Messier 96

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ESO's Very Large Telescope image of Messier 96, also known as NGC 3368. It shows its core displaced from the centre, its gas and dust are distributed asymmetrically and its spiral arms are ill-defined.

Observation data (J2000 epoch)
Constellation| Leo
Right ascension|  10h 46m 45.6847s[1]
Declination| +11° 49′ 12.003″[1]
Redshift| 0.002962±0.000002[1]
Helio radial velocity| 888±1 km/s[1]
Distance| 31 ± 3 Mly (9.6 ± 1.0 Mpc)[2]
Apparent magnitude (V)| 9.2[3]
Characteristics
Type| SAB(rs)ab[1]
Size| ~78,000 ly (23.93 kpc) (estimated)[1]
Apparent size (V)| 7.6′ × 5.2′[1]
Other designations
IRAS 10441+1205, NGC 3368, UGC 5882, MCG+02-28-006, PGC 32192[1]

Messier 96 (also known as M96 or NGC 3368) is an intermediate spiral galaxy about 31 million light-years away in the constellation Leo.

## Observational history and appearance

M96 was discovered by French astronomer Pierre Méchain on March 20, 1781.[4] After communicating his finding, French astronomer Charles Messier confirmed the finding four days later and added it to his catalogue of nebulous objects.

Finding this object is burdensome with large binoculars. Ideal minimum resolution, in a good sky, is via a telescope of 25.4 cm (10.0 in) aperture, to reveal its three-by-five-arcminute halo with a brighter core region.[5]

This complex galaxy is inclined by an angle of about 53° to the line of sight from the Earth, which is oriented at a position angle of 172°.

## Properties

It is categorized as a double-barred spiral galaxy with a small inner bulge through the core along with an outer bulge. The nucleus displays a weak level of activity of the LINER2 type. Variations in ultraviolet emission from the core suggest the presence of a supermassive black hole. Estimates for the mass of this object range from 1.5×106 to 4.8×107 solar masses (M☉).[6]

Messier 96 is about the same mass and size as the Milky Way. It is a very asymmetric galaxy; its dust and gas are unevenly spread throughout its weak spiral arms, and its core is just offset from the midpoint of its extremes. Its arms are also asymmetrical, thought to have been influenced by the gravitational pull of other galaxies within its group.

Messier 96 is being studied as part of a survey of 50 nearby galaxies known as the Legacy ExtraGalactic UV Survey (LEGUS),[7] providing an unprecedented view of star formation within the local universe.

## Supernova

M96 with SN 1998bu imaged by the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory

One supernova has been observed in M96. SN 1998bu (Type Ia, mag. 13) was discovered by Mirko Villi on May 9, 1998.[8][9][10] It reached maximum brightness on May 21 at about magnitude 11.6, making it the brightest supernova of 1998, then steadily faded.[11] Observations of the ejecta a year later showed creation of 0.4 solar masses of iron. The spectrum of the supernova remnant confirmed radioactive 56Co, which decays into 56Fe.[12]

## M96 group

Main article: Astronomy:M96 Group

M96 is the brightest galaxy within the M96 Group, a group of galaxies in Leo, the other Messier objects of which are M95 and M105. To this are added at least nine other galaxies.[13][14][15][16]

This is the nearest group to the Local Group to combine bright spirals and a bright elliptical galaxy (Messier 105).[17]

## See also

* List of Messier objects

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database", Results for NGC 3368, http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/, retrieved 2006-10-24.
2. ↑ Jensen, Joseph B. et al. (2003), "Measuring Distances and Probing the Unresolved Stellar Populations of Galaxies Using Infrared Surface Brightness Fluctuations", Astrophysical Journal 583 (2): 712–726, doi:10.1086/345430, Bibcode: 2003ApJ...583..712J.
3. ↑ "Messier 96". https://messier.seds.org/m/m096.html.
4. ↑ Seligman, Courtney. "The Messier Catalog: Galaxies - M96". https://cseligman.com/text/stars/messiergalaxies.htm#96.
5. ↑ Thompson, Robert Bruce; Thompson, Barbara Fritchman (2007), Illustrated Guide to Astronomical Wonders, Diy Science, O'Reilly Media, Inc., p. 283, ISBN 978-0-596-52685-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=ymt9nj_uPhwC&pg=PA283.
6. ↑ Nowak, N. et al. (April 2010), "Do black hole masses scale with classical bulge luminosities only? The case of the two composite pseudo-bulge galaxies NGC 3368 and NGC 3489", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 403 (2): 646–672, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.16167.x, Bibcode: 2010MNRAS.403..646N.
7. ↑ "Legacy ExtraGalactic UV Survey (LEGUS site)". website. https://legus.stsci.edu//.
8. ↑ Villi, M. (1998-05-10). "Supernova 1998bu in NGC 3368; GRB 980425". IAU Circular (Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams) (6899). Bibcode: 1998IAUC.6899....1V. http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/06800/06899.html#Item1.
9. ↑ Meikle, P.; Hernandez, M. (2000), "Infrared and optical study of the type Ia SN 1998bu in M96", Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana 71 (2): 299–306, Bibcode: 2000MmSAI..71..299M.
10. ↑ "SN 1998bu". IAU. https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1998bu. 1998bu&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=[[Organization:International+Astronomical+Union|IAU]]&rft_id=https://www.wis-tns.org/object/1998bu&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Astronomy:Messier_96">
11. ↑ Bishop, David. "Images of Supernova 1998bu in M96". https://rochesterastronomy.org/snimages/sn1998bu.html.
12. ↑ Spyromilio, J. et al. (November 2004), "Optical and near infrared observations of SN 1998bu", Astronomy and Astrophysics 426 (2): 547–553, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040570, Bibcode: 2004A&A...426..547S.
13. ↑ Nearby Galaxies Catalog, Cambridge University Press, 1988, ISBN 978-0-521-35299-4.
14. ↑ Fouque, P. et al. (1992), "Groups of galaxies within 80 Mpc. II – The catalogue of groups and group members", Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement 93: 211–233, Bibcode: 1992A&AS...93..211F.
15. ↑ Garcia, A. (1993), "General study of group membership. II – Determination of nearby groups", Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement 100: 47–90, Bibcode: 1993A&AS..100...47G.
16. ↑ Pisani, A. et al. (2000), "Nearby Optical Galaxies: Selection of the Sample and Identification of Groups", Astrophysical Journal 543 (1): 178–194, doi:10.1086/317070, Bibcode: 2000ApJ...543..178G.
17. ↑ "Hubble Peers into a Galactic Maelstrom". 2015-09-04. http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/hubble-peers-into-the-heart-of-a-galactic-maelstrom.

## External links

*   * Messier 96 on WikiSky: DSS2, SDSS, GALEX, IRAS, Hydrogen α, X-Ray, Astrophoto, Sky Map, Articles and images
* NOAO: M96
* SEDS: Spiral Galaxy M96
* Gray, Meghan; Hardy, Liam. "M96 – Spiral Galaxy". Deep Sky Videos. Brady Haran. http://www.deepskyvideos.com/videos/messier/M96.html.

Coordinates:  10h 46m 45.7s, +11° 49′ 12″

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