List of quasars

Short description: List of galactic nuclei

This article contains lists of quasars. More than a million quasars have been observed,[1] so any list on Wikipedia is necessarily a selection of them.

Proper naming of quasars are by Catalogue Entry, Qxxxx±yy using B1950 coordinates, or QSO Jxxxx±yyyy using J2000 coordinates. They may also use the prefix QSR. There are currently no quasars that are visible to the naked eye.

## Contents

* 1 List of quasars
* 2 List of named quasars
* 3 List of multiply imaged quasars
* 4 List of visual quasar associations
* 5 List of physical quasar groups
* 5.1 Large Quasar Groups
* 6 List of quasars with apparent superluminal jet motion
* 7 Firsts
* 8 Extremes
* 9 First quasars found
* 10 Most distant quasars
* 11 Most powerful quasars
* 12 See also
* 13 References
* 14 External links

## List of quasars

This is a list of exceptional quasars for characteristics otherwise not separately listed

Quasar  | Notes

|

Twin Quasar | Associated with a possible planet microlensing event in the gravitational lens galaxy that is doubling the Twin Quasar's image.
QSR J1819+3845  | Proved interstellar scintillation due to the interstellar medium.
CTA-102 | In 1965, Soviet astronomer Nikolai S. Kardashev declared that this quasar was sending coded messages from an alien civilization.[2]
CID-42 | Its supermassive black hole is being ejected and will one day become a displaced quasar.
TON 618 | TON 618 is a very distant and extremely luminous quasar—technically, a hyperluminous, broad-absorption line, radio-loud quasar—located near the North Galactic Pole in the constellation Canes Venatici.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

## List of named quasars

This is a list of quasars, with a common name, instead of a designation from a survey, catalogue or list.

Quasar  | Origin of name  | Notes

|
|

Twin Quasar | From the fact that two images of the same gravitationally lensed quasar is produced.  |
Einstein Cross | From the fact that gravitational lensing of the quasar forms a near perfect Einstein cross, a concept in gravitational lensing.  |
Triple Quasar  | From the fact that there are three bright images of the same gravitationally lensed quasar.  | There are actually four images; the fourth is faint.
Cloverleaf | From its appearance having similarity to the leaf of a clover. It has been gravitationally lensed into four images, of roughly similar appearance.  |
Teacup Galaxy | The name comes from the shape of the extended emission, which is shaped like the handle of a teacup. The handle is a bubble shaped by quasar winds or small-scale radio jets.  | Low redshift, highly obscured type 2 quasar.

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

## List of multiply imaged quasars

This is a list of quasars that as a result of gravitational lensing appear as multiple images on Earth.

Quasar  | Images  | Lens  | Notes

|
|
|

Twin Quasar | 2  | YGKOW G1  | First gravitationally lensed object discovered

Triple Quasar (PG 1115+080)  | 4  |  | Originally discovered as 3 lensed images, the fourth image is faint. It was the second gravitationally lensed quasar discovered.
Einstein Cross | 4  | Huchra's Lens  | First Einstein Cross discovered
RX J1131-1231's quasar  | 4  | RX J1131-1231's elliptical galaxy  | RX J1131-1231 is the name of the complex, quasar, host galaxy and lensing galaxy, together. The quasar's host galaxy is also lensed into a Chwolson ring about the lensing galaxy. The four images of the quasar are embedded in the ring image.
Cloverleaf | 4[3] |  | Brightest known high-redshift source of CO emission[4]
QSO B1359+154  | 6  | CLASS B1359+154 and three more galaxies  | First sextuply-imaged galaxy
SDSS J1004+4112  | 5  | Galaxy cluster at z = 0.68  | First quasar discovered to be multiply image-lensed by a galaxy cluster and currently the third largest quasar lens with the separation between images of 15″[5][6][7]
SDSS J1029+2623  | 3  | Galaxy cluster at z = 0.6  | The current largest-separation quasar lens with 22.6″ separation between furthest images[8][9][10]
SDSS J2222+2745  | 6[11] | Galaxy cluster at z = 0.49[12] | First sextuply-lensed galaxy[11] Third quasar discovered to be lensed by a galaxy cluster.[12] Quasar located at z = 2.82[12]

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

## List of visual quasar associations

This is a list of double quasars, triple quasars, and the like, where quasars are close together in line-of-sight, but not physically related.

Quasars  | Count  | Notes

|
|

QSO 1548+115

4C 11.50 (z = 0.436)
QSO B1548+115B (z = 1.901)
| 2  | [13][14]
QSO 1146+111  | 8  | [15]
z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

## List of physical quasar groups

This is a list of binary quasars, trinary quasars, and the like, where quasars are physically close to each other.

Quasars  | Count  | Notes

|
|

quasars of SDSS J0841+3921 protocluster  | 4  | First quasar quartet discovered.[16][17]
LBQS 1429-008 (QQQ 1432-0106)  | 3  | First quasar triplet discovered.
It was first discovered as a binary quasar, before the third quasar was found.[18]
QQ2345+007 (Q2345+007)

Q2345+007A
Q2345+007B
| 2  | Originally thought to be a doubly imaged quasar, but actually a quasar couplet.[19]
QQQ J1519+0627  | 3  | [20]

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

### Large Quasar Groups

Large quasar groups (LQGs) are bound to a filament of mass, and not directly bound to each other.

LQG  | Count  | Notes

|
|

Webster LQG
(LQG 1)  | 5  | First LQG discovered. At the time of its discovery, it was the largest structure known.[21][22]
Huge-LQG
(U1.27)  | 73  | The largest structure known in the observable universe, as of 2013.[23][24]

## List of quasars with apparent superluminal jet motion

This is a list of quasars with jets that appear to be superluminal due to relativistic effects and line-of-sight orientation. Such quasars are sometimes referred to as superluminal quasars.

Quasar  | Superluminality  | Notes

|
|

3C 279 | 4c  | First quasar discovered with superluminal jets[25][26][27][28][29]
3C 179  | 7.6c  | Fifth discovered, first with double lobes[30]
3C 273 |  | This is also the first quasar ever identified[31]
3C 216  |  |
3C 345 |  | [31][32]
3C 380  |  |
4C 69.21
(Q1642+690, QSO B1642+690)  |  |
8C 1928+738
(Q1928+738, QSO J1927+73, Quasar J192748.6+735802)  |  |
PKS 0637-752  |  |
QSO B1642+690  |  |

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

Quasars that have a recessional velocity greater than the speed of light (c) are very common. Any quasar with z > 1 is receding faster than c, while z exactly equal to 1 indicates recession at the speed of light.[33] Early attempts to explain superluminal quasars resulted in convoluted explanations with a limit of z = 2.326, or in the extreme z < 2.4.[34] The majority of quasars lie between z = 2 and z = 5\.

## Firsts

Title  | Quasar  | Year  | Data  | Notes

|
|
|
|

First quasar discovered  | 3C 48 | 1960  |  | first radio source for which optical identification was found, that was a star-like looking object
First "star" discovered later found to be a quasar
First radio source discovered later found to be a quasar
First quasar identified  | 3C 273 | 1962  |  | first radio-"star" found to be at a high redshift with a non-stellar spectrum.
First radio-quiet quasar  | QSO B1246+377 (BSO 1)  | 1965  |  | The first radio-quiet quasi-stellar objects (QSO) were called Blue Stellar Objects or BSO, because they appeared like stars and were blue in color. They also had spectra and redshifts like radio-loud quasi-stellar radio-sources (QSR), so became quasars.[27][35][36]
First host galaxy of a quasar discovered  | 3C 48 | 1982  |  |
First quasar found to seemingly not have a host galaxy  | HE0450-2958 (Naked Quasar)  | 2005  |  | Some disputed observations suggest a host galaxy, others do not.
First multi-core quasar  | PG 1302-102  | 2014  | Binary supermassive black holes within the quasar  | [37][38]
First quasar containing a recoiling supermassive black hole  | SDSS J0927+2943 | 2008  |  | Two optical emission line systems separated by 2650 km/s
First gravitationally lensed quasar identified  | Twin Quasar | 1979  | Lensed into 2 images  | The lens is a galaxy known as YGKOW G1
First quasar found with a jet with apparent superluminal motion  | 3C 279 | 1971  |  | [25][26][27]
First quasar found with the classic double radio-lobe structure  | 3C 47 | 1964  |  |
First quasar found to be an X-ray source  | 3C 273 | 1967  |  | [39]
First "dustless" quasar found  | QSO J0303-0019 and QSO J0005-0006 | 2010  |  | [40][41][42][43][44][45][46]
First Large Quasar Group discovered  | Webster LQG
(LQG 1)  | 1982  |  | [21][22]

## Extremes

Title  | Quasar  | Data  | Notes

|
|
|

Brightest  | 3C 273 | Apparent magnitude of ~12.9  | Absolute magnitude: −26.7
Seemingly optically brightest  | APM 08279+5255 | Seeming absolute magnitude of −32.2  | This quasar is gravitationally lensed; its actual absolute magnitude is estimated to be −30.5
Most luminous  | SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 | Absolute magnitude of −32.36  | Highest absolute magnitude discovered thus far.
Most powerful quasar radio source  | 3C 273 |  | Also the most powerful radio source in the sky
Most powerful  | SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 |  |
Most variable quasar radio source  | QSO J1819+3845 (Q1817+387)  |  | Also the most variable extrasolar radio source
Least variable quasar radio source  |  |  |
Most variable quasar optical source  |  |  |
Least variable quasar optical source  |  |  |
Most distant  | UHZ1 | z = 10.1  | Most distant quasar known as of 2023[47]
Most distant radio-quiet quasar  |  |  |
Most distant radio-loud quasar  | QSO J1427+3312  | z = 6.12  | Found June 2008[48][49]
Most distant blazar quasar  | PSO J0309+27 | z > 6  |
Least distant  | Markarian 231 | 600 Mly  | [50] inactive: IC 2497
Largest Large Quasar Group  | Huge-LQG
(U1.27)  | 73 quasars  | [23][24]

## First quasars found

First 10 Quasars Identified  Rank  | Quasar  | Date of discovery  | Notes

|
|
|

1  | 3C 273 | 1963  | [51]
2  | 3C 48 | 1963  | [51]
3  | 3C 47 | 1964  | [51]
3  | 3C 147 | 1964  | [51]
5  | CTA 102  | 1965  | [52]
5  | 3C 287  | 1965  | [52]
5  | 3C 254  | 1965  | [52]
5  | 3C 245  | 1965  | [52]
5  | 3C 9 | 1965  | [52]

These are the first quasars which were found and had their redshifts determined.

## Most distant quasars

Artist's conception of the oldest known quasar as of 2021, QSO J0313–1806 existing only ~670 million years after the Big Bang despite its large size.

In 1964 a quasar became the most distant object in the universe for the first time. Quasars would remain the most distant objects in the universe until 1997, when a pair of non-quasar galaxies would take the title (galaxies CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2 lensed by galaxy cluster CL 1358+62).[53]

In cosmic scales distance is usually indicated by redshift (denoted by z) which is a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion.

Quasars with z > 6[54] Quasar  | Distance  | Notes

|
|

QSO J0313–1806 | z = 7.64  | Currently the most distant known quasar.[55]
ULAS J1342+0928 | z = 7.54  | Former most distant quasar.
J1007+2115 (Pōniuāʻena)  | z = 7.52  |
ULAS J1120+0641
(ULAS J112001.48+064124.3)  | z = 7.085  | Former most distant quasar. First quasar with z > 7.[56]
CHFQS J2348-3054
(CHFQS J234833.34-305410.0)  | z = 6.90  |
PSO J172.3556+18.7734 | z = 6.82  | Currently the most distant radio-loud known quasar
CFHQS J2329-0301
(CFHQS J232908-030158)  | z = 6.43  | Former most distant quasar.[57][58][59][60]
SDSS J114816.64+525150.3
(SDSS J1148+5251)  | z = 6.419  | Former most distant quasar.[61][62][63][60][64][65]
SDSS J1030+0524
(SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0)  | z = 6.28  | Former most distant quasar. First quasar with z > 6.[66][64][67][68][69][70][71]
SDSS J104845.05+463718.3
(QSO J1048+4637)  | z = 6.23  | [65]
SDSS J162331.81+311200.5
(QSO J1623+3112)  | z = 6.22  | [65]
CFHQS J0033-0125
(CFHQS J003311-012524)  | z = 6.13  | [58]
SDSS J125051.93+313021.9
(QSO J1250+3130)  | z = 6.13  | [65]
CFHQS J1509-1749
(CFHQS J150941-174926)  | z = 6.12  | [58]
QSO B1425+3326 / QSO J1427+3312  | z = 6.12  | Most distant radio-quasar.[48][72]
SDSS J160253.98+422824.9
(QSO J1602+4228)  | z = 6.07  | [65]
SDSS J163033.90+401209.6
(QSO J1630+4012)  | z = 6.05  | [65]
CFHQS J1641+3755
(CFHQS J164121+375520)  | z = 6.04  | [58]
SDSS J113717.73+354956.9
(QSO J1137+3549)  | z = 6.01  | [65]
SDSS J081827.40+172251.8
(QSO J0818+1722)  | z = 6.00  | [65]
SDSSp J130608.26+035626.3
(QSO J1306+0356)  | z = 5.99  | [69][70][71]

* z > 6 quasars are used to explore the reionization era

Most Distant Quasar by Type  Type  | Quasar  | Date  | Distance  | Notes

|
|
|
|

Most distant  | QSO J0313–1806 | 2021  | z = 7.64  | [55]
Most distant radio loud quasar  | QSO B1425+3326 / QSO J1427+3312  | 2008  | z = 6.12  |
Most distant radio quiet quasar  |  |  |  |
Most distant OVV quasar  |  |  |  |
Most Distant Quasar Titleholders  Quasar  | Date  | Distance  | Notes

|
|
|

QSO J0313–1806 | 2021–present  | z = 7.64  | Current record holder.[55]
ULAS J1342+0928 | 2017–2021  | z = 7.54  | [73]
ULAS J1120+0641 | 2011–2017  | z = 7.085  | Not the most distant object when discovered. First quasar with z > 7.[56]
CFHQS J2329-0301
(CFHQS J232908-030158)  | 2007–2011  | z = 6.43  | Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not exceed IOK-1 (z = 6.96), which was discovered in 2006.[57][58][59][60][74][75][76]
SDSS J114816.64+525150.3
(SDSS J1148+5251)  | 2003–2007  | z = 6.419  | Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not exceed HCM 6A galaxy lensed by Abell 370 at z = 6.56, discovered in 2002. Also discovered around the time of discovery was a new most distant galaxy, SDF J132418.3+271455 at z = 6.58.[61][62][63][60][74][77][78][79][80][81]
SDSS J1030+0524
(SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0)  | 2001–2003  | z = 6.28  | Most distant object when discovered. First object with z > 6.[66][64][67][68][70][71]
SDSS 1044-0125
(SDSSp J104433.04-012502.2)  | 2000–2001  | z = 5.82  | Most distant object when discovered. It exceeded galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74; discovered in 1999) as the most distant object.[82][83][70][71][74][84][85]
RD300
(RD J030117+002025)  | 2000  | z = 5.50  | Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not surpass galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74; discovered in 1999).[86][87][83][88][74]
SDSSp J120441.73−002149.6
(SDSS J1204-0021)  | 2000  | z = 5.03  | Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not surpass galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74; discovered in 1999).[88][74]
SDSSp J033829.31+002156.3
(QSO J0338+0021)  | 1998–2000  | z = 5.00  | First quasar discovered with z > 5\. Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not surpass galaxy BR1202-0725 LAE (z = 5.64; discovered earlier in 1998).[74][82][89][90][91][92][93]
PC 1247+3406  | 1991–1998  | z = 4.897  | Most distant object when discovered.[82][94][95][96][97]
PC 1158+4635  | 1989–1991  | z = 4.73  | Most distant object when discovered.[82][97][98][99][100][101]
Q0051-279  | 1987–1989  | z = 4.43  | Most distant object when discovered.[102][98][101][103][104][105]
Q0000-26
(QSO B0000-26)  | 1987  | z = 4.11  | Most distant object when discovered.[102][98][106]
PC 0910+5625
(QSO B0910+5625)  | 1987  | z = 4.04  | Most distant object when discovered; second quasar with z > 4.[82][98][107][108]
Q0046–293
(QSO J0048-2903)  | 1987  | z = 4.01  | Most distant object when discovered; first quasar with z > 4.[102][98][107][109][110]
Q1208+1011
(QSO B1208+1011)  | 1986–1987  | z = 3.80  | Most distant object when discovered and a gravitationally-lensed double-image quasar. From the time of discovery to 1991, had the least angular separation between images, 0.45″.[107][111][112]
PKS 2000-330
(QSO J2003-3251, Q2000-330)  | 1982–1986  | z = 3.78  | Most distant object when discovered.[33][107][113][114]
OQ172
(QSO B1442+101)  | 1974–1982  | z = 3.53  | Most distant object when discovered.[115][116][117]
OH471
(QSO B0642+449)  | 1973–1974  | z = 3.408  | Most distant object when discovered; first quasar with z > 3\. Nicknamed "the blaze marking the edge of the universe".[115][117][118][119][120]
4C 05.34  | 1970–1973  | z = 2.877  | Most distant object when discovered. The redshift was so much greater than the previous record that it was believed to be erroneous, or spurious.[33][34][117][121][122]
5C 02.56
(7C 105517.75+495540.95)  | 1968–1970  | z = 2.399  | Most distant object when discovered.[122][123][53]
4C 25.05
(4C 25.5)  | 1968  | z = 2.358  | Most distant object when discovered.[122][53][124]
PKS 0237-23
(QSO B0237-2321)  | 1967–1968  | z = 2.225  | Most distant object when discovered.[33][124][125][126][127]
4C 12.39
(Q1116+12, PKS 1116+12)  | 1966–1967  | z = 2.1291  | Most distant object when discovered.[53][127][128][129]
4C 01.02
(Q0106+01, PKS 0106+1)  | 1965–1966  | z = 2.0990  | Most distant object when discovered.[53][127][128][130]
3C 9 | 1965  | z = 2.018  | Most distant object when discovered; first quasar with z > 2.[2][35][127][131][132][133]
3C 147 | 1964–1965  | z = 0.545  | First quasar to become the most distant object in the universe, beating radio galaxy 3C 295.[134][135][136][137]
3C 48 | 1963–1964  | z = 0.367  | Second quasar redshift measured. Redshift was discovered after publication of 3C273's results prompted researchers to re-examine spectroscopic data. Not the most distant object when discovered. The radio galaxy 3C 295 was found in 1960 with z = 0.461.[27][33][138][139][140][51][134]
3C 273 | 1963  | z = 0.158  | First quasar redshift measured. Not the most distant object when discovered. The radio galaxy 3C 295 was found in 1960 with z = 0.461.[27][51][139][140][141]

## Most powerful quasars

10 Most luminous Quasars  Rank  | Quasar  | Data  | Notes

|
|
|

1  | SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 | It has an intrinsic bolometric luminosity of ~ 6.9 × 1014 Suns or ~ 2.6 × 1041 watts  | [142]
2  | HS 1946+7658  | It has an intrinsic bolometric luminosity in excess of 1014 Suns or 1041 watts  | [143][144]
3  | SDSS J155152.46+191104.0  | Has over 1041 watts luminosity  | [145][146]
4  | HS 1700+6416  | Has a luminosity of over 1041 watts  | [147]
5  | SDSS J010013.02+280225.8  | Has a luminosity of around 1.62 × 1041 watts  | [148]
6  | SBS 1425+606  | Has a luminosity of over 1041 watts – optically brightest for z>3  | [149]
| J1144-4308  | Has a luminosity of 4.7 x 1040 watts or M_i(z=2) = -29.74 mag, optically brightest in last 9 Gyr | [150]
| SDSS J074521.78+473436.2  |  | [151][152]
| S5 0014+813  |
| SDSS J160455.39+381201.6  | z = 2.51, M(i) = 15.84  |
| SDSS J085543.40-001517.7  |  | [153]

## See also

* List of microquasars
* Lists of astronomical objects
* List of galaxies
* List of black holes

## References

1. ↑ Subir Sarkar (Jan 20, 2021). "Re-examining cosmic acceleration". Sommerfeld Theory Colloquium, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. p. 41. https://www.physik.uni-muenchen.de/aus_der_fakultaet/kolloquien/asc_kolloquium/archiv_wise20/sarkar/sarkar_reexamcosmicaccn.pdf.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Toward the Edge of the Universe". Time Magazine. May 21, 1965. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901720,00.html.
3. ↑ Magain, P.; Surdej, J.; Swings, J.-P.; Borgeest, U.; Kayser, R. (1988). "Discovery of a quadruply lensed quasar - The 'clover leaf' H1413 + 117". Nature 334 (6180): 325–327. doi:10.1038/334325a0. Bibcode: 1988Natur.334..325M.
4. ↑ Venturini, S.; Solomon, P. M. (2003). "The Molecular Disk in the Cloverleaf Quasar". The Astrophysical Journal 590 (2): 740–745. doi:10.1086/375050. Bibcode: 2003ApJ...590..740V.
5. ↑ Inada, N. (2003). "A Gravitationally lensed quasar with quadruple images separated by 14.62 arcseconds". Nature 426 (6968): 810–812. doi:10.1038/nature02153. PMID 14685230. Bibcode: 2003Natur.426..810I.
6. ↑ Oguri, M. (2004). "Observations and Theoretical Implications of the Large-Separation Lensed Quasar SDSS J1004+4112". The Astrophysical Journal 605 (1): 78–97. doi:10.1086/382221. Bibcode: 2004ApJ...605...78O.
7. ↑ Inada, N. (2005). "Discovery of a Fifth Image of the Large Separation Gravitationally Lensed Quasar SDSS J1004+4112". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 57 (3): L7–L10. doi:10.1093/pasj/57.3.L7. Bibcode: 2005PASJ...57L...7I.
8. ↑ Inada, Naohisa (2006). "SDSS J1029+2623: A Gravitationally Lensed Quasar with an Image Separation of 22."5". The Astrophysical Journal 653 (2): L97–L100. doi:10.1086/510671. Bibcode: 2006ApJ...653L..97I.
9. ↑ Oguri, Masamune (2008). "The Third Image of the Large-Separation Lensed Quasar SDSS J1029+2623". The Astrophysical Journal 676 (1): L1–L4. doi:10.1086/586897. Bibcode: 2008ApJ...676L...1O.
10. ↑ Kratzer, Rachael M (2011). "Analyzing the Flux Anomalies of the Large-Separation Lensed Quasar SDSS J1029+2623". The Astrophysical Journal 728 (1): L18. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/728/1/L18. Bibcode: 2011ApJ...728L..18K.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 ScienceDaily, "Quasar Observed in Six Separate Light Reflections", 7 August 2013
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Dahle, H. (2013). "SDSS J2222+2745: A Gravitationally Lensed Sextuple Quasar with a Maximum Image Separation of 15.1″ Discovered in the Sloan Giant Arcs Survey". The Astrophysical Journal 773 (2): 146. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/773/2/146. Bibcode: 2013ApJ...773..146D.
13. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : QSO 1548+115
14. ↑ Burke, Bernard F. (1986). "Gravitational lenses - Observations". Quasars, Proceedings of the IAU Symposium, Bangalore, India, 2–6 December 1985. 119. D. Reidel Publishing Co.. 517. Bibcode: 1986IAUS..119..517B.
15. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : QSO 1146+111
16. ↑ Space Daily, "Astronomers Baffled by Discovery of Rare Quasar Quartet", 18 May 2015
17. ↑ Hennawi, Joseph F.; Prochaska, J. Xavier; Cantalupo, Sebastiano; Arrigoni-Battaia, Fabrizio (15 May 2015). "Quasar Quartet Embedded in Giant Nebula Reveals Rare Massive Structure in Distant Universe". Science 348 (6236): 779–783. doi:10.1126/science.aaa5397. PMID 25977547. Bibcode: 2015Sci...348..779H.
18. ↑ Robert Naeye (10 January 2007). "The First Triple Quasar". Sky & Telescope. http://www.skyandtelescope.com/news/5141272.html.
19. ↑ Alan MacRobert (7 July 2006). "Binary Quasar Is No Illusion". Sky & Telescope. http://www.skyandtelescope.com/news/3305801.html.
20. ↑ SpaceDaily, "Extremely rare triple quasar found", 14 March 2013 (accessed 14 March 2013)
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Webster, A (1982). "The clustering of quasars from an objective-prism survey". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 199 (3): 683–705. doi:10.1093/mnras/199.3.683. Bibcode: 1982MNRAS.199..683W.
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23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Clowes, Roger G.; Harris, Kathryn A.; Raghunathan, Srinivasan; Campusano, Luis E.; Soechting, Ilona K.; Graham, Matthew J. (2013). "A structure in the early universe at z ~ 1.3 that exceeds the homogeneity scale of the R-W concordance cosmology". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 429 (4): 2910–2916. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts497. Bibcode: 2013MNRAS.429.2910C.
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25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Unwin, Stephen C. (1987). "Superluminal motion in the quasar 3C279". Superluminal radio sources; Proceedings of the Workshop, Pasadena, Calif., 28–30 October 1986. Cambridge University Press. 34–39. Bibcode: 1987slrs.work...34U.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Preuss, E. (2002). "The Beginnings of VLBI at the 100-m Radio Telescope". in E. Ros. 6th European VLBI Network Symposium on New Developments in VLBI Science and Technology, held in Bonn, 25–28 June 25 2002. Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie. 1. Bibcode: 2002evn..conf....1P.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 Collin, Suzy (2006). "Quasars and Galactic Nuclei, a Half-Century Agitated Story". AIP Conference Proceedings 861: 587–595. doi:10.1063/1.2399629. Bibcode: 2006AIPC..861..587C.
28. ↑ New Scientist, Quasar jets and cosmic engines: Some galaxies spew out vast amounts of material into space at velocities close to that of light. Astronomers still don't know why, 16 March 1991
29. ↑ The superluminal radio source in the gamma-ray blazar 3C 279
30. ↑ Porcas, R. W (1981). "Superluminal quasar 3C179 with double radio lobes". Nature 294 (5836): 47–49. doi:10.1038/294047a0. Bibcode: 1981Natur.294...47P.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Daily Intelligencer, The May 29, 1981;
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33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 The Structure of the Physical Universe, Volume III - The Universe of Motion, CHAPTER 23 - Quasar Redshifts , by Dewey Bernard Larson, Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 79-88078, ISBN:0-913138-11-8, Copyright 1959, 1971, 1984
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Quasars and Pulsars, Dewey Bernard Larson, (c) 1971; CHAPTER VIII - Quasars: The General Picture ; LOC 75-158894
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "The Quasi-Quasars". Time (magazine). 18 June 1965. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,898892,00.html.
36. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : BSO 1, QSO B1246+377 -- Quasar
37. ↑ Xaq Rzetelny (8 January 2015). "Supermassive black hole binary discovered". https://arstechnica.com/science/2015/01/supermassive-black-hole-binary-discovered/.
38. ↑ Matthew J. Graham; S. George Djorgovski; Daniel Stern; Eilat Glikman; Andrew J. Drake; Ashish A. Mahabal; Ciro Donalek; Steve Larson et al. (25 July 2014). "A possible close supermassive black-hole binary in a quasar with optical periodicity". Nature 518 (7537): 74–76. 7 January 2015. doi:10.1038/nature14143. PMID 25561176. Bibcode: 2015Natur.518...74G.
39. ↑ "X Rays from a Quasar". Time (magazine). 14 July 1967. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899648,00.html.
40. ↑ Discovery News, "Primordial 'Dust Free' Monsters Lurk at the Edge of the Universe", Ian O'Neill, 18 March 2010 (accessed 6 April 2010)
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43. ↑ Jiang, Linhua; Fan, Xiaohui; Brandt, W. N; Carilli, Chris L; Egami, Eiichi; Hines, Dean C; Kurk, Jaron D; Richards, Gordon T et al. (2010). "Dust-free quasars in the early Universe". Nature 464 (7287): 380–383. doi:10.1038/nature08877. PMID 20237563. Bibcode: 2010Natur.464..380J.
44. ↑ Scientific Computing, "Fast-growing Primitive Black Holes found in Distant Quasars " (accessed 4 April 2010)
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48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Radio astronomers detect 'baby quasar' near the edge of the visible Universe, 13:50 EST, 6 June 2008
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57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Discovery.com Black Hole Is Most Distant Ever Found 7 June 2007
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59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 CFHQS UOttawa, Canada-France High-z Quasar Survey
60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 CFH UHawaii, Astronomers find most distant black hole
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84. ↑ PennState Eberly College of Science, X-rays from the Most Distant Quasar Captured with the XMM-Newton Satellite , Dec 2000
85. ↑ SPACE.com, Most Distant Object in Universe Comes Closer, 1 December 2000
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88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Stern, Daniel; Spinrad, Hyron; Eisenhardt, Peter; Bunker, Andrew J.; Dawson, Steve; Stanford, S. A.; Elston, Richard (20 April 2000). "Discovery of a Color-selected Quasar at z = 5.50". The Astrophysical Journal 533 (2): L75–L78. doi:10.1086/312614. PMID 10770694. Bibcode: 2000ApJ...533L..75S.
89. ↑ SDSS 98-3 Scientists of Sloan Digital Sky Survey Discover Most Distant Quasar Dec 1998
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91. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : SDSSp J033829.31+002156.3, QSO J0338+0021 -- Quasar
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99. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : PC 1158+4635, QSO B1158+4635 -- Quasar
100. ↑ Cowie, Lennox L (1991). "Young Galaxies". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 647 (1 Texas/ESO-Cer): 31–41. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb32157.x. Bibcode: 1991NYASA.647...31C.
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103. ↑ Levshakov, S. A (1989). "Absorption spectra of quasars". Astrophysics 29 (2): 657–671. doi:10.1007/BF01005972. Bibcode: 1988Ap.....29..657L.
104. ↑ The New York Times, Objects Detected in Universe May Be the Most Distant Ever Sighted, 14 January 1988
105. ↑ John Noble Wilford (10 May 1988). "Astronomers Peer Deeper Into Cosmo". The New York Times: p. C1. https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/10/science/astronomers-peer-deeper-into-cosmos.html?pagewanted=all.
106. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : Q0000-26, QSO B0000-26 -- Quasar
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117. ↑ 117.0 117.1 117.2 QUASARS - THREE YEARS LATER, 1974
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119. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : OH471, QSO B0642+449 -- Quasar
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125. ↑ Time Magazine, A Farther-Out Quasar, 7 April 1967
126. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : QSO B0237-2321, QSO B0237-2321 -- Quasar
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128. ↑ 128.0 128.1 Time Magazine, The Man on the Mountain, Friday, Mar. 11, 1966
129. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : Q1116+12, 4C 12.39 -- Quasar
130. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : Q0106+01, 4C 01.02 -- Quasar
131. ↑ Malcolm S. Longair (2006). The Cosmic Century: A History of Astrophysics and Cosmology. Cambridge University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-521-47436-8. https://archive.org/details/cosmiccenturyhis0000long.
132. ↑ Schmidt, Maarten (1965). "Large Redshifts of Five Quasi-Stellar Sources". The Astrophysical Journal 141: 1295. doi:10.1086/148217. Bibcode: 1965ApJ...141.1295S.
133. ↑ Ivor Robinson, ed. "Introduction: The Discovery of Radio Galaxies and Quasars". Proceedings of the First Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics. The University of Chicago. http://www.astro.caltech.edu/~george/ay21/qso.txt.
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135. ↑ Schmidt, Maarten; Matthews, Thomas A. (1965). "Redshifts of the Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources 3c 47 and 3c 147". in Ivor Robinson. Quasi-Stellar Sources and Gravitational Collapse, Proceedings of the 1st Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics. University of Chicago Press. 269. Bibcode: 1965qssg.conf..269S.
136. ↑ Schneider, Donald P; Van Gorkom, J. H; Schmidt, Maarten; Gunn, James E (1992). "Radio properties of optically selected high-redshift quasars. I - VLA observations of 22 quasars at 6 CM". The Astronomical Journal 103: 1451. doi:10.1086/116159. Bibcode: 1992AJ....103.1451S.
137. ↑ "Finding the Fastest Galaxy: 76,000 Miles per Second". Time. 10 April 1964. http://aolsvc.timeforkids.kol.aol.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,875737,00.html.
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141. ↑ The Origin of Matter Part 4
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## External links

* Interactive interface into the catalog of Quasars from the Sloane Digital Sky Survey
* Catalogue of Bright Quasars and BL Lacertae Objects
* Kitt Peak Quasar List (1975) VII/11
* Revised and Updated Catalog of Quasi-stellar Objects (1993) VII/158

* v
* t
* e

Galaxies

Morphology|

* Disc
* Lenticular
* barred
* unbarred
* Spiral
* anemic
* barred
* flocculent
* grand design
* intermediate
* Magellanic
* unbarred
* Dwarf galaxy
* elliptical
* irregular
* spheroidal
* spiral
* Elliptical galaxy
* cD
* Irregular
* barred
* Peculiar
* Ring
* Polar

Structure|

* Active galactic nucleus
* Bar
* Bulge
* Dark matter halo
* Disc
* Disc galaxy
* Halo
* corona
* Galactic center
* Galactic plane
* Galactic ridge
* Interstellar medium
* Protogalaxy
* Spiral arm
* Supermassive black hole

Active nuclei|

* Blazar
* LINER
* Markarian
* Quasar
* Radio
* X-shaped
* Relativistic jet
* Seyfert

Energetic galaxies|

* Lyman-alpha emitter
* Luminous infrared
* Starburst
* blue compact dwarf
* pea
* faint blue
* Hot dust-obscured

Low activity|

* Low surface brightness
* Ultra diffuse
* Dark galaxy

Interaction|

* Field
* Galactic tide
* Cloud
* Groups and clusters
* group
* cluster
* Brightest cluster galaxy
* fossile group
* Interacting
* merger
* Jellyfish
* Satellite
* Stellar stream
* Superclusters
* Walls
* Voids and supervoids
* void galaxy

Lists|

* Galaxies
* Galaxies named after people
* Largest
* Nearest
* Polar-ring
* Ring
* Spiral
* Groups and clusters
* Large quasar groups
* Quasars

* Superclusters
* Voids

See also|

* Extragalactic astronomy
* Galactic astronomy
* Galactic coordinate system
* Galactic empire
* Galactic habitable zone
* Galactic magnetic fields
* Galactic orientation
* Galactic quadrant
* Galaxy color–magnitude diagram
* Galaxy formation and evolution
* Galaxy rotation curve
* Illustris project
* Intergalactic dust
* Intergalactic stars
* Intergalactic travel
* Population III stars

* Book
* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Black holes

Types|

* Schwarzschild
* Rotating
* Charged
* Virtual
* Kugelblitz
* Primordial
* Planck particle

Size|

* Micro
* Extremal
* Electron
* Stellar
* Microquasar
* Intermediate-mass
* Supermassive
* Active galactic nucleus
* Quasar
* Blazar

Formation|

* Stellar evolution
* Gravitational collapse
* Neutron star
* Related links
* Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit
* White dwarf
* Related links
* Supernova
* Related links
* Hypernova
* Gamma-ray burst
* Binary black hole

Properties|

* Gravitational singularity
* Ring singularity
* Theorems
* Event horizon
* Photon sphere
* Innermost stable circular orbit
* Ergosphere
* Penrose process
* Blandford–Znajek process
* Accretion disk
* Hawking radiation
* Gravitational lens
* Bondi accretion
* M–sigma relation
* Quasi-periodic oscillation
* Thermodynamics
* Immirzi parameter
* Schwarzschild radius
* Spaghettification

Issues|

* Black hole complementarity
* Information paradox
* Cosmic censorship
* ER=EPR
* Final parsec problem
* Firewall (physics)
* Holographic principle
* No-hair theorem

Metrics|

* Schwarzschild (Derivation)
* Kerr
* Reissner–Nordström
* Kerr–Newman
* Hayward

Alternatives|

* Nonsingular black hole models
* Black star
* Dark star
* Dark-energy star
* Gravastar
* Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object
* Planck star
* Q star
* Fuzzball

Analogs|

* Optical black hole
* Sonic black hole

Lists|

* Black holes
* Most massive
* Nearest
* Quasars
* Microquasars

Related|

* Black Hole Initiative
* Black hole starship
* Compact star
* Exotic star
* Quark star
* Preon star
* Gamma-ray burst progenitors
* Gravity well
* Hypercompact stellar system
* Membrane paradigm
* Naked singularity
* Quasi-star
* Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
* Timeline of black hole physics
* White hole
* Wormhole

* Category
* Commons

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List of quasars. Read more

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