List of space telescopes

Short description: None

The Hubble Space Telescope. Comparison between many space telescopes by diameter.

Overview of active and future telescopes.

This list of space telescopes (astronomical space observatories) is grouped by major frequency ranges: gamma ray, x-ray, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwave and radio. Telescopes that work in multiple frequency bands are included in all of the appropriate sections. Space telescopes that collect particles, such as cosmic ray nuclei and/or electrons, as well as instruments that aim to detect gravitational waves, are also listed. Missions with specific targets within the Solar System (e.g., the Sun and its planets), are excluded; see List of Solar System probes for these, and List of Earth observation satellites for missions targeting Earth.

Two values are provided for the dimensions of the initial orbit. For telescopes in Earth orbit, the min and max altitude are given in kilometers. For telescopes in solar orbit, the minimum distance (periapsis) and the maximum distance (apoapsis) between the telescope and the center of mass of the sun are given in astronomical units (AU).

Legend

Active telescopes
Defunct telescopes

## Contents

* 1 Gamma ray
* 2 X-ray
* 3 Ultraviolet
* 4 Visible light
* 5 Infrared and submillimetre
* 6 Microwave
* 7 Radio
* 8 Particle detection
* 9 Gravitational waves
* 10 To be launched
* 11 See also
* 12 References
* 13 External links

## Gamma ray

Further information: Astronomy:Gamma-ray astronomy

Gamma-ray telescopes collect and measure individual, high energy gamma rays from astrophysical sources. These are absorbed by the atmosphere, requiring that observations are done by high-altitude balloons or space missions. Gamma rays can be generated by supernovae, neutron stars, pulsars and black holes. Gamma ray bursts, with extremely high energies, have also been detected but have yet to be identified.[1]

Photo  | Name  | Space agency  | Launch date  | Terminated  | Location  | Ref(s)

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| Proton-1 | USSR | 16 July 1965 | 11 October 1965 | Earth orbit (183-589 km) | [2]
| Proton-2 | USSR | 2 November 1965 | 6 February 1966 | Earth orbit (191-637 km) | [2]
| Proton-4 | USSR | 16 November 1968 | 24 July 1969 | Earth orbit (248-477 km) | [3]
| Small Astronomy Satellite 2 (SAS-B) | NASA | 15 November 1972 | 8 June 1973 | Earth orbit (443–632 km) | [4][5]
| Cos-B | ESA | 9 August 1975 | 25 April 1982 | Earth orbit (339.6–99,876 km) | [6][7][8]
File:HEAO-C in clean room.jpg | High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3 (HEAO 3) | NASA | 20 September 1979 | 29 May 1981 | Earth orbit (486.4–504.9 km) | [9][10][11]
| Granat | CNRS & IKI | 1 December 1989 | 25 May 1999 | Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km) | [12][13][14]
| Gamma | USSR, CNES, RSA | 11 July 1990 | 1992 | Earth orbit (375 km) | [15]
| Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) | NASA | 5 April 1991 | 4 June 2000 | Earth orbit (362–457 km) | [16][17][18]
| Low Energy Gamma Ray Imager (LEGRI) | INTA | 19 May 1997 | February 2002 | Earth orbit (600 km) | [19][20]
| High Energy Transient Explorer 2 (HETE 2) | NASA | 9 October 2000 | March 2008 | Earth orbit (590–650 km) | [21][22][23]
| International Gamma Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL) | ESA | 17 October 2002 | — | Earth orbit (639–153,000 km) | [24][25]
| Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer | NASA | 20 November 2004 | — | Earth orbit (585–604 km) | [26][27]
| Astrorivelatore Gamma ad Immagini LEggero (AGILE) | ISA | 23 April 2007 | — | Earth orbit (524–553 km) | [28][29]
| Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope | NASA | 11 June 2008 | — | Earth orbit (555 km) | [30]
| Gamma-Ray Burst Polarimeter (GAP) | JAXA | 21 May 2010 | — | Heliocentric orbit | [31]

## X-ray

Further information: Astronomy:X-ray astronomy

X-ray telescopes measure high-energy photons called X-rays. These can not travel a long distance through the atmosphere, meaning that they can only be observed high in the atmosphere or in space. Several types of astrophysical objects emit X-rays, from galaxy clusters, through black holes in active galactic nuclei to galactic objects such as supernova remnants, stars, and binary stars containing a white dwarf (cataclysmic variable stars), neutron star or black hole (X-ray binaries). Some Solar System bodies emit X-rays, the most notable being the Moon, although most of the X-ray brightness of the Moon arises from reflected solar X-rays. A combination of many unresolved X-ray sources is thought to produce the observed X-ray background.

Photo  | Name  | Space agency  | Launch date  | Terminated  | Location  | Ref(s)

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| Uhuru (Small Astronomy Satellite 1, SAS-A) | NASA | 12 December 1970 | March 1973 | Earth orbit (531–572 km) | [32][33][34]
| Astronomical Netherlands Satellite (ANS) | SRON | 30 August 1974 | June 1976 | Earth orbit (266–1176 km) | [35][36]
| Ariel V | SRC & NASA | 15 October 1974 | 14 March 1980 | Earth orbit (520 km) | [37][38]
| Aryabhata | ISRO | 19 April 1975 | 23 April 1975 | Earth orbit (563–619 km) | [39]
| Small Astronomy Satellite 3 (SAS-C) | NASA | 7 May 1975 | April 1979 | Earth orbit (509–516 km) | [40][41][42]
| Cos-B | ESA | 9 August 1975 | 25 April 1982 | Earth orbit (339.6–99,876 km) | [6][7][8]
| Cosmic Radiation Satellite (CORSA) | ISAS | 4 February 1976 | 4 February 1976 | Failed launch | [43][44]
| High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1 (HEAO 1) | NASA | 12 August 1977 | 9 January 1979 | Earth orbit (445 km) | [45][46][47]
| Einstein Observatory (HEAO 2) | NASA | 13 November 1978 | 26 April 1981 | Earth orbit (465–476 km) | [48][49]
| Hakucho (CORSA-b) | ISAS | 21 February 1979 | 16 April 1985 | Earth orbit (421–433 km) | [50][51][52]
File:HEAO-C in clean room.jpg | High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3 (HEAO 3) | NASA | 20 September 1979 | 29 May 1981 | Earth orbit (486.4–504.9 km) | [9][10][11]
| Tenma (Astro-B) | ISAS | 20 February 1983 | 19 January 1989 | Earth orbit (489–503 km) | [53][54][55]
| Astron | IKI | 23 March 1983 | June 1989 | Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km) | [56][57][58]
| EXOSAT | ESA | 26 May 1983 | 8 April 1986 | Earth orbit (347–191,709 km) | [59][60][61]
| Ginga (Astro-C) | ISAS | 5 February 1987 | 1 November 1991 | Earth orbit (517–708 km) | [62][63][64]
| Granat | CNRS & IKI | 1 December 1989 | 25 May 1999 | Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km) | [12][13][14]
| ROSAT | NASA & DLR | 1 June 1990 | 12 February 1999 | Re-entry 23 October 2011.[65]
Formerly Earth orbit (580 km) | [66][67][68]
| Broad Band X-ray Telescope / Astro 1 | NASA | 2 December 1990 | 11 December 1990 | Earth orbit (500 km) | [69][70]
| Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA, Astro-D) | ISAS & NASA | 20 February 1993 | 2 March 2001 | Earth orbit (523.6–615.3 km) | [71][72]
| Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors (Alexis) | LANL | 25 April 1993 | 2005 | Earth orbit (749–844 km) | [73][74][75]
| Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) | NASA | 30 December 1995 | 3 January 2012 | Earth orbit (409 km) | [76][77][78]
| BeppoSAX | ASI | 30 April 1996 | 30 April 2002 | Earth orbit (575–594 km) | [79][80][81]
| A Broadband Imaging X-ray All-sky Survey (ABRIXAS) | DLR | 28 April 1999 | 1 July 1999 | Earth orbit (549–598 km) | [82][83][84]
| Chandra X-ray Observatory | NASA | 23 July 1999 | — | Earth orbit (9,942–140,000 km) | [85][86]
| XMM-Newton | ESA | 10 December 1999 | — | Earth orbit (7,365–114,000 km) | [87][88]
| High Energy Transient Explorer 2 (HETE 2) | NASA | 9 October 2000 | March 2008 | Earth orbit (590–650 km) | [21][22][89]
| International Gamma Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL) | ESA | 17 October 2002 | — | Earth orbit (639–153,000 km) | [24][25]
| Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer | NASA | 20 November 2004 | — | Earth orbit (585–604 km) | [26][27]
| Suzaku (Astro-E2) | JAXA & NASA | 10 July 2005 | 2 September 2015 | Earth orbit (550 km) | [90][91]
| AGILE | ISA | 23 April 2007 | — | Earth orbit (524–553 km) | [28][29]
| Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) | NASA | 13 June 2012 | — | Earth orbit (603.5 km) | [92][93]
| Astrosat | ISRO | 28 September 2015 | — | Earth orbit (600–650 km) | [94][95][96]
| Hitomi (Astro-H) | JAXA | 17 February 2016 | 28 April 2016 | Earth orbit (575 km) | [97][98][99]
| Mikhailo Lomonosov | Moscow State University | 28 April 2016 | 30 June 2018 | Earth orbit (478–493 km) | [100][101]
| Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) | NASA | 07 June 2017 | — | International Space Station | [102]
| Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT) | CNSA & CAS | 14 June 2017 | — | Low Earth orbit (545–554.1 km) | [103]
| Spektr-RG | RSRI & MPE | July 13, 2019 | — | Sun-Earth L2 | [104]
| IXPE | NASA | 9 December 2021 | — | Low Earth orbit | [105][106]
| Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy (LEIA) | CSA | 27 July 2022 | — | Low Earth orbit | [107][108]
| XRISM | JAXA & NASA | 7 September 2023 | — | Low Earth orbit | [109][110]
| X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) | ISRO & RRI | 1 January 2024 | — | Low Earth orbit | [111][112]
| Einstein Probe | CAS & ESA & MPE | 9 January 2024 | — | Low Earth orbit | [113]

## Ultraviolet

Further information: Astronomy:Ultraviolet astronomy

Ultraviolet telescopes make observations at ultraviolet wavelengths, i.e. between approximately 10 and 320 nm. Light at these wavelengths is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so observations at these wavelengths must be performed from the upper atmosphere or from space.[114] Objects emitting ultraviolet radiation include the Sun, other stars and galaxies.[115]

Photo  | Name  | Space agency  | Launch date  | Terminated  | Observing location  | Ref(s)

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| OAO-2 (Stargazer) | NASA | 7 December 1968 | January 1973 | Earth orbit (749–758 km) | [116][117]
| Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories | USSR | 19 April 1971 (Orion 1); (Orion 2) 18 December 1973 | 1971; 1973 | Earth orbit (Orion 1: 200–222 km; Orion 2: 188–247 km) | [118][119]
| Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph (UVC) | NASA | 16 April 1972 | 23 April 1972 | Descartes Highlands on lunar surface | [120]
| Astronomical Netherlands Satellite (ANS) | SRON | 30 August 1974 | June 1976 | Earth orbit (266–1176 km) | [35][36]
| International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) | ESA & NASA & SERC | 26 January 1978 | 30 September 1996 | Earth orbit (32,050–52,254 km) | [121][122]
| Astron | IKI | 23 March 1983 | June 1989 | Earth orbit (2,000–200,000 km) | [56][57][58]
| Hubble Space Telescope | NASA & ESA | 24 April 1990 | — | Earth orbit (586.47–610.44 km) | [123]
| Broad Band X-ray Telescope / Astro 1 | NASA | 2 December 1990 | 11 December 1990 | Earth orbit (500 km) | [69][70]
| Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) | NASA | 7 June 1992 | 31 January 2001 | Earth orbit (515–527 km) | [124][125]
| Astro 2 | NASA | 2 March 1993 | 18 March 1993 | Earth orbit (349–363 km) | [126][127]
| Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) | NASA & CNES & CSA | 24 June 1999 | 12 July 2007 | Earth orbit (752–767 km) | [128][129]
| Cosmic Hot Interstellar Spectrometer (CHIPS) | NASA | 13 January 2003 | 11 April 2008 | Earth orbit (578–594 km) | [130][131]
| Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) | NASA | 28 April 2003 | 28 June 2013 | Earth orbit (691–697 km) | .[132][133][134]
| Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Satellite 4 (Kaistsat 4) | KARI | 27 September 2003 | 2007 ? | Earth orbit (675–695 km) | [135][136]
| Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer (Swift) | NASA | 20 November 2004 | — | Earth orbit (585–604 km) | [26][27]
| Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) | NASA | 27 June 2013 | — | Earth orbit | [137][138]
| Hisaki (SPRINT-A) | JAXA | 14 September 2013 | — | — | [139]
| Venus Spectral Rocket Experiment | NASA | 26 November 2013 | reusable | Suborbital to 300 km | [140]
| Lunar-based ultraviolet telescope (LUT) | CNSA | 1 December 2013 | — | Lunar surface | [141]
| Astrosat | ISRO | 28 September 2015 | — | Earth orbit (600–650 km) | [95][94][96]
| Spatial Heterodyne Interferometric Emission Line Dynamics Spectrometer (SHIELDS) | NASA | 19 Apr 2021  | 19 Apr 2021  | Suborbital to 284.8 km  | [142]

UV ranges listed at Ultraviolet astronomy.

## Visible light

Further information: Astronomy:Visible-light astronomy

The oldest form of astronomy, optical or visible-light astronomy, observes wavelengths of light from approximately 400 to 700 nm.[143] Positioning an optical telescope in space eliminates the distortions and limitations that hamper that ground-based optical telescopes (see Astronomical seeing), providing higher resolution images. Optical telescopes are used to look at planets, stars, galaxies, planetary nebulae and protoplanetary disks, amongst many other things.[144]

Photo  | Name  | Space agency  | Launch date  | Terminated  | Location  | Ref(s)

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| Hipparcos | ESA | 8 August 1989 | March 1993 | Earth orbit (223–35,632 km) | [145][146][147]
| Hubble Space Telescope | NASA & ESA | 24 April 1990 | — | Earth orbit (586.47–610.44 km) | [123]
| MOST | CSA | 30 June 2003 | March 2019 | Earth orbit (819–832 km) | [148][149]
| Swift Gamma Ray Burst Explorer | NASA | 20 November 2004 | — | Earth orbit (585–604 km) | [26][27]
| COROT | CNES & ESA | 27 December 2006 | 2013 | Earth orbit (872–884 km) | [150][151]
| Kepler | NASA | 6 March 2009 | 30 October 2018 | Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit | [152][153][154]
| BRITE constellation | Austria, Canada, Poland | 25 February 2013 - 19 August 2014 | — | Earth orbit | [155]
| Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite (NEOSSat) | CSA, DRDC | 25 February 2013 | — | Sun-synchronous Earth orbit (776–792 km) | [156][157]
| Gaia (astrometry) | ESA | 19 December 2013 | — | Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point | [158]
| Astrosat | ISRO | 28 September 2015 | — | Earth orbit (600–650 km) | [94][95][96]
| Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) | NASA | 18 April 2018 | — | High Earth Orbit | [159]
| CHEOPS | ESA | 18 December 2019  | —  | Sun-synchronous orbit | [160]

## Infrared and submillimetre

Main articles: Astronomy:Infrared astronomy and Astronomy:Submillimetre astronomy

Infrared light is of lower energy than visible light, hence is emitted by sources that are either cooler, or moving away from the observer (in present context: Earth) at high speed. As such, the following can be viewed in the infrared: cool stars (including brown dwarves), nebulae, and redshifted galaxies.[161]

Photo  | Name  | Space agency  | Launch date  | Terminated  | Location  | Ref(s)

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| IRAS | NASA | 25 January 1983 | 21 November 1983 | Earth orbit (889–903 km) | [162][163]
| Infrared Telescope in Space | ISAS & NASDA | 18 March 1995 | 25 April 1995 | Earth orbit (486 km) | [164][165]
| Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) | ESA | 17 November 1995 | 16 May 1998 | Earth orbit (1000–70500 km) | [166][167][168]
| Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) | USN | 24 April 1996 | 26 February 1997 | Earth orbit (900 km) | [169]
| Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite (SWAS) | NASA | 6 December 1998 | 2005 Last used in 2005  | Earth orbit (638–651 km) | [170][171]
| Wide Field Infrared Explorer (WIRE) | NASA | 5 March 1999 | no observations | Re-entered May 10, 2011[172] | [173]
| Spitzer Space Telescope | NASA | 25 August 2003 | 30 January 2020[174] | Solar orbit (0.98–1.02 AU) | [175][176]
| Akari (Astro-F) | JAXA | 21 February 2006 | 24 November 2011[177] | Earth orbit (586.47–610.44 km) | [178][179]
File:Maquette Herschel salon du Bourget 2013 DSC 0217.JPG | Herschel Space Observatory | ESA & NASA | 14 May 2009 [180] | 29 April 2013[181] | Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point | [182][183][184]
| Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) | NASA | 14 December 2009 | February 2011 (hibernation Feb 2011 – Aug 2013)  | Earth orbit (500 km) | [185][186][187]
| CHEOPS | ESA | 18 December 2019  | —  | Sun-synchronous orbit | [160]
| James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)  | NASA/ESA/CSA | 25 December 2021  | —  | Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point  | [188]

## Microwave

Further information: Astronomy:Radio astronomy

Microwave space telescopes have primarily been used to measure cosmological parameters from the Cosmic Microwave Background. They also measure synchrotron radiation, free-free emission and spinning dust from our Galaxy, as well as extragalactic compact sources and galaxy clusters through the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect.[189]

Photo  | Name  | Space agency  | Launch date  | Terminated  | Location  | Ref(s)

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| Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) | NASA | 18 November 1989 | 23 December 1993 | Earth orbit (900 km) | [190][191]
| Odin | Swedish Space Corporation | 20 February 2001 | — | Earth orbit (622 km) | [192][193]
| WMAP | NASA | 30 June 2001 | October 2010 | Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point | [194]
| Planck | ESA | 14 May 2009 | October 2013 | Sun-Earth L2 Lagrange point (mission)
Heliocentric (Derelict) | [183][195][196]

## Radio

As the atmosphere is transparent for radio waves, radio telescopes in space are most useful for Very Long Baseline Interferometry: doing simultaneous observations of a source with both a satellite and a ground-based telescope and by correlating their signals to simulate a radio telescope the size of the separation between the two telescopes. Typical targets for observations include supernova remnants, masers, gravitational lenses, and starburst galaxies.[citation needed]

Photo  | Name  | Space agency  | Launch date  | Terminated  | Location  | Ref(s)

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| Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and Astronomy (HALCA, VSOP or MUSES-B) | ISAS | 12 February 1997 | 30 November 2005 | Earth orbit (560–21,400 km) | [197][198][199]
| Spektr-R (RadioAstron) | ASC LPI | 18 July 2011 | 11 January 2019 | Earth orbit (10,000–390,000 km) | [200][201][202]

## Particle detection

Spacecraft and space-based modules that do particle detection, looking for cosmic rays and electrons. These can be emitted by the sun (Solar Energetic Particles), our galaxy (Galactic cosmic rays) and extragalactic sources (Extragalactic cosmic rays). There are also Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays from active galactic nuclei, those can be detected by ground-based detectors via their particle showers.

Photo  | Name  | Space agency  | Launch date  | Terminated  | Location  | Ref(s)

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| Proton-1 | USSR | 16 July 1965 | 11 October 1965 | Earth orbit (589–183 km) | [2]
| Proton-2 | USSR | 2 November 1965 | 6 February 1966 | Earth orbit (637–191 km) | [2]
File:HEAO-C in clean room.jpg | High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3 (HEAO 3) | NASA | 20 September 1979 | 29 May 1981 | Earth orbit (486.4–504.9 km) | [9][10][11]
| SAMPEX | NASA / DE | 3 July 1992 | 30 June 2004 | Earth orbit (512–687 km) | [203]
| Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 01 (AMS-01) | NASA | 2 June 1998 | 12 June 1998 | Earth orbit (296 km) | [204]
| Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) | ISA, INFN, RSA, DLR & SNSB | 15 May 2006 | 7 February 2016 | Earth orbit (350–610 km) | [205][206]
| IBEX | NASA | 19 October 2008 | — | Earth orbit (86,000–259,000 km) | [207]
Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destination | Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 02 (AMS-02) | NASA | 16 May 2011 | — | Earth orbit (353 km) on ISS | [208]
| Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) | CNSA & CAS | 17 December 2015 | — | Earth orbit (500 km) | [209]

## Gravitational waves

A type of telescope that detects gravitational waves; ripples in space-time generated by colliding neutron stars or black holes.

Photo  | Name  | Space agency  | Launch date  | Terminated  | Location  | Ref(s)

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| Lunar Surface Gravimeter | NASA | 7 December 1972 | 14 December 1972 | Taurus–Littrow | [210]

## To be launched

Photo  | Name  | Space agency  | Planned launch date  | Location  | Ref(s)

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| TOLIMAN | NASA | 2024 | Low Earth orbit | [211]
| SVOM | CNSA/CNES | 24 June 2024 | Low Earth orbit | [212]
| Xuntian | CNSA/CAS | 2024 | Low Earth orbit | [213][214]
| SPHEREx | NASA | 2025 | Earth orbit | [215]
| Astrosat-2 | ISRO/IUCAA | 2025 | Near-equatorial orbit | [216]
| PLATO | ESA | 2026 | Geosynchronous orbit | [217]
| ULTRASAT | Israel Space Agency | 2026 | Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point | [218]
| Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope; WFIRST) | NASA/DOE | 2027 | Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point | [219]
| ARIEL | ESA | 2029 | Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point | [220]
| Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics (Athena) | ESA/NASA/JAXA | 2035 | Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point | [221]
| Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) | ESA | 2037 | Heliocentric orbit | [222]

## See also

* List of proposed space observatories
* List of heliophysics missions
* List of solar telescopes
* Lists of telescopes
* Lists of spacecraft
* Great Observatories program

## References

1. ↑ "Gamma rays". NASA. http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/gamma.html.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "NASA's HEASARC: Observatories (Proton 1 & Proton 2)". NASA. https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/proton.html.
3. ↑ Proton 4 at NASA NSSDC Master Catalog
4. ↑ "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (SAS-B)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-091A.
5. ↑ "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (SAS-B)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-091A.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (COS-B)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-072A.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (COS-B)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-072A.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "ESA – Space Science – Cos-B overview". ESA. http://www.esa.int/esaSC/120375_index_0_m.html.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (HEAO 3)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1979-082A.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (HEAO 3)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1979-082A.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "The High Energy Astrophysics Observatory-3 (HEAO-3)". NASA. 26 June 2003. http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heao3/heao3.html.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (GRANAT)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1989-096A.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (GRANAT)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1989-096A.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "1999 Reentries". The Aerospace Corporation, Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies. http://www.aero.org/capabilities/cords/pdfs/1999-reentry-chart.pdf.
15. ↑ "The Gamma Satellite". NASA. http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/gamma.html.
16. ↑ "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (Compton Gamma Ray Observatory)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1991-027B.
17. ↑ "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (Compton Gamma Ray Observatory)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1991-027B.
18. ↑ "CGRO Science Support Center". NASA. http://cossc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/cgro/index.html.
19. ↑ "Instrumentation: Low Energy Gamma Ray Imager (LEGRI)". Birmingham University. 24 January 2006. http://www.sr.bham.ac.uk/instrument/legri.html.
20. ↑ "LEGRI". NASA. 4 December 1997. http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/sats_n_data/missions/coded_legri.html.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (HETE 2)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2000-061A.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (HETE 2)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2000-061A.
23. ↑ "The High Energy Transient Explorer (HETE-2)". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 28 March 2007. http://space.mit.edu/HETE/.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (INTEGRAL)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2002-048A.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (INTEGRAL)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2002-048A.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (Swift)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2004-047A.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (Swift)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2004-047A.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (AGILE)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1999-022A.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (AGILE)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-013A.
30. ↑ "GLAST Overview – The GLAST Mission". NASA. 19 December 2007. http://glast.gsfc.nasa.gov/public/.
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176. ↑ "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (Spitzer)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2003-038A.
177. ↑ "赤外線天文衛星「あかり」（ASTRO-F）の運用終了について" (in ja). JAXA. 24 November 2011. http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2011/11/20111124_akari_j.html.
178. ↑ "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (Akari)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2006-005A.
179. ↑ "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (Akari)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2006-005A.
180. ↑ "Jet Propulsion Laboratory Herschel Mission News". Herschel.jpl.nasa.gov. http://herschel.jpl.nasa.gov/newsLatest.shtml.
181. ↑ Amos, Jonathan (29 April 2013). "Herschel space telescope finishes mission". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21934520.
182. ↑ "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (Herschel Space Observatory)". NASA. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=FIRST.
183. ↑ 183.0 183.1 "Planck – Home Page". ESA. 6 March 2008. http://www.rssd.esa.int/index.php?project=Planck.
184. ↑ "Herschel Science Centre – A short Herschel mission overview". ESA. 20 November 2007. http://herschel.esac.esa.int/overview.shtml.
185. ↑ "WISE: Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer". University of California, Los Angeles. http://wise.ssl.berkeley.edu/.
186. ↑ "WISE – Mapping the Infrared Sky". NASA. http://wise.ssl.berkeley.edu/documents/2007-Fact_Sheet.pdf.
187. ↑ "Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/WISE/main/index.html.
188. ↑ "Targeted launch date for Webb: 18 December 2021". ESA. 8 September 2021. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Webb/Targeted_launch_date_for_Webb_18_December_2021.
189. ↑ Lachièze-Rey, M.; Gunzig, E. (1999). The Cosmological Background Radiation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 168–9. ISBN 0521574374.
190. ↑ "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (COBE)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1989-089A.
191. ↑ "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (COBE)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1989-089A.
192. ↑ "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (Odin)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2001-007A.
193. ↑ "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (Odin)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2001-007A.
194. ↑ "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (WMAP)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2001-027A.
195. ↑ "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (PLANCK)". NASA. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=PLANCK.
196. ↑ "Planck – Home Page". ESA. http://www.rssd.esa.int/index.php?project=Planck.
197. ↑ "NASA – NSSD – Spacecraft – Trajectory Details (HALCA)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1997-005A.
198. ↑ "NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Details (HALCA)". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1997-005A.
199. ↑ "Minutes of VSOP-2 Tracking Station Meeting, 10/31-11/01/06". National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. http://vsop.mtk.nao.ac.jp/VSOP2TSMAPL07/VSOP2-link-Nov06.pdf.
200. ↑ "Description of the RadioAstron project". Russian Space Research Institute. http://www.asc.rssi.ru/radioastron/description/status_eng.htm.
201. ↑ "Description of the RadioAstron project – Orbit". Russian Space Research Institute. http://www.asc.rssi.ru/radioastron/description/orbit_eng.htm.
202. ↑ "RadioAstron Newsletter Number 1, January 1, 2010". Russian Astro Space Center. January 1, 2010. http://www.asc.rssi.ru/radioastron/news/newsl/en/newsl_01_en.pdf.
203. ↑ "SAMPEX Data Center". Srl.caltech.edu. http://www.srl.caltech.edu/sampex/DataCenter/.
204. ↑ AMS Collaboration; Aguilar, M.; Alcaraz, J.; Allaby, J.; Alpat, B.; Ambrosi, G.; Anderhub, H.; Ao, L. et al. (August 2002). "The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) on the International Space Station: Part I – results from the test flight on the space shuttle". Physics Reports 366 (6): 331–405. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(02)00013-3. Bibcode: 2002PhR...366..331A.
205. ↑ "PAMELA Mission Official Website". Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare. http://pamela.roma2.infn.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=64&Itemid=129.
206. ↑ "PAMELA Mission Official Website – Partners". Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare. http://pamela.roma2.infn.it/.
207. ↑ Ray, Justin (October 19, 2008). "Mission Status Center: Pegasus/IBEX". Spaceflight Now. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/pegasus/ibex/status.html.
208. ↑ "Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer – 02 (AMS-02)". NASA. 2009-12-18. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/science/experiments/AMS-02.html.
209. ↑ "DArk Matter Particle Explorer". http://dpnc.unige.ch/dampe/index.html.
210. ↑ "Lunar Surface Gravimeter on Apollo 17". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1972-096C-09.
211. ↑ "The TOLIMAN mission: precision astrometry for exoplanetary discovery in the solar neighborhood". https://indico.ict.inaf.it/event/726/attachments/1414/2686/TOLIMAN_Science-4.pdf.
212. ↑ "Svom". http://www.svom.fr/en/.
213. ↑ Jones, Andrew (28 February 2023). "China to expand its space station, international astronaut selection underway". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/china-to-expand-its-space-station-international-astronaut-selection-underway/.
214. ↑ "Flagship Chinese Space Telescope to Unravel Cosmic Mysteries". Chinese Academy of Sciences. 7 May 2022. https://english.cas.cn/newsroom/cas_media/202205/t20220507_305162.shtml.
215. ↑ "A New NASA Space Telescope, SPHEREx, Is Moving Ahead". JPL. NASA. 5 January 2021. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/a-new-nasa-space-telescope-spherex-is-moving-ahead.
216. ↑ Kahekashan (2019-09-13). "ISRO's Upcoming Plans: 8 Big space missions lined up in future". The Hans India. https://www.thehansindia.com/technology/tech-news/isros-upcoming-plans-8-big-space-missions-lined-up-in-future-563503.
217. ↑ Fisher, Alise (17 February 2023). "NASA to Launch Israel’s First Space Telescope". https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-to-launch-israel-s-first-space-telescope.
218. ↑ Amos, Jonathan (20 February 2014). "European Space Agency picks Plato planet-hunting mission". https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-26267918. "A telescope to find rocky worlds around other stars has been selected for launch by the European Space Agency's (Esa) Science Policy Committee. Known as Plato, the mission should launch on a Soyuz rocket in 2024."
219. ↑ Balzer, Ashley (9 November 2021). "NASA's Roman Mission Will Help Empower a New Era of Cosmological Discovery". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2021/nasa-s-roman-mission-will-help-empower-a-new-era-of-cosmological-discovery.
220. ↑ "Ariel moves from blueprint to reality". ESA. 12 November 2020. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Ariel_moves_from_blueprint_to_reality.
221. ↑ "Athena | Mission Summary". ESA. 8 November 2021. https://sci.esa.int/web/athena/-/59896-mission-summary.
222. ↑ "LISA | Mission Summary". ESA. 8 November 2021. https://sci.esa.int/web/lisa/-/61367-mission-summary.

## External links

* v
* t
* e

Space observatories

Operating|

* AGILE (since 2007)
* AMS-02 (since 2011)
* Aoi (since 2018)
* ASTERIA (since 2017)
* Astrosat (since 2015)
* BRITE constellation (since 2013)
* CALET (since 2015)
* Chandra (AXAF) (since 1999)
* DAMPE (since 2015)
* Fermi (since 2008)
* Gaia (since 2013)
* HXMT (Insight) (since 2017)
* Hinode (Solar-B) (since 2006)
* HiRISE (since 2005)
* Hisaki (SPRINT-A) (since 2013)
* Hubble (since 1990)
* INTEGRAL (since 2002)
* IBEX (since 2008)
* IRIS (since 2013)
* ISS-CREAM (since 2017)
* MAXI (since 2009)
* Mikhailo Lomonosov (since 2016)
* Mini-EUSO (since 2019)
* NCLE (since 2018)
* NEOSSat (since 2013)
* NICER (since 2017)
* NuSTAR (since 2012)
* Odin (since 2001)
* SDO (since 2010)
* SOHO (since 1995)
* SOLAR (since 2008)
* Spektr-RG (since 2019)
* Spitzer (since 2003)
* STEREO (since 2006)
* Swift (since 2004)
* TESS (since 2018)
* WISE (since 2009)
* XMM-Newton (since 1999)

Planned|

* CHEOPS (2019)
* iWF-MAXI (2019)
* Astro-1 Telescope (2020)
* ILO-1 (2020)
* LUCI (2020)
* Nano-JASMINE (2020)
* ORBIS (2020)
* Solar Orbiter (SolO) (2020)
* IXPE (2021)
* James Webb (JWST) (2021)
* LORD (2021)
* SVOM (2021)
* XPoSat (2021)
* Euclid (2022)
* Space Solar Telescope (2022)
* XRISM (2022)
* Xuntian (2022)
* K-EUSO (2023)
* Solar-C (2023)
* SPHEREx (2023)
* Small-JASMINE (2024)
* Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission (2025+)
* Spektr-UV (2025)
* WFIRST (2025+)
* PLATO (2026)
* LiteBIRD (2027)
* ARIEL (2028)
* Spektr-M (2030+)
* ATHENA (2031)
* LISA (2034)

Proposed|

* Arcus
* AstroSat-2
* EXCEDE
* Fresnel Imager
* FOCAL
* HabEx
* Hibari
* Hypertelescope
* JEM-EUSO
* LUVOIR
* ATLAST
* HDST
* Lynx
* Nautilus Deep Space Observatory
* New Worlds Mission
* NRO donation to NASA
* OST
* PhoENiX
* Solar-D
* SPICA
* THEIA
* THESEUS

Retired|

* Akari (Astro-F) (2006–2011)
* ALEXIS (1993–2005)
* Alouette 1 (1962–1972)
* Ariel 1 (1962, 1964)
* Ariel 2 (1964)
* Ariel 3 (1967–1969)
* Ariel 4 (1971–1972)
* Ariel 5 (1974–1980)
* Ariel 6 (1979–1982)
* ATM (1973–1974)
* ASCA (Astro-D) (1993–2000)
* Astro-1 (1990)
* BBXRT
* HUT
* Astro-2 (HUT) (1995)
* Astron (1983–1989)
* ANS (1974–1976)
* BeppoSAX (1996–2003)
* CHIPSat (2003–2008)
* Compton (CGRO) (1991–2000)
* CoRoT (2006–2013)
* Cos-B (1975–1982)
* COBE (1989–1993)
* DXS (1993)
* EPOCh (2008)
* EPOXI (2010)
* Explorer 11 (1961)
* EXOSAT (1983–1986)
* EUVE (1992–2001)
* FUSE (1999–2007)
* Kvant-1 (1987–2001)
* GALEX (2003–2013)
* Gamma (1990–1992)
* Ginga (Astro-C) (1987–1991)
* Granat (1989–1998)
* Hakucho (CORSA-b) (1979–1985)
* HALCA (MUSES-B) (1997–2005)
* HEAO-1 (1977–1979)
* Herschel (2009–2013)
* Hinotori (Astro-A) (1981–1991)
* HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.) (1978–1982)
* HEAO-3 (1979–1981)
* HETE-2 (2000–2008)
* Hipparcos (1989–1993)
* IUE (1978–1996)
* IRAS (1983)
* IRTS (1995–1996)
* ISO (1996–1998)
* IXAE (1996–2004)
* Kepler (2009–2018)
* Kristall (1990–2001)
* LEGRI (1997–2002)
* LISA Pathfinder (2015–2017)
* MOST (2003–2019)
* MSX (1996–1997)
* OAO-2 (1968–1973)
* OAO-3 (Copernicus) (1972–1981)
* Orbiting Solar Observatory
* OSO 1
* OSO 2/OSO B
* OSO 3
* OSO 4
* OSO 5
* OSO 6
* OSO 7
* OSO 8
* Orion 1 (1971)
* Orion 2 (1973)
* PAMELA (2006–2016)
* PicSat (2018)
* Planck (2009–2013)
* RELIKT-1 (1983–1984)
* R/HESSI (2002–2018)
* ROSAT (1990–1999)
* RXTE (1995–2012)
* SAMPEX (1992–2004)
* SAS-B (1972–1973)
* SAS-C (1975–1979)
* Solwind (1979–1985)
* Spektr-R (2011–2019)
* Suzaku (Astro-EII) (2005–2015)
* Taiyo (SRATS) (1975–1980)
* Tenma (Astro-B) (1983–1985)
* Uhuru (1970–1973)
* Vanguard 3 (1959)
* WMAP (2001–2010)
* Yokoh (Solar-A) (1991–2001)

Hibernating
(Mission completed)|

* SWAS (1998–2005)
* TRACE (1998–2010)

Lost|

* OAO-1 (1966)
* OAO-B (1970)
* CORSA (1976)
* OSO C (1965)
* ABRIXAS (1999)
* HETE-1 (1996)
* WIRE (1999)
* Astro-E (2000)
* Tsubame (2014–2015)
* Hitomi (Astro-H) (2016)

Cancelled|

* AOSO
* Astro-G
* Constellation-X
* Darwin
* Destiny
* EChO
* Eddington
* FAME
* FINESSE
* GEMS
* HOP
* IXO
* JDEM
* LOFT
* OSO J
* OSO K
* Sentinel
* SIM & SIMlite
* SNAP
* SPOrt
* TAUVEX
* TPF
* XEUS
* XIPE

See also|

* Great Observatories program
* List of space telescopes
* List of proposed space observatories
* List of X-ray space telescopes

* Category

* v
* t
* e

21st-century space probes

Active space probes
(deep space missions)|

| Moon|

* ARTEMIS
* Chandrayaan-2
* Chang'e 3
* Chang'e 4 (Yutu-2)
* Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

|

Mars|

* ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

Venus|

* Akatsuki

Minor planet|

* Chang'e 2
* Hayabusa2 / MINERVA-II
* New Horizons
* OSIRIS-REx

Solar science|

* ACE
* DSCOVR
* Parker Solar Probe
* SOHO
* STEREO
* Wind

Others|

* BepiColombo
* Gaia
* Juno
* THEMIS
* Voyager 1
* Voyager 2

Completed after 2000
(by termination date)|

| 2000s|

* 2001
* NEAR Shoemaker
* Deep Space 1
* 2003
* Pioneer 10
* Galileo
* Nozomi
* 2004
* Genesis
* 2005
* Huygens
* 2006
* Mars Global Surveyor
* 2008
* Phoenix
* 2009
* Chang'e 1
* Ulysses
* Chandrayaan-1
* SELENE
* LCROSS

|

2010s|

* 2010
* Hayabusa
* MER Spirit
* 2011
* Stardust
* 2012
* GRAIL
* 2013
* Deep Impact
* 2014
* LADEE
* Venus Express
* Chang'e 5-T1
* 2015
* MESSENGER
* PROCYON
* IKAROS
* 2016
* Rosetta / Philae
* Yutu
* ExoMars Schiaparelli
* 2017
* LISA Pathfinder
* Cassini
* 2018
* MASCOT
* Dawn
* Longjiang-1
* 2019
* MarCO
* MER Opportunity
* Beresheet
* Longjiang-2
* Vikram / Pragyan

* List of Solar System probes
* List of lunar probes
* List of space telescopes

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