Meteor shower

Short description: Celestial event caused by streams of meteoroids entering Earth's atmosphere

File:Meteor shower in the Chilean Desert (annotated) (potw2227b).jpgEta Aquariids meteor shower, with zodiacal light and planets marked and labeled

A meteor shower is a celestial event in which a number of meteors are observed to radiate, or originate, from one point in the night sky. These meteors are caused by streams of cosmic debris called meteoroids entering Earth's atmosphere at extremely high speeds on parallel trajectories. Most meteors are smaller than a grain of sand, so almost all of them disintegrate and never hit the Earth's surface. Very intense or unusual meteor showers are known as meteor outbursts and meteor storms, which produce at least 1,000 meteors an hour, most notably from the Leonids.[1] The Meteor Data Centre lists over 900 suspected meteor showers of which about 100 are well established.[2] Several organizations point to viewing opportunities on the Internet.[3] NASA maintains a daily map of active meteor showers.[4]

Historically, meteor showers were regarded as an atmospheric phenomenon. In 1794, Ernst Chladni proposed that meteors originated in outer space. The Great Meteor Storm of 1833 led Denison Olmsted to show it arrived as a cloud of space dust, with the streaks forming a radiant point in the direction of the constellation of Leo. In 1866, Giovanni Schiaparelli proposed that meteors came from comets when he showed that the Leonid meteor shower shared the same orbit as the Comet Tempel. Astronomers learned to compute the orbits of these clouds of cometary dust, including how they are perturbed by planetary gravity. Fred Whipple in 1951 proposed that comets are "dirty snowballs" that shed meteoritic debris as their volatiles are ablated by solar energy in the inner Solar System.

## Contents

* 1 Historical developments
* 2 Radiant point
* 3 Naming
* 4 Origin of meteoroid streams
* 5 Dynamical evolution of meteoroid streams
* 6 Meteor storm
* 7 Famous meteor showers
* 7.1 Perseids and Leonids
* 7.2 Other meteor showers
* 7.2.1 Established meteor showers
* 8 Extraterrestrial meteor showers
* 9 See also
* 10 References
* 11 External links

## Historical developments

Historical records suggest that Spartan observations of meteor showers occurred as early as 1200 BCE. There are detailed records from ancient archives showing they were observed from China, Japan, and Korea.[5][6] There are multiple chronicles where Medieval Arabs recorded meteor showers, as they regarded them as good omens.[7] A meteor shower in August 1583 was recorded in the Timbuktu manuscripts.[8][9][10] The Lyrids meteor shower is the oldest such event to be continuously recorded, with records in China dating back to 687 BCE.[11]

Diagram from 1872

In 1789, Antoine Lavoisier published the first modern chemistry textbook titled, Traité Élémentaire de Chimie. In it, he speculated that dust rising into the upper atmosphere could be consolidated into lumps of matter by lightning, forming fiery meteors as they plummeted to the ground. At the start of the 19th century, this became one of the most favored hypothesis for the formation on meteors. However, in 1794, German scientist Ernst Chladni proposed that meteorites originated in outer space, and as evidence he published a book linking fireballs to iron meteorites. This proposal was initially met with disbelief from some scientists, initially including Alexander von Humboldt, as it contradicted Isaac Newton's statement that space must be empty for planets to continue along their orbits.[12][5]

In the modern era, the first great meteor storm was the Leonids of November 1833. One estimate is a peak rate of over one hundred thousand meteors an hour,[13] but another, done as the storm abated, estimated more than two hundred thousand meteors during the 9 hours of the storm,[14] over the entire region of North America east of the Rocky Mountains. American Denison Olmsted (1791–1859) explained the event most accurately. After spending the last weeks of 1833 collecting information, he presented his findings in January 1834 to the American Journal of Science and Arts, published in January–April 1834,[15] and January 1836.[16] He noted the shower was of short duration and was not seen in Europe, and that the meteors radiated from a point in the constellation of Leo. He speculated the meteors had originated from a cloud of particles in space.[17] Work continued, yet coming to understand the annual nature of showers though the occurrences of storms perplexed researchers.[18]

The Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli ascertained the relation between meteors and comets in a series of letters to Angelo Secchi late in 1866. He was able to demonstrate that the Leonid meteor shower shared the same orbit as the Comet Tempel.[19][5] Biela's Comet, discovered in 1772 and identified as periodic in 1826, was observed to have two components in 1846. During the 1852 return, both components were fainter and had a greater separation. In 1868, Edmund Weiss determined that the Earth would intersect the orbit of this comet in 1872, and a strong meteor shower was observed at that time. This meteor stream, now referred to as the Andromedids, further established the connection between comets and meteor showers.[20]

In the 1890s, Irish astronomer George Johnstone Stoney (1826–1911) and British astronomer Arthur Matthew Weld Downing (1850–1917) were the first to attempt to calculate the position of the dust at Earth's orbit, taking into account the gravitational perturbations of Jupiter. They studied the dust ejected in 1866 by comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle before the anticipated Leonid shower return of 1898 and 1899. Meteor storms were expected, but the final calculations showed that most of the dust would be far inside Earth's orbit. The same results were independently arrived at by Adolf Berberich of the Königliches Astronomisches Rechen Institut (Royal Astronomical Computation Institute) in Berlin, Germany.[21] Although the absence of meteor storms that season confirmed the calculations, the advance of much better computing tools was needed to arrive at reliable predictions.

In 1981, Donald K. Yeomans of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory reviewed the history of meteor showers for the Leonids and the history of the dynamic orbit of Comet Tempel-Tuttle.[22] A graph[23] from it was adapted and re-published in Sky and Telescope.[24] It showed relative positions of the Earth and Tempel-Tuttle and marks where Earth encountered dense dust. This showed that the meteoroids are mostly behind and outside the path of the comet, but paths of the Earth through the cloud of particles resulting in powerful storms were very near paths of nearly no activity.

In 1985, E. D. Kondrat'eva and E. A. Reznikov of Kazan State University first correctly identified the years when dust was released which was responsible for several past Leonid meteor storms. In 1995, Peter Jenniskens predicted the 1995 Alpha Monocerotids outburst from dust trails.[25] In anticipation of the 1999 Leonid storm, Robert H. McNaught,[26] David Asher,[27] and Finland's Esko Lyytinen were the first to apply this method in the West.[28][29] In 2006 Jenniskens published predictions for future dust trail encounters covering the next 50 years.[30] Jérémie Vaubaillon continues to update predictions based on observations each year for the Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Éphémérides (fr) (IMCCE).[31]

## Radiant point

Main article: Astronomy:Radiant (meteor shower)

Meteor shower on chart

Because meteor shower particles are all traveling in parallel paths and at the same velocity, they will appear to an observer below to radiate away from a single point in the sky. This radiant point is caused by the effect of perspective, similar to parallel railroad tracks converging at a single vanishing point on the horizon. Meteor showers are normally named after the constellation from which the meteors appear to originate. This "fixed point" slowly moves across the sky during the night due to the Earth turning on its axis, the same reason the stars appear to slowly march across the sky.[32] The radiant also moves slightly from night to night against the background stars (radiant drift) due to the Earth moving in its orbit around the Sun.[33] See IMO Meteor Shower Calendar 2017 (International Meteor Organization) for maps of drifting "fixed points".

The geocentric velocity of the meteors can vary considerably between showers. For example, the velocity is around 27 km/s for the Taurids and 71 km/s for the Leonids. (Compare to the Earth's average orbital velocity of 29.8 km/s.[34]) Incoming meteors produce a measureable light curve along their trajectory, which varies in brightness by the rate of ablation.[35] The observed heights for meteor ionization is from 70 to 110 km, where the atmosphere is sufficiently dense to heat the projectiles.[36] A typical meteor in a shower has a diameter of 5 μm with a density of 2 g cm−3. It starts to melt at a temperature of around 1800 K.[37]

As the Earth rotates, the shower rate will be low when the radiant point is near the horizon, then it will rise to at least 50% of maximum when the radiant point reaches an altitude of 30° above the horizon. Optimum viewing is when the radiant point is at an angle of 45°, or half way up the sky, as the meteors are still passing through a thicker column of air. The longer, more prominent trails will then be observed 30–60° away from the radiant point.[38] Most meteor showers improve their visibility after midnight, as the observer's position becomes more oriented toward the direction of the Earth's orbit around the Sun. For this reason, the best viewing time for a meteor shower is generally slightly before dawn — a compromise between the maximum number of meteors available for viewing and the brightening sky, which makes them harder to see.[39]

## Naming

Meteor showers are named after the nearest constellation, or bright star with a Greek or Roman letter assigned that is close to the radiant position at the peak of the shower, whereby the grammatical declension of the Latin possessive form is replaced by "id" or "ids."[40] Hence, meteors radiating from near the star Delta Aquarii (declension "-i") are called the Delta Aquariids. The International Astronomical Union's Working Group on Meteor Shower Nomenclature and the IAU's Meteor Data Center keep track of meteor shower nomenclature and which showers are established.[41][42]

## Origin of meteoroid streams

Comet Encke's meteoroid trail is the diagonal red glow. Meteoroid trail between fragments of Comet 73P

A meteor shower results from an interaction between a planet, such as Earth, and streams of debris from a comet (or occasionally an asteroid). Comets can produce debris by water vapor drag, as demonstrated by Fred Whipple in 1951,[43] and by breakup. Whipple envisioned comets as "dirty snowballs", made up of rock embedded in ice, orbiting the Sun. The "ice" may be water, methane, ammonia, or other volatiles, alone or in combination. The "rock" may vary in size from a dust mote to a small boulder. Dust mote sized solids are orders of magnitude more common than those the size of sand grains, which, in turn, are similarly more common than those the size of pebbles, and so on. When the ice warms and sublimates, the vapor can drag along dust, sand, and pebbles.

Each time a comet swings by the Sun in its orbit, some of its ice vaporizes, and a certain number of meteoroids will be shed.[44] The meteoroids spread out along the entire trajectory of the comet to form a meteoroid stream, also known as a "dust trail"[45] (as opposed to a comet's "gas tail" caused by the tiny particles that are quickly blown away by solar radiation pressure).

Recently, Peter Jenniskens has argued that most of our short-period meteor showers are not from the normal water vapor drag of active comets, but the product of infrequent disintegrations, when large chunks break off a mostly dormant comet. Examples are the Quadrantids and Geminids, which originated from a breakup of asteroid-looking objects, (196256) 2003 EH1 and 3200 Phaethon, respectively, about 500 and 1000 years ago. The fragments tend to fall apart quickly into dust, sand, and pebbles and spread out along the comet's orbit to form a dense meteoroid stream, which subsequently evolves into Earth's path.[30]

## Dynamical evolution of meteoroid streams

Shortly after Whipple predicted that dust particles traveled at low speeds relative to the comet, Milos Plavec was the first to offer the idea of a dust trail, when he calculated how meteoroids, once freed from the comet, would drift mostly in front of or behind the comet after completing one orbit. The effect is simple celestial mechanics – the material drifts only a little laterally away from the comet while drifting ahead or behind the comet because some particles make a wider orbit than others.[30] These dust trails are sometimes observed in comet images taken at mid infrared wavelengths (heat radiation), where dust particles from the previous return to the Sun are spread along the orbit of the comet.[46]

The gravitational pull of the planets determines where the dust trail would pass by Earth orbit, much like a gardener directing a hose to water a distant plant. Most years, those trails would miss the Earth altogether, but in some years, the Earth is showered by meteors. This effect was first demonstrated from observations of the 1995 alpha Monocerotids,[47][48] and from earlier not widely known identifications of past Earth storms.

Over more extended periods, the dust trails can evolve in complicated ways. For example, the orbits of some repeating comets, and meteoroids leaving them, are in resonant orbits with Jupiter or one of the other large planets – so many revolutions of one will equal another number of the other. This creates a shower component called a filament.[49]

A second effect is a close encounter with a planet. When the meteoroids pass by Earth, some are accelerated (making wider orbits around the Sun), others are decelerated (making shorter orbits), resulting in gaps in the dust trail in the next return (like opening a curtain, with grains piling up at the beginning and end of the gap). Also, Jupiter's perturbation can dramatically change sections of the dust trail, especially for a short period comets, when the grains approach the giant planet at their furthest point along the orbit around the Sun, moving most slowly. As a result, the trail has a clumping, a braiding or a tangling of crescents, of each release of material.[citation needed]

The third effect is that of radiation pressure which will push less massive particles into orbits further from the Sun – while more massive objects (responsible for bolides or fireballs) will tend to be affected less by radiation pressure. This makes some dust trail encounters rich in bright meteors, others rich in faint meteors.[citation needed] Over time, these effects disperse the meteoroids and create a broader stream. The meteors we see from these streams are part of annual showers, because Earth encounters those streams every year at much the same rate.

When the meteoroids collide with other meteoroids in the zodiacal cloud, they lose their stream association and become part of the "sporadic meteors" background.[citation needed] Long since dispersed from any stream or trail, they form isolated meteors, not a part of any shower. These random meteors will not appear to come from the radiant of the leading shower.

## Meteor storm

File:Leonid Meteor Storm 1833.jpgArtwork of the 1833 Leonid meteor storm, as seen from Niagara Falls in North America, on the night of November 12–13

A meteor storm is an enhanced version of a meteor show, featuring at least 1,000 meteors per hour, which is 10 times as much as the most prolific meteor showers. Famous examples include the Leonids and the Draconids, with the Leonids being the most well-known source of meteor storms. Meteor storms have been described as resembling stars falling from the sky, or even "fireworks".[50][51] The most intense occurrences have featured rates of over 150,000 meteors per hour, and even 240,000 meteors per hour, also from the Leonids.[52][14] Leonid meteor storms occur roughly once every 33 years, coinciding with the return of Comet Tempel–Tuttle, with past Leonid meteor storms being documented in 1767, 1799, 1833, 1866, 1868, 1966, 1999, 2001, and 2002. The 1833 and 1966 Leonid meteor storms were the most intense ones by far, with those meteor storms each recording peak rates that easily exceeded 120,000 meteors per hour.[51][53] Astronomers don't anticipate the next Leonid meteor storm until around 2034 or even 2099.[51] The Draconids produced meteor storms in 1933[54][55][56] and 1946,[17] with zenithal hourly rates of thousands of meteors per hour observed, making them some of the most impressive meteor storms observed in the 20th century. Astronomers predicted another potentially prolific Draconid meteor storm in 2098, with peak rates potentially reaching 20,000 meteors per hour.[50] Finnish astronomer Esko Lyytinen also predicted a potential Perseids meteor storm in August 2028, with peak rates of at least 1,000 meteors per hour possible.[57][50]

## Famous meteor showers

Meteor shower calendar for 2021 shows the peak dates, radiant point, ZHR, and origins of the meteors

The peak rate of a meteor shower is measured by the zenith hourly rate (ZHR), which is the expected number of meteors visible to the naked eye when the radiant point is at the zenith; that is, at the highest point in the night sky. For younger streams that are more clumpy, the rate can vary year to year with peak meteor "storms" occurring with the orbital period of the stream. Some storms have measured hundreds and even thousands of meteors per hour. The showers typically showing the highest ZHR are the Perseids (75/hr), Geminids (75/hr), and Quadrantids (60/hr).[58]

### Perseids and Leonids

In most years, the most reliable meteor shower is the Perseids, which peak on 12 August of each year at over one meteor per minute.[59] NASA has an estimator tool to calculate how many meteors per hour are visible from one's observing location.

The Leonid meteor shower peaks around 17 November of each year. In multiples of 33 years, the Leonid shower produces a meteor storm peaking at rates of thousands of meteors per hour.[58] The last Leonid storms were in 1999, 2001 (two), and 2002 (two). Before that, there were storms in 1767, 1799, 1833, 1866, 1867, and 1966.[53] When the Leonid shower is not storming, it is less active than the Perseids.[58]

### Other meteor showers

#### Established meteor showers

Official names are given in the International Astronomical Union's list of meteor showers.[60]

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Shower  | Time  | Parent object

|
|

Quadrantids | early January  | The same as the parent object of minor planet 2003 EH1,[61] and Comet C/1490 Y1.[62][63] Comet C/1385 U1 has also been studied as a possible source.[64]
Lyrids | late April  | Comet Thatcher[65]
Pi Puppids (periodic)  | late April  | Comet 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup[66]
Eta Aquariids | early May  | Comet 1P/Halley
Arietids | mid-June  | Comet 96P/Machholz, Marsden and Kracht comet groups complex[1][67]
Beta Taurids | late June  | Comet 2P/Encke
June Bootids (periodic)  | late June  | Comet 7P/Pons-Winnecke
Southern Delta Aquariids | late July  | Comet 96P/Machholz, Marsden and Kracht comet groups complex[1][67]
Alpha Capricornids | late July  | Comet 169P/NEAT[68]
Perseids | mid-August  | Comet 109P/Swift-Tuttle
Kappa Cygnids | mid-August  | Minor planet 2008 ED69[69]
Aurigids (periodic)  | early September  | Comet C/1911 N1 (Kiess)[70]
Draconids (periodic)  | early October  | Comet 21P/Giacobini-Zinner
Orionids | late October  | Comet 1P/Halley
Southern Taurids | early November  | Comet 2P/Encke
Northern Taurids | mid-November  | Minor planet 2004 TG10 and others[1][71]
Andromedids (periodic)  | mid-November  | Comet 3D/Biela[72]
Alpha Monocerotids (periodic)  | mid-November  | unknown[73]
Leonids | mid-November  | Comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle
Phoenicids (periodic)  | early December  | Comet 289P/Blanpain[74]
Geminids | mid-December
Ursids | late December  | Comet 8P/Tuttle[75]
Canis-Minorids  |  |

## Extraterrestrial meteor showers

Mars meteor by MER Spirit rover

Any other Solar System body with a reasonably transparent atmosphere can also have meteor showers. As the Moon is in the neighborhood of Earth it can experience the same showers, but will have its own phenomena due to its lack of an atmosphere per se, such as vastly increasing its sodium tail.[76] NASA now maintains an ongoing database of observed impacts on the moon[77] maintained by the Marshall Space Flight Center whether from a shower or not.

Many planets and moons have impact craters dating back large spans of time. But new craters, perhaps even related to meteor showers are possible. Mars, and thus its moons, is known to have meteor showers.[78] These have not been observed on other planets as yet but may be presumed to exist. For Mars in particular, although these are different from the ones seen on Earth because of the different orbits of Mars and Earth relative to the orbits of comets. The Martian atmosphere has less than one percent of the density of Earth's at ground level; at their upper edges, where meteoroids strike, the two are more similar. Because of the similar air pressure at altitudes for meteors, the effects are much the same. Only the relatively slower motion of the meteoroids due to increased distance from the sun should marginally decrease meteor brightness. This is somewhat balanced because the slower descent means that Martian meteors have more time to ablate.[79]

On March 7, 2004, the panoramic camera on Mars Exploration Rover Spirit recorded a streak which is now believed to have been caused by a meteor from a Martian meteor shower associated with comet 114P/Wiseman-Skiff. A strong display from this shower was expected on December 20, 2007. Other showers speculated about are a "Lambda Geminid" shower associated with the Eta Aquariids of Earth (i.e., both associated with Comet 1P/Halley), a "Beta Canis Major" shower associated with Comet 13P/Olbers, and "Draconids" from 5335 Damocles.[80]

Isolated massive impacts have been observed at Jupiter: The 1994 Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 which formed a brief trail as well, and successive events since then (see List of Jupiter events.) Meteors or meteor showers have been discussed for most of the objects in the Solar System with an atmosphere: Mercury,[81] Venus,[82] Saturn's moon Titan,[83] Neptune's moon Triton,[84] and Pluto.[85]

## See also

* American Meteor Society (AMS)
* Earth-grazing fireball
* International Meteor Organization (IMO)
* List of meteor showers
* Meteor procession
* North American Meteor Network (NAMN)
* Radiant – point in the sky from which meteors appear to originate

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Jenniskens, P. (2006). Meteor Showers and their Parent Comets. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85349-1.
2. ↑ Meteor Data Center list of Meteor Showers
3. ↑ St. Fleur, Nicholas, "The Quadrantids and Other Meteor Showers That Will Light Up Night Skies in 2018", The New York Times, January 2, 2018
4. ↑ NASA Meteor Shower Portal
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Williams, Iwan P.; Murad, Edmond (2002). "Introduction". in Murad, Edmond; Williams, Iwan P.. Meteors in the Earth's Atmosphere: Meteoroids and Cosmic Dust and Their Interactions with the Earth's Upper Atmosphere. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80431-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=eqd4e34uE-MC&pg=PA4.
6. ↑ Yang, Hong-Jin et al. (May 2005). "Analysis of historical meteor and meteor shower records: Korea, China, and Japan". Icarus 175 (1): 215–225. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.10.007. Bibcode: 2005Icar..175..215Y.
7. ↑ Rada, W. S.; Stephenson, F. R. (March 1992). "A Catalogue of Meteor Showers in Mediaeval Arab Chronicles". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 33 (1): 5. Bibcode: 1992QJRAS..33....5R.
8. ↑ Holbrook, Jarita C.; Medupe, R. Thebe; Johnson Urama (2008). African Cultural Astronomy. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-6638-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=4DJpDW6IAukC&pg=PA182.
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12. ↑ Marvin, U. B. (2006). "Meteorites in history: an overview from the Renaisscence to the 20th Century". in McCall, G. J. H.; Bowden, A. J.; Howarth, R. J.. The History of Meteoritics and Key Meteorite Collections: Fireballs, Falls and Finds. Special publication. 256. Geological Society of London. pp. 32–34. ISBN 978-1-86239-194-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=7SvtVoa1W-cC&pg=PA32.
13. ↑ Rao, Joe (November 12, 2010). "The 1833 Leonid Meteor Shower: A Frightening Flurry". http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/leonids_1833_011114.html.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Leonid MAC - Brief history of the Leonid shower". NASA. 2004. http://leonid.arc.nasa.gov/history.html.
15. ↑ Olmsted, Denison (1833). "Observations on the Meteors of November 13th, 1833". The American Journal of Science and Arts 25: 363–411. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30964366. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
16. ↑ Olmsted, Denison (1836). "Facts respecting the Meteoric Phenomena of November 13th, 1834.". The American Journal of Science and Arts 29 (1): 168–170. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31127293.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Observing the Leonids". March 4, 2013. http://meteorshowersonline.com/leonids.html. Gary W. Kronk
18. ↑ F. W. Russell, Meteor Watch Organizer, by Richard Taibi, May 19, 2013, accessed 21 May 2013
19. ↑ Sheehan, William (2022). Planets and Perception: Telescopic Views and Interpretations, 1609-1909. University of Arizona Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-8165-4680-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=T2dsEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA70.
20. ↑ Williams, I. P. (1992). "The Dynamics of Meteoroid Streams (lecture)". in Ferraz-Mello, Sylvio. Chaos, Resonance, and Collective Dynamical Phenomena in the Solar System: Proceedings of the 152nd Symposium of the International Astronomical Union held in Angra dos Reis, Brazil, 15-19 July, 1991. 152. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 299. Bibcode: 1992IAUS..152..299W.
21. ↑ Jenniskens, Peter (2006). Meteor Showers and their Parent Comets. Cambridge University Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-316-34782-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=14zKCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA157.
22. ↑ Yeomans, Donald K. (September 1981). "Comet Tempel-Tuttle and the Leonid meteors". Icarus 47 (3): 492–499. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(81)90198-6. Bibcode: 1981Icar...47..492Y.
23. ↑ "Plot of meteoroids and Comet Tempel-Tuttle". January 7, 2004. http://www.iltrails.org/leokin4.gif.
24. ↑ Yeomans, Donald K. (June 30, 2007). "Comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle and the Leonid Meteors". http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/19339/1/98-0663.pdf. (1996, see p. 6)
25. ↑ Article published in 1997, notes prediction in 1995 - Jenniskens, P. et al. (1997). "The Detection of a Dust Trail in the Orbit of an Earth-threatening Long-Period Comet". Astrophysical Journal 479 (1): 441. doi:10.1086/303853. Bibcode: 1997ApJ...479..441J.
26. ↑ McNaught, Rob (March 7, 2007). "Re: (meteorobs) Leonid Storm?". http://www.meteorobs.org/maillist/msg14753.html.
27. ↑ "Blast from the Past". Armagh Observatory press release. April 21, 1999. http://www.arm.ac.uk/leonid/leopress.html.
28. ↑ Mitton, Jacqueline (August 30, 1999). "Fine Leonid Meteor Displays Predicted Through To 2002". Royal Astronomical Society Press Notice. Ref. PN 99/27. http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news063.html.
29. ↑ Riley, Chris (November 17, 1999). "Voyage through a comet's trail, The 1998 Leonids sparkled over Canada". https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/525041.stm.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Jenniskens, P. (2006). Meteor Showers and their Parent Comets. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. pp. 355–472. ISBN 978-1-316-34782-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=14zKCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA378.
31. ↑ "IMCCE Prediction page". October 8, 2012. http://www.imcce.fr/langues/en/ephemerides/phenomenes/meteor/predictions.php.
32. ↑ Lewis, T.; Hollis, H. P., eds (1901). "Stationary Meteor Radiants". The Observatory 24 (309): 359. https://books.google.com/books?id=PHoKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA359.
33. ↑ McIntosh, R. A. (June 1932). "Meteors". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 26: 193. Bibcode: 1932JRASC..26..193M.
34. ↑ Williams, David R. (November 15, 2024). "Earth Fact Sheet". NSSDCA. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html.
35. ↑ Koten, P. et al. (December 2004). "Atmospheric trajectories and light curves of shower meteors". Astronomy and Astrophysics 428 (2): 683–690. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041485. Bibcode: 2004A&A...428..683K.
36. ↑ Lukianova, Renata et al. (August 2018). "Recognition of Meteor Showers From the Heights of Ionization Trails". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 123 (8): 7067–7076. doi:10.1029/2018JA025706. Bibcode: 2018JGRA..123.7067L.
37. ↑ Vondrak, T. et al. (December 2008). "A chemical model of meteoric ablation". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8 (23): 7015–7031. doi:10.5194/acp-8-7015-2008. Bibcode: 2008ACP.....8.7015V.
38. ↑ Lunsford, Robert (2009). Meteors and How to Observe Them. Astronomers' Observing Guides. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 145–147. ISBN 978-0-387-09461-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=iu9XakR51EsC&pg=PA146.
39. ↑ Lisle, Jason (2012). The Stargazer's Guide to the Night Sky. New Leaf Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-89051-641-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=1_cdoHkRL1wC&pg=PA78.
40. ↑ Jopek, Tadeusz J. et al. (June 2023). "New nomenclature rules for meteor showers adopted". New Astronomy Reviews 96: id. 101671. doi:10.1016/j.newar.2022.101671. Bibcode: 2023NewAR..9601671J.
41. ↑ Jopek, T. J.; Jenniskens, P. M. (July 2011). "The Working Group on Meteor Showers Nomenclature: A History, Current Status and a Call for Contributions". in Cooke, W. J.; Moser, D. E.; Hardin, B. F. et al.. Meteoroids: The Smallest Solar System Bodies, Proceedings of the Meteoroids Conference held in Breckenridge, Colorado, USA, May 24-28, 2010. pp. 7–13. NASA/CP-2011-216469. Bibcode: 2011msss.conf....7J. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20110016615/downloads/20110016615.pdf. Retrieved 2025-08-16.
42. ↑ Jopek, Tadeusz Jan; Kaňuchová, Zuzana (September 2017). "IAU Meteor Data Center-the shower database: A status report". Planetary and Space Science 143: 3–6. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2016.11.003. Bibcode: 2017P&SS..143....3J.
43. ↑ Whipple, F. L. (1951). "A Comet Model. II. Physical Relations for Comets and Meteors". Astrophysical Journal 113: 464. doi:10.1086/145416. Bibcode: 1951ApJ...113..464W.
44. ↑ Wesołowski, M. et al. (March 2020). "Selected mechanisms of matter ejection out of the cometary nuclei". Icarus 338: id. 113546. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113546. Bibcode: 2020Icar..33813546W.
45. ↑ Fulle, M. (2004). "Motion of cometary dust". in Festou, M. C.; Keller, H. U.; Weaver, H. A.. Comets II. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. pp. 565–575. Bibcode: 2004come.book..565F. https://www2.ifa.hawaii.edu/UHNAI/ws/readings/fulle.pdf. Retrieved 2025-08-16.
46. ↑ Sykes, Mark V.; Walker, Russell G. (February 1992). "Cometary dust trails I. Survey". Icarus 95 (2): 180–210. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(92)90037-8. Bibcode: 1992Icar...95..180S.
47. ↑ Jenniskens, P. (1997). "Meteor stream activity IV. Meteor outbursts and the reflex motion of the Sun". Astronomy & Astrophysics 317: 953–961. Bibcode: 1997A&A...317..953J.
48. ↑ Jenniskens, P. et al. (1997). "The detection of a dust trail in the orbit of an Earth-threatening long-period comet". Astrophysical Journal 479 (1): 441–447. doi:10.1086/303853. Bibcode: 1997ApJ...479..441J.
49. ↑ Soja, R. H. et al. (June 2011). "Dynamical resonant structures in meteoroid stream orbits". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 414 (2): 1059–1076. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18442.x. Bibcode: 2011MNRAS.414.1059S.
50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 "Meteor Storm: What Is It, And When Is The Next Meteor Outburst?". Star Walk. Vito Technology, Inc.. 8 February 2024. https://starwalk.space/en/news/meteor-storms.
51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 Matthew Cappucci (23 November 2025). "Ever heard of a 'meteor storm'? Picture 40 shooting stars per second.". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2025/11/23/meteor-storm-leonid-shooting-star/.
52. ↑ Malea Walker (2 September 2020). "How Newspapers Helped Crowdsource a Scientific Discovery: The 1833 Leonid Meteor Storm". Library of Congress Blog. https://blogs.loc.gov/headlinesandheroes/2020/09/how-newspapers-helped-crowdsource-a-scientific-discovery-the-1833-leonid-meteor-storm/.
53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Jenniskens, Peter (2001). "Ready for the storm". Radiant, Journal of the Dutch Meteor Society 23 (5): 91. Bibcode: 2001Rad....23...91J.
54. ↑ Kronk, Gary W. "Draconids ("Giacobinids")". http://meteorshowersonline.com/showers/draconids.html.
55. ↑ "The meteors from Giacobini's comet", Wylie, C. C., Popular Astronomy, Vol. 42, p. 44, "The meteors from Giacobini's comet" (in en). http://adsbit.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=1934PA.....42...44W&db_key=AST&page_ind=0&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_VIEW&classic=YES.
56. ↑ John McFarland and Mark Bailey (October 7, 2011). "Account of the 1933 Draconids meteor storm". International Meteor Organization (IMO). http://www.imo.net/docs/ellison_1933_draconids_storm_account.txt.
57. ↑ Joe Roe (7 August 2024). "Perseid meteor shower peaks this weekend — but 2028's show might be one for the ages". Future US, Inc.. https://www.space.com/perseid-meteor-shower-storm-2028.
58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Nicolson, Iain (1999). Unfolding Our Universe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59270-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=5iacbufd4kEC&pg=PA113.
59. ↑ Reynolds, Mike D. (2010). Falling Stars: A Guide to Meteors & Meteorites (2 ed.). Stackpole Books. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-8117-4221-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=MxKwBdXgIGAC&pg=PA40.
60. ↑ "List of all meteor showers". International Astronomical Union. 15 August 2015. http://www.astro.amu.edu.pl/~jopek/MDC2007/.
61. ↑ Jenniskens, P. (March 2004). "2003 EH1 is the Quadrantid shower parent comet". Astronomical Journal 127 (5): 3018–3022. doi:10.1086/383213. Bibcode: 2004AJ....127.3018J.
62. ↑ Ball, Phillip (2003). "Dead comet spawned New Year meteors". Nature. doi:10.1038/news031229-5. http://www.nature.com/news/2003/031231/full/news031229-5.html.
63. ↑ Haines, Lester, Meteor shower traced to 1490 comet break-up: Quadrantid mystery solved, The Register, January 8, 2008.
64. ↑ Micheli, Marco et al. (May 16, 2008). "Updated analysis of the dynamical relation between asteroid 2003 EH1 and comets C/1490 Y1 and C/1385 U1". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters 390 (1): L6–L8. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2008.00510.x. Bibcode: 2008MNRAS.390L...6M.2003+EH1+and+comets+C/1490+Y1+and+C/1385+U1&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society:+Letters&rft.aulast=Micheli&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Micheli, Marco&rft.au=Fabrizio, Bernardi&rft.au=Tholen, David+J.&rft.date=May+16,+2008&rft.volume=390&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=L6–L8&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111/j.1745-3933.2008.00510.x&rft_id=info:bibcode/2008MNRAS.390L...6M&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Astronomy:Meteor_shower">
65. ↑ Martínez Usó, M. J. et al. (November 2023). "The Lyrids meteor shower: A historical perspective". Planetary and Space Science 238. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2023.105803. Bibcode: 2023P&SS..23805803M.
66. ↑ Vaubaillon, J. (2004). "What happened with pi-Puppids in April 2003?". in Triglav-Čekada, M.; Trayner, C.. Proceedings of the International Meteor Conference, Bollmannsruh, Germany, September 19-21, 2003. International Meteor Organization. pp. 140–143. Bibcode: 2004pimo.conf..140V.
67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Sekanina, Zdeněk; Chodas, Paul W. (December 2005). "Origin of the Marsden and Kracht Groups of Sunskirting Comets. I. Association with Comet 96P/Machholz and Its Interplanetary Complex". Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 161 (2): 551. doi:10.1086/497374. Bibcode: 2005ApJS..161..551S.
68. ↑ Jenniskens, P.; Vaubaillon, J. (2010). "Minor Planet 2002 EX12 (=169P/NEAT) and the Alpha Capricornid Shower". Astronomical Journal 139 (5): 1822–1830. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/139/5/1822. Bibcode: 2010AJ....139.1822J.
69. ↑ Jenniskens, P.; Vaubaillon, J. (2008). "Minor Planet 2008 ED69 and the Kappa Cygnid Meteor Shower". Astronomical Journal 136 (2): 725–730. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/2/725. Bibcode: 2008AJ....136..725J. https://authors.library.caltech.edu/12801/1/JENaj08.pdf.
70. ↑ Jenniskens, Peter; Vaubaillon, Jérémie (2007). "An Unusual Meteor Shower on 1 September 2007". Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 88 (32): 317–318. doi:10.1029/2007EO320001. Bibcode: 2007EOSTr..88..317J.
71. ↑ Porubčan, V.; Kornoš, L.; Williams, I.P. (2006). "The Taurid complex meteor showers and asteroids". Contributions of the Astronomical Observatory Skalnaté Pleso 36 (2): 103–117. Bibcode: 2006CoSka..36..103P.
72. ↑ Jenniskens, P.; Vaubaillon, J. (2007). "3D/Biela and the Andromedids: Fragmenting versus Sublimating Comets". The Astronomical Journal 134 (3): 1037. doi:10.1086/519074. Bibcode: 2007AJ....134.1037J. http://authors.library.caltech.edu/12800/1/JENaj07b.pdf.
73. ↑ Jenniskens, P. et al. (1997). "The Detection of a Dust Trail in the Orbit of an Earth-threatening Long-Period Comet". Astrophysical Journal 479 (1): 441. doi:10.1086/303853. Bibcode: 1997ApJ...479..441J.
74. ↑ Jenniskens, P.; Lyytinen, E. (2005). "Meteor Showers from the Debris of Broken Comets: D/1819 W1 (Blanpain), 2003 WY25, and the Phoenicids". Astronomical Journal 130 (3): 1286–1290. doi:10.1086/432469. Bibcode: 2005AJ....130.1286J.
75. ↑ Jenniskens, P. et al. (2002). "Dust Trails of 8P/Tuttle and the Unusual Outbursts of the Ursid Shower". Icarus 159 (1): 197–209. doi:10.1006/icar.2002.6855. Bibcode: 2002Icar..159..197J. https://zenodo.org/record/1229852.
76. ↑ Hunten, D. M. (1991). "A possible meteor shower on the Moon". Geophysical Research Letters 18 (11): 2101–2104. doi:10.1029/91GL02543. Bibcode: 1991GeoRL..18.2101H. https://zenodo.org/record/1231305.
77. ↑ Mohon, Lee (13 February 2017). "Lunar Impacts". http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/lunar/.
78. ↑ "Meteor showers at Mars". http://www.arm.ac.uk/~aac/meteors_on_mars.html.
79. ↑ "Can Meteors Exist at Mars?". http://star.arm.ac.uk/~aac/atmos2.jpg.
80. ↑ "Meteor Showers and their Parent Bodies". http://star.arm.ac.uk/~aac/showers.jpg.
81. ↑ Rosemary M. Killen; Joseph M. Hahn (December 10, 2014). "Impact Vaporization as a Possible Source of Mercury's Calcium Exosphere". Icarus 250: 230–237. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.11.035. Bibcode: 2015Icar..250..230K.
82. ↑ Christou, Apostolos A. (2007). "The P/Halley Stream: Meteor Showers on Earth, Venus and Mars". Earth, Moon, and Planets 102 (1–4): 125–131. doi:10.1007/s11038-007-9201-3.
83. ↑ Lakdawalla, Emily. "Meteor showers on Titan: an example of why Twitter is awesome for scientists and the public". http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2013/03061019-twitter-meteor-titan.html.
* Note also the Huygens lander was studied for its meteoric entry and an observation campaign was attempted: An Artificial meteor on Titan?, by Ralph D. Lorenz, journal??, vol 43, issue 5, October 2002, pp. 14–17 and Lorenz, Ralph D. (2006). "Huygens entry emission: Observation campaign, results, and lessons learned". Journal of Geophysical Research 111 (E7). doi:10.1029/2005JE002603. Bibcode: 2006JGRE..111.7S11L.
84. ↑ Pesnell, W. Dean et al. (March 27, 2014). "Watching meteors on Triton". Icarus (169): 482–491. http://www.columbia.edu/~alw2165/pesnell.pdf. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
85. ↑ Kosarev, I. B.; Nemtchinov, I. V. (2002). "IR Flashes induced by meteoroid impacts onto Pluto's surface". Microsymposium 36. MS 050. https://www.planetary.brown.edu/planetary/documents/Micro_36/Abstracts/050_Kosarev_Nemtchinov.pdf.

## External links

* Meteor Showers, by Sky and Telescope
* Six Not-So-Famous Summer Meteor Showers Joe Rao (SPACE.com)
* The American Meteor Society
* The International Meteor Organisation
* Meteor Shower Portal shows the direction of active showers each night on a celestial sphere.

* v
* t
* e

Meteor showers

By name|

* Andromedids
* Antihelion Source
* Aquariids
* Eta Aquariids
* Kappa Aquariids
* North Delta Aquariids
* North Iota Aquariids
* South Iota Aquariids
* Southern Delta Aquariids
* Tau Aquariids
* Aquilids
* South June Aquilids
* Arietids
* Daytime Eps. Arietids
* Daytime May Arietids
* Aurigids
* Alpha Aurigids
* Delta Aurigids
* Nov. Iota Aurigids
* Bootids (June Bootids)
* Canis-Minorids
* Cancrids (Delta Cancrids)
* Capricornids
* Alpha Capricornids
* Daytime Capri.-Sagitt.
* Carinids (Eta Carinids)
* Cassiopeids (Beta Cassiopeids)
* Centaurids
* Alpha Centaurids
* Omicron Centaurids
* Cetids
* Omega Cetids
* Pi Cetids
* Coma Berenicids
* Cygnids (Kappa Cygnids)
* Doradids (Gamma Doradids)
* Draconids
* Eridanids (Eta Eridanids)
* Geminids (Epsilon Geminids)
* Herculids (Tau Herculids)
* Hydrids (Sigma Hydrids)
* Leonids
* Leonis Minorids (Dec. Leonis Minorids)
* Lyrids
* Eta Lyrids
* June Lyrids
* Monocerotids
* Alpha Monocerotids
* Normids (Gamma Normids)
* Orionids
* Pegasids
* Perseids
* Daytime Zeta Perseids
* September Epsilon Perseids
* Phoenicids (July Phoenicids)
* Piscis Austrinids
* Puppids (Pi Puppids)
* Puppid-Velids
* Quadrantids
* Scorpiids
* Alpha Scorpiids
* North Omega Scorpiids
* South Omega Scorpiids
* Serpentids (Kappa Serpentids)
* Sextantids (Daytime Sextantids)
* Taurids
* Daytime Beta Taurids
* Northern Taurids
* Southern Taurids
* Theta Centaurids
* Ursids
* Virginids
* Alpha Virginids
* Gamma Virginids
* Eta Virginids
* Theta Virginids
* Iota Virginids
* Lambda Virginids
* Mu Virginids
* Pi Virginids
* Psi Virginids
* March Virginids

By peak date|

* January 4
* February 8
* February 10
* March 14
* April 17
* April 22–23
* April 26
* May 6
* June 7
* June 27
* July 28–29
* July 13
* July 30
* July 31 – August 1
* August 13
* September 1
* October 8
* October 10
* October 21
* October 24
* November 9
* November 12
* November 18
* November 21–22
* December 5–6
* December 13–14
* December 15
* December 22

Related topics|

* American Meteor Society
* Earth-grazing fireball
* International Meteor Organization
* Meteor procession
* North American Meteor Network
* Population index
* Radiant
* Zenithal Hourly Rate

See also
List of meteor showers

* v
* t
* e

Modern impact events

On Earth|

| Pre-2000|

* 1490 Ch'ing-yang
* 1783 Great Meteor
* 1860 Great Meteor
* 1896 Madrid Meteor
* 1908 Tunguska
* 1913 Great Meteor Procession
* 1930 Curuçá River
* 1938 Chicora meteor
* 1947 Sikhote-Alin meteorite
* 1969 Murchison meteorite
* 1972 Great Daylight Fireball
* 1990 Earth-grazing meteoroid

|

Post-2000|

* 2002 Eastern Mediterranean
* 2002 Vitim
* 2007 Carancas
* 2008 TC3 impact
* 2008 Buzzard Coulee meteorite
* 2009 Sulawesi superbolide
* 2012 Sutter's Mill meteorite
* 2012 UK meteoroid
* 2012 Novato meteorite
* 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor
* Chelyabinsk meteorite
* 2014 AA impact
* 2014 Ontario fireball
* 2015 Kerala meteorite
* 2015 Thailand bolide
* WT1190F impact
* 2017 China bolide
* 2018 LA impact
* 2018 Kamchatka meteor
* 2019 MO impact

On Jupiter|

* 1994 Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9
* 2009 Jupiter impact
* 2010 Jupiter impact

Lists|

* Asteroid close approaches to Earth
* Comets
* Bolides
* Meteor air bursts
* Meteorite falls
* Minor planets
* crossing Earth's orbit

See also|

* Asteroid impact prediction
* Asteroid impact avoidance
* Bolide
* Earth-grazing fireball
* Meteor procession
* Meteor shower
* Meteorite
* Meteoroid
* Near-Earth object
* Potentially hazardous object

* v
* t
* e

Planetary defense

Main topics|

* Asteroid
* Bolide
* Earth-grazing fireball
* Impact event
* List of meteor air bursts
* Meteor procession
* Meteor shower
* Meteorite
* Meteoroid
* Near-Earth object
* Potentially hazardous object

Defense|

* Asteroid impact avoidance
* Asteroid laser ablation
* Gravity tractor
* Ion-beam shepherd
* Asteroid close approaches
* Earth-crossing minor planets
* Damage scales
* Palermo scale
* Torino scale

Space probes|

* Dawn
* Deep Impact
* AIDA
* Hera
* DART
* Halley Armada
* Hayabusa
* Hayabusa2
* MASCOT
* NEAR Shoemaker
* NEA Scout
* New Horizons
* OSIRIS-REx
* PROCYON
* Rosetta
* Philae
* Stardust

NEO tracking|

* ATLAS
* Catalina Sky Survey
* LINEAR
* LONEOS
* NEAT
* NEOSSat
* NEOCam
* NEODyS
* OGS Telescope
* Orbit@home
* Pan-STARRS
* SCAP
* Sentinel Space Telescope
* Sentry
* Spacewatch
* WISE

Organizations|

* B612 Foundation
* Japan Spaceguard Association
* Meteoritical Society
* NEOShield
* Spaceguard
* The Spaceguard Foundation
* Space Situational Awareness Programme
* Planetary Defense Coordination Office

Potential threats|

* 1950 DA
* 1994 WR12
* 101955 Bennu
* 2002 MN
* (410777) 2009 FD
* 2010 RF12
* 99942 Apophis

Films / video|

* The End of the World (1916)
* When Worlds Collide (1951)
* Gorath (1962)
* The Green Slime (1968)
* The Paradise Syndrome (1968)
* A Fire in the Sky (1978)
* Meteor (1979)
* NOVA: Doomsday Asteroid (1995)
* Asteroid (1997)
* Deep Impact (1998)
* Armageddon (1998)
* Judgment Day (1999)
* Post Impact (2004)
* Deadly Skies (2006)
* Super Comet: After the Impact (2007)
* Impact (2009)
* NOVA: Last Extinction (2009)
* Meteor Storm (2010)
* HORIZON: Asteroids–The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (2010)
* Melancholia (2011)
* NOVA: Meteor Strike (2013)
* NOVA: Asteroid: Doomsday or Payday? (2013)
* Impact Earth (2015)
* Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015)

* v
* t
* e

Comets

| Features|

* Nucleus
* Coma
* Tails
* Antitail
* Comet dust
* Meteor shower

|
|

Types|

* Periodic
* Numbered
* Lost
* Long period
* Halley-type
* Jupiter-family
* Encke-type
* Main-belt
* Non-periodic
* Near-parabolic
* Hyperbolic
* Unknown-orbit
* Great Comet
* Sungrazing (Kreutz)
* Extinct
* Rock
* Exocomet
* Interstellar

Related|

* Naming of comets
* Centaur
* Comet discoverers
* LINEAR
* Extraterrestrial atmosphere
* Oort cloud
* Small Solar System body
* Asteroid

Exploration|

* List of missions to comets
* List of comets visited by spacecraft

Latest|

* 2I/Borisov
* C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)
* C/2017 U7
* 1I/2017 U1 ʻOumuamua
* C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE)
* C/2015 G2 (MASTER)
* C/2015 F5 (SWAN-XingMing)
* C/2015 F3
* C/2015 ER61 (PANSTARRS)
* C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)
* C/2014 E2 (Jacques)
* C/2013 US10 (Catalina)
* C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
* C/2012 S4 (PANSTARRS)
* C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS)

Culture and
speculation|

* Antimatter comet
* Comets in fiction
* list
* Comet vintages

Lists of comets (more)

| Periodic
comets|

| Until 1985
(all)|

* 1P/Halley
* 2P/Encke
* 3D/Biela
* 4P/Faye
* 5D/Brorsen
* 6P/d'Arrest
* 7P/Pons–Winnecke
* 8P/Tuttle
* 9P/Tempel
* 10P/Tempel
* 11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR
* 12P/Pons–Brooks
* 13P/Olbers
* 14P/Wolf
* 15P/Finlay
* 16P/Brooks
* 17P/Holmes
* 18D/Perrine–Mrkos
* 19P/Borrelly
* 20D/Westphal
* 21P/Giacobini–Zinner
* 22P/Kopff
* 23P/Brorsen–Metcalf
* 24P/Schaumasse
* 25D/Neujmin
* 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup
* 27P/Crommelin
* 28P/Neujmin
* 29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
* 30P/Reinmuth
* 31P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
* 32P/Comas Solà
* 33P/Daniel
* 34D/Gale
* 35P/Herschel–Rigollet
* 36P/Whipple
* 37P/Forbes
* 38P/Stephan–Oterma
* 39P/Oterma
* 40P/Väisälä
* 41P/Tuttle–Giacobini–Kresák
* 42P/Neujmin
* 43P/Wolf–Harrington
* 44P/Reinmuth
* 45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková
* 46P/Wirtanen
* 47P/Ashbrook–Jackson
* 48P/Johnson
* 49P/Arend–Rigaux
* 50P/Arend
* 51P/Harrington
* 52P/Harrington–Abell
* 53P/Van Biesbroeck
* 54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT
* 55P/Tempel–Tuttle
* 56P/Slaughter–Burnham
* 57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte
* 58P/Jackson–Neujmin
* 59P/Kearns–Kwee
* 60P/Tsuchinshan
* 61P/Shajn–Schaldach
* 62P/Tsuchinshan
* 63P/Wild
* 64P/Swift–Gehrels
* 65P/Gunn
* 66P/du Toit
* 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
* 68P/Klemola
* 69P/Taylor
* 70P/Kojima
* 71P/Clark
* 72P/Denning–Fujikawa
* 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
* 74P/Smirnova–Chernykh
* 75D/Kohoutek
* 76P/West–Kohoutek–Ikemura
* 77P/Longmore
* 78P/Gehrels
* 79P/du Toit–Hartley
* 80P/Peters–Hartley
* 81P/Wild
* 82P/Gehrels
* 83D/Russell
* 84P/Giclas
* 85D/Boethin
* 86P/Wild
* 87P/Bus
* 88P/Howell
* 89P/Russell
* 90P/Gehrels
* 91P/Russell
* 92P/Sanguin
* 93P/Lovas
* 94P/Russell
* 95P/Chiron
* 96P/Machholz
* 97P/Metcalf–Brewington
* 98P/Takamizawa
* 99P/Kowal
* 100P/Hartley
* 101P/Chernykh
* 102P/Shoemaker

|

After 1985
(notable)|

* 103P/Hartley
* 105P/Singer Brewster
* 107P/Wilson–Harrington
* 109P/Swift–Tuttle
* 111P/Helin–Roman–Crockett
* 114P/Wiseman–Skiff
* 128P/Shoemaker–Holt
* 139P/Väisälä–Oterma
* 144P/Kushida
* 147P/Kushida–Muramatsu
* 153P/Ikeya–Zhang
* 163P/NEAT
* 168P/Hergenrother
* 169P/NEAT
* 177P/Barnard
* 178P/Hug–Bell
* 205P/Giacobini
* 209P/LINEAR
* 238P/Read
* 246P/NEAT
* 252P/LINEAR
* 255P/Levy
* 273P/Pons–Gambart
* 276P/Vorobjov
* 289P/Blanpain
* 311P/PANSTARRS
* 322P/SOHO
* 332P/Ikeya-Murakami
* 354P/LINEAR
* 362P
* P/1997 B1 (Kobayashi)
* P/2010 B2 (WISE)
* P/2011 NO1 (Elenin)

Comet-like
asteroids|

* 596 Scheila
* 2060 Chiron (95P)
* 4015 Wilson–Harrington (107P)
* 7968 Elst–Pizarro (133P)
* 165P/LINEAR
* 166P/NEAT
* 167P/CINEOS
* 60558 Echeclus (174P)
* 118401 LINEAR (176P)
* 238P/Read
* 259P/Garradd
* 311P/PANSTARRS
* 324P/La Sagra
* P/2010 A2 (LINEAR)
* P/2012 F5 (Gibbs)
* P/2012 T1 (PANSTARRS)
* P/2013 R3 (Catalina-PANSTARRS)
* (300163) 2006 VW139

Lost|

| Recovered|

* 11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR
* 15P/Finlay
* 17P/Holmes
* 27P/Crommelin
* 54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT
* 55P/Tempel–Tuttle
* 57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte
* 69P/Taylor
* 72P/Denning–Fujikawa
* 80P/Peters–Hartley
* 97P/Metcalf–Brewington
* 107P/Wilson–Harrington
* 109P/Swift–Tuttle
* 113P/Spitaler
* 122P/de Vico
* 157P/Tritton
* 177P/Barnard
* 205P/Giacobini
* 206P/Barnard–Boattini
* 271P/van Houten–Lemmon
* 273P/Pons–Gambart
* 289P/Blanpain

|

Destroyed|

* 3D/Biela
* 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
* D/1993 F2 (Shoemaker–Levy 9)

Not found|

* D/1770 L1 (Lexell)
* 5D/Brorsen
* 18D/Perrine–Mrkos
* 20D/Westphal
* 25D/Neujmin
* 34D/Gale
* 75D/Kohoutek
* 83D/Russell
* 85D/Boethin

Visited by
spacecraft|

* 21P/Giacobini–Zinner (1985)
* 1P/Halley (1986)
* 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup (1992)
* 19P/Borrelly (2001)
* 81P/Wild (2004)
* 9P/Tempel (2005, 2011)
* C/2006 P1 (2007)
* 103P/Hartley (2010)
* 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (2014)

Non-Periodic
comets
(notable)|

| Until 1910|

* C/-43 K1 (Caesar's Comet)
* X/1106 C1 (Great Comet of 1106)
* C/1577 V1 (Great Comet of 1577)
* C/1652 Y1
* C/1680 V1 (Great Comet of 1680, Kirsch's Comet, Newton's Comet))
* C/1702 H1 (Comet of 1702)
* C/1729 P1 (Comet of 1729, Comet Sarabat)
* C/1743 X1 (Great Comet of 1744, Comet Klinkenberg-Chéseaux)
* C/1760 A1 (Great Comet of 1760)
* C/1769 P1 (Great Comet of 1769)
* C/1807 R1 (Great Comet of 1807)
* C/1811 F1 (Great Comet of 1811)
* C/1819 N1 (Great Comet of 1819)
* C/1823 Y1 (Great Comet of 1823)
* C/1843 D1 (Great March Comet of 1843)
* C/1847 T1 (Miss Mitchell's Comet)
* C/1858 L1 (Comet Donati)
* C/1861 G1 (Comet Thatcher)
* C/1861 J1 (Great Comet of 1861)
* C/1865 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1865)
* X/1872 X1 (Pogson's Comet)
* C/1874 H1 (Comet Coggia)
* C/1881 K1 (Comet Tebbutt)
* C/1882 R1 (Great Comet of 1882)
* C/1887 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1887)
* C/1890 V1 (Comet Zona)
* C/1901 G1 (Great Comet of 1901)
* C/1910 A1 (Great January Comet of 1910)

|

After 1910|

* C/1911 O1 (Brooks)
* C/1911 S3 (Beljawsky)
* C/1927 X1 (Skjellerup–Maristany)
* C/1931 P1 (Ryves)
* C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos) [de; de]
* C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet) [de; de; C/1947 X1 (Südkomet)]
* C/1948 V1 (Eclipse)
* C/1956 R1 (Arend–Roland)
* C/1957 P1 (Mrkos) [de; de]
* C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard) [de; de]
* C/1961 R1 (Humason)
* C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines) [de; de]
* C/1963 R1 (Pereyra)
* C/1965 S1 (Ikeya-Seki)
* C/1969 Y1 (Bennett)
* C/1970 K1 (White–Ortiz–Bolelli)
* C/1973 E1 (Kohoutek)
* C/1975 V1 (West)
* C/1980 E1 (Bowell)
* C/1983 H1 (IRAS–Araki–Alcock)
* C/1989 X1 (Austin)
* C/1989 Y1 (Skorichenko–George)
* C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch–Rabinowitz)
* C/1993 Y1 (McNaught–Russell)
* C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp)
* C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake)
* C/1997 L1 (Zhu–Balam)
* C/1998 H1 (Stonehouse)
* C/1998 J1 (SOHO)
* C/1999 F1 (Catalina)
* C/1999 S4 (LINEAR)
* C/2000 U5 (LINEAR)
* C/2000 W1 (Utsunomiya-Jones)
* C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS)
* C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)
* C/2002 T7 (LINEAR)
* C/2003 A2 (Gleason)
* C/2004 F4 (Bradfield) [de; de]
* C/2004 Q2 (Machholz)
* C/2006 A1 (Pojmański)
* C/2006 M4 (SWAN)
* C/2006 P1 (McNaught)
* C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy)
* C/2007 F1 (LONEOS)
* C/2007 K5 (Lovejoy)
* C/2007 N3 (Lulin)
* C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring)
* C/2007 W1 (Boattini)
* C/2008 Q1 (Matičič)
* C/2009 F6 (Yi–SWAN)
* C/2009 R1 (McNaught)
* C/2010 X1 (Elenin)
* C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS)
* C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy)
* C/2012 E2 (SWAN)
* C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)
* C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS)
* C/2012 S1 (ISON)
* C/2012 S4 (PANSTARRS)
* C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
* C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy)
* C/2013 US10 (Catalina)
* C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden)
* C/2014 E2 (Jacques)
* C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)
* C/2015 ER61 (PANSTARRS)
* C/2015 V2 (Johnson)
* 1I/2017 U1 ʻOumuamua
* C/2017 U7
* C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)
* C/2019 E3 (ATLAS)
* 2I/Borisov

After 1910
(by name)|

* Arend–Roland
* Austin
* Beljawsky
* Bennett
* Boattini
* Bowell
* Bradfield [de; de]
* Brooks
* Catalina
* C/1999 F1
* C/2013 US10
* de Kock–Paraskevopoulos [de; de]
* Eclipse
* Elenin
* Hale-Bopp
* Humason
* Hyakutake
* Ikeya-Seki
* IRAS–Araki–Alcock
* ISON
* Jacques
* Johnson
* Kohoutek
* Lemmon
* C/2012 F6
* C/2018 C2
* LINEAR
* C/1999 S4
* C/2000 U5
* C/2002 T7
* LONEOS
* C/2001 OG108
* C/2007 F1
* Lovejoy
* C/2007 E2
* C/2007 K5
* C/2011 W3
* C/2013 R1
* C/2014 Q2
* Lulin
* Machholz
* Matičič
* McNaught
* C/2006 P1
* C/2009 R1
* McNaught–Russell
* Mrkos [de; de]
* NEAT
* Oukaimeden
* ʻOumuamua
* Pan-STARRS
* C/2011 L4
* C/2012 K1
* C/2012 S4
* 311P
* C/2015 ER61
* Pereyra
* Pojmański
* Ryves
* Seki–Lines [de; de]
* Siding Spring
* C/2007 Q3
* C/2013 A1
* Skjellerup–Maristany
* Skorichenko–George
* SOHO
* Southern [de; de; C/1947 X1 (Südkomet)]
* Spacewatch–Rabinowitz
* Stonehouse
* SWAN
* C/2006 M4
* C/2012 E2
* Utsunomiya–Jones
* West
* White–Ortiz–Bolelli
* Wilson–Hubbard [de; de]
* Yi–SWAN
* Zhu–Balam

* Category
* Commons
* Wikinews

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor shower. Read more

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