41][42][43]
Bellatrix Aerospace | Chetak  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2023 (planned)  |
Blue Origin | New Shepard | Reusable suborbital rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (22/23)  | 2015  |
New Glenn | Reusable heavy rocket  | 2 or 3  | GTO  | Development  | 2023 (planned)  | [44][45][46]
New Armstrong | Reusable super-heavy rocket  | 3  | HCO  | Proposed  | ~2030 (proposed)  |
BluShift Aerospace | Stardust  | Reusable sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (1/1)  | 2020  |
Starless Rogue  | Sounding rocket  | 2  | Suborbital  | Development  | Unknown  |
Brown Dwarf  | Sounding rocket  | 2 or 3  | Suborbital  | Cancelled  | —  |
Red Dwarf  | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | Q2 2024 (planned)  |
Borneo SubOrbitals | TBA | Sounding rocket  | 2 or 3  | Suborbital  | Development  | 2022 (planned)  | [47][48][49]
Canadian Arrow | Canadian Arrow | Suborbital crewed rocket  | 2  | Suborbital  | Cancelled  | —  | [50]
CubeCab  | Cab-3A  | Light rocket  | 3 + airplane  | LEO  | Proposed  | Unknown  | [51][52]
Datiotec Aeroespacial / INMEU A.C.  | JFCR.2000-Pollux  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Development  | Unknown  | [53][54]
Evolution Space | Gold Chain Cowboy  | Sounding Rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Development  | 2023  | [55][56]
Exos Aerospace | SARGE  | Reusable sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (3/4)  | 2018  | [57][58]
Exela Space Industries  | Aims-1  | Sounding Rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Cancelled  | —  | [59]
Equatorial Space Systems | Volans  | Light Rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [60]
Dorado  | Sounding Rocket  | 1 or 2  | Suborbital  | Development  | 2023 (planned)  | [61]
LAD  | Sounding Rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Retired (1/1)  | 2020  | [62]
Firefly Aerospace | Firefly Alpha | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Operational (1/2)  | 2021  | [63]
Firefly MLV  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2025 (planned)  | [64]
General Astronautics  | Urania  | Medium rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  | [65][66]
Gilmour Space Technologies | RASTA  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Retired (1/1)  | 2016  | [67]
Eris  | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | April 2023 (Planned)  | [67]
Generation Orbit | X-60A (GOLauncher 1)  | Air-launched sounding rocket  | 1 + airplane  | Suborbital  | Development  | Unknown  | [68][69]
GOLauncher 2  | Air-launch-to-orbit  | 2 + airplane  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  |
Independence-X Aerospace | DNLV (Dedicated Nano Launch Vehicle)  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2023 (planned)  | [70][71]
Interorbital Systems | NEPTUNE N series  | Light rocket  | 3–4  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [72][73]
NEPTUNE N36  | Light rocket  | 4  | TLI | Proposed  | Unknown  | [72][73]
Neptune TSAAHTO  | Medium rocket  | 2½  | TLI | Proposed  | Unknown  | [72]
Interstellar Technologies | Momo  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (3/7)  | 2017  | [74][75]
Isar Aerospace | Spectrum  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | H2 2023 (planned)  | [76]
Launcher  | Light  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  | [77]
Leaf Space  | Primo  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Proposed  | Unknown  | [78][79]
Lin Industrial  | Taymyr  | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [80][81]
Lockheed Martin | VentureStar | Reusable spaceplane | 1  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  | [82]
Athena  | Medium rocket  | 2 or 3  | TLI | Retired (5/7)  | 1995  |
Mishaal Aerospace  | M-SV  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Development  | Unknown  | [83][84][85]
M-OV  | Light rocket  | 1 + 6 Boosters  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [83][84][86]
M-LV  | Light rocket  | 1 + 8 boosters  | TLI | Development  | Unknown  | [83][84][87]
OneSpace | OS-X  | Sounding rocket  | 2  | Suborbital  | Operational (2/2)  | 2018  | [88]
OS-M1  | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Operational (0/1)  | 2019  | [89]
OS-M2  | Light rocket  | 3 + 2 boosters  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [90]
OS-M4  | Light rocket  | 3 + 4 boosters  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [91]
Orbex | Prime  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2023 (planned)  | [92]
OrbitX | Haribon SLS-1  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2023–2024 (planned)  |
Outerstellar Space  | Crocoship  | Medium rocket  | 1  | LEO  | Development  | 2040 (planned)  | [93]
Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems | Antares | Medium rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Operational (15/16)  | 2013  | [94]
Minotaur-C, formerly Taurus | Light rocket  | 4  | LEO  | Operational (7/10)  | 1994  | [95][96][97]
Pegasus | Air-launch-to-orbit  | 3-4 + airplane  | HEO | Operational (40/45)  | 1990  |
Omega | Medium rocket  | 3 + 0-6 boosters  | GEO  | Cancelled  | (Was planned for 2021)  | [98]
Orbital Transport & Raketen AG | OTRAG | Medium rocket  | variable  | LEO (designed)
Suborbital (achieved)  | Retired (15/18)  | 1977  | [99]
Perigee Aerospace | Blue Whale 1  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [100][101]
PLD Space | Miura 1 | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (1/1)  | 6 October 2023  | [102][103][104][105] [106]
Miura 5 | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | 2024 (planned)  | [105]
Relativity Space | Terran 1  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Retired (0/1)  | 23 March 2023
Terran R  | Reusable medium rocket  | 2  | Deep space  | Development  | 2024 (planned)  | [107]
Rocket Crafters  | Intrepid-1  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [108][109]
Rocket Lab | Ātea-1  | Sounding rocket  | 2  | Suborbital  | Retired (1/1)  | 2009  | [110][111]
Ātea-2  | Sounding rocket  | 2  | Suborbital  | Cancelled  | —  | [112]
Electron | Reusable light rocket  | 2  | TLI  | Operational (34/37)  | 2017  | [113]
Neutron | Medium rocket  | 2  | GTO  | Development  | 2024 (planned)  | [114][115]
RocketStar  | Star-Lord  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [116]
Rocket Factory Augsburg | RFA One  | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | 2023 (planned)  | [117][118][76]
Skyroot Aerospace | Vikram S  | Sounding rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Operational  | 2022 November 18  | [119]
Vikram-II  | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  |
Vikram-III  | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  |
Skyrora | Skyrora 1  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Development  | Unknown  | [120][121][122]
Skylark Micro  | Sounding rocket  | 2  | Suborbital  | Operational (1/1)  | 2021  | [123]
Skylark L  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Development  | 2022 (planned)  | [124][125]
Skyrora XL  | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | 2023 (planned)  | [126][127][128][129]
SpaceForest  | Bigos  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (5/5)  | 2015  | [130]
Candle-2  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (1/1)  | 2016  | [131][132][133]
Perun  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (1/1)  | 2020[134] | [135]
SIR (Suborbital Inexpensive Rocket)  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Development  | 2022 (planned)  | [130][136]
Space Services Inc. | Percheron  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Cancelled  | —  | [137]
Conestoga 1620 | Medium rocket  | 4  | LEO (designed)
Suborbital (achieved)  | Retired (0/1)  | 1995  | [137]
SpaceLS  | Prometheus-1  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [138][139]
Space Pioneer | Tiansuo-1  | Vertical landing test stage  | 1  | Suborbital  | Development  | Unknown  | [140]
Tianlong-1  | Light rocket  |  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [140]
SpaceX | Falcon 1 | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Retired (2/5)  | 2006  | [141]
Falcon 1e | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  | [141]
Falcon 5 | Medium rocket  | 2  | GTO  | Cancelled  | —  | [142]
Falcon 9 v1.0 | Medium rocket  | 2  | GTO (designed)
LEO (achieved)  | Retired (5/5)  | 2010  | [143]
Falcon 9 v1.1 | Medium rocket  | 2  | HCO | Retired (14/15)  | 2013  | [143]
Falcon 9 Full Thrust
Block 1-4  | Reusable medium rocket /
Heavy rocket (expendable)  | 2  | TMI[144] | Retired (36/36)  | 2015  | [143]
Falcon 9 Block 5 | Reusable medium rocket /
Heavy rocket (expendable)  | 2  | TMI[144] | Operational (57/57)  | 2018  | [145][146]
Falcon Heavy | Reusable heavy rocket /
Super-heavy rocket (expendable)  | 2 + 2 boosters  | Deep space (Pluto)[147] | Operational (3/3)  | 2018  | [143][148]
Starship Super-Heavy | Reusable super-heavy rocket  | 2  | Deep space  | Testing (0/2)  | 2023
Stoke Space | Nova  | Reusable light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [149]
Success Rockets | Nebo 1 | Ultralight rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (1/1)  | December 2021  | [150]
Stalker | Ultralight rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2024  | [151]
United Launch Alliance | Atlas V | Medium rocket  | 2 + 0-5 boosters  | TMI  | Operational (96/97)  | 2002  | [152]
Delta II 6000  | Medium rocket  | 2-3 + 9 boosters  | GTO  | Retired (17/17)  | 1989  | [153]
Delta II 7000  | Light rocket  | 2-3 + 3, 4 or 9 boosters  | GTO  | Retired (130/132)  | 1990  | [153]
Delta II 7000H  | Medium rocket  | 2-3 + 9 boosters  | TMI  | Retired (6/6)  | 2003  | [153]
Delta IV | Medium rocket  | 2 + 0, 2 or 4 boosters  | GTO  | Retired (29/29)  | 2003  | [154]
Delta IV Heavy | Heavy rocket  | 2 + 2 boosters  | GTO  | Operational (13/14)  | 2004  | [155]
Vulcan  | Heavy rocket  | 2 + 0-6 boosters  | GTO  | Operational (1/1)  | 2024  | [156][157]
UP Aerospace | Skyloft/Skyloft XL  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (18/19)  | 2006  |
Spyder  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2023  |
Vector Launch | Vector-R | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2023 (2 prototype launches in 2017)  |
Vector-RE1 | Light rocket  | 2 or 3  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  |
Vector-H | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  |
Vector-HE1 | Light rocket  | 2 or 3  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  |
Virgin Orbit | LauncherOne | Air-launch-to-orbit  | 2 + airplane  | LEO  | Retired (4/6)  | 2020 (First successful attempt Jan 2021)  | [158]
X-Bow Systems  | Bolt  | Light rocket  | 1  | LEO  | Development  | July 2022  | [159][160]
Zero2infinity  | Bloostar  | Rockoon system (high-altitude balloon and space launcher)  | 3 + high-altitude balloon  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [161]

### Landers, rovers and orbiters

Company name  | Craft name  | Craft type  | Craft status  | Ref

|
|
|
|

ARCASPACE  | ELE (European Lunar Explorer)  | lunar orbiter  | Development  | [162]
Astrobotic Technology | Red Rover  | lunar rover  | Development  | [163]
Griffin (previously Artemis Lander)  | lunar lander  | Development  | [164]
Peregrine Lander  | lunar lander  | Retired  | [165][166]
Blue Origin | Blue Moon | lunar lander  | Development  |
Integrated Lander Vehicle | crewed lunar lander  | Development  |
Dynetics | Dynetics HLS | lunar lander  | Development  |
Euroluna | ROMIT  | lunar rover  | Cancelled  | [167]
Golden Spike Company
(defunct)  | unnamed | crewed lunar lander  | Cancelled  | [168]
Hakuto | Sorato  | lunar rover  | Development  | [169][170]
Tetris  | lunar rover  | Cancelled  | [171]
Independence-X Aerospace | SQUALL (Scientific Quest Unmanned Autonomous Lunar Lander)  | lunar lander  | Cancelled  | [172]
Interorbital Systems | RIPPER (Robotic InterPlanetary Prospector Excavator Retriever)  | lunar lander  | Development  | [173]
Intuitive Machines | Nova-C lander, and Universal Reentry Vehicle (URV)[174] | lunar lander; reusable orbital vehicle  | Development  | [175]
Lunar Mission One | unnamed | lunar lander  | Proposed (2014)  | [176]
Masten Space Systems | XEUS | lunar lander  | Negotiating  | [164]
Masten Space Systems | XL-1 | lunar lander  | Development  | [177]
Moon Express | MX-1 | lunar lander  | Testing  | [164][178]
Odyssey Moon | MoonOne (M-1)  | lunar rover  | Cancelled  | [179]
Omega Envoy  | Sagan  | lunar rover  | Cancelled  | [180]
OrbitBeyond | Z-01 | lunar landers and rovers  | Proposed (2018)  | [181][182]
PTScientists | Audi Lunar quattro  | lunar rover  | Testing  | [183]
PTScientists | ALINA (Autonomous Landing and Navigation Module)  | lunar lander  | Development  | [184]
Puli Space Technologies | Puli | lunar rover  | Fundraising  | [185]
Roscosmos | Luna 25  | lunar lander  | Crashed  | [186]
SpaceX | Starship | crewed mars lander  | Development  |
Starship HLS | crewed lunar lander  | Development  |
Team FREDNET | Picorover  | lunar rover  | Cancelled  | [187]
Team Italia  | AMALIA (Ascensio Machinae Ad Lunam Italica Arte)  | lunar rover  | Cancelled  | [188]
Team Indus | HHK-1  | lunar lander  | Development  |
Team Indus | ECA  | lunar rover  | Development  |
TransOrbital | TrailBlazer  | lunar orbiter  | Cancelled  | [189]
Team Plan B  | Plan B  | lunar rover  | Cancelled  |
Spacebit  | Asagumo  | lunar rover  | Testing  | [190][191]
Space IL | Beresheet  | lunar lander  | Crashed upon landing  |
Space Explration Corp  | Defiant  | lunar lander  | Cancelled  | [192]
Synergy Moon | Tesla  | lunar rover  | Development  | [193]

### Research craft and tech demonstrators

Further information: Engineering:List of sounding rockets

Company name  | Craft name  | Craft purpose  | Craft status  | Ref

|
|
|
|

ARCA  | Demonstrator 2b  | demonstrate reusable monopropellant engine  | Retired  |
Armadillo Aerospace | Quad | demonstrate VTOL  | Retired  |
ASRI | AUSROC I  | systems Testing  | Retired  |
AUSROC II  | payload to 10 km  | Retired  |
AUSROC 2.5  | systems Testing  | Testing  |
AUSROC III  | payload of 150 kg to 500 km  | Development  |
Blue Origin | Goddard | demonstrate VTOL  | Retired  |
Deep Blue Aerospace | Nebula-1  | demonstrate VTOL  | Development  | [194]
Evolution Space | Gold Chain Cowboy  | systems testing, payload to 124 km  | Development  | [195]
Interorbital Systems | Neutrino  | systems Testing  | Operational  |
Tachyon  | systems Testing  | Operational  | [196]
Lockheed Martin | X-33 | demonstrate SSTO  | Cancelled  |
Masten Space Systems | XA-0.1 | demonstrate VTOL  | Retired  |
XA-0.1B | Lunar Lander Challenge Level 1  | Operational  |
XA-0.1E | Lunar Lander Challenge Level 2, commercial precursor flights  | Retired (12 flights)  |
XA-0.1E2 | commercial flights  | Destroyed (115 flights)  |
XA-0.1E4 | commercial flights  | Retired (75 flights)  |
XA-0.1E5 | commercial flights  | Operational  |
XL-1T | terrestrial test bed for the XL-1 lunar lander  | Development  |
Xeus | commercial flights  | Cancelled  |
McDonnell Douglas | DC-X | demonstrate VTOL  | Retired (11 test flights)  |
Origin Space | Yang Wang-1  | space mineral resources developer  | Development  | [197]
Rotary Rocket | Roton ATV  | demonstrate VTOL  | Retired (3 test flights)  |
Space Services Inc. | Conestoga I | systems Testing  | Retired (1 test)  | [137]
SpaceX | Grasshopper | demonstrate VTOL  | Retired (8 tests)  | [198]
F9R Dev1 | refine VTOL (low altitude)  | Destroyed (5 flights)  | [199]
F9R Dev2 | refine VTOL (high altitude)  | Cancelled  |
Starhopper  | demonstrate VTOL  | Retired (4 test flights)  |
Starship prototypes | demonstrate VTOL  | Retired (7 test flight)  |
Swedish Space Corp.  | Maxus  | payload to 700 km  | Operational  |
Maser  | payload to 300 km  | Operational  |
UP Aerospace | SpaceLoft XL  | payload to 140 km  | Operational  | [200]
World View Enterprises | Stratollite  | payload up to 30 km and 300 kg  | Operational  | [201][202]
zero2infinity  | nanobloon 1.0  | payload to 32 km  | Operational  | [203]
nanobloon 2.0  | payload to 33 km  | Operational  |
microbloon 1.0  | payload to 24 km  | Operational  |
microbloon 2.0  | payload to 31 km  | Operational  |
microbloon 3.0  | payload to 27 km  | Operational  |

## Propulsion manufacturers

Company name  | Engine  | Engine type  | Applications  | Status  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|

Accion Systems Inc.  | MAX-1, TILE  | electrospray ion | small satellite/CubeSat | Development  | [204][205]
Ad Astra Rocket Company | VASIMR  | plasma propulsion | space tug/orbital transfer vehicle | Development  | [206]
ARCA  | Executor  | LOX/RP-1 | IAR 111, Haas 2, Haas 2b, Super Haas  | Development  |
ArianeGroup | Vulcain | LH2/LOX | Ariane 5/Ariane 6 Main stage  | Operational  |
Blue Origin | BE-3  | LH2/LOX | New Shepard | Operational  |
BE-4  | LOX/CH4 | Vulcan, New Glenn | Testing  |
CU Aerospace  | PUC  | microcavity discharge  | small satellite/CubeSat | Development  | [207][208]
CHIPS  | resistojet | small satellite/CubeSat | Development  | [208][209]
PPT-11  | pulsed plasma | small satellite/CubeSat | Development  | [210][211]
Exo Terra Resource  | Halo  | Hall effect | small satellite/CubeSat | Development  | [212]
Firefly Aerospace | Reaver  | LOX/RP-1 | Firefly Alpha first stage  | Operational  |
Miranda  | LOX/RP-1 | Firefly MLV first stage  | Development  | [64]
Reaction Engines Ltd. | SABRE  | hybrid air-breathing/chemical  | Skylon  | Development  | [213]
Rocket Lab | Rutherford  | LOX/RP-1 | Electron first stage  | Operational  |
Rutherford Vacuum  | LOX/RP-1 | Electron second stage  | Operational  |
Archimedes  | LOX/CH4 | Neutron first stage  | Development  | [214]
Sierra Space  | VR35K-A  | LH2/LOX | Upper Stage  | Development  | [215][216]
SpaceDev | RocketMotorOne  | hybrid  | SpaceShipOne | Retired  | [217]
SpaceX | Kestrel  | LOX/RP-1 | Falcon 1 second stage  | Retired  |
Merlin  | LOX/RP-1 | Falcon 1, Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy first stage/boosters  | Operational  | [218][219][147]
Merlin Vacuum  | LOX/RP-1 | Falcon 9 second stage, Falcon Heavy second stage  | Operational  | [219][147]
Raptor  | LOX/CH4 | SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure, Starship, Starship HLS | Operational  | [220]
Virgin Galactic | RocketMotorTwo  | hybrid  | SpaceShipTwo | Operational
Ursa Major Technologies  | Hadley  | Jet-A/LOX | Hypersonics, Boost Stage, Upper Stage  | Development  | [221][222]

## Satellite launchers

Company  | Launch vehicles  | Notes  | Refs

|
|
|

Arianespace | Ariane, Vega  | Minority owned by some EU states  |
Astra Space | Rocket 3, Rocket 4  | Rocket 3 retired in August 2022  | [40]
Firefly Aerospace | Firefly Alpha, Firefly MLV  |  |
IHI Corporation | Epsilon  | Some R&D by JAXA  |
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries | H-IIA  | R&D done by JAXA.  | [223]
Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems | Antares, Minotaur  | Own launchers, funded by NASA  |
Rocket Lab | Neutron, Electron  |  |
SpaceX | Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy  |  |
Sea Launch | Zenit  | Owned by S7 Airlines  |
United Launch Alliance | Atlas V, Delta IV Heavy  | 50% owned by Lockheed Martin, 50% Boeing  |
Vaya Space  | Dauntless  |  | [224]

## Space-based economy

### Space manufacturing

Company name  | Products  | Manufacturing craft  | Status  | Ref

|
|
|
|

Shackleton Energy Company | propellant, space infrastructure, propellant depot | Unknown  | Defunct (2020)  | [225]
Made In Space | 3D printing in ISS, in-space antenna systems, fiber optics  | Unknown  | Operational (2018)  | [226]
Varda Space Industries  | building products in space and bringing them back to earth (ex: ZBLAN, 3d printed organs)  | Unknown  | Operational (2021)  | [227]
Deep Space Industries | propellant, communications platforms, space solar power satellites | MicroGravity Foundry  | Defunct (2020)  | [228]
Cosmic Shielding Corporation  | Space Materials; Multifunctional polymers for spacecraft and habitat structural and shielding components  | Unknown  | Operational (2021)  | [229][230]

### Space mining

Company name  | Body to be mined  | Mining craft  | Mining status  | Ref

|
|
|
|

AstroForge  | Near-Earth asteroids  | Brokrr-1, Odin  | Development  | [231]
Deep Space Industries | Near-Earth asteroids  | Prospector-1, Harvestor 1  | Defunct (2019)  | [232][233]
ispace | Moon  | Hakuto-R  | Development  | [234][235]
Moon Express | Moon | MX-1, MX-2, MX-5, MX-9  | Development  | [236]
Planetary Resources | Near-Earth asteroids  | Arkyd Series 100, 200, 300  | Cancelled  | [237]
Shackleton Energy Company | Moon | TBD  | Defunct (2020)  | [225]

### Space stations

Private Company name  | Space Craft name  | Space Craft type  | Internal
volume  | Passenger
capacity  | Craft status  | Orbit Around  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Axiom Space | Axiom International Commercial Space Station  | Rigid Module  |  | 8[238] | Development (2016)  | Earth  | [239][240]
Bigelow Aerospace | Genesis I subscale test spacecraft  | Inflatable module  | 11.5 m3 (406 cu ft)[241] | Uncrewed  | Derelict, on orbit[242] | Earth  | [243]
Genesis II subscale test spacecraft  | Inflatable module  | 11.5 m3 (406 cu ft)[244] | Uncrewed  | Derelict, on orbit[242] | Earth  | [245]
Galaxy  | Inflatable module  | 16.7 m3 (590 cu ft)[246] | Uncrewed  | Cancelled  | Earth  | [247]
Sundancer  | Inflatable module  | 180 m3 (6,357 cu ft)  | 3  | Cancelled  | Earth  | [248]
BA 330  | Inflatable module  | 330 m3 (11,654 cu ft)  | 6  | Cancelled[249] | Earth  | [250][251][252]
BA 2100  | Inflatable module  | 2,100 m3 (74,161 cu ft)  | 16  | Cancelled[249] | Earth  | [253]
Space Complex Alpha  | Inflatable space station  | 690 m3 (24,367 cu ft)  | 12  | Cancelled  | Earth  |
Excalibur Almaz | Almaz derivative | Rigid module  | 3  | Cancelled  | Earth  | [254][255][256]
Galactic Suite Ltd. | Galactic Suite  | Rigid module  |  | 6  | Proposed (2007)  | Earth  | [257]
Orion Span  | Aurora Space Station | Rigid module  | 160 m3 (5,650 cu ft)  | 6 (2 Crew, 4 Tourists)  | Proposed (2018)  | Earth  | [258][259]
Sierra Nevada Corporation  | Large Inflatable Fabric Environment  | Inflatable module  | 300 m3 (10,594 cu ft)  | 4  | Testing  | Moon/Mars  | [260]
Blue Origin | Orbital Reef  | Rigid module  | 830 m3 (29,311 cu ft)[261] | TBA  | Proposed (2021)  | Earth  | [262]

### Space settlement

Company name  | Colony location  | Status  | Ref

|
|
|

SpaceX | Mars | Development  | [263][264][265]

## Spacecraft component developers and manufacturers

Company  | Products  | Refs

|
|

Altius Space Machines | Rendezvous and capture technology for uncooperative satellites; magnetoshell aerocapture and aerobraking technology for CubeSats; lightweight robotic manipulators[when?]
Andrews Space | Reusable space vehicles; HTHL spacecraft; magnetorquers[when?]
Alén Space | NanoSats and CubeSats  | [266]
Astranis  | MicroGEO Satellites  |
TESBL Aerospace Corporation  | In-space services; Solar Array Drive Actuators (SADA); microgravity payload integration, as of 2019[update] | [267]

[268]

Axelspace (ja)  | CubeSats  | [269][270]
CesiumAstro  | Active phased array communications payloads that include RF inter-satellite links as of 2017.  | [271][272]
Craig Technologies  | Small satellite deployment services (up to 110 kg); microgravity payload integration[when?] | [273]
EADS Astrium Satellites  | Spacecraft and ground segment elements
EADS Astrium Space Transportation  | Launchers and orbital infrastructure
Innovative Solutions In Space | CubeSat manufacture and operation, as of 2018[update] | [274]
Made in Space | 3D printers for use in microgravityas of 2013[update] | [275]
Mynaric | Laser communication for satellites and aircraft
RUAG Space  | Antenna Pointing Mechanisms; Solar Array Drive Assembly (SADA); satellite components; launchers and structures as of 2009[update] | [276]
SpaceDev | Small spacecraft; propulsion products and services; space components, mechanisms and structures[when?]
SpaceQuest, Ltd. | Spacecraft and spacecraft components[when?]
Xplore  | Satellite payload transport and hosting in Earth orbit and Beyond Earth orbit (BEO) destinations, including flight to asteroids, Venus, and Mars. Active as of 2020[update] | [277]
Cosmic Shielding Corporation  | Radiation Shielding materials for spacecraft and spacesuits; Space Weather Forecasting and Mitigation  | [229]
ADDMAN Engineering  | Metallurgy development and production of components including thrusters, injectors, cold plates, hot gas manifolds to space and hypersonic industry, especially refractory metals (Titatnium, Niobium) as of 2020

## Spaceliner companies

Company name  | Contracts for  | Craft utilised  | Status  | Notes  | Refs

|
|
|
|
|

Axiom Space | SpaceX | Crew Dragon  | Active  | SpaceX Axiom Space-1 launched in April 2022  | [278][279]
Benson Space Company  | SpaceDev | Dream Chaser  | Defunct  |  | [280]
MirCorp | none | Soyuz TM, Progress M1 and Mir | Defunct  | Mir deorbited  |
Space Adventures | \-  | Soyuz and the ISS | Active  | 9 tourists sent  | [281]
RocketShip Tours | XCOR  | Lynx rocketplane  | Defunct  |  |
Virgin Galactic | Scaled Composites | Spaceship Two, White Knight 2 | Active  | 7 Spaceship Two glide flights successfully completed  |

## See also

* List of government space agencies
* List of spacecraft manufacturers including the "traditional space" companies
* NewSpace
* Private spaceflight
* Robert Truax
* Space industry

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Association of Spaceflight Professionals - H+Pedia" (in en). https://hpluspedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Spaceflight_Professionals.
2. ↑ Kisfaludy, Eddie (2012-06-17), Welcome to the World's First Commercial Astronaut Corps, Christopher Altman, Kristine Ferrone, Jose Hurtado, IMDb: Internet Movie Database, https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8234746/, retrieved 2018-07-31
3. ↑ Seedhouse, Erik. Astronauts for Hire: The Emergence of the World's First Commercial Astronaut Corps. Springer-Verlag: New York (2012).
4. ↑ "SpaceX Brochure v7". http://www.spacex.com/SpaceX_Brochure_V7_All.pdf.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 SpaceX (1 March 2019). "Dragon". SpaceX. https://www.spacex.com/dragon.
6. ↑ Bergin, Chris (19 October 2012). "Dragon enjoying ISS stay, despite minor issues – Falcon 9 investigation begins". NASASpaceflight.com. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/10/dragon-iss-stay-minor-issues-falcon-9-investigation/. "CRS-2 will debut the use of Dragon’s Trunk section, capable of delivering unpressurized cargo, prior to the payload being removed by the ISS’ robotic assets after berthing."
7. ↑ "Fact sheet". http://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/pdf/DragonLabFactSheet.pdf.
8. ↑ "Falcon 9 launches Dragon on CRS-1 mission to the ISS – NASASpaceFlight.com". 7 October 2012. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/10/falcon-9loft-dragon-crs-1-mission-iss-attempt1/.
9. ↑ "Dragonlab Datasheet". http://www.spacex.com/downloads/dragonlab-datasheet.pdf.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Cygnus Fast Sheet". Orbital Sciences Co.. http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/Cygnus_fact.pdf.
11. ↑ "The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2012". Federal Aviation Administration. February 2012. http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/The_Annual_Compendium_of_Commercial_Space_Transporation_2012.pdf.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Cygnus Spacecraft Information". http://www.spaceflight101.com/cygnus-spacecraft-information.html.
13. ↑ "NSRC Day 2 Summary". Parabolic Arc. 4 June 2016. http://www.parabolicarc.com/2016/06/03/nsrc-day-2-summary/.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Sierra Nevada Hopes Dream Chaser Finds "Sweet Spot" of ISS Cargo Competition". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/sierra-nevada-hopes-dream-chaser-finds-sweet-spot-of-iss-cargo-competition. Retrieved 20 February 2016.
15. ↑ "Commercial Human Spaceflight Plan Unveiled". Aviation Week. July 20, 2010. http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story.jsp?id=news/asd/2010/07/20/14.xml&channel=space.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Burghardt, Mike (August 2011). "Boeing CST-100: Commercial Crew Transportation System". Boeing. http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/defense-space/space/ccts/docs/CCDev2 Boeing CST-100 Overview.pdf.
17. ↑ "Dream Chaser Model Drops in at NASA Dryden" (Press release). Dryden Flight Research Center: NASA. 2010-12-17. Archived from the original on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
18. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (2011-02-01). "Businesses Take Flight, With Help From NASA". New York Times: p. D1. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/01/science/space/01private.html?_r=4&ref=science&pagewanted=all.
19. ↑ Wade, Mark (2014). "Dream Chaser". Encyclopedia Astronautix. http://www.astronautix.com/craft/drehaser.htm.
20. ↑ Sirangelo, Mark (August 2011). "NewSpace 2011: Sierra Nevada Corporation". Spacevidcast. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7sWtEAddkM. Sirangelo, Mark (24 August 2014). "Flight Plans and Crews for Commercial Dream Chaser's First Flights: One-on-One Interview With SNC VP Mark Sirangelo (Part 3)". AmericaSpace. http://www.americaspace.com/?p=66192.
21. ↑ Foust, Jeff (2022-06-14). "Sierra Space to start astronaut training program" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/sierra-space-to-start-astronaut-training-program/.
22. ↑ "Falcon 9". SpaceX. http://www.spacex.com/falcon9.
23. ↑ "SpaceX Brochure – 2008". http://www.spacex.com/SpaceX_Brochure_V7_All.pdf.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 "Making Life Multiplanetary". SpaceX. 2017-10-18. http://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/making_life_multiplanetary-2017.pdf.
25. ↑ "SpacePlane Project｜Business｜PD Aerospace Co., Ltd.". https://www.pdas.co.jp/en/business01.html.
26. ↑ "Spaceplane Project｜PD Aerospace Co., Ltd.". https://www.pdas.co.jp/en/dev_plan.html.
27. ↑ "ABL Payload User's Guide". https://ablspacesystems.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/ABL-Payload-Users-Guide-2022-1.pdf.
28. ↑ Haas2b specifications ARCA
29. ↑ Haas2c specifications ARCA
30. ↑ Super haas Specifications ARCA
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Popescu, Dimitru (2022-07-18). "Arca Space : AMi Exploration White Paper". https://www.amiexploration.com/_files/ugd/b4b6cb_0e96270b6f1f4828ba51284ca4e15860.pdf.
32. ↑ "AUSROC Nano | Australian Space Research Institute". 18 July 2016. http://asri.org.au/project/ausroc-nano/.
33. ↑ "Sky7 spots stealthy space startup Testing its rocket in Alameda". 16 February 2018. http://abc7news.com/3097474/.
34. ↑ "Astra Space preparing for suborbital test launch". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/astra-space-preparing-for-suborbital-test-launch/.
35. ↑ "Super Cali upstart's new rocket test approaches, even though the size of it won't launch a Tesla motor". The Register. https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/04/04/astra_space_inc_launch/.
36. ↑ December 2018, Jeff Foust 07 (7 December 2018). "Secretive Astra Space Suborbital Launch Fails". https://www.space.com/42657-astra-space-suborbital-launch-fails-november-2018.html.
37. ↑ "A Closer Look at Astra Space". Parabolic Arc. http://www.parabolicarc.com/2018/03/26/ventionsastra-space/.
38. ↑ "Astra to fly upgraded rocket on next launch" (in en-US). 2021-08-13. https://spacenews.com/astra-to-fly-upgraded-rocket-on-next-launch/.
39. ↑ "Astra CEO Chris Kemp previews Rocket 4.0, daily launches, and a smarter planet - Page 2 of 2" (in en-US). 2021-06-12. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/06/astra-ceo-chris-kemp-previews-rocket-4-0-daily-launches-and-a-smarter-planet/.
40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Astra announces second quarter 2022 financial results". 2022-08-04. https://investor.astra.com/news-releases/news-release-details/astra-announces-second-quarter-2022-financial-results.
41. ↑ "SALVO Cubesat Rocket Debuts Stealth Launch Vehicle Era". 16 June 2015. http://www.americaspace.com/2015/06/16/salvo-cubesat-rocket-debuts-stealth-launch-vehicle-era/.
42. ↑ "Ventions, LLC to launch liquid-fueled rocket from Wallops this week". NewSpace Watch. 2012-11-05. http://www.newspacewatch.com/articles/ventions-llc-to-launch-liquid-fueled-rocket-from-wallops-this-week.html.
43. ↑ Pike, John. "Airborne Launch Assist Space Access (ALASA)". https://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/alasa.htm.
44. ↑ "Blue Origin Announces Big 'New Glenn' Rocket for Satellite & Crew Launches". Space.com. http://www.space.com/34034-blue-origin-new-glenn-rocket-for-satellites-people.html.
45. ↑ Henry, Caleb (12 September 2017). "Blue Origin enlarges New Glenn's payload fairing, preparing to debut upgraded New Shepard". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/blue-origin-enlarges-new-glenns-payload-fairing-preparing-to-debut-upgraded-new-shepard/.
46. ↑ "New Glenn's progress towards maiden flight" (in en). https://www.blueorigin.com/news/new-glenns-progress-towards-maiden-flight.
47. ↑ "Borneo SubOrbitals" (in en). https://www.facebook.com/suborbitals/photos/a.1208165282682470/1226154294216902/?type=3.
48. ↑ Assiqin, Naziatul (2019-05-29). "Parties sign MoU on educational hybrid rocket" (in en-GB). https://startupborneo.my/parties-sign-mou-on-educational-hybrid-rocket/.
49. ↑ "Sarawak dijangka saksi pelancaran roket hibrid dalam masa tiga tahun - Utusan Borneo (The Borneo Post) through PressReader.com". https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/utusan-borneo-sarawak/20190315/281595241856032.
50. ↑ "Canadian Arrow". http://www.astronautix.com/c/canadianarrow.html.
51. ↑ "Rapidly Deployable VLEO Cubesat Network for Position, Navigation, and Timing (PNT)". https://www.sbir.gov/node/2171161.
52. ↑ "CubeCab To Launch Satellites Via Starfighter". 23 February 2017. https://www.planeandpilotmag.com/article/cubecab-launch-satellites-via-starfighter/.
53. ↑ "Edison Effect | Aerospace". 23 February 2016. https://www.edisoneffect.tech/portfolio/aerospace-4/.
54. ↑ Vázquez, Nelly Acosta (17 May 2017). "Datiotec, los mexicanos que van en busca del espacio perdido". https://www.huffingtonpost.com.mx/2017/05/17/datiotec-los-mexicanos-que-van-en-busca-del-espacio-perdido_a_22095650/.
55. ↑ Messier, Doug (2023-04-25). "Evolution Space Launches Rocket on Suborbital Flight From Mojave Desert" (in en-US). https://parabolicarc.com/2023/04/25/suborbital-launches/.
56. ↑ Foust, Jeff (2023-05-23). "The Spaceport Company demonstrates offshore launch operations" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/the-spaceport-company-demonstrates-offshore-launch-operations/.
57. ↑ Foust, Jeff (23 March 2018). "Exos Aerospace prepares for first suborbital launch". Space New. http://spacenews.com/exos-aerospace-prepares-for-first-suborbital-launch/.
58. ↑ "Stig-B / SARGE". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/stig-b.htm.
59. ↑ "Exela Space Industries" (in en). https://www.exela.space/home.
60. ↑ "Space Access" (in en). https://www.equatorialspace.com/launchers.
61. ↑ "Suborbital" (in en). https://www.equatorialspace.com/dorado.
62. ↑ "Suborbital" (in en). https://www.spacetechasia.com/singapores-equatorial-space-systems-concludes-first-test-flight/.
63. ↑ Clark, Stephen. "Firefly says early engine shutdown led to launch failure – Spaceflight Now" (in en-US). https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/09/09/firefly-says-early-engine-shutdown-led-to-launch-failure/.
64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 "MLV" (in en-US). https://firefly.com/beta/.
65. ↑ General Astronautics Urania 2001-02-01
66. ↑ "Firefly Space Systems Adds General Astronautics as Strategic Partner – Parabolic Arc". http://www.parabolicarc.com/2014/08/06/firefly-space-systems-adds-generation-astronautics-strategic-partner/.
67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "Gilmour Space Tech - Small Launch Vehicles - Australia, Singapore". https://www.gspacetech.com/launch-vehicles.
68. ↑ Tyler, Roxy (29 June 2018). "First-of-its-kind hypersonic flight booster tested at Cecil...". https://www.news4jax.com/news/local/jacksonville/first-of-its-kind-hypersonic-flight-booster-tested-at-cecil-spaceport.
69. ↑ "X-60A". https://generationorbit.com/x-60a/.
70. ↑ "Launch Services". http://www.independence-x.com/launch-services.html.
71. ↑ "About Us". http://www.independence-x.com/about-us.html.
72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 Interorbital Systems Neptune Interorbital Systems
73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 "Neptune". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/neptune.htm.
74. ↑ "Japanese company preparing for country's first private rocket launch". 26 July 2017. https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/07/japanese-company-preparing-for-countrys-first-private-rocket-launch/.
75. ↑ Krishna, Swapna (31 July 2017). "Japan's first private rocket launch is a partial success". engadget.com. https://www.engadget.com/2017/07/31/japan-momo-rocket-launch/.
76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Messier, Doug (2022-08-09). "German Launch Providers Isar Aerospace and RFA Eye Maiden Launches in 2023" (in en-US). http://www.parabolicarc.com/2022/08/09/german-launch-providers-isar-aerospace-and-rfa-eye-maiden-launches-in-2023/.
77. ↑ Foust, Jeff. "Vast Acquires Launcher to Support Space Station Development". https://spacenews.com/vast-acquires-launcher-to-support-space-station-development/.
78. ↑ "Leaf Space Primo". https://leaf.space/primo.
79. ↑ "Leaf Space Building 20 Ground Station Network for SmallSat Market - Via Satellite -". 16 December 2015. https://www.satellitetoday.com/innovation/2015/12/16/leaf-space-building-20-ground-station-network-for-smallsat-market/.
80. ↑ "Pioneers of Private Astronautics in Russia: Lin Industrial — The Dialogue" (in en-GB). The Dialogue. 2016-04-05. http://www.the-dialogue.com/en/en27-pioneers-of-private-astronautics-in-russia-lin-industrial/.
81. ↑ "Лин Индастриал - Сверхлегкая ракета "Таймыр"". http://spacelin.ru/proekty/sverkhlegkaya-raketa-taymyr/.
82. ↑ "X-33/VentureStar – What really happened - NASASpaceFlight.com". 4 January 2006. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2006/01/x-33venturestar-what-really-happened/.
83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 "Mishaal Aerospace". http://www.mishaalaerospace.com/launch-vehicles.
84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 84.2 "MISHAAL Aerospace Receives Letter of Intent for Launch – Parabolic Arc". http://www.parabolicarc.com/2014/10/23/mishaal-aerospace/.
85. ↑ "Mishaal Aerospace M-SV Suborbital Vehicle". Mishaal Aerospace. https://www.mishaalaerospace.com/suborbital-vehicle.
86. ↑ "Mishaal Aerospace". http://www.mishaalaerospace.com/orbital-vehicle.
87. ↑ "Mishaal Aerospace". http://www.mishaalaerospace.com/lunar-vehicle.
88. ↑ China's private space sector has achieved liftoff. Michelle Toh and Serenitie Wang, CNN News. 17 May 2018.
89. ↑ "OS-M系列". http://www.onespacechina.com/os-m1/.
90. ↑ "OS-M2 - OneSpace 零壹空间". http://www.onespacechina.com/os-m2/.
91. ↑ "OS-M4 - OneSpace 零壹空间". http://www.onespacechina.com/os-m4/.
92. ↑ "Orbex stakes claim to European smallsat launch market". July 18, 2018. https://spacenews.com/orbex-stakes-claim-to-european-smallsat-launch-market/.
93. ↑ "Outerstellar Space" (in en). https://discord.gg/RXejtFbjaB.
94. ↑ "Orbital ATK". http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/release.asp?prid=852.
95. ↑ "Taurus". archive.org. 22 Nov 2013. http://www.orbital.com/SpaceLaunch/Taurus/.
96. ↑ Clark, Stephen (24 February 2014). "Taurus rocket on the market with new name, upgrades". Spaceflight Now. http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1402/24minotaurc/.
97. ↑ "Minotaur C". orbital.com. http://www.orbital.com/LaunchSystems/SpaceLaunchVehicles/Minotaur/Minotaur_C/.
98. ↑ "Northrop Grumman to terminate OmegA rocket program" (in en-US). 2020-09-09. https://spacenews.com/northrop-grumman-to-terminate-omega-rocket-program/.
99. ↑ "OTRAG". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/otrag.htm.
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132. ↑ "SpaceForest - Rocket engine, diagram, design, tests". https://spaceforest.pl/rocket-engines.
133. ↑ Gdynia 81-451, Al Zwyciestwa 96/98. "Demonstrator rocket". https://spaceforest.pl/demonstrator-rocket/.
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135. ↑ "Perun" (in en). SpaceForest. https://spaceforest.pl/perun/.
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154. ↑ "Space Launch Report: Delta IV Data Sheet". 26 Apr 2021. http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/delta4.html.
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157. ↑ Ray, Justin. "ULA unveils its future with the Vulcan rocket family – Spaceflight Now". https://spaceflightnow.com/2015/04/13/ula-unveils-its-future-with-the-vulcan-rocket-family/.
158. ↑ "Virgin Orbit plans 2018 first launch". 2 August 2017. http://spacenews.com/virgin-orbit-plans-2018-first-launch/.
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258. ↑ O'Hare, Maureen (April 6, 2018). "First luxury hotel in space announced". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/aurora-station-luxury-space-hotel/index.html.
259. ↑ "Orion Span". https://www.orionspan.com/aurora-station.
260. ↑ "Inside Sierra Nevada's Inflatable Space Habitat for Astronauts in Lunar Orbit (Photos)". 22 August 2019. https://www.space.com/sierra-nevada-inflatable-habitat-moon-gateway.html.
261. ↑ "Blue Origin unveils plans to build a private space station called Orbital Reef by 2030". 25 October 2021. https://www.space.com/blue-origin-unveils-orbital-reef-private-space-station.
262. ↑ "Orbital Reef | Home". https://www.orbitalreef.com/.
263. ↑ SpaceX (2017-09-29), Making Life Multiplanetary, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tdUX3ypDVwI, retrieved 2017-10-29
264. ↑ "Musk unveils revised version of giant interplanetary launch system - SpaceNews.com" (in en-US). SpaceNews.com. 2017-09-29. http://spacenews.com/musk-unveils-revised-version-of-giant-interplanetary-launch-system/.
265. ↑ Richardson, Derek (2016-09-27). "Elon Musk Shows Off Interplanetary Transport System". Spaceflight Insider. http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/space-exploration-technologies/elon-musk-shows-off-interplanetary-transport-system/.
266. ↑ "Alén Space | Nanosatellites - CubeSats - Small Satellites". https://alen.space/.
267. ↑ "NASA – NanoRacks Platforms". http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/829.html.
268. ↑ "TESBL Aerospace Corporation - World Leader in Aerospace & Enterprise Technology Cloud Solutions". https://www.tesbl.com/index.php/en-us/.
269. ↑ Uesaka, Yoshifumi (June 10, 2015). "'Good enough' is best for satellite startup Axelspace". Nikkei Asian Review. http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Trends/Good-enough-is-best-for-satellite-startup-Axelspace.
270. ↑ "Axelspace". Axelspace. https://www.axelspace.com/en/.
271. ↑ Hall, Loura (2021-03-10). "What is Starling?". http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/small_spacecraft/starling.
272. ↑ "CesiumAstro raises $60 million in Series B funding round" (in en-US). 2022-03-02. https://spacenews.com/cesiumastro-raises-60-million-in-series-b-funding-round/.
273. ↑ "Craig Technologies – Because It's All About The Mission®". https://www.craigtechinc.com.
274. ↑ ISIS - General Information. Accessed: 18 October 2018.
275. ↑ Biggs, John (2013-08-14). "Made In Space, Makers Of The Only 3D Printer In Orbit, Answer Some Pressing Questions About Manufacturing And Yoda". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2013/08/14/made-in-space-makers-of-the-only-3d-printer-in-orbit-answer-some-pressing-questions-about-manufacturing-and-yoda/.
276. ↑ "Home | Beyond Gravity". https://www.ruag.com/en/products-services/space.
277. ↑ Boyle, Alan (30 January 2020). "Xplore partners with Nanoracks to set up opportunities for deep-space missions". Yahoo Finance. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/xplore-partners-nanoracks-set-opportunities-025438112.html.
278. ↑ Foust, Jeff (5 March 2020). "Axiom to fly Crew Dragon mission to the space station". https://spacenews.com/axiom-to-fly-crew-dragon-mission-to-the-space-station/.
279. ↑ Foust, Jeff (2022-04-08). "SpaceX launches commercial mission to ISS" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/spacex-launches-commercial-mission-to-iss/.
280. ↑ "Jim Benson, RIP « NewSpace Journal". http://www.newspacejournal.com/2008/10/10/jim-benson-rip/.
281. ↑ "Japanese billionaire, Russian actress to fly to ISS" (in en-US). 2021-05-13. https://spacenews.com/japanese-billionaire-russian-actress-to-fly-to-iss/.

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