List of quasars

Short description: List of galactic nuclei

This article contains lists of quasars. More than a million quasars have been observed,[1] so any list on Wikipedia is necessarily a selection of them.

Proper naming of quasars is by Catalogue Entry, Qxxxx±yy using B1950 coordinates, or QSO Jxxxx±yyyy using J2000 coordinates. They may also use the prefix QSR. There are currently no quasars that are visible to the naked eye.

## Contents

* 1 List of quasars
* 2 List of named quasars
* 3 List of multiply imaged quasars
* 4 List of visual quasar associations
* 5 List of physical quasar groups
* 5.1 Large Quasar Groups
* 6 List of quasars with apparent superluminal jet motion
* 7 Firsts
* 8 Extremes
* 9 First quasars found
* 10 Most distant quasars
* 11 Most powerful quasars
* 12 See also
* 13 References
* 14 External links

## List of quasars

This is a list of exceptional quasars for characteristics otherwise not separately listed

Quasar  | Notes

|

Twin Quasar | Associated with a possible planet microlensing event in the gravitational lens galaxy that is doubling the Twin Quasar's image.
QSR J1819+3845  | Proved interstellar scintillation due to the interstellar medium.
CTA-102 | In 1965, Soviet astronomer Nikolai S. Kardashev posited that this quasar could be the source of signals from an alien civilization.[2]
CID-42 | Its supermassive black hole is being ejected and will one day become a displaced quasar.
TON 618 | TON 618 is a very distant and extremely luminous quasar—technically, a hyperluminous, broad-absorption line, radio-loud quasar—located near the North Galactic Pole in the constellation Canes Venatici.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

## List of named quasars

This is a list of quasars, with a common name, instead of a designation from a survey, catalogue or list.

Quasar  | Origin of name  | Notes

|
|

Twin Quasar | From the fact that two images of the same quasar are produced by gravitational lensing.  |
Einstein Cross | From the fact that gravitational lensing of the quasar forms a near perfect Einstein cross, a concept in gravitational lensing.  |
Template:Nsl | From the fact that there are three bright images of the same gravitationally lensed quasar.  | There are actually four images; the fourth is faint.
Cloverleaf | From its appearance having similarity to the leaf of a clover. It has been gravitationally lensed into four images, of roughly similar appearance.  |
Teacup Galaxy | The name comes from the shape of the extended emission, which is shaped like the handle of a teacup. The handle is a bubble shaped by quasar winds or small-scale radio jets.  | Low redshift, highly obscured type 2 quasar.
Pōniuāʻena | The third most distant quasar known as of 2025, named for its early formation at most 100 million years after the Big Bang.  | Named as part of the A Hua He Inoa program by the ʻImiloa Astronomy Center.[3]

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

## List of multiply imaged quasars

This is a list of quasars that as a result of gravitational lensing appear as multiple images on Earth.

Quasar  | Images  | Lens  | Notes

|
|
|

Twin Quasar | 2  | YGKOW G1  | First gravitationally lensed object discovered

Triple Quasar (PG 1115+080)  | 4  |  | Originally discovered as 3 lensed images, the fourth image is faint. It was the second gravitationally lensed quasar discovered.
Einstein Cross | 4  | Huchra's Lens  | First Einstein Cross discovered
RX J1131-1231's quasar  | 4  | RX J1131-1231's elliptical galaxy  | RX J1131-1231 is the name of the complex, quasar, host galaxy and lensing galaxy, together. The quasar's host galaxy is also lensed into a Chwolson ring about the lensing galaxy. The four images of the quasar are embedded in the ring image.
Cloverleaf | 4[4] |  | Brightest known high-redshift source of CO emission[5]
QSO B1359+154  | 6  | CLASS B1359+154 and three more galaxies  | First sextuply-imaged galaxy
SDSS J1004+4112 | 5  | Galaxy cluster at z = 0.68  | First quasar discovered to be multiply image-lensed by a galaxy cluster and currently the third largest quasar lens with the separation between images of 15″[6][7][8]
SDSS J1029+2623 | 3  | Galaxy cluster at z = 0.6  | The current largest-separation quasar lens with 22.6″ separation between furthest images[9][10][11]
SDSS J2222+2745  | 6[12] | Galaxy cluster at z = 0.49[13] | First sextuply-lensed galaxy[12] Third quasar discovered to be lensed by a galaxy cluster.[13] Quasar located at z = 2.82[13]
RX J0911.4+0551 | 4[14] | Galaxy located at z = 0.76  | Gravitationally lensed object discovered by the ROSAT All-Sky survey in 1997. Quasar located at z = 2.800.[15]
CLASS B1152+199 | 2  | Galaxy located at z = 0.43[16] |
HE 1104-1805  | 2  | Galaxy located at z = 0.72[17] | Also known as Double Hamburger.[18]
HE 2149-2745  | 2  | Galaxy at z = 0.60[19] | Gravitationally lensed broad absorption object (BAL) at z = 2.033[20]
FBQ 0951+2635 | 2  | Galaxy located at z = 0.26[19] |
HE0435-1223  | 4  | Elliptical galaxy of HE0435-1223 at z = 0.45[21] | Quasar located at z = 1.689. Components arranged in cross figuration.[22]
SBS 0909+532  | 2  | Lens galaxy of SBS 0909+532 at z = 0.83[23] | Originally interpreted as a binary quasar but later revealed as a gravitationally lensed object.[24][25]
UM 673  | 2  | Lens galaxy at z = 0.49[19] | Quasar located at at z = 2.71, first discovered by J. Surdej (1988)[26]
CTQ 327 | 2  | Lens galaxy between z = 0.4 and z= 0.6[27] |
CTQ 414  | 2  |  | Discovered in 1999. Quasar located at z = 1.29.[28]
HE 0230-2130  | 5  |  | Complex lensed system. Quasar located at z = 2.130.[29]
SDSS J1001+5027  | 2  | Lens galaxy at z = 0.3[30] |
SDSS J1206+4332  | 2  | Lens galaxy at z = 0.74[30] |
SDSS J0246-0825  | 2  | Lens galaxy at z = 0.724[31] | Discovered by Scott Burles (2005).[31]
SDSS J0904+1512  | 2[32] |  | Discovered in the SDSS Quasar Lens Search (2010)[32]
SDSS J1054+2733  | 2[32] |  | Discovered in the SDSS Quasar Lens Search (2010)[32]
SDSS J1620+1203  | 2[32] | Lens galaxy at z = 0.39[32] | Discovered in the SDSS Quasar Lens Search (2010). Quasar located at z = 1.158[32]
SDSS J0746+4403  | 2[33] | Lens galaxy at z = 0.513[32] | Discovered in 2007. Quasar located at z = 2.00[33]

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

## List of visual quasar associations

This is a list of double quasars, triple quasars, and the like, where quasars are close together in line-of-sight, but not physically related.

Quasars  | Count  | Notes

|
|

QSO 1548+115

4C 11.50 (z = 0.436)
QSO B1548+115B (z = 1.901)
| 2  | [34][35]
QSO 1146+111  | 8  | [36]
z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

## List of physical quasar groups

This is a list of binary quasars, trinary quasars, and the like, where quasars are physically close to each other.

Quasars  | Count  | Notes

|
|

quasars of SDSS J0841+3921 protocluster  | 4  | First quasar quartet discovered.[37][38]
LBQS 1429-008 (QQQ 1432-0106)  | 3  | First quasar triplet discovered.
It was first discovered as a binary quasar, before the third quasar was found.[39]
QQ2345+007 (Q2345+007)

Q2345+007A
Q2345+007B
| 2  | Originally thought to be a doubly imaged quasar, but actually a quasar couplet.[40]
QQQ J1519+0627  | 3  | [41]

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

### Large Quasar Groups

Large quasar groups (LQGs) are bound to a filament of mass, and not directly bound to each other.

LQG  | Count  | Notes

|
|

Webster LQG
(LQG 1)  | 5  | First LQG discovered. At the time of its discovery, it was the largest structure known.[42][43]
Huge-LQG
(U1.27)  | 73  | The largest structure known in the observable universe, as of 2013.[44][45]

## List of quasars with apparent superluminal jet motion

This is a list of quasars with jets that appear to be superluminal due to relativistic effects and line-of-sight orientation. Such quasars are sometimes referred to as superluminal quasars.

Quasar  | Superluminality  | Notes

|
|

3C 279 | 4c  | First quasar discovered with superluminal jets[46][47][48][49][50]
3C 179 | 7.6c  | Fifth discovered, first with double lobes[51]
3C 273 |  | This is also the first quasar ever identified[52]
3C 216  |  |
3C 345 |  | [52][53]
3C 380 |  |
4C 69.21
(Q1642+690, QSO B1642+690)  |  |
4C 39.25 |  | [54]
4C 38.41 |  | [55]
8C 1928+738
(Q1928+738, QSO J1927+73, Quasar J192748.6+735802)  |  |
PKS 0637-752  |  |

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

Quasars that have a recessional velocity greater than the speed of light (c) are very common. Any quasar with z > 1 is receding faster than c, while z exactly equal to 1 indicates recession at the speed of light.[56] Early attempts to explain superluminal quasars resulted in convoluted explanations with a limit of z = 2.326, or in the extreme z < 2.4.[57] The majority of quasars lie between z = 2 and z = 5\.

## Firsts

Title  | Quasar  | Year  | Data  | Notes

|
|
|
|

First quasar discovered  | 3C 48 | 1960  |  | First radio source for which optical identification was found, that was a star-like looking object
First "star" discovered later found to be a quasar
First radio source discovered later found to be a quasar
First quasar identified  | 3C 273 | 1962  |  | First radio-"star" found to be at a high redshift with a non-stellar spectrum.
First radio-quiet quasar  | QSO B1246+377 (BSO 1)  | 1965  |  | The first radio-quiet quasi-stellar objects (QSO) were called Blue Stellar Objects or BSO, because they appeared like stars and were blue in color. They also had spectra and redshifts like radio-loud quasi-stellar radio-sources (QSR), so became quasars.[48][58][59]
First host galaxy of a quasar discovered  | 3C 48 | 1982  |  |
First quasar found to seemingly not have a host galaxy  | HE0450-2958 (Naked Quasar)  | 2005  |  | Some disputed observations suggest a host galaxy, others do not.
First multi-core quasar  | PG 1302-102  | 2014  | Binary supermassive black holes within the quasar  | [60][61]
First quasar containing a recoiling supermassive black hole  | SDSS J0927+2943 | 2008  |  | Two optical emission line systems separated by 2650 km/s
First gravitationally lensed quasar identified  | Twin Quasar | 1979  | Lensed into 2 images  | The lens is a galaxy known as YGKOW G1
First quasar found with a jet with apparent superluminal motion  | 3C 279 | 1971  |  | [46][47][48]
First quasar found with the classic double radio-lobe structure  | 3C 47 | 1964  |  |
First quasar found to be an X-ray source  | 3C 273 | 1967  |  | [62]
First "dustless" quasar found  | QSO J0303-0019 and QSO J0005-0006 | 2010  |  | [63][64][65][66][67][68][69]
First Large Quasar Group discovered  | Webster LQG
(LQG 1)  | 1982  |  | [42][43]

## Extremes

Title  | Quasar  | Data  | Notes

|
|
|

Brightest  | 3C 273 | Apparent magnitude of ~12.9  | Absolute magnitude: −26.7
Seemingly optically brightest  | APM 08279+5255 | Seeming absolute magnitude of −32.2  | This quasar is gravitationally lensed; its actual absolute magnitude is estimated to be −30.5
Most luminous  | SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 | Absolute magnitude of −32.36  | Highest absolute magnitude discovered thus far.
Most powerful quasar radio source  | 3C 273 |  | Also the most powerful radio source in the sky
Most powerful  | SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 |  |
Most variable quasar radio source  | QSO J1819+3845 (Q1817+387)  |  | Also the most variable extrasolar radio source
Least variable quasar radio source  |  |  |
Most variable quasar optical source  |  |  |
Least variable quasar optical source  |  |  |
Most distant  | UHZ1 | z = 10.1  | Most distant quasar known as of 2023[70]
Most distant radio-quiet quasar  |  |  |
Most distant radio-loud quasar  | QSO J1427+3312 | z = 6.12  | Found June 2008[71][72]
Most distant blazar quasar  | PSO J0309+27 | z > 6  |
Least distant  | Markarian 231 | 600 Mly  | [73] inactive: IC 2497
Largest Large Quasar Group  | Huge-LQG (U1.27)  | 73 quasars  | [44][45]
Fastest Growing Quasar  | SMSS J052915.80–435152.0
(QSO J0529-4351)  | ~ 413 solar masses per year (using standard radiative efficiency);
~ 370 solar masses per year (using best-fit slim disc model)  | [74][75]

## First quasars found

First 10 Quasars Identified  Rank  | Quasar  | Date of discovery  | Notes

|
|
|

1  | 3C 273 | 1963  | [76]
2  | 3C 48 | 1963  | [76]
3  | 3C 47 | 1964  | [76]
3  | 3C 147 | 1964  | [76]
5  | CTA 102  | 1965  | [77]
5  | 3C 287 | 1965  | [77]
5  | 3C 254 | 1965  | [77]
5  | 3C 245  | 1965  | [77]
5  | 3C 9 | 1965  | [77]

These are the first quasars which were found and had their redshifts determined.

## Most distant quasars

Artist's conception of the oldest known quasar as of 2021, QSO J0313–1806 existing only ~670 million years after the Big Bang despite its large size.

In 1964 a quasar became the most distant object in the universe for the first time. Quasars would remain the most distant objects in the universe until 1997, when a pair of non-quasar galaxies would take the title (galaxies CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2 lensed by galaxy cluster CL 1358+62).[78]

In cosmic scales distance is usually indicated by redshift (denoted by z) which is a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion.

Quasars with z > 6[79] Quasar  | Distance  | Notes

|
|

UHZ1 | z = 10.1  | Most distant quasar known as of 2023[update][70][80]
QSO J0313–1806 | z = 7.64  | Former most distant quasar.[81][80]
ULAS J1342+0928 | z = 7.54  | Former most distant quasar.[82][80]
Pōniuāʻena (Q J1007+2115)  | z = 7.52  | [83][80]
ULAS J1120+0641
(ULAS J112001.48+064124.3)  | z = 7.085  | Former most distant quasar. First quasar with z > 7.[84]
DELS J003836.10-152723.6  | z = 7.02  | [85]
HSC J235646.33+001747.3  | z = 7.01  | [86]
DES J025216.64-050331.8  | z = 7.00  | [87]
CHFQS J2348-3054
(CHFQS J234833.34-305410.0)  | z = 6.90  |
PSO J172.3556+18.7734 | z = 6.82  | Currently the most distant radio-loud known quasar
HSC J135012.04-002705.2  | z = 6.49  | [86]
CFHQS J2329-0301
(CFHQS J232908-030158)  | z = 6.43  | Former most distant quasar.[88][89][90][91]
SDSS J114816.64+525150.3
(SDSS J1148+5251)  | z = 6.419  | Former most distant quasar.[92][93][94][91][95][96]
SDSS J1030+0524
(SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0)  | z = 6.28  | Former most distant quasar. First quasar with z > 6.[97][95][98][99][100][101][102]
SDSS J104845.05+463718.3
(QSO J1048+4637)  | z = 6.23  | [96]
SDSS J162331.81+311200.5
(QSO J1623+3112)  | z = 6.22  | [96]
CFHQS J0033-0125
(CFHQS J003311-012524)  | z = 6.13  | [89]
SDSS J125051.93+313021.9
(QSO J1250+3130)  | z = 6.13  | [96]
CFHQS J1509-1749
(CFHQS J150941-174926)  | z = 6.12  | [89]
QSO B1425+3326 / QSO J1427+3312 | z = 6.12  | Most distant radio-quasar.[71][103]
SDSS J160253.98+422824.9
(QSO J1602+4228)  | z = 6.07  | [96]
SDSS J163033.90+401209.6
(QSO J1630+4012)  | z = 6.05  | [96]
CFHQS J1641+3755
(CFHQS J164121+375520)  | z = 6.04  | [89]
SDSS J113717.73+354956.9
(QSO J1137+3549)  | z = 6.01  | [96]
SDSS J081827.40+172251.8
(QSO J0818+1722)  | z = 6.00  | [96]
SDSSp J130608.26+035626.3
(QSO J1306+0356)  | z = 5.99  | [100][101][102]

* z > 6 quasars are used to explore the reionization era

Most Distant Quasar by Type  Type  | Quasar  | Date  | Distance  | Notes

|
|
|
|

Most distant  | UHZ1 | 2023  | z = 10.2  | [104]
Most distant radio loud quasar  | QSO B1425+3326 / QSO J1427+3312 | 2008  | z = 6.12  |
Most distant radio quiet quasar  |  |  |  |
Most distant OVV quasar  |  |  |  |
Most Distant Quasar Titleholders  Quasar  | Date  | Distance  | Notes

|
|
|

UHZ1 | 2023–  | z = 10.2  | Current distance record holder [104][70]
QSO J0313−1806 | 2021–2023  | z = 7.64  | [81][104]
ULAS J1342+0928 | 2017–2021  | z = 7.54  | [105]
ULAS J1120+0641 | 2011–2017  | z = 7.085  | Not the most distant object when discovered. First quasar with z > 7.[84]
CFHQS J2329-0301
(CFHQS J232908-030158)  | 2007–2011  | z = 6.43  | Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not exceed IOK-1 (z = 6.96), which was discovered in 2006.[88][89][90][91][106][107][108]
SDSS J114816.64+525150.3
(SDSS J1148+5251)  | 2003–2007  | z = 6.419  | Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not exceed HCM 6A galaxy lensed by Abell 370 at z = 6.56, discovered in 2002. Also discovered around the time of discovery was a new most distant galaxy, SDF J132418.3+271455 at z = 6.58.[92][93][94][91][106][109][110][111][112][113]
SDSS J1030+0524
(SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0)  | 2001–2003  | z = 6.28  | Most distant object when discovered. First object with z > 6.[97][95][98][99][101][102]
SDSS 1044-0125
(SDSSp J104433.04-012502.2)  | 2000–2001  | z = 5.82  | Most distant object when discovered. It exceeded galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74; discovered in 1999) as the most distant object.[114][115][101][102][106][116][117]
RD300
(RD J030117+002025)  | 2000  | z = 5.50  | Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not surpass galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74; discovered in 1999).[118][119][115][120][106]
SDSSp J120441.73−002149.6
(SDSS J1204-0021)  | 2000  | z = 5.03  | Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not surpass galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74; discovered in 1999).[120][106]
SDSSp J033829.31+002156.3
(QSO J0338+0021)  | 1998–2000  | z = 5.00  | First quasar discovered with z > 5\. Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not surpass galaxy BR1202-0725 LAE (z = 5.64; discovered earlier in 1998).[106][114][121][122][123][124][125]
PC 1247+3406  | 1991–1998  | z = 4.897  | Most distant object when discovered.[114][126][127][128][129]
PC 1158+4635  | 1989–1991  | z = 4.73  | Most distant object when discovered.[114][129][130][131][132][133]
Q0051-279 | 1987–1989  | z = 4.43  | Most distant object when discovered.[134][130][133][135][136][137]
Q0000-26
(QSO B0000-26)  | 1987  | z = 4.11  | Most distant object when discovered.[134][130][138]
PC 0910+5625
(QSO B0910+5625)  | 1987  | z = 4.04  | Most distant object when discovered; second quasar with z > 4.[114][130][139][140]
Q0046–293
(QSO J0048-2903)  | 1987  | z = 4.01  | Most distant object when discovered; first quasar with z > 4.[134][130][139][141][142]
Q1208+1011
(QSO B1208+1011)  | 1986–1987  | z = 3.80  | Most distant object when discovered and a gravitationally-lensed double-image quasar. From the time of discovery to 1991, had the least angular separation between images, 0.45″.[139][143][144]
PKS 2000-330
(QSO J2003-3251, Q2000-330)  | 1982–1986  | z = 3.78  | Most distant object when discovered.[56][139][145][146]
OQ172
(QSO B1442+101)  | 1974–1982  | z = 3.53  | Most distant object when discovered.[147][148][149]
OH471
(QSO B0642+449)  | 1973–1974  | z = 3.408  | Most distant object when discovered; first quasar with z > 3\. Nicknamed "the blaze marking the edge of the universe".[147][149][150][151][152]
4C 05.34 | 1970–1973  | z = 2.877  | Most distant object when discovered. The redshift was so much greater than the previous record that it was believed to be erroneous, or spurious.[56][57][149][153][154]
5C 02.56
(7C 105517.75+495540.95)  | 1968–1970  | z = 2.399  | Most distant object when discovered.[154][155][78]
4C 25.05
(4C 25.5)  | 1968  | z = 2.358  | Most distant object when discovered.[154][78][156]
PKS 0237-23
(QSO B0237-2321)  | 1967–1968  | z = 2.225  | Most distant object when discovered.[56][156][157][158][159]
4C 12.39
(Q1116+12, PKS 1116+12)  | 1966–1967  | z = 2.1291  | Most distant object when discovered.[78][159][160][161]
4C 01.02
(Q0106+01, PKS 0106+1)  | 1965–1966  | z = 2.0990  | Most distant object when discovered.[78][159][160][162]
3C 9 | 1965  | z = 2.018  | Most distant object when discovered; first quasar with z > 2.[2][58][159][163][164][165]
3C 147 | 1964–1965  | z = 0.545  | First quasar to become the most distant object in the universe, beating radio galaxy 3C 295.[166][167][168][169]
3C 48 | 1963–1964  | z = 0.367  | Second quasar redshift measured. Redshift was discovered after publication of 3C273's results prompted researchers to re-examine spectroscopic data. Not the most distant object when discovered. The radio galaxy 3C 295 was found in 1960 with z = 0.461.[48][56][170][171][172][76][166]
3C 273 | 1963  | z = 0.158  | First quasar redshift measured. Not the most distant object when discovered. The radio galaxy 3C 295 was found in 1960 with z = 0.461.[48][76][171][172][173]

## Most powerful quasars

10 most luminous quasars[Actually 11 in list] Rank  | Quasar  | Data  | Refs.

|
|
|

1  | SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 | Intrinsic bolometric luminosity of ~ 6.9 × 1014 Suns or ~ 2.6 × 1041 watts  | [174]
2  | HS 1946+7658  | Intrinsic bolometric luminosity in excess of 1014 Suns or 1041 watts  | [175][176]
3  | SDSS J155152.46+191104.0  | Luminosity of over 1041 watts  | [177][178]
4  | HS 1700+6416  | Luminosity of over 1041 watts  | [179]
5  | SDSS J010013.02+280225.8  | Luminosity of around 1.62 × 1041 watts  | [180]
6  | SBS 1425+606 | Luminosity of over 1041 watts – optically brightest for z>3  | [181]
| J1144-4308  | Luminosity of 4.7 × 1040 watts or M_i(z=2) = −29.74 mag, optically brightest in last 9 Gyr | [182]
| SDSS J074521.78+473436.2  |  | [183][184]
| S5 0014+813  |
| SDSS J160455.39+381201.6  | z = 2.51, M(i) = 15.84  |
| SDSS J085543.40-001517.7  |  | [185]

## See also

* List of microquasars
* Lists of astronomical objects
* List of galaxies
* List of black holes

## References

1. ↑ Subir Sarkar (Jan 20, 2021). "Re-examining cosmic acceleration". Sommerfeld Theory Colloquium, LMU München. p. 41. https://www.physik.uni-muenchen.de/aus_der_fakultaet/kolloquien/asc_kolloquium/archiv_wise20/sarkar/sarkar_reexamcosmicaccn.pdf.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Toward the Edge of the Universe". Time Magazine. May 21, 1965. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901720,00.html.
3. ↑ "Astronomers and immersion kumu announce newly-named discovery: Pōniuāʻena", ʻImiloa Astronomy Center, June 25, 2020, https://imiloahawaii.org/news/poniuaena
4. ↑ Magain, P.; Surdej, J.; Swings, J.-P.; Borgeest, U.; Kayser, R. (1988). "Discovery of a quadruply lensed quasar - The 'clover leaf' H1413 + 117". Nature 334 (6180): 325–327. doi:10.1038/334325a0. Bibcode: 1988Natur.334..325M.
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21. ↑ Morgan, N. D.; Kochanek, C. S.; Pevunova, O.; Schechter, P. L. (June 2005). "The Lens Redshift and Galaxy Environment for HE 0435-1223" (in en). The Astronomical Journal 129 (6): 2531–2541. doi:10.1086/430145. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2005AJ....129.2531M. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AJ....129.2531M/abstract.
22. ↑ Wisotzki, L.; Schechter, P. L.; Bradt, H. V.; Heinmüller, J.; Reimers, D. (2002-11-01). "HE 0435-1223: A wide separation quadruple QSO and gravitational lens" (in en). Astronomy & Astrophysics 395 (1): 17–23. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021213. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2002A&A...395...17W. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2002/43/aah3814/aah3814.html.
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95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 95.2 White, Richard L.; Becker, Robert H.; Fan, Xiaohui; Strauss, Michael A. (July 2003). "Probing the Ionization State of the Universe at z > 6". The Astronomical Journal 126 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1086/375547. Bibcode: 2003AJ....126....1W.
96. ↑ 96.0 96.1 96.2 96.3 96.4 96.5 96.6 96.7 Wang, Ran (2007). "Millimeter and Radio Observations of z~6 Quasars". The Astronomical Journal 134 (2): 617–627. doi:10.1086/518867. Bibcode: 2007AJ....134..617W.
97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 Pentericci, L (2002). "VLT observations of the z = 6.28 quasar SDSS 1030+0524". The Astronomical Journal 123 (5): 2151. doi:10.1086/340077. Bibcode: 2002AJ....123.2151P.
98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 Haiman, Zoltán; Cen, Renyue (2002). "A Constraint on the Gravitational Lensing Magnification and Age of the Redshift z = 6.28 Quasar SDSS 1030+0524". The Astrophysical Journal 578 (2): 702–7. doi:10.1086/342610. Bibcode: 2002ApJ...578..702H.
99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 Farrah, D; Priddey, R; Wilman, R; Haehnelt, M; McMahon, R (2004). "The X-Ray Spectrum of the z = 6.30 QSO SDSS J1030+0524". The Astrophysical Journal 611 (1): L13. doi:10.1086/423669. Bibcode: 2004ApJ...611L..13F.
100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 Fan, Xiaohui (December 2001). "A Survey of z > 5.8 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. I. Discovery of Three New Quasars and the Spatial Density of Luminous Quasars at z ~ 6". The Astronomical Journal 122 (6): 2833–2849. doi:10.1086/324111. Bibcode: 2001AJ....122.2833F.
101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.3 "Discovery Announced of Two Most Distant Objects". PennState Eberly College of Science. 5 June 2001. http://www.science.psu.edu/alert/Schneider6-2001.htm.
102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 102.2 102.3 SDSS, Early results from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: From under our nose to the edge of the universe, June 2001
103. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : QSO B1425+3326 , QSO J1427+3312 -- Quasar
104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 104.2 Ilie, Cosmin; Freese, Katherine; Petric, Andreea; Paulin, Jillian (21 December 2023). "UHZ1 and the other three most distant quasars observed: possible evidence for Supermassive Dark Stars". arXiv:2312.13837 [astro-ph.GA].
105. ↑ Bañados, Eduardo (6 December 2017). "An 800-million-solar-mass black hole in a significantly neutral Universe at a redshift of 7.5". Nature 553 (7689): 473–476. doi:10.1038/nature25180. PMID 29211709. Bibcode: 2018Natur.553..473B.
106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 106.2 106.3 106.4 106.5 UW-Madison Astronomy, Confirmed High Redshift (z > 5.5) Galaxies - (Last Updated 10 February 2005)
107. ↑ Iye, Masanori (2006). "A galaxy at a redshift z = 6.96". Nature 443 (7108): 186–8. doi:10.1038/nature05104. PMID 16971942. Bibcode: 2006Natur.443..186I.
108. ↑ BBC News, Astronomers claim galaxy record, 11 July 2007, 17:10 GMT 18:10 UK
109. ↑ New Scientist, New record for Universe's most distant object, 17:19 14 March 2002
110. ↑ BBC News, Far away stars light early cosmos, 14 March 2002, 11:38 GMT
111. ↑ BBC News, Most distant galaxy detected, 25 March 2003, 14:28 GMT
112. ↑ Hu, E. M. (5 March 2002). "A Redshift z = 6.56 Galaxy behind the Cluster Abell 370". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 568 (2): L75–L79. doi:10.1086/340424. Bibcode: 2002ApJ...568L..75H.
113. ↑ Kodaira, K (2003). "The Discovery of Two Lyman α Emitters Beyond Redshift 6 in the Subaru Deep Field". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 55 (2): L17–L21. doi:10.1093/pasj/55.2.L17. Bibcode: 2003PASJ...55L..17K.
114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 114.2 114.3 114.4 "International Team of Astronomers Finds Most Distant Object". Science Journal (Eberly College of Science, PennState) 17 (1). Summer 2000. http://www.science.psu.edu/journal/Sum2000/DistObj.htm.
115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 Hu, Esther M.; McMahon, Richard G.; Cowie, Lennox L. (3 August 1999). "An Extremely Luminous Galaxy at z = 5.74". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 522 (1): L9–L12. doi:10.1086/312205. Bibcode: 1999ApJ...522L...9H.
116. ↑ PennState Eberly College of Science, X-rays from the Most Distant Quasar Captured with the XMM-Newton Satellite , Dec 2000
117. ↑ SPACE.com, Most Distant Object in Universe Comes Closer, 1 December 2000
118. ↑ NOAO Newsletter - NOAO Highlights - March 2000 - Number 61, The Most Distant Quasar Known
119. ↑ Stern, Daniel (20 March 2002). "Chandra Detection of a Type II Quasar at z = 3.288". The Astrophysical Journal 568 (1): 71–81. doi:10.1086/338886. Bibcode: 2002ApJ...568...71S.
120. ↑ 120.0 120.1 Stern, Daniel; Spinrad, Hyron; Eisenhardt, Peter; Bunker, Andrew J.; Dawson, Steve; Stanford, S. A.; Elston, Richard (20 April 2000). "Discovery of a Color-selected Quasar at z = 5.50". The Astrophysical Journal 533 (2): L75–L78. doi:10.1086/312614. PMID 10770694. Bibcode: 2000ApJ...533L..75S.
121. ↑ SDSS 98-3 Scientists of Sloan Digital Sky Survey Discover Most Distant Quasar Dec 1998
122. ↑ Fan, Xiaohui (January 2001). "High-Redshift Quasars Found in Sloan Digital Sky Survey Commissioning Data. IV. Luminosity Function from the Fall Equatorial Stripe Sample". The Astronomical Journal 121 (1): 54–65. doi:10.1086/318033. Bibcode: 2001AJ....121...54F.
123. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : SDSSp J033829.31+002156.3, QSO J0338+0021 -- Quasar
124. ↑ Henry Fountain (15 December 1998). "Observatory: Finding Distant Quasars". The New York Times: p. F5. https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/15/science/observatory.html.
125. ↑ John Noble Wilford (20 October 1988). "Peering Back in Time, Astronomers Glimpse Galaxies Aborning". The New York Times: p. F1. https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/20/science/peering-back-in-time-astronomers-glimpse-galaxies-aborning.html?pagewanted=3.
126. ↑ Smith, J. D (1994). "Multicolor detection of high-redshift quasars, 2: Five objects with Z greater than or approximately equal to 4". The Astronomical Journal 108: 1147. doi:10.1086/117143. Bibcode: 1994AJ....108.1147S. https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170213-133303949.
127. ↑ New Scientist, issue 1842, 10 October 1992, page 17, Science: Infant galaxy's light show
128. ↑ FermiLab Scientists of Sloan Digital Sky Survey Discover Most Distant Quasar 8 December 1998
129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 Hook, I. M; McMahon, R. G (1998). "Discovery of radio-loud quasars with z = 4.72 and z = 4.010". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 294 (1): L7–L12. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01368.x. Bibcode: 1998MNRAS.294L...7H.
130. ↑ 130.0 130.1 130.2 130.3 130.4 Turner, Edwin L (1991). "Quasars and galaxy formation. I - the Z greater than 4 objects". The Astronomical Journal 101: 5. doi:10.1086/115663. Bibcode: 1991AJ....101....5T.
131. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : PC 1158+4635, QSO B1158+4635 -- Quasar
132. ↑ Cowie, Lennox L (1991). "Young Galaxies". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 647 (1 Texas/ESO-Cer): 31–41. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb32157.x. Bibcode: 1991NYASA.647...31C.
133. ↑ 133.0 133.1 The New York Times, Peering to Edge of Time, Scientists Are Astonished, 20 November 1989
134. ↑ 134.0 134.1 134.2 Warren, S. J; Hewett, P. C; Osmer, P. S; Irwin, M. J (1987). "Quasars of redshift z = 4.43 and z = 4.07 in the South Galactic Pole field". Nature 330 (6147): 453. doi:10.1038/330453a0. Bibcode: 1987Natur.330..453W.
135. ↑ Levshakov, S. A (1989). "Absorption spectra of quasars". Astrophysics 29 (2): 657–671. doi:10.1007/BF01005972. Bibcode: 1988Ap.....29..657L.
136. ↑ The New York Times, Objects Detected in Universe May Be the Most Distant Ever Sighted, 14 January 1988
137. ↑ John Noble Wilford (10 May 1988). "Astronomers Peer Deeper Into Cosmo". The New York Times: p. C1. https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/10/science/astronomers-peer-deeper-into-cosmos.html?pagewanted=all.
138. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : Q0000-26, QSO B0000-26 -- Quasar
139. ↑ 139.0 139.1 139.2 139.3 Schmidt, Maarten; Schneider, Donald P; Gunn, James E (1987). "PC 0910 + 5625 - an optically selected quasar with a redshift of 4.04". The Astrophysical Journal 321: L7. doi:10.1086/184996. Bibcode: 1987ApJ...321L...7S.
140. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : PC 0910+5625, QSO B0910+5625 -- Quasar
141. ↑ Warren, S. J.; Hewett, P. C.; Irwin, M. J.; McMahon, R. G.; Bridgeland, M. T.; Bunclark, P. S.; Kibblewhite, E. J. (8 January 1987). "First observation of a quasar with a redshift of 4". Nature 325 (6100): 131–133. doi:10.1038/325131a0. Bibcode: 1987Natur.325..131W. ; First observation of a quasar with a redshift of 4
142. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : Q0046-293, QSO J0048-2903 -- Quasar
143. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : Q1208+1011, QSO B1208+1011 -- Quasar
144. ↑ NewScientist, Quasar doubles help to fix the Hubble constant, 16 November 1991
145. ↑ Orwell Astronomical Society (Ipswich) - OASI; Archived Astronomy News Items, 1972 - 1997
146. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : PKS 2000-330, QSO J2003-3251 -- Quasar
147. ↑ 147.0 147.1 OSU Big Ear, History of the OSU Radio Observatory
148. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : OQ172, QSO B1442+101 -- Quasar
149. ↑ 149.0 149.1 149.2 QUASARS - THREE YEARS LATER, 1974
150. ↑ "The Edge of Night". Time. 23 April 1973. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945213,00.html.
151. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : OH471, QSO B0642+449 -- Quasar
152. ↑ Warren, S J; Hewett, P C (1 August 1990). "The detection of high-redshift quasars". Reports on Progress in Physics 53 (8): 1095–1135. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/53/8/003. Bibcode: 1990RPPh...53.1095W.
153. ↑ Bahcall, John N; Oke, J. B (1971). "Some Inferences from Spectrophotometry of Quasi-Stellar Sources". The Astrophysical Journal 163: 235. doi:10.1086/150762. Bibcode: 1971ApJ...163..235B.
154. ↑ 154.0 154.1 154.2 Lynds, R; Wills, D (1970). "The Unusually Large Redshift of 4C 05.34". Nature 226 (5245): 532. doi:10.1038/226532a0. PMID 16057373. Bibcode: 1970Natur.226..532L.
155. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : 5C 02.56, 7C 105517.75+495540.95 -- Quasar
156. ↑ 156.0 156.1 Burbidge, Geoffrey (1968). "The Distribution of Redshifts in Quasi-Stellar Objects, N-Systems and Some Radio and Compact Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal 154: L41. doi:10.1086/180265. Bibcode: 1968ApJ...154L..41B.
157. ↑ Time Magazine, A Farther-Out Quasar, 7 April 1967
158. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : QSO B0237-2321, QSO B0237-2321 -- Quasar
159. ↑ 159.0 159.1 159.2 159.3 Burbidge, Geoffrey (1967). "On the Wavelengths of the Absorption Lines in Quasi-Stellar Objects". The Astrophysical Journal 147: 851. doi:10.1086/149072. Bibcode: 1967ApJ...147..851B.
160. ↑ 160.0 160.1 Time Magazine, The Man on the Mountain, Friday, Mar. 11, 1966
161. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : Q1116+12, 4C 12.39 -- Quasar
162. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : Q0106+01, 4C 01.02 -- Quasar
163. ↑ Malcolm S. Longair (2006). The Cosmic Century: A History of Astrophysics and Cosmology. Cambridge University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-521-47436-8. https://archive.org/details/cosmiccenturyhis0000long.
164. ↑ Schmidt, Maarten (1965). "Large Redshifts of Five Quasi-Stellar Sources". The Astrophysical Journal 141: 1295. doi:10.1086/148217. Bibcode: 1965ApJ...141.1295S.
165. ↑ Ivor Robinson, ed. "Introduction: The Discovery of Radio Galaxies and Quasars". Proceedings of the First Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics. The University of Chicago. http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/qso.txt.
166. ↑ 166.0 166.1 Schmidt, Maarten; Matthews, Thomas A (1964). "Redshift of the Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources 3c 47 and 3c 147". The Astrophysical Journal 139: 781. doi:10.1086/147815. Bibcode: 1964ApJ...139..781S.
167. ↑ Schmidt, Maarten; Matthews, Thomas A. (1965). "Redshifts of the Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources 3c 47 and 3c 147". in Ivor Robinson. Quasi-Stellar Sources and Gravitational Collapse, Proceedings of the 1st Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics. University of Chicago Press. p. 269. Bibcode: 1965qssg.conf..269S.
168. ↑ Schneider, Donald P; Van Gorkom, J. H; Schmidt, Maarten; Gunn, James E (1992). "Radio properties of optically selected high-redshift quasars. I - VLA observations of 22 quasars at 6 CM". The Astronomical Journal 103: 1451. doi:10.1086/116159. Bibcode: 1992AJ....103.1451S.
169. ↑ "Finding the Fastest Galaxy: 76,000 Miles per Second". Time. 10 April 1964. http://aolsvc.timeforkids.kol.aol.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,875737,00.html.
170. ↑ Greenstein, Jesse L; Matthews, Thomas A (1963). "Red-Shift of the Unusual Radio Source: 3C 48". Nature 197 (4872): 1041. doi:10.1038/1971041a0. Bibcode: 1963Natur.197.1041G.
171. ↑ 171.0 171.1 "1961 May 12 meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society". The Observatory 81: 113–118. 1961. Bibcode: 1961Obs....81..113..
172. ↑ 172.0 172.1 P., Varshni, Y. (March 1979). "No redshift in 3C 295". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 11: 458. Bibcode: 1979BAAS...11..458V.
173. ↑ The Origin of Matter Part 4
174. ↑ Wolf, Christian (2018). "Discovery of the Most Ultra-Luminous QSO Using GAIA, Sky Mapper, and WISE". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 35. doi:10.1017/pasa.2018.22. Bibcode: 2018PASA...35...24W.
175. ↑ Bachev, R; Strigachev, A; Semkov, E (2005). "Short-term optical variability of high-redshift QSO's". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 358 (3): 774–780. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08708.x. Bibcode: 2005MNRAS.358..774B.
176. ↑ Kuhn, O; Bechtold, J; Cutri, R; Elvis, M; Rieke, M (1995). "The spectral energy distribution of the z = 3 quasar: HS 1946+7658". The Astrophysical Journal 438: 643. doi:10.1086/175107. Bibcode: 1995ApJ...438..643K.
177. ↑ Pâris, Isabelle (2012). "The Sloan Digital Sky Survey quasar catalog: Ninth data release". Astronomy & Astrophysics 548: A66. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220142. Bibcode: 2012A&A...548A..66P.
178. ↑ Stern, Jonathan; Hennawi, Joseph F; Pott, Jörg-Uwe (2015). "Spatially Resolving the Kinematics of the <100 μas Quasar Broad Line Region using Spectroastrometry". The Astrophysical Journal 804 (1): 57. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/804/1/57. Bibcode: 2015ApJ...804...57S.
179. ↑ Eisenhardt, Peter R. M (2012). "The First Hyper-Luminous Infrared Galaxy Discovered by WISE". The Astrophysical Journal 755 (2): 173. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/755/2/173. Bibcode: 2012ApJ...755..173E.
180. ↑ Wu, Xue-Bing (2015). "An ultra-luminous quasar with a twelve-billion-solar-mass black hole at redshift 6.30". Nature 518 (7540): 512–515. doi:10.1038/nature14241. PMID 25719667. Bibcode: 2015Natur.518..512W.
181. ↑ Stepanian, J. A.; Green, R. F.; Foltz, C. B.; Chaffee, F.; Chavushyan, V. H.; Lipovetsky, V. A.; Erastova, L. K. (December 2001). "Spectroscopy and Photometry of Stellar Objects from the Second Byurakan Survey". The Astronomical Journal 122 (6): 3361–3382. doi:10.1086/324460. Bibcode: 2001AJ....122.3361S.
182. ↑ Onken, Christopher A.; Lai, Samuel; Wolf, Christian; Lucy, Adrian B.; Hon, Wei Jeat; Tisserand, Patrick; Sokoloski, Jennifer L.; Luna, Gerardo J. M. et al. (2022-06-08). "Discovery of the most luminous quasar of the last 9 Gyr". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 39. doi:10.1017/pasa.2022.36. Bibcode: 2022PASA...39...37O.
183. ↑ Schneider, Donald P (2010). "The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Catalog V. Seventh Data Release". The Astronomical Journal 139 (6): 2360–2373. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/139/6/2360. Bibcode: 2010AJ....139.2360S.
184. ↑ Schneider, Donald P. (July 2007). "The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Catalog. IV. Fifth Data Release". The Astronomical Journal 134 (1): 102–117. doi:10.1086/518474. Bibcode: 2007AJ....134..102S.
185. ↑ Wu, Xue-Bing (2010). "A very bright i=16.44 quasar in the 'redshift desert' discovered by LAMOST". Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 10 (8): 737. doi:10.1088/1674-4527/10/8/003. Bibcode: 2010RAA....10..737W.

## External links

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