List of spaceflight records

Short description: Extreme benchmarks set off Earth by astronauts, launchers and probes

The first space rendezvous was accomplished by Gemini 6A and Gemini 7 in 1965.

Records and firsts in spaceflight are broadly divided into crewed and uncrewed categories. Records involving animal spaceflight have also been noted in earlier experimental flights, typically to establish the feasibility of sending humans to outer space.

The notion of "firsts" in spaceflight follows a long tradition of firsts in aviation, but is also closely tied to the Space Race. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet Union and the United States competed to be the first countries to accomplish various feats. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial orbital satellite. In 1961, Soviet Vostok 1 cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person to enter space and orbit the Earth, and in 1969 American Apollo 11 astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first person to set foot on the Moon.

During the 1970s, the Soviet Union directed its energies to human habitation of space stations of increasingly long durations. In the 1980s, the United States began launching its Space Shuttles, which carried larger crews and thus could increase the number of people in space at a given time. Following their first mission of détente on the 1975 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, the Soviet Union and the United States again collaborated with each other on the Shuttle-Mir initiative, efforts which led to the International Space Station (ISS), which has been continuously inhabited by humans for over 20 years.

Other firsts in spaceflight involve demographics, private enterprise, and distance. Dozens of countries have sent at least one traveler to space. In 1963, Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman in space, aboard Vostok 6. In the early 21st century, private companies joined government agencies in crewed spaceflight: in 2004, the sub-orbital spaceplane SpaceShipOne became the first privately funded crewed craft to enter space; in 2020, SpaceX's Dragon 2 became the first privately developed crewed vehicle to reach orbit when it ferried a crew to the ISS. As of 2026, the uncrewed probe Voyager 1 is the most distant artificial object from the Earth, part of a small class of vehicles that are leaving the Solar System.

## Contents

* 1 First independent suborbital and orbital human spaceflight by country
* 2 Human spaceflight firsts
* 3 Most spaceflights
* 3.1 Most launches from Earth
* 3.2 Most orbital launches overall
* 3.3 Most orbital launches from Earth
* 3.4 Largest number of different launch vehicles (overall)
* 3.5 Largest number of different spacecraft at launch (from Earth only)
* 3.6 Largest number of different launch sites
* 4 Duration records
* 4.1 Total human spaceflight time by country
* 4.2 Most time in space
* 4.3 Ten longest human spaceflights
* 4.4 Longest single flight by a woman
* 4.5 Longest continuous occupation of space
* 4.6 Longest continuous occupation of a spacecraft
* 4.7 Longest solo flight
* 4.8 Longest time on the lunar surface
* 4.9 Longest time in lunar orbit
* 5 Speed and altitude records
* 5.1 Fastest
* 5.2 Farthest
* 5.3 Highest altitude for crewed non-lunar mission
* 6 Age records
* 6.1 Earliest-born to reach space
* 6.1.1 Suborbital flight
* 6.1.2 Orbital spaceflight
* 6.2 Youngest
* 6.2.1 Suborbital flight
* 6.2.2 Orbital spaceflight
* 6.3 Oldest
* 6.3.1 Suborbital flight
* 6.3.2 Orbital spaceflight
* 6.4 Spacewalk
* 6.4.1 Youngest
* 6.4.2 Oldest
* 7 Spacewalk records
* 7.1 Most spacewalks (number and duration)
* 7.2 Most spacewalks during a single mission
* 7.3 Longest spacewalks
* 7.4 Greatest distance from a spacecraft during a spacewalk
* 8 Animal records
* 8.1 First animals in space
* 8.2 First animal in orbit
* 8.3 First Hominidae in space
* 8.4 Longest canine single flight
* 8.5 First animals beyond low Earth orbit
* 9 Notable uncrewed or non-human spaceflights
* 10 See also
* 11 Notes
* 12 References
* 13 External links

## First independent suborbital and orbital human spaceflight by country

Country  | Mission  | Crew  | Spacecraft  | Launch vehicle  | Date  | Type  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

USSR[1] | Vostok 1[1] | Yuri Gagarin[1] | Vostok 3KA[1] | Vostok-K[1] | 12 April 1961[1] | Orbital[1] |
USA[2] | Mercury-Redstone 3 (Freedom 7)[2] | Alan Shepard[2] | Mercury Spacecraft No.7[2] | Mercury-Redstone[2] | 5 May 1961[2] | Sub-orbital[2] |
USA[3] | Mercury-Atlas 6 (Friendship 7)[3] | John Glenn[3] | Mercury Spacecraft No.13[3] | Atlas LV-3B | 20 February 1962[3] | Orbital[3] |
USSR  | Soyuz 18A | Vasily Lazarev, Oleg Makarov | Soyuz 7K-T | Soyuz 11A511  | 5 April 1975  | Sub-orbital  | The mission was intended to be orbital, but a fault in the launch vehicle prevented the spacecraft from reaching orbit.
Russia  | Soyuz TM-14 | Aleksandr Viktorenko, Aleksandr Kaleri, Klaus-Dietrich Flade  | Soyuz-TM | Soyuz-U2 | 17 March 1992  | Orbital  | First Soyuz mission to occur after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
China[4] | Shenzhou 5[4] | Yang Liwei[4] | Shenzhou spacecraft[4] | Long March 2F[4] | 15 October 2003[4] | Orbital[4] |

## Human spaceflight firsts

Note: Some space records are disputed as a result of ambiguities surrounding the border of space. Most records follow the FAI definition of the space border which the FAI sets at an altitude of 100 km (62.14 mi). By contrast, US agencies define the border of space at 50 mi (80.47 km).

First  | Person(s)  | Mission  | Country  | Date

|
|
|
|

* Person to reach space
* Person in orbit
* Person to survive orbital reentry

| Yuri Gagarin | Vostok 1[5] |  USSR  | 12 April 1961

* Person to make suborbital flight
* Person to land in water (splashdown)
* Person to land in a spacecraft after spaceflight[note 1][6][7]
* Person to manually pilot spacecraft.[8]

| Alan Shepard | Freedom 7 |  USA  | 5 May 1961

* Person in space for over 24 hours[9]
* Multiple orbits during a spaceflight

| Gherman Titov | Vostok 2 |  USSR  | 6 August 1961 –
7 August 1961

* Group flight[10]
* Adjacent orbits
* Spacecraft-to-spacecraft communications

* Andrian Nikolayev
* Pavel Popovich

* Vostok 3
* Vostok 4

|  USSR  | 12 August 1962 –
15 August 1962

* Woman in space
* Civilian in space and in orbit (at the time of selection)

| Valentina Tereshkova |  USSR  | 16 June 1963 –
19 June 1963

* Spaceflight (suborbital) by winged spacecraft
* Civilian in space (at the time of flight)
* Spaceflight (suborbital) of a reusable spacecraft

| Joe Walker | X-15 Flight 90  |  USA  | 19 July 1963
Person to enter space twice (suborbital flights above 100 kilometres (62 mi))  | Joe Walker | X-15 Flights 90 and 91  |  USA  | 22 August 1963

* Three-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft
* Human spaceflight without pressurized spacesuits
* Human spaceflight with the crew soft landing on hard ground inside spacecraft after orbital flight

* Vladimir Komarov
* Konstantin Feoktistov
* Boris Yegorov

| Voskhod 1[5] |  USSR  | 12 October 1964 –
13 October 1964

* Two-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft
* Multi-person spaceflight with pressurized spacesuits
* Manual orientation of spacecraft for atmospheric reentry

* Pavel Belyayev
* Alexei Leonov

| Voskhod 2 |  USSR  | 18 March 1965 – 19 March 1965
Spacewalk | Alexei Leonov | Voskhod 2[5] |  USSR  | 18 March 1965
Orbital maneuvers (change orbit)  | Gus Grissom, John W. Young  | Gemini 3[5] |  USA  | 23 March 1965
Person to fly two orbital spaceflights  | Gordon Cooper  |

* Faith 7
* Gemini 5

|  USA  |

* 15 May 1963 –
16 May 1963
* 21 August 1965 –
29 August 1965

Persons to spend one week in space  |

* Gordon Cooper
* Pete Conrad

| Gemini 5 |  USA  | 21 August 1965 –
29 August 1965
Spaceflight aborted before liftoff (after engine start)

* Walter Schirra
* Thomas P. Stafford

| Gemini 6A |  USA  | 12 December 1965

* Space rendezvous (orbital maneuver and station-keeping)
* Four people in space at the same time

* Frank Borman, Jim Lovell
* Walter Schirra, Thomas Stafford

* Gemini 7
* Gemini 6A[5]

|  USA  | 15 December 1965 –
16 December 1965
Civilian in orbit (at the time of flight)  | Neil Armstrong | Gemini 8 |  USA  | 16 March 1966 –
17 March 1966
Space docking

* Neil Armstrong
* David Scott

| Gemini 8 and Agena[5] |  USA  | 16 March 1966
Multiple (dual) rendezvous (with Agena 10, then Agena 8)[11] |

* John W. Young
* Michael Collins

| Gemini 10 |  USA  |

* 19 July 1966
* 20 July 1966

Persons to exceed 1,000 km above Earth

* Pete Conrad
* Richard F. Gordon Jr.

| Gemini 11 |  USA  | 12 September 1966 –

15 September 1966

Spaceflight death (during landing)
| Vladimir Komarov | Soyuz 1 |  USSR  | 23 April 1967 –
24 April 1967

* Person to complete three spaceflights
* Person to fly three different types of spacecraft

| Wally Schirra |

* Mercury-Atlas 8
* Gemini 6A
* Apollo 7

|  USA  | 22 October 1968

* Persons to go beyond low Earth orbit (LEO)
* Persons to enter the gravitational influence of another celestial body
* Persons to enter lunar orbit
* Persons to see the far side of the moon with their own eyes

* Frank Borman
* Jim Lovell
* Bill Anders

| Apollo 8 |  USA  | 24 December 1968 –
25 December 1968
People to fly together twice on different missions  |

* Frank Borman
* Jim Lovell

* Gemini 7
* Apollo 8

|  USA  | 21 December 1968

* Space docking of two crewed spacecraft
* Dual spacewalk
* Сrew transfer (Khrunov, Yeliseyev)[12]

* Vladimir Shatalov
* Boris Volynov
* Aleksei Yeliseyev
* Yevgeny Khrunov

* Soyuz 4
* Soyuz 5

|  USSR  | 16 January 1969
Solo flight around the Moon  | John Young  | Apollo 10 |  USA  | 22 May 1969

* Moon landing
* Planetary surface extra-vehicular activity (EVA)

* Neil Armstrong
* Buzz Aldrin

| Apollo 11 |  USA  | 20 July 1969
Five people in space at the same time  |

* Georgy Shonin, Valery Kubasov
* Anatoly Filipchenko, Vladislav Volkov, Viktor Gorbatko

* Soyuz 6
* Soyuz 7

|  USSR  | 12 October 1969 –
13 October 1969

* Triple spaceflight
* Seven people in space at the same time

* Shonin, Kubasov
* Filipchenko, Volkov, Gorbatko
* Vladimir Shatalov, Aleksei Yeliseyev

* Soyuz 6
* Soyuz 7
* Soyuz 8

|  USSR  | 13 October 1969 –
16 October 1969
Person to complete four spaceflights | James A. Lovell |

* Gemini 7
* Gemini 12
* Apollo 8
* Apollo 13

|  USA  | 17 April 1970

* Person to fly two lunar flights
* Person to complete two flights beyond low Earth orbit

| James A. Lovell |

* Apollo 8
* Apollo 13

|  USA  | 11 April 1970 –
17 April 1970

* Persons to fly a free-return trajectory around a celestial body
* Farthest humans had traveled from Earth for over 50 years

* James A. Lovell
* Jack Swigert
* Fred Haise

* Apollo 13

|  USA  | 11 April 1970 –
17 April 1970

* People to spend two weeks in space
* Night launch

* Andrian Nikolayev
* Vitali Sevastyanov

| Soyuz 9 |  USSR  | 1 June 1970 –
19 June 1970
People to EVA out of sight of their spacecraft  |

* Alan Shepard
* Edgar Mitchell

| Apollo 14 |  USA  | 6 February 1971
Person to play sports on a planetary body other than Earth  | Alan Shepard | Apollo 14  |  USA  | 7 February 1971

* Docking with space station (soft dock)
* Night landing

* Vladimir Shatalov
* Aleksei Yeliseyev
* Nikolai Rukavishnikov

* Soyuz 10
* Salyut 1

|  USSR  | 22 April 1971 –
24 April 1971

* Docking with space station (hard dock)
* Crewed space station
* In-space fatalities

* Georgy Dobrovolsky
* Viktor Patsayev
* Vladislav Volkov

* Soyuz 11
* Salyut 1

|  USSR  | 7 June 1971 –
29 June 1971
Person to use a telescope in space  | Viktor Patsayev |

* Soyuz 11
* Salyut 1

|  USSR  | 7 June 1971 –
29 June 1971
People to travel in a wheeled vehicle on a planetary body other than Earth

* Dave Scott
* Jim Irwin

| Apollo 15 |  USA  | 31 July 1971–
2 August 1971
Deep space EVA (trans-Earth trajectory) | Alfred Worden | Apollo 15 |  USA  | 5 August 1971
Person to be in lunar orbit twice (during separate lunar expeditions)  | John W. Young  |

* Apollo 10
* Apollo 16

|  USA  | 16 April 1972 –
27 April 1972
People in orbit for four weeks |

* Pete Conrad
* Joseph Kerwin
* Paul Weitz

| Skylab 2 |  USA  | 25 May 1973 –
22 June 1973
Spacewalk at a space station  | Paul Weitz | Skylab 2  |  USA  | 26 May 1973
People in orbit for eight weeks |

* Alan Bean
* Jack Lousma
* Owen Garriott

| Skylab 3 |  USA  | 28 July 1973 –
25 September 1973
People in orbit for 12 weeks |

* Gerald Carr
* William Pogue
* Edward Gibson

| Skylab 4 |  USA  | 16 November 1973 –
8 February 1974

* Spaceflight aborted during liftoff (at 145 kilometers (90 mi) altitude)
* Re-entry with 20g acceleration (emergency)

| Vasily Lazarev, Oleg Makarov | Soyuz 7K-T No.39 |  USSR  | 5 April 1975
International docking | Thomas P. Stafford, Vance D. Brand, Donald K. Slayton – USA

Alexei Leonov, Valeri Kubasov – USSR

| Apollo–Soyuz | USA

USSR

| 17 July 1975
Crew to visit occupied space station  | Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Oleg Makarov | Soyuz 27 visits Salyut 6 EO-1 crew  |  USSR  | 10 January 1978 –
16 January 1978
People in orbit 19 weeks
(4 months)  | Vladimir Kovalyonok, Aleksandr Ivanchenkov | Salyut 6 EO-2, Soyuz 29-Soyuz 31 |  USSR  | 15 June 1978 –
2 November 1978
People in orbit 26 weeks
(6 months)  | Leonid Popov, Valery Ryumin | Salyut 6 EO-4, Soyuz 35-Soyuz 37 |  USSR  | 9 April 1980 –
11 October 1980

* Spaceflight (orbital) by winged spacecraft
* Spaceflight (orbital) of a reusable spacecraft
* First, and only, crew launched on a rocket's maiden flight

* John W. Young
* Robert L. Crippen

| STS-1 |  USA  | 12 April 1981
Person to fly four different types of spacecraft  | John W. Young  |

* Gemini
* Apollo CSM
* Apollo Lunar Module
* Space Shuttle

|  USA  | 12 April 1981
Person to complete five spaceflights  | John W. Young  |

* Gemini 3
* Gemini 10
* Apollo 10
* Apollo 16
* STS-1

|  USA  | 14 April 1981
Re-use of previously flown spacecraft (orbital)

* Joe H. Engle
* Richard H. Truly

| STS-2 |  USA  | 12 November 1981
Woman to visit a space station  | Svetlana Savitskaya | Salyut 7, Soyuz T-7 |  USSR  | 20 August 1982
Four-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft

* Vance Brand
* Robert F. Overmyer
* Joseph P. Allen
* William B. Lenoir

| STS-5 |  USA  | 11 November 1982 –
16 November 1982
Five-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft

* Robert L. Crippen
* Frederick H. Hauck
* John M. Fabian
* Sally K. Ride
* Norman E. Thagard

| STS-7 |  USA  | 18 June 1983 –
24 June 1983
LGBTQ person in space  | Sally K. Ride  | STS-7 |  USA  | 18 June 1983 –
24 June 1983
Use of a launch escape system in an emergency | Vladimir Titov, Gennady Strekalov | Soyuz 7K-ST No.16L |  USSR  | 26 September 1983
Six-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft

* John W. Young, Brewster H. Shaw, Owen K. Garriott, Robert A. Parker, Byron K. Lichtenberg – USA
* Ulf Merbold – West Germany (European Space Agency)

| STS-9 |

* USA
* West Germany

| 28 November 1983 –
8 December 1983
Person to complete six spaceflights | John W. Young  |

* Gemini 3
* Gemini 10
* Apollo 10
* Apollo 16
* STS-1
* STS-9

|  USA  | 8 December 1983
Untethered spacewalk
| Bruce McCandless II  | STS-41-B[13] |  USA  | 7 February 1984
Eight people in space at the same time (no docking)  |

* Oleg Atkov, Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov – USSR
* Vance D. Brand, Robert L. Gibson, Bruce McCandless II, Ronald McNair, Robert L. Stewart – USA

| Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10, STS-41-B |

* USSR
* USA

| 8 February 1984 –
11 February 1984
11 people in space at the same time (no docking)  |

* Oleg Atkov, Leonid D. Kizim, Yury Malyshev, Vladimir Solovyov, Gennady Strekalov – USSR
* Robert L. Crippen, Terry J. Hart, George Nelson, Francis Scobee, James van Hoften – USA
* Rakesh Sharma – India

| STS-41-C, Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10-Soyuz T-11 |

* USSR
* USA
* India

| 6 April 1984 –
11 April 1984
People to complete four spacewalks during the same mission  | Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov | Salyut 7 |  USSR  | 26 April –
18 May 1984
Woman to enter space twice  | Svetlana Savitskaya | Soyuz T-7, Soyuz T-12 |  USSR  | 17 July 1984
Spacewalk by a woman
| Svetlana Savitskaya | Soyuz T-12 |  USSR  | 25 July 1984
Welding in space  | Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Svetlana Savitskaya | Salyut 7, Soyuz T-12 |  USSR  | 25 July 1984
People in orbit 33 weeks (7 months)  | Leonid Kizim, Vladimir Solovyov, Oleg Atkov | Salyut 7 EO-3, Soyuz T-10-Soyuz T-11 |  USSR  | 8 February 1984 –
2 October 1984
Seven-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft

* Robert L. Crippen, Jon A. McBride, Kathryn D. Sullivan, Sally K. Ride, David C. Leestma, Paul D. Scully-Power – USA
* Marc Garneau – Canada

| STS-41-G |

* USA
* Canada

| 5 October 1984 –
13 October 1984
Two women in space at the same time  | Kathryn D. Sullivan, Sally K. Ride  | STS-41-G |  USA  | 5 October 1984 –
13 October 1984
Member of royalty in space
| Sultan bin Salman Al Saud – House of Saud  | STS-51-G |  Saudi Arabia
USA  | 17 June 1985 –
24 June 1985
Partial crew exchange at a space station  | Alexander Volkov, Vladimir Vasyutin replace Vladimir Dzhanibekov | Soyuz T-14, Salyut 7 |  USSR  | 17 September 1985 –
26 September 1985
Eight-person spaceflight in a single spacecraft

* Henry W. Hartsfield, Steven R. Nagel, Bonnie J. Dunbar, James F. Buchli, Guion S. Bluford – USA
* Reinhard Furrer, Ernst Messerschmid – West Germany
* Wubbo Ockels – Netherlands (European Space Agency)

| STS-61-A |

* USA
* West Germany
* Netherlands

| 30 October 1985 –
6 November 1985
Deaths during launch |

* Francis "Dick" Scobee
* Michael J. Smith
* Ellison Onizuka
* Judith Resnik
* Ronald McNair
* Sharon Christa McAuliffe
* Gregory Jarvis

| STS-51-L |  USA  | 28 January 1986

* Space station-to-space station flight
* Space station-to-space station return flight
* Expedition on two space stations

* Leonid Kizim
* Vladimir Solovyov

| Soyuz T-15 from Mir to Salyut 7 back to Mir[14] |  USSR  | 15 March 1986 –
16 July 1986
Person to accumulate 1 year in space  | Leonid Kizim | Soyuz T-3

Soyuz T-15 visiting Mir and Salyut 7

|  USSR  | 28 June 1986
Complete crew exchange at a space station  | Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov replace Yuri Romanenko, Alexander Alexandrov | Soyuz TM-4-Soyuz TM-2, Soyuz TM-3, at Mir |  USSR  | 21 December 1987 –
29 December 1987
People in orbit 52 weeks (one year)  | Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov | Mir EO-3, Soyuz TM-4-Soyuz TM-6 |  USSR  | 21 December 1987 –
21 December 1988
International spacewalk  | Alexander Volkov, Jean-Loup Chrétien  | Mir, Soyuz TM-7 |

* USSR
* France

| 9 December 1988
Submariner in space
| Michael J. McCulley | STS-34 |  USA  | 18 October 1989 –
23 October 1989
12 people in space at the same time (no docking)  |

* Shuttle: Vance Brand, Samuel Durrance, Guy S. Gardner, Jeffrey A. Hoffman, John M. Lounge, Ronald Parise, Robert A. Parker – USA
* Mir: Gennady Manakov, Gennady Strekalov – Russia
* Soyuz and Soyuz/Mir:

* Musa Manarov, Viktor Afanasyev – Russia
* Toyohiro Akiyama – Japan

| STS-35,
Mir EO-7, Soyuz TM-10 Soyuz TM-11 |

* USSR
* USA
* Japan

| 2 December 1990 –
10 December 1990
Civilian to use a commercial space flight, and journalist to report on space from outer space
| Toyohiro Akiyama – Japan | Soyuz TM-10, Soyuz TM-11 |  Japan  | 2 December 1990 –
10 December 1990
Three women in space at the same time  | Millie Hughes-Fulford, Tamara E. Jernigan, M. Rhea Seddon  | STS-40 |  USA  | 5 June 1991 –
14 June 1991
Three-person spacewalk

* Pierre J. Thuot
* Richard J. Hieb
* Thomas D. Akers

| STS-49 |  USA  | 13 May 1992
Married couple in space  | Mark C. Lee, Jan Davis  | STS-47 |  USA  | 12 September 1992 –
20 September 1992
13 people in space at the same time (no docking)  |

* Shuttle: Steve Oswald, William Gregory, John Grunsfeld, Wendy Lawrence, Tammy Jernigan, Sam Durrance, Ron Parise – USA
* Mir: Aleksandr Viktorenko, Yelena Kondakova, Valeriy Polyakov – Russia
* Soyuz/Mir:

* Vladimir Dezhurov, Gennady Strekalov –  Russia
* Norman E. Thagard – USA

| STS-67, Mir, Soyuz TM-20, Soyuz TM-21 |

* USA
* Russia

| 14 March 1995 –
18 March 1995
Ten people in a single spacecraft (docking)

* Robert L. Gibson, Charles J. Precourt, Ellen S. Baker, Bonnie J. Dunbar, Gregory J. Harbaugh Norman E. Thagard – USA
* Anatoly Solovyev, Nikolai Budarin, Vladimir Dezhurov, Gennady Strekalov – Russia

| STS-71, Mir, Soyuz TM-21 |

* USA
* Russia

| 29 June 1995 –
4 July 1995
Spacewalk during an international docking  | Michael R. Clifford, Linda M. Godwin  | STS-76, Mir |  USA  | 27 March 1996
Person to accumulate 2 years in space  | Sergey Avdeev  | Soyuz TM-15 (Mir EO-12)

Soyuz TM-22 (Mir EO-20) Soyuz TM-28/Soyuz TM-29 Mir EO 27

|  Russia  | 10 July 1999
Woman to command a space mission | Eileen Collins  | STS-93 |  USA  | 23 July 1999 –
27 July 1999
Space tourist
| Dennis Tito  | Soyuz TM-32/31, ISS EP-1  |

* USA
* Russia

| April 28, 2001 –
May 6, 2001
Person to complete seven trips to space
| Jerry L. Ross  |

* STS-61B
* STS-27
* STS-37
* STS-55
* STS-74
* STS-88
* STS-110

|  USA  | 19 April 2002
Deaths during re-entry

* Rick D. Husband, William C. McCool, David M. Brown, Kalpana Chawla, Michael P. Anderson, Laurel B. Clark – USA
* Ilan Ramon – Israel

| STS-107 |

* USA
* Israel

| 1 February 2003
Privately funded human space flight (suborbital)
| Mike Melvill  | SpaceShipOne flight 15P  |  USA  | 21 June 2004
13 people in a single spacecraft (docking)[15]

* Michael Barratt, Mark L. Polansky, Douglas G. Hurley, Christopher J. Cassidy, Thomas H. Marshburn, David Wolf, Timothy Kopra – USA
* Gennady Padalka, Roman Romanenko – Russia
* Robert Thirsk, Julie Payette – Canada
* Frank De Winne – Belgium (European Space Agency)
* Koichi Wakata – Japan

| ISS, Soyuz TMA-14, Soyuz TMA-15, STS-127 |

* USA
* Russia
* Canada
* Belgium
* Japan

| 17 July 2009
People to fly together three times on different missions  |

* Frederick W. "CJ" Sturckow
* Patrick G. Forrester

* STS-105
* STS-117
* STS-128

|  USA  | 28 August 2009
Four women in space at the same time (docking)

* Shuttle:

* Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger, Stephanie Wilson – USA
* Naoko Yamazaki – Japan

* ISS: Tracy Caldwell Dyson – USA

* STS-131
* ISS Expedition 23

* USA
* Japan

| 5 April 2010 –
20 April 2010
Thirty-ninth launch, orbital flight, and landing of a reusable crewed spacecraft  |

* Steven W. Lindsey
* Eric A. Boe
* Nicole M. P. Stott
* Alvin Drew
* Michael R. Barratt
* Stephen G. Bowen

* Space Shuttle Discovery
* STS-133

* USA

| 24 February 2011 –
9 March 2011
Six spacecraft docked to a space station

* ISS: Expedition 56

* Dragon-15, Cygnus-9, Soyuz MS-08, Soyuz MS-09, Progress MS-08, Progress MS-09

* USA
* Russia

| 9 July 2018

* All-woman spacewalk
* Spacewalk by two women

* Christina Koch
* Jessica Meir

* ISS Expedition 61

* USA

| 18 October 2019

* Astronauts launched into orbit on commercial spacecraft
* Astronauts flying to a space station on commercial spacecraft

[16][17]

* Bob Behnken
* Doug Hurley

* Crew Dragon Demo-2

* USA

| 30 May 2020 –
2 August 2020
16 people in space (50 miles) at the same time (no docking)  |

* ISS: Mark Vande Hei, Shane Kimbrough, K. Megan McArthur, – USA
* Oleg Novitsky, Pyotr Dubrov – Russia
* Thomas Pesquet – France
* Akihiko Hoshide – Japan
* CSS: Nie Haisheng, Liu Boming, Tang Hongbo, – China
* Unity: David Mackay, Michael Masucci, Beth Moses, Sirisha Bandla - USA
* Richard Branson, Colin Bennett – United Kingdom

* Soyuz MS-18, SpaceX Crew-2, Shenzhou-12, Virgin Galactic Unity-22

* USA
* China
* Russia
* France
* Japan
* UK

| 11 July 2021
14 people in space (100 km) at the same time (no docking)  |

* ISS: Mark Vande Hei, Shane Kimbrough, K. Megan McArthur, – USA
* Oleg Novitsky, Pyotr Dubrov – Russia
* Thomas Pesquet – France
* Akihiko Hoshide – Japan
* CSS: Nie Haisheng, Liu Boming, Tang Hongbo, – China
* New Shepard: Jeff Bezos, Mark Bezos, Wally Funk – USA
* Oliver Daemen – Netherlands

* Soyuz MS-18, SpaceX Crew-2, Shenzhou-12, Blue Origin NS-16

* USA
* China
* Russia
* France
* Japan
* Netherlands

| 20 July 2021

* Orbital spaceflight with an all private crew
* Fully commercial orbital spaceflight

* Jared Isaacman
* Hayley Arceneaux
* Christopher Sembroski
* Sian Proctor

| Inspiration4 |  USA  | 16 September 2021 –
18 September 2021

* Woman commercial astronaut spaceship pilot
* Black woman spaceship pilot

* Sian Proctor

| Inspiration4 |  USA  | 16 September 2021 –
18 September 2021

* Person with physical disability in space
* Wearing of prosthetics in space

* Hayley Arceneaux

| Inspiration4 |  USA  | 16 September 2021 –
18 September 2021
14 people in orbit at the same time (no docking)  |

* ISS: Mark Vande Hei, Shane Kimbrough, K. Megan McArthur, – USA
* Oleg Novitsky, Pyotr Dubrov – Russia
* Thomas Pesquet – France
* Akihiko Hoshide – Japan
* CSS: Nie Haisheng, Liu Boming, Tang Hongbo, – China
* Inspiration4: Jared Isaacman, Hayley Arceneaux, Sian Proctor, Christopher Sembroski – USA

* Soyuz MS-18, SpaceX Crew-2, Shenzhou-12, Inspiration4

* USA
* China
* Russia
* France
* Japan

| 16 September 2021 –
17 September 2021
19 people in space (100 km) at the same time (no docking)  |

* ISS: Mark Vande Hei, Raja Chari, Thomas Marshburn, Kayla Barron – USA
* Anton Shkaplerov, Pyotr Dubrov, Alexander Misurkin – Russia
* Matthias Maurer – Germany
* Yusaku Maezawa, Yozo Hirano – Japan
* CSS: Zhai Zhigang, Wang Yaping, Ye Guangfu, – China
* New Shepard: Laura Shepard Churchley, Michael Strahan, Dylan Taylor, Evan Dick, Lane Bess, Cameron Bess – USA

* Soyuz MS-19, Shenzhou-13, SpaceX Crew-3, Soyuz MS-20, Blue Origin NS-19

* USA
* China
* Russia
* Germany
* Japan

| 11 December 2021

* Flight to a space station with an all private crew
* Fully commercial flight to a space station

* Michael López-Alegría
* Larry Connor
* Mark Pathy
* Eytan Stibbe

| Axiom Mission 1 To ISS |

* USA
* Spain
* Canada
* Israel

| 8 April 2022 –
18 April 2022

* Simultaneous continuous inhabitation of two crewed space stations

* ISS: Soyuz, Crew Dragon and Starliner[note 2]
* CSS: Shenzhou[note 3]

* ISS
* CSS

* Canada
* European Space Agency
* Japan
* USA
* Russia
* China

| 5 June 2022 – present
5 women in space at the same time (no docking)  |

* ISS: Jessica Watkins, Nicole Mann – USA
* Anna Kikina – Russia
* Samantha Cristoforetti – Italy
* Tiangong : Liu Yang – China

* SpaceX Crew-4, SpaceX Crew-5, Shenzhou-14

* USA
* Russia
* Italy
* China

| 5 October 2022 –
14 October 2022
20 people in space (50 miles) at the same time (no docking)  |

* ISS: Stephen Bowen, Warren Hoburg, Peggy Whitson, John Shoffner, Francisco Rubio – USA
Andrey Fedyaev, Dmitry Petelin, Sergey Prokopyev – Russia
Ali AlQarni, Rayyanah Barnawi – Saudi Arabia
Sultan Al Neyadi – UAE
* CSS: Fei Junlong, Deng Qingming, Zhang Lu – China
* Unity 25: Michael Masucci, Frederick W. "CJ" Sturckow, Beth Moses, Luke Mays, Jamila Gilbert, Christopher Huie – USA

* Axiom Mission 2, Soyuz MS-23, SpaceX Crew-6, Shenzhou 15, Virgin Galactic Unity 25

* USA
* Russia
* China
* Saudi Arabia
* UAE

| 25 May 2023
17 people in orbit at the same time (no docking)  |

* ISS: Stephen Bowen, Warren Hoburg, Peggy Whitson, John Shoffner, Francisco Rubio – USA
Andrey Fedyaev, Dmitry Petelin, Sergey Prokopyev – Russia
Ali AlQarni, Rayyanah Barnawi – Saudi Arabia
Sultan Al Neyadi – UAE
* CSS: Fei Junlong, Deng Qingming, Zhang Lu, Jing Haipeng, Zhu Yangzhu, Gui Haichao – China

* Axiom Mission 2, Soyuz MS-23, SpaceX Crew-6, Shenzhou 15, Shenzhou 16

* USA
* Russia
* China
* Saudi Arabia
* UAE

| 30 May 2023 –
31 May 2023
Seven spacecraft docked to a space station[18]

* ISS: Expedition 70/Expedition 71

* Dragon-30, Cygnus 21, Soyuz MS-24, Soyuz MS-25, Progress MS-25, Progress MS-26, SpaceX Crew-8

* USA
* Russia

| 25 March 2024
Person to accumulate 1000 days in space  | Oleg Kononenko  | Expedition 71 |  Russia  | 5 June 2024
Woman to fly on the maiden crewed flight of an orbital spacecraft  | Sunita Williams  | Boeing CFT  |  USA  | 5 June 2024
Person to accumulate 3 years in space
| Oleg Kononenko  | Soyuz TMA-12 (Expedition 17) Soyuz TMA-03M (Expedition 30/31)

Soyuz TMA-17M (Expedition 44/45) Soyuz MS-11 (Expedition 57/58/59) Soyuz MS-24/MS-25 (Expedition 69/70/71)

|  Russia  | 9 September 2024
19 people in orbit at the same time (no docking)  |

* ISS: Tracy Caldwell-Dyson, Jeanette Epps, Sunita Williams, Barry E. Wilmore, Donald Pettit, Michael Barratt, Matthew Dominick – USA
Alexander Grebenkin, Ivan Vagner, Nikolai Chub, Oleg Kononenko, Aleksey Ovchinin – Russia
* Polaris Dawn: Jared Isaacman, Scott Poteet, Sarah Gillis, Anna Menon – USA
* CSS: Ye Guangfu, Li Cong, Li Guangsu – China

* Polaris Dawn, Soyuz MS-25, Soyuz MS-26, SpaceX Crew-8, Shenzhou 18

* USA
* Russia
* China

| 11 September 2024 –
15 September 2024

* All private crew spacewalk
* Spacewalk with commercially developed hardware, procedures, and EVA suit
* Four people in the vacuum of space during a spacewalk

| Jared Isaacman
Scott Poteet
Sarah Gillis
Anna Menon  | Polaris Dawn |  USA  | 12 September 2024
Chun Wang
Jannicke Mikkelsen
Rabea Rogge
Eric Philips  | Fram2 | 1 April 2025
9 women in space at the same time (no docking)  |

* ISS: Anne McClain, Nichole Ayers – USA
* CSS: Wang Haoze – China
* Blue Origin NS-31: Lauren Sánchez, Amanda Nguyen, Gayle King, Katy Perry, Kerianne Flynn – USA
Aisha Bowe – USA/Bahamas

* SpaceX Crew-10, Shenzhou 19, Blue Origin NS-31

| USA
China
Bahamas  | 14 April 2025
20 people in space (100 km) at the same time (no docking)  |

* ISS: Anne McClain, Nichole Ayers, Jonny Kim, Peggy Whitson – USA
* Kirill Peskov, Sergey Ryzhikov, Alexey Zubritsky – Russia
* Takuya Onishi – Japan
* Shubhanshu Shukla – India
* Sławosz Uznański-Wiśniewski – Poland
* Tibor Kapu – Hungary
* CSS: Chen Dong, Chen Zhongrui, Wang Jie, – China
* New Shepard: Allie Kuehner, Carl Kuehner, Leland Larson, Freddie Rescigno, Owolabi Salis, James Sitkin – USA

* SpaceX Crew-10, Soyuz MS-27, Shenzhou 20, Axiom Mission 4, Blue Origin NS-33

* USA
* China
* Russia
* Japan
* India
* Poland
* Hungary

| 29 June 2025
Eight spacecraft docked to a space station[19]

* ISS: Expedition 73/Expedition 74

* Dragon-33, Cygnus 24, Soyuz MS-27, Soyuz MS-28, Progress MS-31, Progress MS-32, SpaceX Crew-11, HTV-X1

* USA
* Russia
* Japan

| 1 December 2025
First wheelchair user in space[20] | Michaela Benthaus  | Blue Origin NS-37  |  Germany  | 20 December 2025

* Four people beyond low Earth orbit at the same time
* First Black man beyond low Earth orbit (Glover)
* First woman beyond low Earth orbit (Koch)
* First Canadian and non-American astronaut beyond low Earth orbit (Hansen)
* First time humans are in Earth orbit and deep space at the same time
* Farthest humans have traveled from Earth

* Victor Glover, Christina Koch, Reid Wiseman, Jeremy Hansen

| Artemis II |

* USA
* Canada

| 1 April 2026 –
10 April 2026

## Most spaceflights

### Most launches from Earth

* 10 launches
* Frederick W. Sturckow (USA), Space Shuttle and SpaceShipTwo (1998–2024)

Note: The six SpaceShipTwo flights surpass the U.S. definition of spaceflight (50 mi (80.47 km)), but fall short of the Kármán line (100 km (62.14 mi)), the definition used for FAI space recordkeeping.

### Most orbital launches overall

* 7 launches
* John W. Young (USA[21]) launched from Earth 6 times (two Titan II Gemini, two Saturn V Apollo CSM, two Space Shuttle) and from the Moon once (Apollo Lunar Module Ascent Stage) (1965–1983)
* Jerry L. Ross (USA[15]), Space Shuttle (1985–2002)
* Franklin Chang Díaz (Costa Rica/USA*[15]), Space Shuttle (1986–2002)

### Most orbital launches from Earth

* 7 launches
* Jerry L. Ross (USA[15]), Space Shuttle (1985–2002)
* Franklin Chang Díaz (Costa Rica/USA[15]), Space Shuttle (1986–2002)

### Largest number of different launch vehicles (overall)

* 4 launch vehicles
* John W. Young (USA) – launched from Earth aboard a Gemini, Apollo, and Space Shuttle, and launched from the Moon aboard the Apollo Lunar Module Ascent Stage

### Largest number of different spacecraft at launch (from Earth only)

* 3 spacecraft
* Walter Schirra (USA) – launched aboard a Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo (1962–1968)
* John W. Young (USA) – launched aboard a Gemini, Apollo, and Space Shuttle (1965–1983)
* Soichi Noguchi (Japan) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2005–2020)
* Shane Kimbrough (USA) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2008–2021)
* Akihiko Hoshide (Japan) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2008–2021)
* Thomas Marshburn (USA) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2009–2021)
* Koichi Wakata (Japan) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (1996–2022)
* Peggy Whitson (USA) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2002–2025)
* Michael López-Alegría (USA) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (1995–2024)
* Michael Barratt (USA) – launched aboard a Soyuz, Space Shuttle, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2009–2024)
* Barry Wilmore (USA) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and Boeing Starliner (2009–2024) (landed in a SpaceX Crew Dragon in 2025)
* Sunita Williams (USA) – launched aboard a Space Shuttle, Soyuz, and Boeing Starliner (2006–2024) (landed in a SpaceX Crew Dragon in 2025)
* Michael Fincke (USA) – launched aboard a Soyuz, Space Shuttle, and SpaceX Crew Dragon (2004–2025)

### Largest number of different launch sites

* 3 sites – Any orbital launch
* Neil Armstrong (USA) – Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (aboard a Gemini capsule in 1966), Kennedy Space Center (aboard an Apollo capsule in 1969), Tranquility Base (from the Moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1969).
* Buzz Aldrin (USA) – Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (aboard a Gemini capsule in 1966), Kennedy Space Center (aboard an Apollo capsule in 1969), Tranquility Base (from the Moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1969).
* Pete Conrad (USA) – Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (twice aboard a Gemini capsule 1965–1966), Kennedy Space Center (twice aboard an Apollo capsule 1969–1973), Ocean of Storms (from the Moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1969).
* Alan Shepard (USA) – Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (aboard a Mercury capsule in 1961), Kennedy Space Center (aboard an Apollo capsule in 1971), Fra Mauro (from the Moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1971).
* David Scott (USA) – Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (aboard a Gemini capsule in 1966), Kennedy Space Center (twice aboard an Apollo capsule 1969–1971), Hadley Rille (from the Moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1971).
* John Young (USA) – Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (now Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, twice aboard a Gemini capsule 1965–1966), Kennedy Space Center (four times, twice aboard an Apollo capsule 1969–1971, twice aboard a Space Shuttle 1981–1983), Descartes Highlands (from the Moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1972).
* Gene Cernan (USA) – Cape Kennedy Air Force Station (aboard a Gemini capsule in 1966), Kennedy Space Center (twice aboard an Apollo capsule 1969–1972), Taurus–Littrow (from the Moon aboard an Apollo Lunar Module, in 1972).
* 3 sites – Only orbital launches from Earth
* Sunita Williams (USA) – Kennedy Space Center (aboard a Space Shuttle in 2006), Baikonur Cosmodrome (aboard a Soyuz capsule in 2012), Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (aboard a Starliner capsule in 2024).
* Barry E. Wilmore (USA) – Kennedy Space Center (aboard a Space Shuttle in 2009), Baikonur Cosmodrome (aboard a Soyuz capsule in 2014), Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (aboard a Starliner capsule in 2024).
* 3 sites
* Frederick W. Sturckow (USA) – Kennedy Space Center (four times aboard a Space Shuttle 1998–2010), Mojave Air and Space Port (aboard a Virgin Galactic SpaceShipTwo in 2018), and Spaceport America (also aboard a SpaceShipTwo, five times 2021–2024).

Notes:

* Seven of the twelve Apollo program moonwalkers launched from what was then called Cape Kennedy Air Force Station as part of the Mercury or Gemini programs. On their respective Lunar Landing Mission those seven launched twice. All Apollo Lunar Landing missions that landed on the moon launched from the Kennedy Space Center and when the lunar surface portion of their mission was complete, launched from the surface of the moon to meet up with the Apollo Command Module in lunar orbit.
* SpaceShipTwo flights are suborbital. SpaceShipTwo flights surpass the U.S. definition of spaceflight (50 mi (80.47 km)), but fall short of the Kármán line (100 km (62.14 mi)), the FAI definition used for most space recordkeeping.

## Duration records

### Total human spaceflight time by country

Template:TotalHumanSpaceFlightByNation

### Most time in space

The record for most time in space is held by Russian cosmonaut Oleg Kononenko, who has spent 1,111 days in space over five missions. He broke the record of Gennady Padalka on 4 February 2024 at 07:30:08 UTC during his fifth spaceflight aboard Soyuz MS-24/25 for a one year long-duration mission on the ISS.[22] He later became the first person to stay 900, 1,000, and 1,100 days in space on 25 February 2024, 4 June 2024, and 12 September 2024 respectively.[23][24] Gennady Padalka is currently second, having spent 878 days in space. He himself had broken the all-time duration record on 28 June 2015 when he surpassed the previous record holder, cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev, who spent 803 days, 9 hours and 39 minutes (about 2.2 years) during six spaceflights on Soyuz, the Space Shuttle, Mir, and the International Space Station.[25][26][27]

As of 7 June 2026[update],[28] the 50 space travelers with the most total time in space are:

Color key:

* Currently in space
* Active
* Retired
* Deceased

Rank  | Person  | Days  | Flights  | Status  | Nationality

|
|
|
|
|

1 | Oleg Kononenko | 1,110.623 | 5 | Active |  Russia
2 | Gennady Padalka | 878.478 | 5 | Retired |  Russia
3 | Yuri Malenchenko | 827.389 | 6 | Retired |  Russia
4 | Sergei Krikalev | 803.371 | 6 | Retired |  Soviet Union /  Russia
5 | Aleksandr Kaleri | 769.276 | 5 | Retired |  Russia
6 | Sergei Avdeev | 747.593 | 3 | Retired |  Soviet Union /  Russia
7 | Anton Shkaplerov | 709.336 | 4 | Retired |  Russia
8 | Peggy Whitson | 695.284 | 5 | Active |  United States
9 | Valeri Polyakov | 678.690 | 2 | Deceased |  Soviet Union /  Russia
10 | Fyodor Yurchikhin | 672.860 | 5 | Retired |  Russia
11 | Anatoly Solovyev | 651.117 | 5 | Retired |  Soviet Union /  Russia
12 | Sunita Williams | 608.014 | 3 | Retired |  United States
13 | Sergey Ryzhikov | 603.071 | 3 | Active |  Russia
14 | Aleksey Ovchinin | 595.185 | 3 | Active |  Russia
15 | Donald Pettit | 590.068 | 4 | Active |  United States
16 | Sergey Prokopyev | 567.633 | 2 | Active |  Russia
17 | Oleg Artemyev | 560.754 | 3 | Active |  Russia
18 | Viktor Afanasyev | 555.772 | 4 | Retired |  Soviet Union /  Russia
19 | Yury Usachov | 552.934 | 4 | Retired |  Russia
20 | Michael Fincke | 548.339 | 4 | Active |  United States
21 | Sergey Volkov | 547.931 | 3 | Retired |  Russia
22 | Pavel Vinogradov | 546.939 | 3 | Retired |  Russia
23 | Aleksandr Skvortsov | 545.964 | 3 | Retired |  Russia
24 | Oleg Novitsky | 545.069 | 4 | Retired |  Russia
25 | Musa Manarov | 541.021 | 2 | Retired |  Soviet Union
26 | Oleg Skripochka | 536.159 | 3 | Retired |  Russia
27 | Jeffrey Williams | 534.116 | 4 | Retired |  United States
28 | Mikhail Tyurin | 532.118 | 3 | Retired |  Russia
29 | Oleg Kotov | 526.211 | 3 | Retired |  Russia
30 | Mark T. Vande Hei | 523.374 | 2 | Active |  United States
31 | Scott Kelly | 520.440 | 4 | Retired[29] |  United States
32 | Mikhail Kornienko | 516.417 | 2 | Retired |  Russia
33 | Koichi Wakata | 504.773 | 5 | Active |  Japan
34 | Aleksandr Viktorenko | 489.066 | 4 | Deceased |  Soviet Union /  Russia
35 | Anatoli Ivanishin | 476.195 | 3 | Retired |  Russia
36 | Barry E. Wilmore | 464.335 | 3 | Retired |  United States
37 | Michael Barratt | 446.640 | 3 | Active |  United States
38 | Nikolai Budarin | 444.060 | 3 | Retired |  Russia
39 | Yuri Romanenko | 430.765 | 3 | Retired |  Soviet Union
40 | Chen Dong | 418.635 | 3 | Active |  China
41 | Ivan Vagner | 416.157 | 2 | Active |  Russia
42 | Thomas Pesquet | 396.482 | 2 | Active |  France
43 | Zhang Lu | 396.161 | 2 | Active |  China
44 | Aleksandr Volkov | 391.495 | 3 | Retired |  Soviet Union /  Russia
45 | Yury Onufriyenko | 389.615 | 2 | Retired |  Russia
46 | Shane Kimbrough | 388.728 | 3 | Retired |  United States
47 | Vladimir Titov | 387.031 | 4 | Retired |  Soviet Union /  Russia
48 | Vasily Tsibliyev | 381.662 | 2 | Retired |  Russia
49 | Valery Korzun | 381.653 | 2 | Retired |  Russia
50 | Christopher Cassidy | 377.742 | 3 | Retired |  United States

### Ten longest human spaceflights

#  | Time in space  | Crew  | Country  | Launch date (Launch craft)  | Landing date (Landing craft)  | Space station or mission type

|
|
|
|
|
|

1  | 437.7 days[30][31] | Valeri Polyakov[30] |  Russia  | 1994-01-08 (Soyuz TM-18)  | 1995-03-22 (Soyuz TM-20)  | Mir[30]
2  | 379.6 days[31] | Sergey Avdeev[31] |  Russia  | 1998-08-13 (Soyuz TM-28)  | 1999-08-28 (Soyuz TM-29)  | Mir[31]
3  | 373.8 days  | Oleg Kononenko  |  Russia  | 2023-09-15 (Soyuz MS-24)  | 2024-09-23 (Soyuz MS-25)  | International Space Station
Nikolai Chub
4  | 370.9 days  | Sergey Prokopyev  |  Russia  | 2022-09-21 (Soyuz MS-22)  | 2023-09-27 (Soyuz MS-23)  | International Space Station
Dmitry Petelin
Francisco Rubio  |  United States
5  | 365.9 days[31] | Vladimir Titov[31] |  Soviet Union  | 1987-12-21 (Soyuz TM-4)  | 1988-12-21 (Soyuz TM-6)  | Mir[31]
Musa Manarov[31]
6  | 355.2 days[32] | Pyotr Dubrov |  Russia  | 2021-04-09 (Soyuz MS-18)  | 2022-03-30 (Soyuz MS-19)  | International Space Station
Mark T. Vande Hei  |  United States
7  | 340.4 days  | Mikhail Kornienko  |  Russia  | 2015-03-27 (Soyuz TMA-16M)  | 2016-03-01 (Soyuz TMA-18M)  | International Space Station,
ISS year-long mission
Scott Kelly  |  United States
8  | 328.6 days[33][34] | Christina Koch[34] |  United States  | 2019-03-14 (Soyuz MS-12)  | 2020-02-06 (Soyuz MS-13)  | International Space Station
9  | 326.5 days[35] | Yuri Romanenko[35] |  Soviet Union  | 1987-02-05 (Soyuz TM-2)  | 1987-12-29 (Soyuz TM-3)  | Mir[35]
10  | 311.8 days[36] | Sergei Krikalev[36] |  Soviet Union/ Russia  | 1991-05-18 (Soyuz TM-12)  | 1992-03-25 (Soyuz TM-13)  | Mir[36]

### Longest single flight by a woman

NASA astronaut Christina Koch holds the record for the longest single spaceflight by a woman (328 days), returning on February 6, 2020.[34] During Expedition 61, she surpassed NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson's 289 days from 2016 to 2017.

### Longest continuous occupation of space

An international partnership consisting of Russia, the United States, Canada, Japan, and the member states of the European Space Agency have jointly maintained a continuous human presence in space since 31 October 2000 when Soyuz TM-31 was launched. Two days later, it docked with the International Space Station.[15][37] Since then space has been continuously occupied for 25 years, 219 days.[15]

### Longest continuous occupation of a spacecraft

The International Space Station has been continuously occupied by a Russian and US crew member since 2 November 2000 (25 years, 217 days).[15][37] It broke the record of 9 years and 358 days of the Soviet/Russian Space Station Mir on 23 October 2010.[37]

### Longest solo flight

Valery Bykovsky flew solo for 4 days, 23 hours in Vostok 5 from 14 to 19 June 1963.[38] The flight set a space endurance record which was broken in 1965 by the (non-solo) Gemini 5 flight. The Apollo program included long solo spaceflight, and during the Apollo 16 mission, Ken Mattingly orbited solo around the Moon for more than 3 days and 9 hours.

### Longest time on the lunar surface

Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt of the Apollo 17 mission stayed for 74 hours 59 minutes and 40 seconds (over 3 days) on the lunar surface after they landed on 11 December 1972.[39] They performed three EVAs (extra-vehicular activity) totaling 22 hours 3 minutes, 57 seconds. As Apollo commanders were the first to exit the LM and the last to re-enter, Cernan's EVA time was slightly longer.[39]

### Longest time in lunar orbit

Ronald Evans of Apollo 17 mission stayed in lunar orbit for 6 days and 4 hours (148 hours)[40] along with five mice. For the solo portion of a flight around the Moon, Ken Mattingly on Apollo 16 spent 1 hour 38 minutes longer than Evans' solo duration.

## Speed and altitude records

### Fastest

The Apollo 10 crew (Thomas Stafford, John W. Young and Eugene Cernan) achieved the highest speed relative to Earth ever attained by humans: 39,897 kilometers per hour (11,082 meters per second or 24,791 miles per hour, about 32 times the speed of sound and 0.0037% of the speed of light).[15] The record was set 26 May 1969, upon atmospheric entry interface after returning from the Moon.[15]

The record for uncrewed spacecraft is held by the Parker Solar Probe at 191.7 km/s, about 1/1600 (or 0.064%) the speed of light, relative to the Sun. This speed was first reached in December 2024.

### Farthest

The Artemis II crew (Victor Glover, Jeremy Hansen, Christina Koch, and Reid Wiseman) reached a distance of 406,771 km (252,756 mi) from Earth at 23:02 UTC on 6 April 2026 during their lunar flyby.[41][42][43]

The farthest uncrewed spacecraft is Voyager 1, at a distance of approximately one light day from Earth as of 2026. Launched in 1977, it became the first spacecraft to enter interstellar space on 25 August 2012.[44]

### Highest altitude for crewed non-lunar mission

Polaris Dawn crew Jared Isaacman, Scott Poteet, Sarah Gillis and Anna Menon fired their Crew Dragon Resilience's Draco thrusters on 11 September 2024 at 00:27 UTC, at 15 hours and 4 minutes after liftoff and achieved a record apogee altitude of 874.95 miles (1,408.10 km).[45]

## Age records

Wally Funk flew in July 2021 Joe Walker in 1961

### Earliest-born to reach space

#### Suborbital flight

* Man – Joe Walker (born 20 February 1921), on X-15 Flight 90 on 19 July 1963 (about 12 minutes.)
* Woman – Wally Funk (born 1 February 1939), on Blue Origin NS-16, on 20 July 2021 (about 10 minutes.)

#### Orbital spaceflight

* Man – Georgy Beregovoy (born 15 April 1921), on Soyuz 3 on 26 October 1968 (81 orbits in about 4 days.)
* Woman – Valentina Tereshkova (born 6 March 1937), on Vostok 6 on 16–19 June 1963 (48 orbits, about 3 days.)

### Youngest

#### Suborbital flight

* Woman – Anastatia Mayers (aged 18 years, 10 months, and 14 days), on Galactic 02, on 10 August 2023 (about 5 minutes.)
* Man – Oliver Daemen (aged 18 years and 11 months), on Blue Origin NS-16, on 20 July 2021 (about 10 minutes.)

#### Orbital spaceflight

* Man – Gherman Titov (aged 25 years, 10 months, and 26 days), on Vostok 2 on 6 August 1961 (17.5 orbits, about 1 day.)[15]
* Woman – Valentina Tereshkova (aged 26 years, 3 months, and 10 days), on Vostok 6 on 16–19 June 1963 (48 orbits, about 3 days.)

### Oldest

#### Suborbital flight

* Man: Ed Dwight (aged 90 years, 8 months, and 10 days), on Blue Origin NS-25, on 19 May 2024 (about 10 minutes).
* Woman: Wally Funk (aged 82 years, 5 months, and 19 days), on Blue Origin NS-16, on 20 July 2021 (about 10 minutes).

#### Orbital spaceflight

* Man: John Glenn (aged 77 years, 3 months, and 11 days), on STS-95 on 29 October 1998 (about 9 days, 20 hours).[46]
* Woman: Peggy Whitson (aged 65 years, 4 months, and 16 days), on Axiom Mission 4 on 25 June 2025 (about 20 days, 2 hours and 59 minutes).[47]

### Spacewalk

#### Youngest

* Woman – Sarah Gillis, (aged 30 years, 8 months, and 11 days), during Polaris Dawn.
* Man – Alexei Leonov (aged 30 years, 9 months, and 18 days), during Voskhod 2.

#### Oldest

* Man – Michael Barratt (aged 65 years, 2 months, and 8 days), during ISS Expedition 71.
* Woman – Sunita Williams (aged 59 years, 4 months, and 11 days), during ISS Expedition 72.

## Spacewalk records

See also: Astronomy:List of cumulative spacewalk records and List of longest spacewalks

### Most spacewalks (number and duration)

Both of these are the record for the largest total number of spacewalks by a male and a female, and the most cumulative time spent on spacewalks by a male and a female.

* Man – Anatoly Solovyev, 16 spacewalks for a total time of 82 hours, 21 minutes.[48]
* Woman (number) – Peggy Whitson, 10 spacewalks for a total time of 60 hours, 21 minutes.[49][50][51]
* Woman (cumulative time) – Sunita Williams, 9 spacewalks for a total time of 62 hours, and 6 minutes.[52][53]

### Most spacewalks during a single mission

* 7: Anatoly Solovyev, during Expedition 24 on the Soviet/Russian space station Mir, in 1997–98. (Two were internal "spacewalks" inside a depressurized module.)
* 7: Andrew Morgan, during his first spaceflight on board the ISS for Expedition 60/61/62 in 2019–2020; he spent 45 hours and 48 minutes outside the station.

### Longest spacewalks

* Man – Cai Xuzhe and Song Lingdong, 9 hours 6 minutes, during the Shenzhou 19 mission on 17 December 2024, as they installed space debris protection devices on the exterior of the Tiangong Space Station.[54]
* Woman – Susan Helms, 8 hours 56 minutes, along with James Voss on an ISS assembly mission during Shuttle mission STS-102 on 11 March 2001. The spacewalkers were delayed early in their excursion when a device to help hold an astronaut's feet to the shuttle's robot arm became untethered,[55] and Voss had to retrieve a spare from storage on the exterior of the station's Unity module. After about six hours of work, the pair reentered Space Shuttle Discovery's airlock.

### Greatest distance from a spacecraft during a spacewalk

* All-time (and while on a planetary body[56]): 7.6 kilometers[57]: 1144 (4.7 miles, 25,029 feet[58]), Apollo 17, Gene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt, EVA-2, December 12, 1972. During their second of three moonwalks, Cernan and Schmitt rode the Lunar Roving Vehicle to geological station 2, Nansen Crater, at the foot of the South Massif. As all spacewalks not occurring on a planetary body (the Moon) have involved short maximum distances from the spacecraft (see below), this remains the farthest distance that humans have traveled away from the safety of a pressurizable spacecraft, during an EVA of any type.
* Orbital flight: about 100 meters (or 330 feet), Bruce McCandless, STS-41-B, February 7, 1984. With the exception of six Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU) sorties in 1984 and a test of the Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue (SAFER) in 1994, all other orbital spacewalks have involved a safety tether, anchoring the spacefarer to the spacecraft at a short distance. Of all spacewalks to date, Bruce McCandless' first test of the MMU established an orbital EVA distance record from a spacecraft which remained unbroken by later untethered EVAs.[59]

## Animal records

### First animals in space

The first animals to enter space were fruit flies launched by the United States in 1947 aboard a V-2 rocket to an altitude of 68 miles (109 km).[60] They were also the first animals to safely return from space.[60] Albert II, a rhesus monkey, became the first mammal in space aboard a U.S. V-2 rocket on June 14, 1949, and died on reentry due to a parachute failure. The first dogs in space were launched 22 July 1951 aboard a Soviet R-1V. "Tsygin" and "Dezik" reached a height of 100 km (62 mi) and safely parachuted back to Earth.[61]: 21

### First animal in orbit

Laika was a Soviet female canine launched on 3 November 1957 on Sputnik 2. The technology to de-orbit had not yet been developed, so there was no expectation for survival. She died several hours into flight. Belka and Strelka became the first canines to safely return to Earth from orbit on 19 August 1960.

### First Hominidae in space

On 31 January 1961, through NASA's Mercury-Redstone 2 mission the chimpanzee Ham became the first great ape in space.[62]

### Longest canine single flight

Soviet space dogs Veterok (Ветерок, "Light Wind") and Ugolyok (Уголёк, "Ember") were launched on 22 February 1966 on board Cosmos 110 and spent 22 days in orbit before landing on 16 March.

### First animals beyond low Earth orbit

An assortment of animals including a pair of Russian tortoises, as well as wine flies and mealworms flew around the Moon with a number of other biological specimens including seeds and bacteria on a circumlunar mission aboard the Soviet Zond 5 spacecraft on 18 September 1968.[60] It had been launched by a Proton-K rocket on 14 September.[60]

Zond 5 came within 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) of the Moon and then successfully returned to Earth, the first spacecraft in history to return safely to Earth from the Moon.[60]

## Notable uncrewed or non-human spaceflights

In reference to:  | Spacecraft  | Event  | Origin  | Date

|
|
|
|

Earth | MW 18014 (A-4(V-2))  | First rocket to reach space (suborbital flight).  |  Germany  | 20 June 1944
Earth | V-2 No. 20 | First living organisms (fruit flies) in space (suborbital flight). Successfully recovered.  |  USA  | 20 February 1947
Earth | V-2 No. 47 | First mammal in space, Albert II, a rhesus monkey (suborbital flight). Died in capsule parachute failure.  |  USA  | 14 June 1949
Earth | R-1V[63] | First dogs in space (suborbital flight). Successfully recovered.  |  USSR  | 22 July 1951
Earth | Sputnik 1 | First satellite in orbit.[5] |  USSR  | 4 October 1957
Earth | Sputnik 2 | First animal in orbit, Laika, a dog.  |  USSR  | 3 November 1957
Earth | Vanguard 1 | Oldest satellite still in orbit, in addition to its upper launch stage. Expected to stay in orbit 240 years. Ceased transmission in May 1964.  |  USA  | 17 March 1958
Earth | Pioneer 1 | Failed to reach the Moon as intended, but reached a record–setting distance of 113,800 kilometres (70,700 mi) from Earth.  |  USA  | 11 October 1958
Earth | Luna 1 | First spacecraft to achieve Earth's escape velocity.  |  USSR  | 4 January 1959
Moon | Luna 1 | First flyby. Distance of 5,995 kilometres (3,725 mi).  |  USSR  | 4 January 1959
Sun | Luna 1 | First spacecraft in heliocentric orbit.  |  USSR  | 4 January 1959
Moon | Luna 2 | First impact on another celestial body.[5] |  USSR  | 14 September 1959
Moon | Luna 3 | First image of lunar far-side.[5] |  USSR  | 7 October 1959
Earth | Discoverer 13  | First satellite recovered from orbit.[5] |  USA  | 11 August 1960
Earth | Korabl-Sputnik 2 | First living beings recovered from orbit.[64] |  USSR  | 19 August 1960
Earth | Mercury-Redstone 2 | First great ape or Hominidae in space, Ham, a chimpanzee (suborbital flight).[62] |  USA  | 31 January 1961
Venus | Venera 1 | First flyby. Distance of 100,000 kilometres (62,000 mi) (lost communication contact before).[5] |  USSR  | 19 May 1961
Moon | Ranger 4 | First spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon.[65] |  USA  | 26 April 1962
Earth | Alouette 1 | First satellite designed and constructed by a country other than the USA or USSR (the British satellite Ariel 1, launched five months earlier, was designed and constructed by the USA).[66] |  Canada  | 29 September 1962
Venus | Mariner 2 | First planetary flyby with communication contact. Distance of 34,762 kilometres (21,600 mi).  |  USA  | 14 December 1962
Earth | Lincoln Calibration Sphere 1 | Oldest spacecraft still in use (59 years as of 2024[update]).  |  USA  | 6 May 1965
Mars | Mariner 4 | First flyby and first planetary imaging. Distance of 9,846 kilometres (6,118 mi).  |  USA  | 14 July 1965
Earth | Astérix | First satellite launched independently by a nation other than the USA or USSR (other nations had previously flown satellites launched on American rockets).  |  France  | 26 November 1965
Moon | Luna 9 | First soft landing and first pictures from the lunar surface.[5] |  USSR  | 3 February 1966
Earth | Kosmos 110 | First seeds to germinate in space.  |  USSR  | 22 February 1966
Venus | Venera 3 | First impact.[5] |  USSR  | 1 March 1966
Moon | Luna 10 | First orbiter.[5] |  USSR  | 3 April 1966
Docking | Cosmos 186, Cosmos 188  | First automated docking of uncrewed spacecraft.  |  USSR  | 30 October 1967
Moon | Surveyor 6 | First planned, controlled, powered flight from the surface of another body.  |  USA  | 17 November 1967
Moon | Zond 5 |

* First to circle the Moon and return to land on Earth.
* First animals to circle the Moon (Russian tortoises) .

|  USSR  | 15 September 1968
Moon | Luna 16 | First automated sample return.  |  USSR  | 24 September 1970
Moon | Luna 17 | First robotic roving vehicle, Lunokhod 1.  |  USSR  | 17 November 1970
Venus | Venera 7 | First soft landing on another planet.  |  USSR  | 15 December 1970
Earth | Salyut 1 | First space station.  |  USSR  | 19 April 1971
Mars | Mariner 9 | First orbiter.  |  USA  | 14 November 1971
Mars | Mars 2 | First impact.  |  USSR  | 27 November 1971
Mars | Mars 3 | First soft landing. Maintained telemetry signal for 20 seconds before transmissions ceased.  |  USSR  | 2 December 1971
Sun | Pioneer 10 | First spacecraft to achieve the Sun's escape velocity.  |  USA  | 3 March 1972
Jupiter | Pioneer 10 | First flyby. Distance of 132,000 kilometres (82,000 mi).  |  USA  | 4 December 1973
Mercury | Mariner 10 | First flyby. Distance of 703 kilometres (437 mi).  |  USA  | 29 March 1974
Venus | Venera 9 |

* First orbiter.
* First surface-level imaging of another planet.

|  USSR  | 22 October 1975
Mars | Viking 1 | First surface-level imaging of Mars.  |  USA  | 20 July 1976
Saturn | Pioneer 11 | First flyby. Distance of 21,000 kilometres (13,000 mi).  |  USA  | 1 September 1979
Venus | Venera 13 | First sound recording made on another planet.  |  USSR  | 1 March 1982
Orbital Space Station  | Soyuz T-5, Salyut 7 | First species of plant to flower in space.[67] Arabidopsis thaliana Valentin Lebedev.  |  USSR  | 1 July 1982
Trans-Neptunian region | Pioneer 10 | First to travel past the orbit of Neptune, the farthest major planet from the Sun.  |  USA  | 13 June 1983
Venus | Vega 1 | First helium balloon atmospheric probe. First flight (as opposed to atmospheric entry) in another planet's atmosphere.  |  USSR  | 11 June 1985
Comet Giacobini-Zinner  | International Cometary Explorer (ICE) | First flyby through a comet tail (no pictures). Distance of 7,800 kilometres (4,800 mi).  |  USA  | 11 September 1985
Uranus | Voyager 2 | First flyby. Distance of 81,500 kilometres (50,600 mi).  |  USA  | 24 January 1986
Comet Halley  | Vega 1 | First comet flyby (with pictures returned). Distance of 8,890 kilometres (5,520 mi).  |  USSR  | 6 March 1986
Earth | Mir Core Module, Kvant-1 | First modular space station.  |  USSR  | 9 April 1987
Orbital Spaceplane | Buran | First fully automated orbital flight of a spaceplane (with airstrip landing).  |  USSR  | 15 November 1988
Phobos | Phobos 2 | First flyby. Distance of 860 kilometres (530 mi).  |  USSR  | 21 February 1989
Neptune | Voyager 2 | First flyby. Distance of 40,000 kilometres (25,000 mi).  |  USA  | 25 August 1989
Moon | Hiten | First lunar probe launched by a country other than the USA or USSR.  |  Japan  | 18 March 1990
951 Gaspra | Galileo | First asteroid flyby. Distance of 1,600 kilometres (990 mi).  |  USA  | 29 October 1991
Jupiter | Galileo probe  | First impact.  |  USA  | 7 December 1995
Jupiter | Galileo | First orbiter.  |  USA  | 8 December 1995
Mars | Mars Pathfinder | First automated roving vehicle, Sojourner.  |  USA  | 4 July 1997
433 Eros | NEAR Shoemaker | First asteroid orbiter.  |  USA  | 14 February 2000
433 Eros | NEAR Shoemaker | First asteroid soft landing.  |  USA  | 12 February 2001
Saturn | Cassini orbiter  | First orbiter.  |

* ESA
* USA
* Italy

| 1 July 2004
Solar wind | Genesis | First sample return from farther than the Moon.  |  USA  | 8 September 2004
Titan | Huygens probe  | First soft landing and the farthest landing ever made.  |

* ESA
* USA

| 14 January 2005
Comet Tempel 1  | Deep Impact | First comet impact.  |  USA  | 4 July 2005
25143 Itokawa | Hayabusa |

* First asteroid ascent.
* First interplanetary escape without undercarriage cutoff.[clarification needed]

|  Japan  | 19 November 2005
81P/Wild  | Stardust | First sample return from comet.  |  USA  | 15 January 2006
Earth | Voyager 1 |

* Farthest distance from Earth (14,841,000,000 miles (2.3884×1010 km; 159.66 AU)).
* Farthest distance from the Sun (14,912,000,000 miles (2.3999×1010 km; 160.42 AU)).

|  USA  | As of July 2023[update][68]
Longest time in operation  | Voyager 2 | Longest continually operating space probe (since August 1977).  |  USA  | As of 2015[update]
Moon | Moon Impact Probe | First impact on Lunar south pole and discovery of water on Moon.[69] |  India  | 14 November 2008
Earth to Venus trajectory  | IKAROS | First interplanetary solar sail.  |  Japan  | Set sail on 10 June 2010
25143 Itokawa | Hayabusa | First sample return from an asteroid.  |  Japan  | 13 June 2010
Mercury | MESSENGER | First orbiter.  |  USA  | 17 March 2011
Earth–Sun L2 Lagrange point | Chang'e 2 | First spacecraft to reach the L2 Lagrangian point directly from lunar orbit.[70] |  China  | 25 August 2011
International Space Station | SpaceX Dragon 1 | First commercial spacecraft to berth with the International Space Station.  |  USA  | 25 May 2012
Interstellar medium | Voyager 1 | First spacecraft to cross the heliopause, thereby exiting the heliosphere and entering interstellar space.  |  USA  | 25 August 2012
4179 Toutatis | Chang'e 2 |

* First spacecraft to reach an asteroid directly from a Sun-Earth Langrangian point.
* First spacecraft to explore both the Moon and an asteroid.[71]

|  China  | 13 December 2012
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko  | Rosetta | First comet orbiter.[72] |  ESA  | 6 August 2014
Mars | MOM | First Asian nation to achieve Mars orbit and first in the world to do so in first attempt.[73] |  India  | 24 September 2014
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko  | Philae | First comet soft landing.[74] |  ESA  | 12 November 2014
Ceres | Dawn | First dwarf planet orbiter.[75] |  USA  | 6 March 2015
Mars | Opportunity | Longest distance traveled on surface of another world (26.219 miles (42.195 km), marathon-length).[76] |  USA  | 23 March 2015
Mercury | MESSENGER | First impact.[77] |  USA  | 30 April 2015
Pluto | New Horizons |

* First flyby of Pluto, Charon, Nix, Hydra, Kerberos, and Styx.
* First up-close images of the Pluto system and of Pluto and Charon's surfaces.
* First to explore the Kuiper belt.

|  USA  | 14 July 2015
All 9 planets in the pre-IAU redefinition version of the Solar System | All United States spacecraft including New Horizons | With the New Horizons flyby of Pluto, the United States is the first nation to have its space probes explore all nine planets in the pre-2006 IAU redefinition version of the Solar System.  |  USA  | 14 July 2015
Earth | Falcon 9 (B1021)  | First re-flight of an orbital class rocket stage after a vertical propulsive landing.[78] |  USA  | 30 March 2017
Earth |

* Falcon 9
* H-IIA-202

| Shortest period between orbital launches (launched 72[79][80][81][82][83] seconds apart).  |

* USA
* Japan

| 23 December 2017
1.66 au heliocentric orbit | Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster on Falcon Heavy Test Flight | First successful Deep Space mission launched successfully on a rocket's maiden flight  |  USA  | 6 February 2018
Moon | Chang'e 4 | First soft landing at the far side of the Moon.  |  China  | 3 January 2019
Moon | Yutu-2 | First lunar rover traversing the far side of the Moon.  |  China  | 3 January 2019
Moon | Beresheet | First commercial/privately funded spacecraft to enter lunar orbit.  |  Israel  | 4 April 2019
101955 Bennu | OSIRIS-REx | Smallest body to be orbited by spacecraft (492 m (1,600 ft) diameter) and closest ever orbit (680 m (2,230 ft) altitude).[84][85] |  USA  | 12 June 2019
Moon | Yutu-2 | Longest operational lunar rover after breaking the longevity record of 321 Earth days held by Soviet Union's Lunokhod 1 rover.[86] |  China  | 20 November 2019
Moon | Chang'e 5 | First robotic rendezvous and docking by two spacecraft (lunar orbiter attached with reentry-capsule and lunar ascent vehicle) in lunar orbit or any orbit other than Earth's.[87] |  China  | 5 December 2020
Moon | Chang'e 5 | First robotic transfer of payload (lunar samples from lunar ascent vehicle to reentry capsule) between two docked spacecraft in lunar orbit or any orbit other than Earth's.[88] |  China  | 5 December 2020
Mars | Ingenuity | First controlled, powered flight by a rotary wing aircraft on another planet.[89] |  USA  | 19 April 2021
Earth | Zhuque-2  | First methane-fueled rocket to reach orbit[90] |  China  | 12 July 2023
Moon | Chandrayaan-3 | First soft landing at Lunar south polar region.  |  India  | 23 August 2023
Moon | IM-1 Odysseus  | First successful commercial and first cryogenic propelled lunar landing.[91] First soft landing within the lunar south pole region at  [ ⚑ ] 80°08′S 1°26′E﻿ / ﻿80.13°S 1.44°E﻿ / -80.13; 1.44[92] |  USA  | 22 February 2024
Moon | Chang'e 6 | First sample collection and return from the far side of the Moon.[93] |  China  | 3 June, 25 June 2024
Earth | Falcon 9 | Most consecutive launch successes of a single type of rocket: 365.  |  USA  | 14 January 2017 – 8 July 2024
Earth | Falcon 9 | Most consecutive landing successes of a single type of rocket stage: 267.  |  USA  | 4 March 2021 – 20 August 2024
Earth | Falcon 9 (B1067)  | Most vertical landings of a single orbital rocket stage: 33.  |  USA  | 3 June 2021 – 22 February 2026
Earth | Falcon 9 (B1088)  | Shortest time between two flights of the same orbital rocket stage: 9 days, 3 hours, 49 minutes  |  USA  | 12 March 2025 - 21 March 2025
Sun | Parker Solar Probe | Highest velocity of a spacecraft relative to the Sun: 191.7 km/s (690,000 km/h; 430,000 mph).

Closest approach to the Sun: distance of 0.041 AU (6,000,000 kilometres; 3,800,000 mi).[94][95] This makes the probe the fastest object in the Solar System apart from comets (overtaking asteroid 2005 HC4).

* USA

| 24 December 2024

## See also

* First images of Earth from space
* Human presence in space
* List of crewed spacecraft
* List of cumulative spacewalk records
* List of International Space Station spacewalks
* List of Mir spacewalks
* List of spacewalkers
* List of spacewalks 2000–2014
* List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999
* List of spacewalks since 2015
* Manned Maneuvering Unit
* Omega Speedmaster
* Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue
* Space suit
* Suitport
* Timeline of space exploration, list of firsts in space exploration

## Notes

1. ↑ making this the first "completed" human spaceflight by FAI definitions at that time
2. ↑ Crew replenished by direct or indirect handovers.
3. ↑ Crew replenished by direct handovers.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Gebhardt, Chris (12 April 2011). "Anniversaries: 50 years of human spaceflight – 30 years for Shuttle". NASASpaceFlight (not affiliated with NASA). http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/04/anniversaries-50-years-hsf-30-years-shuttle/.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 "Mercury-Redstone 3 (Freedom 7)". NASA. 1 November 2011. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mercury/missions/freedom7.html.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 "Mercury-Atlas 6 (Friendship 7)". NASA. 20 November 2006. https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mercury/missions/friendship7.html.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 "Making History: China's First Human Spaceflight". Space.com. 28 September 2005. http://www.space.com/1616-making-history-china-human-spaceflight.html.
5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 "MAJOR SPACE "FIRSTS'-AN AMERICAN ASSESSMENT" (PDF). Flight 91 (3028): 459. 1967-03-23. http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1967/1967 - 0467.html. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
6. ↑ Sparrow, Giles (2019). Spaceflight : the complete story, from Sputnik to Curiosity (Second [American] ed.). New York: Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 82. ISBN 978-1465479655.
7. ↑ "FAI Sporting Code Section 8 – Astronautics, 2009 Edition (Class K, Class P)". Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. https://naa.aero/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Sporting-Code-Section-8-Edition-2009.pdf.
8. ↑ "Astronautix.com: Mercury MR-3". http://www.astronautix.com/m/mercurymr-3.html.
9. ↑ Neal, Valerie; Lewis, Cathleen S.; Winter, Frank H. (1995). Spaceflight: a Smithsonian Guide. Macmillan. p. 234. ISBN 9780028600406.
10. ↑ Neal et al, p. 234.
11. ↑ Neal et al., p. 235
12. ↑ Neal et al, p. 86.
13. ↑ Rooney, pp. 42–43.
14. ↑ Pearlman, Robert (17 June 2010). "Cosmonaut Leonid Kizim, Who Visited 2 Space Stations in 1 Mission, Dies". Space.com. http://www.space.com/8619-cosmonaut-leonid-kizim-visited-2-space-stations-1-mission-dies.html.
15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 Wall, Mike (11 March 2015). "The Most Extreme Human Spaceflight Records". Space.com. http://www.space.com/11337-human-spaceflight-records-50th-anniversary.html.
16. ↑ Sheetz, Michael (2020-05-30). "SpaceX launches two NASA astronauts to space for the first time in historic US mission". https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/30/spacex-launches-two-nasa-astronauts-to-space-for-the-first-time.html.
17. ↑ Potter, Sean (2020-05-30). "NASA Astronauts Launch from America in Test of SpaceX Crew Dragon". http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-astronauts-launch-from-america-in-historic-test-flight-of-spacex-crew-dragon.
18. ↑ "International Space Station Visiting Vehicles - NASA" (in en-US). https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/space-station-visiting-vehicles/.
19. ↑ "Space Station First: All Docking Ports Fully Occupied, 8 Spacecraft on Orbit". 2025-12-01. https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/spacestation/2025/12/01/space-station-first-all-docking-ports-fully-occupied-8-spacecraft-on-orbit/.
20. ↑ Dunn, Marcia (20 December 2025). "Paraplegic engineer becomes the first wheelchair user to blast into space". https://apnews.com/article/blue-origin-wheelchair-rocket-launch-e1b993bc7a66a1d587d94a0fb37aff8f.
21. ↑ "Astronaut Biography". NASA. 11 February 2015. http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/young.html.
22. ↑ "Госкорпорация «Роскосмос»" (in ru). https://t.me/roscosmos_gk/11803.
23. ↑ "ISS Expedition Reports". http://www.spacefacts.de/english/iss.htm.
24. ↑ "One American, Two Russians Blast Off in Russian Spacecraft to International Space Station" (in en). 2023-09-15. https://www.voanews.com/a/one-american-two-russians-blast-off-in-russian-spacecraft-to-international-space-station-/7270141.html.
25. ↑ "Krikalev Sets Time-in-Space Record". NASA. 2005-08-16. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition11/krikalev_record.html.
26. ↑ Thompson, Curtiss (29 June 2015). "Russian Cosmonaut Sets Record For Most Time Spent In Space". Penny4NASA. http://www.penny4nasa.org/2015/06/29/russian-cosmonaut-sets-record-for-most-time-spent-in-space/.
27. ↑ Russian astronaut record-breaker Padalka returns to Earth, BBC News, 12 September 2015
28. ↑ "Astronauts and Cosmonauts (sorted by "Time in Space")". spacefacts.de. http://www.spacefacts.de/english/e_tis.htm. The current missions are listed but not included in day count.
29. ↑ Northon, Karen (2016-03-11). "Astronaut Scott Kelly to Retire from NASA in April". http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/astronaut-scott-kelly-to-retire-from-nasa-in-april.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Schwirtz, Michael (2009-03-30). "Staying Put on Earth, Taking a Step to Mars". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/31/science/space/31mars.html.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 31.7 Pearlman, Robert (26 March 2015). "One Year in Space: A History of Ultra-Long Missions Off Planet Earth". http://www.space.com/28947-yearlong-space-missions-history.html.
32. ↑ Zak, Anatoly (2 January 2022). "Russian space program in 2021". http://www.russianspaceweb.com/2021.html.
33. ↑ Garcia, Mark (6 February 2020). "Christina Koch Completes 328-Day Mission in Space". https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2020/02/06/christina-koch-completes-328-day-mission-in-space/.
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 "Astronaut Christina Koch sets new record for longest single space flight by a woman". 27 December 2019. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/christina-koch-sets-record-longest-single-space-flight-by-woman-astronaut/.
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Carroll, Michael (2015). Living Among Giants: Exploring and Settling the Outer Solar System. Springer. pp. 195. ISBN 978-3319106731.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Leary, Warren E. (4 February 1994). "Man in the News: Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev; Symbol of New Cooperation". The New York Times (Cape Canaveral). https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/04/us/man-in-the-news-sergei-konstantinovich-krikalev-symbol-of-new-cooperation.html.
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 "10 Years and Counting". NASA. 28 October 2010. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/living/10years.html.
38. ↑ "Astronautic World Records: Spacecraft with one astronaut – General category". Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=9352. This only counts the duration of solo flight within a mission, so a longer mission with solo flight, such as Apollo 17 at 12d+13h duration is surpassed because the solo undocked duration was only 3d+7h.)
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "Mission Report: Apollo 17 – The Most Productive Lunar Expedition". NASA. http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/saturn_apollo/documents/apollo17_overview.pdf.
40. ↑ "Ronal Evans Biographical Data". NASA. April 1990. http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/evans-re.html. "longest time in lunar orbit, 147 hours, 48 minutes"
41. ↑ "Artemis II Flight Day 6: Lunar Flyby Updates - NASA" (in en-US). 2026-04-06. https://www.nasa.gov/blogs/missions/2026/04/06/artemis-ii-flight-day-6-lunar-flyby-updates/.
42. ↑ published, Mike Wall (2026-04-03). "It's official: NASA's Artemis 2 moon mission will break humanity's all-time distance record" (in en). https://www.space.com/space-exploration/artemis/its-official-nasas-artemis-2-moon-mission-will-break-humanitys-all-time-distance-record.
43. ↑ "NASA Sets Coverage for Artemis II Moon Mission - NASA" (in en-US). 2026-03-25. https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/artemis-2/nasa-sets-coverage-for-artemis-ii-moon-mission/.
44. ↑ Felton, James (June 19, 2025). "In November 2026, A Human-Made Object Will Reach A Light-Day From Earth For First Time In History". https://www.iflscience.com/in-november-2026-a-human-made-object-will-reach-a-light-day-from-earth-for-first-time-in-history-79691.
45. ↑ Polaris Dawn Mission Overview Briefing. August 19, 2024. Event occurs at 12:00. Archived from the original on 20 August 2024. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
46. ↑ Sawyer, Kathy (8 October 1998). "John Glenn: The Second Time Around". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/glenn/stories/profile.htm.
47. ↑ "Ax-4 Crew Launches to International Space Station" (Press release). Axiom Space. 25 June 2025. Retrieved 27 June 2025.
48. ↑ "GCTC, Biographies of Cosmonauts: Solovyev, Anatoly Yakovlevich". Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre. http://www.gctc.ru/eng/biogr/default.htm.
49. ↑ "Spacewalking astronauts pull off urgent station repairs". Los Angeles Daily News. May 23, 2017. https://www.dailynews.com/2017/05/23/spacewalking-astronauts-pull-off-urgent-station-repairs/.
50. ↑ "ISS astronauts complete 200th station EVA for maintenance tasks". NASASpaceflight.com. 12 May 2017. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/05/iss-astronauts-200th-station-eva-maintenance-tasks/.
51. ↑ "Astronauts and Cosmonauts with EVA Experience (sorted by "EVA Time")". 2017. http://www.spacefacts.de/eva/e_eva_time.htm.
52. ↑ Garcia, Mark (30 January 2025). "Spacewalkers Complete Radio Hardware Removal and Microbe Search". https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2025/01/30/spacewalkers-complete-radio-hardware-removal-and-microbe-search/.
53. ↑ "Astronauts and Cosmonauts with EVA Experience (sorted by "EVA Time")". http://www.spacefacts.de/eva/e_eva_time.htm.
54. ↑ Jones, Andrew (2024-12-17). "Shenzhou-19 astronauts complete record-breaking 9-hour spacewalk" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/shenzhou-19-astronauts-complete-record-breaking-9-hour-spacewalk/.
55. ↑ Harwood, William (2001-03-11). "Marathon spacewalk sets new record". https://spaceflightnow.com/station/stage5a1/010311fd4/index.html.
56. ↑ Swift, Earl (2021). Across the Airless Wilds. Custom House. pp. 280–281. ISBN 9780062986535.
57. ↑ "Apollo 17 Technical Air-to-Ground Voice Transcription". https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a17/AS17_TEC.PDF.
58. ↑ "Extravehicular Activity". https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-30_Extravehicular_Activity.htm.
59. ↑ Chaikin, Andrew (October 2014). "Untethered". Air and Space Magazine. https://www.airspacemag.com/space/untethered-180952792/.
60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4 Tate, Karl (17 April 2013). "Cosmic Menagerie: A History of Animals in Space (Infographic)". Space.com. http://www.space.com/20648-animals-in-space-history-infographic.html.
61. ↑ Harvey, Brian; Zakutnyaya, Olga (2011). Russian Space Probes: Scientific Discoveries and Future Missions. Chichester, UK: Springer Praxis Books. OCLC 1316077842.
62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 "My steps for Bataan". https://www.marines.mil/News/News-Display/Article/581909/my-steps-for-bataan/.
63. ↑ "R-1V". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/r1v.htm.
64. ↑ Siddiqi, Asif A.. "Challenge to Apollo". NASA. p. 253. https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4408pt1.pdf.
65. ↑ Williamson, Mark (1998). "Protecting the space environment: Are we doing enough?". Space Policy 14 (1): 5–8. doi:10.1016/S0265-9646(97)00038-6.
66. ↑ "Alouette I and II" (in en). Government of Canada. 5 March 2012. http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/alouette.asp.
67. ↑ "Guinness World Record: First species of plant to flower in space". https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-species-of-plant-to-flower-in-space.
68. ↑ "Where are the Voyagers?". http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/where/. "Because Earth moves around the sun faster than Voyager 1 is traveling from Earth, the distance between Earth and the spacecraft actually decreases at certain times of the year."
69. ↑ "Chandrayaan-1 Moon Impact Probe: Impact Location Refined". https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2021/pdf/1013.pdf.
70. ↑ "Ching'e 2 to reaches liberation point 2". 2011-08-27. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/video/2011-08/27/c_131078520.htm.
71. ↑ "China's space probe flies by asteroid Toutatis" . Chinadaily.com.cn.16 December 2012.
72. ↑ esa. "Rosetta arrives at comet destination". http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Rosetta_arrives_at_comet_destination.
73. ↑ Burke, Jason (24 September 2014). "India's Mars satellite successfully enters orbit, bringing country into space elite". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/sep/24/india-mars-satellite-successfully-enters-orbit. "India has become the first nation to send a satellite into orbit around Mars on its first attempt, and the first Asian nation to do so."
74. ↑ "Philae probe makes historic comet landing". BBC News. 12 November 2014. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30027585.
75. ↑ Barnett, Amanda (6 March 2015). "NASA's Dawn spacecraft begins orbiting Ceres". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/06/us/dawn-spacecraft-ceres/index.html.
76. ↑ McKirdy, Euan (25 March 2015). "Opportunity rover celebrates marathon milestone". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/25/world/opportunity-rover-marathon-milestone/index.html.
77. ↑ Corum, Jonathan (30 April 2015). "Messenger's Collision Course With Mercury". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/04/30/science/space/messenger-collides-with-mercury.html.
78. ↑ "Used SpaceX Rocket Launches Satellite, Then Lands in Historic 1st Reflight". 30 March 2017. http://www.space.com/36291-spacex-used-rocket-launch-landing-success.html.
79. ↑ "TMRO:Space – Looking forward to 2018 – Orbit 11.01". 6 January 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHGw8cD5EYw.
80. ↑ "Falcon 9 Closes Record Year with 4th Iridium Launch, 1st Stage Disposal Gathers Flight Data – Falcon 9 – Iridium 4". 2017-12-23. https://spaceflight101.com/falcon-9-iridium-next-flight-4/falcon-9-launches-fourth-set-of-iridium-satellites/.
81. ↑ "Japanese H-IIA Rocket Fires Into Orbit with Climate Change Satellite & Super-Low Altitude Testbed – H-IIA – GCOM-C1". 2017-12-23. https://spaceflight101.com/h-iia-gcom-c1/h-iia-launches-gcom-c-and-slats/.
82. ↑ "SpaceX launch dazzles, delivering 10 more satellites for Iridium – Spaceflight Now" (in en-US). https://spaceflightnow.com/2017/12/23/spacex-launch-dazzles-delivering-10-more-satellites-for-iridium/.
83. ↑ "Successful Launch, H-IIA Launch Vehicle No. 37 Encapsulating SHIKISAI and TSUBAME". https://global.jaxa.jp/press/2017/12/20171223_h2af37.html.
84. ↑ "NASA'S OSIRIS-REx Spacecraft Arrives at Asteroid Bennu". OSIRIS-REx Mission. NASA. 2018-12-03. https://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=nasas-osiris-rex-spacecraft-arrives-asteroid-bennu.
85. ↑ "NASA's OSIRIS-REx Mission Breaks Another Orbit Record". NASA. 2019-06-13. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/osiris-rex-breaks-another-orbit-record.
86. ↑ David, Leonard (18 December 2019). "China's Farside Moon Rover Breaks Lunar Longevity Record". Space.com. https://www.space.com/china-change-4-rover-moon-record.html.
87. ↑ "2nd LD-Writethru-Xinhua Headlines: China completes first spacecraft rendezvous, docking in lunar orbit, | The Star". https://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2020/12/06/2nd-ld-writethru-xinhua-headlines-china-completes-first-spacecraft-rendezvous-docking-in-lunar-orbit.
88. ↑ Jones, Andrew (7 December 2020). "China's Chang'e 5 aces lunar orbit docking needed to bring moon samples home". Space News. https://www.space.com/china-chang-e-5-moon-orbit-docking-success.
89. ↑ Palca, Joe (19 April 2021). "Success! NASA's Ingenuity Makes First Powered Flight On Mars". National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/2021/04/19/985588253/success-nasas-ingenuity-makes-first-powered-flight-on-mars.
90. ↑ "China beats rivals to successfully launch first methane-liquid rocket". Reuters. 12 July 2023. https://www.reuters.com/technology/space/china-beats-rivals-successfully-launch-first-methane-liquid-rocket-2023-07-12/.
91. ↑ "Intuitive Machines Press Release". 28 February 2024. https://violet-clam-514180.hostingersite.com/press-release-archives/24-02-28-b--reply-from-steve-altemus.pdf.
92. ↑ "Intuitive Machines IM-1 On The Moon!". 26 February 2024. http://www.lroc.asu.edu/posts/1360.
93. ↑ Jones, Andrew (2024-06-25), Chang'e-6 delivers first lunar far side samples to Earth after 53-day mission, https://spacenews.com/change-6-delivers-first-lunar-far-side-samples-to-earth-after-53-day-mission/
94. ↑ Ramakrishnan, Adithi (27 December 2024). "NASA's Parker Solar Probe survives close brush with the sun's scorching surface" (in en). Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/nasa-parker-probe-sun-corona-a00b1a21f272cdd4cbfaf3d8cd532284.
95. ↑ "Parker Solar Probe Presskit". https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/parkersolarprobe_presskit_august2018_final.pdf.

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ESA Science Programme|

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| Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)|

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|

Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)|

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Cosmic Vision (2015–2025)|

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Other European
initiatives and bodies|

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Indian space policy|

* Department of Space
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British
space programme|

* Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research (1958)
* Start of the Ariel programme (1962)
* Black Arrow launcher (1964–1971)
* Creation of the British National Space Centre (1985)
* Outer Space Act 1986
* Project Juno (1991)
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* Creation of the UK Space Agency (2010)
* Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
* Space Industry Act 2018
* UK Global Navigation Satellite System (2018–2020)
* 2021 Integrated Review
* Defence in a Competitive Age

US space policy|

| Truman
space policy|

* Operation Paperclip
* list of scientists
* Aerobee rocket program
* RAND
* Establishment of Cape Canaveral

|

Eisenhower
space policy|

* WS-117L
* Project Vanguard
* Sputnik crisis
* Introduction to Outer Space
* 1958 NASA Act
* Space Act Agreement
* Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
* Launch of Project Mercury
* Missile gap
* Launch of X-15 program

Kennedy
space policy|

* Launch of the Mariner program
* Launch of the Gemini project
* Launch of the Apollo program
* "We choose to go to the Moon"

Johnson
space policy|

* 1967 Outer Space Treaty

Nixon
space policy|

* Moon landing
* Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
* Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
* Skylab

Ford
space policy|

* Apollo–Soyuz
* Launch of the Viking program

Carter
space policy|

Reagan
space policy|

* Citizens' Advisory Council
* Strategy of Technology doctrine
* Strategic Defense Initiative
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* 1984 Space Act
* 1985 anti-satellite missile test
* Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
* Rogers Report
* Ride Report

George H. W. Bush
space policy|

* Space Exploration Initiative
* 1990 Augustine Committee
* Hubble Space Telescope
* National Space Council

Clinton
space policy|

* Faster, better, cheaper
* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics
* Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
* 1998 Space Act
* Decadal Planning Team
* Launch of the X-37 program

George W. Bush
space policy|

* Aerospace Industry Commission
* 2002 National missile defense directive
* Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
* Vision for Space Exploration
* Aldridge Commission
* ESAS
* 2005 NASA Act
* Launch of the Constellation program
* Operation Burnt Frost

Obama
space policy|

* 2009 Augustine Committee
* Kennedy Space Center speech
* Cancellation of the Constellation program
* Launch of the Space Launch System program
* Redesign of the Orion program
* Flexible path
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* 2010 NASA Act
* Title 51
* Space Shuttle retirement
* Development of the Commercial Crew Program
* 2014 NASA Act
* 2015 Space Act

First Trump
space policy|

* Re-establishment of the National Space Council
* Creation of the Space Force
* Launch of the Artemis program
* Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
* Executive Order 13959

* China exclusion policy of NASA
* International Traffic in Arms Regulations
* Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
* Budget of NASA
* House Committee on Space
* NESDIS
* Office of Space Commerce
* FCC
* FAA/AST
* NRO
* IEEE
* Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
* Antennas & Propagation Society
* Broadcast Technology Society
* Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
* Vehicular Technology Society

USSR and Russia|

| Soviet
space
program|

| Stalin|

* Operation Osoaviakhim (1946)
* list of scientists

|

Khrushchev|

* Sputnik program
* Sputnik crisis (1957)
* Vostok program (1960–1963)
* Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (1960–1982)
* Soviet crewed lunar programs (1961–1976)
* Voskhod program (1964–1966)

Brezhnev|

* Soyuz program (1967–)
* Interkosmos (1967–1991)
* Salyut program (1971–1986)
* Almaz (1973–1977)
* Buran program (1974–1993)
* Apollo–Soyuz (1975)

Gorbachev|

* Mir (1986–2001)

Roscosmos|

| Yeltsin|

* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS (1993–)
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics

|

Medvedev|

* Medvedev modernisation programme
* 2010 Military doctrine

Putin|

* United Rocket and Space Corporation (2013–2015)
* 2014 Military doctrine
* 2015 Creation of Roscosmos
* Mars
* MARS-500 study
* ExoMars

Other policies|

* Australian space program
* Brazilian space program
* Emirati space program
* Japanese space program
* Kazakh space program
* Kenyan space program
* Lebanese space program
* North Korean space program
* Pakistani space program
* Space programme 2040
* Philippine space program
* South Korean space program
* Ugandan space initiatives
* International Space Station programme
* Politics of the International Space Station

United Nations|

* International Civil Aviation Organization
* ITU-R
* Office for Outer Space Affairs
* UN-SPIDER
* Space Generation Advisory Council
* Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
* General Assembly Fourth Committee

Other intergovernmental
or inter-agency bodies|

* African Space Agency
* Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
* Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
* Committee on Space Research
* International Planetary Data Alliance
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
* Group on Earth Observations
* Global Standards Collaboration
* Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
* International Mobile Satellite Organization
* International Space Exploration Coordination Group
* International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
* International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* Intersputnik
* Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
* Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
* Arab Satellite Communications Organization
* Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization

Space law|

* Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963)
* Outer Space Treaty (1967)
* Rescue Agreement (1968)
* Space Liability Convention (1972)
* US-USSR Cooperation Agreement (1972)
* Satellite Convention (1974)
* Registration Convention (1975)
* Bogota Declaration (1976)
* Moon Treaty (1979)
* Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (1981)
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement (1988)
* International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement (1998)
* International Docking System Standard
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters' (1999)
* Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol (2012)
* Artemis Accords (2020)
* Space jurisdiction
* Common heritage of mankind
* Extraterrestrial real estate
* Astronomical naming conventions
* ITU Radio Regulations
* CCSDS standards
* ODCWG standards
* CEOS standards
* COSPAR standards
* International Designator
* IPDA standards
* GSC standards
* GEO standards
* ISECG standards
* Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs

Commercial use|

* Space industry
* India
* Russia
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Private spaceflight
* Launch market competition
* Space tourism
* Space advertising
* Space technology
* Space-based economy
* Space trade
* Space manufacturing
* Lunar resources
* Project Harvest Moon
* Asteroid mining

Militarisation|

| Space forces,
units and formations|

* Space forces
* Australia
* Brazil
* Canada
* China
* Colombia
* France
* Germany
* Iran
* AJA
* IRGC
* Israel
* Japan
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Russia
* South Korea
* Spain
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States
* History
* Structure
* Vietnam
* Ranks and insignia
* Space commands
* France
* India
* Italy
* NATO
* NORAD
* United Kingdom
* United States

|

Space warfare|

* Space domain awareness
* Space weapon
* Anti-satellite weapon
* China
* India
* Russia
* United States
* Kinetic bombardment
* Kill vehicle
* Missile defense
* Military satellite
* Reconnaissance satellite
* Spaceplane
* Satellite jamming

Space advocacy|

* Air & Space Forces Association
* Alliance for Space Development
* National Space Society
* Space Frontier Foundation
* Mars Society
* Moon Society
* Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
* Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
* British Interplanetary Society
* Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
* International Academy of Astronautics
* International Astronautical Federation
* International Astronomical Union
* Lunar Explorers Society
* Space Exploration Alliance
* Space Fellowship
* Space Force Association
* Space Foundation
* The Planetary Society

* v
* t
* e

Public-sector space agencies

Africa|

| Pan-African
and pan-Arab|

* RASCOM
* Arabsat

|

National|

* ASAL
* EgSA
* NARSS
* ESSTI
* GSSTC
* KSA
* NASRDA
* SANSA

Americas|

| North America|

* CSA
* NASA
* NESDIS
* OSC
* FAA/AST
* FCC
* USSF
* USSPACECOM
* NRO

|

Latin America
and the Caribbean|

* ALCE
* AEM
* CONAE
* ABE
* AEB
* DCTA
* INPE
* ITA
* CCE
* ABAE
* IVIC

Asia|

| Pan-Asian|

* APSCO

|

Central Asia|

* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VK
* TNSA1

East Asia|

* CNSA
* SASTIND
* CASC
* CALT
* CAST
* CCF
* CGWIC
* PLAASF
* CASIC
* JAXA
* ISAS
* JSS
* NICT
* NATA
* KASA
* KARI
* KASI
* SaTReC
* TASA

South Asia|

* SPARRSO
* ISRO2
* Antrix Corp
* DoS
* NRSC
* NSIL
* DSA
* SUPARCO

Southeast Asia|

* BRIN
* ORPA
* INASA
* MYSA
* PhilSA
* SSTL
* GISTDA
* VNSC

West Asia|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* NSSA
* NEHSA
* ISA
* ISRC
* ISA
* NCSR
* SSA
* KACST-SRI
* SSA2
* GORS
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* UAESA (MBRSC)

Europe|

| Pan-European|

* CEN/CENELEC
* CEPT
* ETSI
* Eurocontrol
* ECAC
* ESA
* ECSS
* ESTEC
* EAC
* ESRIN
* ECSAT
* ESAC
* ESOC
* ESTRACK
* Guiana Space Centre
* EUMETSAT
* EUTELSAT IGO
* ESO

|

EU and EEA|

* DG DEFIS
* EUSPA
* EU SatCen
* EASA
* BEREC
* ALR2
* BELSPO
* BIRA-IASB
* SRTI2
* CSO2
* DTU Space
* ESO1
* CNES2
* AAE
* CdE
* DLR2
* HSA
* HSO2
* ASI
* LSA
* LSO1
* SRON
* NSO
* NOSA
* POLSA2
* CBK PAN
* UKE
* KRRiT
* ORO
* ULC
* PTSPACE
* ROSA2
* INTA
* AEC
* EAE
* AEE
* SNSA

Other|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* BSA1
* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VVKO
* SSO
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* SSAU1
* UKSA2

Oceania|

* ASA
* CSIRO
* NZSA

World|

* CCSDS
* CEOS
* COSPAR
* IPDA
* Cospas-Sarsat
* GEO
* GSC
* IADC
* ICSMD
* IMSO
* ISECG
* ISS MCB
* ITSO
* Intersputnik
* ODCWG
* ITU-R
* UNCOPUOS
* UNOOSA
* UNOSAT

Former|

* BNSC
* KCST
* INCOSPAR
* LAPAN
* NAL
* NASDA
* SSP
* MOM
* Interkosmos

* See also: Timeline of first orbital launches by country
* 1 Preceded by the Soviet space program
* 2 Preceded by Interkosmos participation

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List of spaceflight records. Read more

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