Mission Shakti

Short description: First Indian anti-satellite weapon test

Mission Shakti

The anti-satellite missile lifting off on 27 March 2019 from Abdul Kalam Island as part of Mission Shakti.

Planned by| India
Objective| Destruction of live satellite (suspected Microsat-R)
Date| 27 March 2019
11:10 - 11:13 (IST)
Executed by| PDV Mk-II anti-ballistic missile
Outcome| Satellite destroyed successfully

On 27 March 2019, India tested an anti-satellite weapon (ASAT) during an operation code named Mission Shakti (IAST: Śakti; lit. "Power").[1][2] The target of the test was a satellite present in a low Earth orbit, which was hit with a kinetic kill vehicle.

The ASAT test utilized a modified anti-ballistic missile interceptor code-named Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark-II which was developed under Project XSV-1. The test made India the fourth country after the United States, Russia and China to have tested an ASAT weapon.

The test sparked concerns regarding the creation of space debris. The Indian government tried to address these concerns by saying that the debris generated from the test would not last for a long duration.

India's successful demonstration of the ASAT capability is said to signify its ability to intercept an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). The ASAT weapon is meant to act as a deterrent.

## Contents

* 1 Background
* 2 Specifications
* 2.1 Interceptor
* 2.1.1 Kill vehicle
* 2.1.2 Solid rocket motor
* 2.1.2.1 Composite propellant
* 2.2 Target satellite
* 3 Aftermath
* 3.1 Space debris
* 3.2 Defence Space Agency
* 3.3 Further ASAT development
* 3.4 Spying incident
* 4 Reactions
* 4.1 Neighbourhood of India
* 4.1.1 People's Republic of China
* 4.1.2 Pakistan
* 4.2 Other countries
* 4.2.1 Russia
* 4.2.2 United States
* 5 Significance
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## Background

The Indian anti-satellite (ASAT) program utilized spin off technologies from Indian ABM systems. India is developing a multi-layered and multi-phased missile defence system to defend against hostile ballistic and cruise missiles. The exo-atmospheric interceptors meant to be used against ICBMs, which have lofted trajectories and fly at high altitudes, can also be used to intercept satellites.[3]

In response to threats posed by missile systems from China and Pakistan, India began to work on its BMD program in 1999.[4] In 2006 and 2007, India tested its first exo atmospheric interceptor Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) and endo atmospheric interceptor Ashwin/Advanced Air Defence respectively.[5] In 2009, India began to work a new exo atmospheric interceptor called Prithvi Defense Vehicle (PDV) similar to Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD).[6]

India had begun work on an ASAT soon after the 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test.[7] In a televised press briefing during the 97th Indian Science Congress in Thiruvananthapuram, the Defence Research and Development Organisation Director General Rupesh announced that India was developing the necessary technology that could be combined to produce a weapon to destroy enemy satellites in orbit. On 18 March 2008, DRDO Director-General and Scientific Advisor to the Defence Minister V. K. Saraswat hinted that India possessed technology required for an ASAT missile.[7] On 10 February 2010, Saraswat stated that India had "all the building blocks necessary" to integrate an anti-satellite weapon to neutralize hostile satellites in low Earth orbit and polar orbits. India is known to have been developing an exo-atmospheric kill vehicle that can be integrated with the missile to engage satellites.[8] In April 2012, DRDO's chairman V. K. Saraswat said that India possessed the critical technologies for an ASAT weapon from radars and interceptors developed for Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme.[9] In July 2012, Ajay Lele, an Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses fellow, wrote that an ASAT test would bolster India's position if an international regime to control the proliferation of ASATs similar to NPT were to be established. He suggested that a low-orbit test against a purpose-launched satellite would not be seen as irresponsible.[10]

In 2014, India carried out the maiden test of PDV.[11] First real time interception test was carried out against a maneuvering target in 2017, followed by another test in 2019.[12][13] In 2017, India had lost contact to one of its key imaging satellites, RISAT-1.

In 2016, the Indian Government approved a program codenamed Project XSV-1 for an ASAT test.[14] A modified version of the PDV similar to the midcourse ground-based interceptor, officially named PDV MkII was tested against a satellite on 27 March 2019.

DRDO has also been working on directed energy weapons, electromagnetic pulse and co-orbital weapons for ASAT roles.[15]

## Specifications

The ASAT missile, designated Prithvi Defence Vehicle Mark-II, lifting off to intercept the satellite. It is a part of the Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme.

The interceptor struck a test satellite at a 283 km (176 mi) altitude in low Earth orbit (LEO), thus making Mission Shakti a successful ASAT missile test. The interceptor was launched at around 05:40 UTC at the Integrated Test Range (ITR) in Abdul Kalam Island and hit its target after 168 seconds. Microsat-R was the suspected target of the test.[16][17][18] The missile system was developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) — a research wing of the Indian defence services.[19] Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed the nation on television, announcing the test.[20][2] With this test, India became the fourth nation after United States, Russia and China with proven anti-satellite (ASAT) capabilities.[21]

### Interceptor

India officially confirmed that the ASAT missile used in the test is a Ballistic Missile Defence interceptor and is part of the Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme.[22] The interceptor has the designation of Prithvi Defence Vehicle (PDV) Mark-II.[23][24]

The interceptor missile involved in the test had a hit-to-kill capable Kinetic kill vehicle. Thus the missile, by nature, was a direct-ascent anti-satellite weapon.[25] It had a length of 13 m (43 ft) and a diameter of 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in). Being a three-stage missile, it was fitted with two solid-propellant rocket motor stages and the Kill vehicle. The combined weight of the first and the second stages is 17.2 tons, with the third stage weighing 1.8 tons. The first two stages can carry 16.7 tons of fuel.[26][27][28] DRDO Chief G. Satheesh Reddy said that although some previously developed sub-technologies were used as a basis, the interceptor was a completely new missile.[25]

ASAT being displayed during the Republic Day Parade, 2020.

As per DRDO, the missile was capable of shooting down targets moving at a speed of 10 km/s (6.2 mi/s) at an altitude as high as 1,200 km (750 mi). However, in order to minimize the threat of debris, the interception was performed against an object moving at 7.4 km/s (4.6 mi/s) at an altitude below 300 km (190 mi).[27] DRDO Chief G. Satheesh Reddy said that the propulsive power of the interceptor missile can be increased to make it capable of targeting satellites at medium altitudes.[29]

The missile reportedly hit the satellite with an accuracy of less than 10 cm (3.9 in), which is comparable with the best reported performance of ASAT missiles.[27] Some reports stated that the achieved accuracy was of a few centimetres.[25]

According to DRDO Chief G. Satheesh Reddy, the interceptor missile is capable of shooting down all the satellites present in low Earth orbit.[30]

#### Kill vehicle

The kill vehicle constituted the third stage of the interceptor missile. It had an advanced terminal guidance system on board, including a non-gimballed strap down imaging infrared seeker and an inertial navigation system that used ring-laser gyroscopes, which detected and tracked the Microsat-R satellite in low Earth orbit.[28][27]

Course corrections to the Kill Vehicle's trajectory were made using a thrust-vector system. Large thrusters present at the top of the Kill Vehicle's rear cylindrical body at approximately its centre of gravity and smaller thrusters present near the back of the Kill Vehicle were used.[28][27] The Kill Vehicle has the capability to destroy targets in the entire low Earth orbit region.[31]

#### Solid rocket motor

Solid-propellant rocket motors formed the first two stages of the interceptor missile. These rocket motor stages took the ASAT missile to the required height and velocity. After that, the nose tip heat shield was ejected and the IIR seeker of the Kill Vehicle locked onto the satellite.[28][27] The solid rocket booster used is a derivative of the technology first developed for Sagarika missile.[32]

##### Composite propellant

PDV MkII uses a new generation of composite propellant that High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL) started working on during the development phase of K Missile family. The solid fuel is highly efficient and can provide more energy compare to the fuel used in Agni missile series.[32]

### Target satellite

Microsat-R in satellite preparation facility.

The target of the test was Microsat-R, a satellite which was launched by ISRO on 24 January 2019.[33][34] This satellite was built to serve the purpose of the test which was not disclosed to Indian Space Research Organisation.[33][25][27][35][36] India didn't specify the name of target satellite immediately after test and merely announced that it shot down a "live" Indian satellite.[37][22] The relative velocity between the missile and Microsat-R was around 10 km/s (6.2 mi/s).[25]

Shooting down a satellite approximately present in a 300 km (190 mi) low Earth orbit is more challenging than shooting down a satellite present in a higher orbit.[36] The transverse orbital speed of a satellite is inversely proportional to its distance from the centre of Earth, which is a direct consequence of the law of conservation of angular momentum, or equivalently, Kepler's second law.[38]

## Aftermath

### Space debris

In a statement released after the test, Indian Ministry of External Affairs said that the test was conducted at low altitude to ensure that the resulting debris would "decay and fall back onto the Earth within weeks".[39][22]

According to Jonathan McDowell, an astrophysicist at Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, some debris might persist for a year, but most should burn up in the atmosphere within several weeks.[40] Brian Weeden of Secure World Foundation agreed, but warned about the possibility of some fragments getting boosted to higher orbits. U.S. Air Force Space Command said that it was tracking 270 pieces of debris from the test,[41] although as of 26 September 2019 only 125 objects have been catalogued.[42] A Dutch Space Situational Awareness consultant Marco Langbroek disputed DRDO's claim that the test was responsible. He said that the intercept was not "head on", which would have minimized debris ejection to higher altitudes, but was instead conducted at an upwards angle.[43] He added that most of the debris would be cleared within days, but some might last a year or two.[43]

According to NASA, 49 tracked pieces of debris remained in orbit as of 15 July 2019. Indian missile experts criticised this claim by mentioning that debris was generated in similar tests by the U.S., adding that the debris doesn't pose a threat to any spacecraft because it is in a very low orbit.[44]

As of 26 September 2019, there were 50 tracked pieces of debris in orbit but 9 of them were lost (no updates for more than 30 days) according to astrodynamicist T. S. Kelso.[42]

As of March 2022, only one catalogued piece of debris from Microsat-R remains in orbit: COSPAR 2019-006DE, SATCAT 44383. This final piece decayed from orbit 14 June 2022.

### Defence Space Agency

India has created the Defence Space Agency to develop capabilities required to protect its interests in outer space and to deal with the threat of space wars.[45] India conducted its first simulated space warfare exercise on 25th and 26 July 2019, called IndSpaceEx. The exercise was conducted by the Integrated Defence Staff. The exercise is expected to lead to an assessment of threats and the creation of a joint space warfare doctrine.[46][47]

### Further ASAT development

Indian Stamp in 2020

India is reportedly working on directed energy ASAT weapons, co-orbital ASAT weapons, lasers and electromagnetic pulse (EMP) based ASAT weapons. The ability to protect space assets from hostile electronic and physical attacks is also being developed.[48]

### Spying incident

Aircraft Spots, which monitors military-related aircraft movements, said that a United States Air Force reconnaissance aircraft from the Naval Support Facility Diego Garcia flew on "a mission in the Bay of Bengal to monitor India's anti-satellite missile test".[49] This was denied by the United States Department of Defense.[50]

## Reactions

### Neighbourhood of India

#### People's Republic of China

China reacted cautiously to the test. The Chinese Foreign Ministry said that it has noticed reports about the test and was hopeful that all countries will uphold peace and tranquility in outer space.[51]

However, state-run media of China highlighted the 'double standards' of the Western world. It said that the West did not criticize India as much as it criticized China for its ASAT 2007 test because it viewed the test from a "China-India competition perspective".[52]

#### Pakistan

Pakistan asserted that space is a common heritage of mankind, saying that every nation has the duty to refrain from actions that lead to the militarization of space. Pakistan Foreign Ministry spokesperson said that boasting of such capabilities is useless, invoking the English idiom Tilting at Windmills.[53] Pakistan also hoped that countries which have condemned such tests by other countries before "will be prepared to work towards developing international instruments to prevent military threats relating to outer space".[54]

### Other countries

#### Russia

Russia acknowledged India's statement on the test not being targeted against any nation and invited India to join the Russian–Chinese proposal for a treaty against weaponisation of space.[55]

#### United States

Following the test, acting United States Secretary of Defense Patrick Shanahan warned about the risks of space debris caused by ASAT tests, but later added that he did not expect debris from the Indian test to last.[56][57] The United States Department of State acknowledged Ministry of External Affairs' statement on space debris and reiterated its intention to pursue shared interests in space including on space security with India.[58] Jim Bridenstine, the head of NASA, called the Indian ASAT test a "terrible thing", pointing out that debris from the explosion endangers other satellites and the International Space Station (ISS).[59][60]

Acting U.S. Strategic Command commander General John E. Hyten told members of the Senate Armed Services Committee that the Indians conducted the ASAT test because they were "concerned about threats to their nation from space" while responding to a question from senators on the need for India to do such tests.[61]

## Significance

A 2020 Indian stamp dedicated to the ASAT test.

The test is considered to hold significance due to the following reasons:[62]

* It gives India the capability to degrade and destroy the communication, reconnaissance and intelligence gathering capabilities of countries by taking out their space-based assets. It is a deterrent in effect,[36] deterring similar actions by hostile nations.[25][63]

* It shows that India has the capability to intercept Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) outside the atmosphere.[64][24]

* The test potentially enables India to claim the right to be involved in the formation of future international norms and guidelines with regards to militarisation of outer space.[65][66]

## See also

* Anti-satellite weapon
* Kill vehicle
* Militarisation of space
* Space weapon
* Space warfare
* Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme
* Indian Space Research Organization
* Defence Research and Development Organisation

## References

1. ↑ Pubby, Manu (2019-03-28). "India tests first anti-satellite missile system, codenamed Mission Shakti". The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-modis-big-announcement-india-successfully-tests-anti-satellite-weapon/articleshow/68592702.cms.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Narendra Modi announces success of Mission Shakti, India's anti-satellite missile capability". The Hindu. 2019-03-27. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/narendra-modi-announces-success-of-mission-shakti-indias-anti-satellite-missile-capability/article26651731.ece.
3. ↑ "Mission Shakti: Technology demonstrator or new weapon in the arsenal?". DailyO. 29 March 2019. https://www.dailyo.in/politics/project-shakti-lok-sabha-elections-2019-narendra-modi-asat-programme-mission-shakti-india-s-nuclear-tests-ins-arihant-china-pakistan-usa-pentagon/story/1/30109.html.
4. ↑ Jay Desai (January 6, 2023). "Complexities of Indian Ballistic Missile Defence". Centre for Air Power Studies. https://capsindia.org/complexities-of-indian-ballistic-missile-defence/.
5. ↑ Ratliff, Ben. "India successfully tests missile interceptor". http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2009/03/06/asia/AS-India-Missile-Defense.php.
6. ↑ "DRDO readies shield against Chinese ICBMs". 9 March 2009. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/31874/LATEST HEADLINES/DRDO+readies+shield+against+Chinese+ICBMs.html.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Shukla, Ajai (2019-03-28). "India successfully tests ASAT missile, joins space superpower club". Business Standard India. https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-successfully-tests-asat-missile-joins-space-superpower-club-119032800048_1.html.
8. ↑ "Why India Needs to Demonstrate Anti Satellite (ASAT) Capability - Publicly - Strategic Frontier Research Foundation". 12 February 2015. https://www.strategicfront.org/india-needs-demonstrate-asat-capability-publicly/.
9. ↑ Unnithan, Sandeep (27 April 2012). "India has all the building blocks for an anti-satellite capability". India Today. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/agni-v-drdo-chief-dr-vijay-kumar-saraswat-interview-100405-2012-04-27.
10. ↑ Lele, Ajay (11 July 2012). "Should India Conduct an ASAT Test Now?". Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. https://idsa.in/idsacomments/ShouldIndiaConductanASATTestNow_alele_110712.
11. ↑ "India Successfully Test-Fires New Interceptor Missile". http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=838755.
12. ↑ "India successfully test-fires interceptor missile". The Times of India. 11 February 2017. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-successfully-test-fires-interceptor-missile/articleshow/57093816.cms.
13. ↑ "India test fires high speed interceptor missile off Odisha coast". https://odishasuntimes.com/india-test-fires-high-speed-interceptor-missile-off-odisha-coast/.
14. ↑ "DRDO's top secret A-SAT mission codenamed 'Project XSV-1'". OnManorama. 29 March 2019. https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2019/03/28/drdo-top-secret-asat-mission-project-xsv1-onmanorama-exclusive.html.
15. ↑ "Satellite-killer not a one-off, India working on star wars armoury". The Times of India. 7 April 2019. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/satellite-killer-not-a-one-off-india-working-on-star-wars-armoury/articleshow/68758674.cms.
16. ↑ "India says space debris from anti-satellite test to 'vanish' in 45...". Reuters. 2019-03-28. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-satellite-idUSKCN1R91DM.
17. ↑ "Explained Mission Shakti | What is A-SAT and how it hit Microsat-R in 168 secs". https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2019/03/27/mission-shakti-drdo-asat-missile-hit-microsat-r-isro.html.
18. ↑ "India shows off tech to "kill" satellites, will also help tackle high-altitude missiles". The Times of India. 27 March 2019. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-shows-off-tech-to-kill-satellites-will-also-help-tackle-high-altitude-missiles/articleshow/68602482.cms.
19. ↑ "Press Information Bureau". http://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1569563.
20. ↑ Gettleman, Jeffrey; Kumar, Hari (2019-03-27). "India Shot Down a Satellite, Modi Says, Shifting Balance of Power in Asia". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/27/world/asia/india-weather-satellite-missle.html.
21. ↑ Peri, Dinakar (2019-03-27). "Successful anti-satellite missile test puts India in elite club". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/successful-anti-satellite-missile-test-puts-india-in-elite-club/article26657024.ece.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "Frequently Asked Questions on Mission Shakti, India's Anti-Satellite Missile test conducted on 27 March 2019". Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31179/Frequently_Asked_Questions_on_Mission_Shakti_Indias_AntiSatellite_Missile_test_conducted_on_27_March_2019.
23. ↑ Langbroek, Marco. "Why India's ASAT Test Was Reckless". https://thediplomat.com/2019/05/why-indias-asat-test-was-reckless/.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Defence Research and Development Organisation ASAT test". Defence Research and Development Organisation. 3 May 2019. https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/npc/2019/May/din-03may2019.pdf.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 "ASAT satellite: India shoots into star wars club". 28 March 2019. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-shoots-into-star-wars-club/articleshow/68605713.cms.
26. ↑ Valadimir Akhmeto; Vadym Savanevych; Evgen Dikov (2019), Analysis of Indian ASAT Test on 27 March 2019, Bibcode: 2019arXiv190509659A
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 "DRDO in news". Defence Research and Development Organisation. 10 April 2019. https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/npc/2019/April/din-10april2019.pdf.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 "India's DRDO reveals additional details of recent ASAT missile test | Jane's 360". Jane's 360. https://www.janes.com/article/87788/india-s-drdo-reveals-additional-details-of-recent-asat-missile-test.
29. ↑ "Interview | Chairman, DRDO, Dr G. Satheesh Reddy". Force India. http://forceindia.net/interview/secretary-department-defence-rd-chairman-defence-research-development-organisation-dr-g-satheesh-reddy/.
30. ↑ Peri, Dinakar (2019-04-06). "All low Earth satellites in reach of ASAT missile: DRDO chief". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/all-low-earth-satellites-in-reach-of-asat-missile-drdo-chief/article26756012.ece.
31. ↑ Peri, Dinakar (2021-03-26). "Two years since ASAT test, DRDO working on several key space technologies". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/two-years-since-asat-test-drdo-working-on-several-key-space-technologies/article34171447.ece.
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Unnithan, Sandeep (31 December 2021). "The 'K' factor in the recent missile tests" (in en). https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/the-k-factor-in-the-recent-missile-tests-1894315-2021-12-30.
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Mission Shakti Ebook (Anti-Satellite Missile)". 2020. https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/publcations-document/ASAT_book_English.pdf.
34. ↑ "PSLV-C44 / Microsat-R & Kalamsat-V2 Mission". https://jigyasa.iirs.gov.in/Upload_Record/pdf/202208181008113 & 114 PSLV-C44 - Microsat-R & Kalamsat-V2 Mission.pdf.
35. ↑ "Mission Shakti: India Likely Destroyed Microsat R Satellite in First ASAT Test". The Wire. https://thewire.in/space/mission-shakti-india-likely-destroyed-microsat-r-satellite-in-first-asat-test.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 D. S., Madhumathi (2019-03-27). "Indian ASAT a responsible deterrent, say experts". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/indian-asat-a-responsible-deterrent-say-experts/article26656234.ece.
37. ↑ "Mission Shakti: Read PM Narendra Modi's full speech announcing how India took down satellite". 27 March 2019. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mission-shakti-narendra-modi-full-speech-1487838-2019-03-27.
38. ↑ Gravity. New York: Anchor Books, Doubleday & Co.. 2002. p. 66. ISBN 0-486-42563-0. ""...the motion of planets along their elliptical orbits proceeds in such a way that an imaginary line connecting the Sun with the planet sweeps over equal areas of the planetary orbit in equal intervals of time"."
39. ↑ "U.S. says studying India anti-satellite weapons test, warns on debris". Reuters. 2019-03-27. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-satellite-usa-idUSKCN1R825Z.
40. ↑ Salazar, Doris Elin (28 March 2019). "India Says Its Anti-Satellite Weapon Test Created Minimal Space Debris. Is That True?". Space.com. https://www.space.com/india-anti-satellite-weapon-test-debris.html.
41. ↑ Clark, Stephen (27 March 2019). "U.S. military sensors track debris from Indian anti-satellite test". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/03/27/u-s-military-sensors-track-debris-from-indian-anti-satellite-test/.
42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 T.S.Kelso [@TSKelso] (27 September 2019). "Six months after the Indian ASAT test, 125 pieces have been cataloged and 50 are still shown as on orbit. Nine are lost (TLEs over 30 days old) and more could be joining them soon". https://twitter.com/TSKelso/status/1177770888978206720.
43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Langbroek, Marco (30 April 2019). "Why India's ASAT Test Was Reckless. Publicly available data contradicts official Indian assertions about its first anti-satellite test". The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2019/05/why-indias-asat-test-was-reckless/.
44. ↑ "Nasa says 49 debris from A-Sat test still in space, Indian missile expert slams report". 26 August 2019. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nasa-says-49-debris-from-a-sat-test-still-in-space-indian-expert-slams-us-report/articleshow/70834149.cms.
45. ↑ "Government finalises broad contours of defence space agency". The Economic Times. 2019-06-11. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/government-finalises-broad-contours-of-defence-space-agency/articleshow/69745921.cms.
46. ↑ "Eye on China, India set to kickstart 1st space war drill". 24 July 2019. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/eye-on-china-india-set-to-kickstart-1st-space-war-drill/articleshow/70354760.cms.
47. ↑ "Space Defence | Is India prepared to fight, and win tomorrow's wars?". https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/space-defence-is-india-prepared-to-fight-and-win-tomorrows-wars-4314861.html.
48. ↑ "ASAT missile: Satellite-killer not a one-off, India working on star wars armoury". 7 April 2019. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/satellite-killer-not-a-one-off-india-working-on-star-wars-armoury/articleshow/68758674.cms.
49. ↑ "U.S. didn't spy on India's ASAT test: Pentagon". The Hindu. 2019-03-30. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/us-didnt-spy-on-indias-asat-test-pentagon/article26684810.ece.
50. ↑ "U.S. "strongly denies" spying India's ASAT missile test, but says was aware of operation". 2019-03-30. https://www.thestatesman.com/world/us-strongly-denies-spying-india-asat-missile-test-1502741826.html.
51. ↑ "China reacts guardedly to India's ASAT missile test; hopes nations will uphold peace in space". The Economic Times. 2019-03-27. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/china-reacts-guardedly-to-indias-asat-missile-test-hopes-nations-will-uphold-peace-in-space/articleshow/68598470.cms.
52. ↑ Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy (2019-03-30). "State-run Chinese media decries West double standards on Anti-Satellite Missile Test". The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/state-run-chinese-media-decries-west-double-standards-on-anti-satellite-missile-test/articleshow/68640144.cms.
53. ↑ "Mission Shakti: How China and Pakistan reacted". 27 March 2019. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pakistan/pakistan-urges-no-militarization-of-space-after-india-downs-satellite/articleshow/68598453.cms.
54. ↑ "India claims to shoot down satellite, join "space superpowers"". Dawn. 2019-03-27. https://www.dawn.com/news/1472198.
55. ↑ Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy (29 March 2019). "Russia puts onus on U.S. for early outer space rules after India's test". The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/russia-puts-onus-us-for-early-outer-space-rules-after-indias-test/articleshow/68626644.cms.
56. ↑ Stewart, Phil (28 March 2019). "U.S. studying India anti-satellite weapons test, warns of space debris". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-satellite-usa/us-says-studying-india-anti-satellite-weapons-test-warns-on-debris-idUSKCN1R825Z.
57. ↑ Stewart, Phil (28 March 2019). "U.S. sees India space debris from weapons test eventually burning up". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-satellite-usa/u-s-sees-india-space-debris-from-weapons-test-eventually-burning-up-idUSKCN1R91T0.
58. ↑ "US adopts neutral stand on "Mssion Shakti", to continue space collaboration with India". The Hindu Business Line. 28 March 2019. https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/us-takes-note-of-indias-first-anti-missile-test/article26660703.ece.
59. ↑ "'A terrible thing': India's destruction of satellite threatens ISS, says Nasa". The Guardian. 2 April 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/apr/02/a-terrible-thing-nasa-condemns-indias-destruction-of-satellite-and-resulting-space-junk.
60. ↑ Schultz, Kai (2019-04-02). "NASA Says Debris From India's Antisatellite Test Puts Space Station at Risk". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/02/world/asia/nasa-india-space-debris.html.
61. ↑ "ASAT Test: Pentagon defends India's A-Sat test, says country is concerned over "threats" in space". 12 April 2019. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pentagon-defends-indias-a-s-test-says-country-is-concerned-over-threats-in-space/articleshow/68842379.cms.
62. ↑ Pant, Harsh V.. "India's Leap in Space: The Significance of the First Indian Anti-Satellite Test". https://thediplomat.com/2019/03/indias-leap-in-space-the-significance-of-the-first-indian-anti-satellite-test/.
63. ↑ "Enemy can go 'deaf, blind'". The Tribune. 28 March 2019. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/enemy-can-go-deaf-blind/749191.html.
64. ↑ Kumar, Bhaswar (2019-04-22). "ASAT test shows India has means to destroy ICBMs in outer space: Experts". Business Standard India. https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/asat-test-shows-india-has-means-to-destroy-icbms-in-outer-space-experts-119042200713_1.html.
65. ↑ "The successful ASAT test has earned India its rightful place on the high table". 2019-03-29. https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/a-rightful-place-in-space-anti-satellite-asat-mission-shakti-drdo-pm-modi-isro-5647570/.
66. ↑ Rajagopalan, Rajeswari Pillai (29 March 2019). "Having tested its ASAT capability, India should help shape global space norms". Observer Research Foundation. https://www.orfonline.org/research/having-tested-its-asat-capability-india-should-help-shape-global-space-norms-49384/.

## External links

* Official video about the test containing actual footage Defence Research and Development Organisation Alternative link

* v
* t
* e

Politics of outer space

* Spacefaring nations
* Space policy
* Space traffic management
* Space debris management
* Space Debris Working Group
* Space Debris Committee
* Planetary protection principle
* Post-detection policy
* Asteroid impact
* Prediction
* Avoidance
* Spaceguard
* The Spaceguard Foundation

Space races|

* Cold War Space Race
* Sputnik crisis
* Timeline
* Billionaire space race
* Mars race
* Records
* Space propaganda
* Space competition

Chinese
space program|

* Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine (1966–1976)
* Shuguang program (1966–1972)
* Chinese ASAT program (1964–)
* 2007 test
* Project 921 (1992–)
* Shenzhou program
* Tiangong program
* Space station
* Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (2003–)
* Mars and beyond
* Planetary Exploration of China (2016–)
* MARS-500 study

ESA Science Programme|

* European Launcher Development Organisation (1960–1975)
* Europa launcher programme (1962–1973)
* European Space Research Organisation (1964–1975)
* European Space Agency (1975–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* European Cooperation for Space Standardization
* European Space Research and Technology Centre
* Concurrent Design Facility
* European Astronaut Centre
* ESA Centre for Earth Observation
* Living Planet Programme
* European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
* European Data Relay System
* Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (1983–2010)
* European Space Astronomy Centre (2005–)
* European Space Security and Education Centre
* European Space Operations Centre
* ESTRACK network
* Guiana Space Centre
* Ariane launcher programme (1973–)
* Vega launcher programme (1998–)
* European Space Policy Institute
* Space Situational Awareness Programme
* Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
* Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
* PRIDE
* Space Rider
* ESA Television
* Mars and beyond
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* MARS-500 study
* Aurora programme
* ExoMars

| Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)|

* SOHO
* Cassini–Huygens
* Huygens
* Cluster
* Cluster II
* XMM-Newton
* Rosetta
* INTEGRAL
* Herschel
* Planck

|

Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)|

* ISS programme
* Politics
* Gaia
* LISA Pathfinder
* BepiColombo

Cosmic Vision (2015–2025)|

* Solar Orbiter
* Euclid
* ARIEL
* EnVision
* CHEOPS
* JUICE
* ATHENA
* LISA
* Comet Interceptor
* SMILE

EU Space Programme|

* Western European Union Satellite Centre (1992–2002)
* EU Satellite Centre (2002–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
* European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)
* European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)
* EU Agency for the Space Programme (2021–)
* Galileo programme
* Copernicus programme
* EGNOS programme
* EUSST programme
* Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
* European Union Aviation Safety Agency
* European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
* European Defence Agency
* Europe by Satellite

Other European
initiatives and bodies|

* AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
* Eurospace
* Eurocontrol
* Council of Europe
* Council of European Aerospace Societies
* European Broadcasting Union
* European Civil Aviation Conference
* European Committee for Standardization/European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
* European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
* European Telecommunications Standards Institute
* European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
* European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
* European Patent Organisation
* European Patent Office
* European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* European Southern Observatory
* Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

Indian space policy|

* Department of Space
* Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
* Space Activities Bill
* Indian ASAT programme
* Mission Shakti

British
space programme|

* Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research (1958)
* Start of the Ariel programme (1962)
* Black Arrow launcher (1964–1971)
* Creation of the British National Space Centre (1985)
* Outer Space Act 1986
* Project Juno (1991)
* Space Innovation and Growth Team (2009–2010)
* Creation of the UK Space Agency (2010)
* Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
* Space Industry Act 2018
* UK Global Navigation Satellite System (2018–2020)
* 2021 Integrated Review
* Defence in a Competitive Age

US space policy|

| Truman
space policy|

* Operation Paperclip
* list of scientists
* Aerobee rocket program
* RAND
* Establishment of Cape Canaveral

|

Eisenhower
space policy|

* WS-117L
* Project Vanguard
* Sputnik crisis
* Introduction to Outer Space
* 1958 NASA Act
* Space Act Agreement
* Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
* Launch of Project Mercury
* Missile gap
* Launch of X-15 program

Kennedy
space policy|

* Launch of the Mariner program
* Launch of the Gemini project
* Launch of the Apollo program
* "We choose to go to the Moon"

Johnson
space policy|

* 1967 Outer Space Treaty

Nixon
space policy|

* Moon landing
* Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
* Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
* Skylab

Ford
space policy|

* Apollo–Soyuz
* Launch of the Viking program

Carter
space policy|

Reagan
space policy|

* Citizens' Advisory Council
* Strategy of Technology doctrine
* Strategic Defense Initiative
* Space Station Freedom proposal
* 1984 Space Act
* 1985 anti-satellite missile test
* Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
* Rogers Report
* Ride Report

George H. W. Bush
space policy|

* Space Exploration Initiative
* 1990 Augustine Committee
* Hubble Space Telescope
* National Space Council

Clinton
space policy|

* Faster, better, cheaper
* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics
* Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
* 1998 Space Act
* Decadal Planning Team
* Launch of the X-37 program

George W. Bush
space policy|

* Aerospace Industry Commission
* 2002 National missile defense directive
* Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
* Vision for Space Exploration
* Aldridge Commission
* ESAS
* 2005 NASA Act
* Launch of the Constellation program
* Operation Burnt Frost

Obama
space policy|

* 2009 Augustine Committee
* Kennedy Space Center speech
* Cancellation of the Constellation program
* Launch of the Space Launch System program
* Redesign of the Orion program
* Flexible path
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* 2010 NASA Act
* Title 51
* Space Shuttle retirement
* Development of the Commercial Crew Program
* 2014 NASA Act
* 2015 Space Act

First Trump
space policy|

* Re-establishment of the National Space Council
* Creation of the Space Force
* Launch of the Artemis program
* Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
* Executive Order 13959

* China exclusion policy of NASA
* International Traffic in Arms Regulations
* Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
* Budget of NASA
* House Committee on Space
* NESDIS
* Office of Space Commerce
* FCC
* FAA/AST
* NRO
* IEEE
* Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
* Antennas & Propagation Society
* Broadcast Technology Society
* Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
* Vehicular Technology Society

USSR and Russia|

| Soviet
space
program|

| Stalin|

* Operation Osoaviakhim (1946)
* list of scientists

|

Khrushchev|

* Sputnik program
* Sputnik crisis (1957)
* Vostok program (1960–1963)
* Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (1960–1982)
* Soviet crewed lunar programs (1961–1976)
* Voskhod program (1964–1966)

Brezhnev|

* Soyuz program (1967–)
* Interkosmos (1967–1991)
* Salyut program (1971–1986)
* Almaz (1973–1977)
* Buran program (1974–1993)
* Apollo–Soyuz (1975)

Gorbachev|

* Mir (1986–2001)

Roscosmos|

| Yeltsin|

* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS (1993–)
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics

|

Medvedev|

* Medvedev modernisation programme
* 2010 Military doctrine

Putin|

* United Rocket and Space Corporation (2013–2015)
* 2014 Military doctrine
* 2015 Creation of Roscosmos
* Mars
* MARS-500 study
* ExoMars

Other policies|

* Australian space program
* Brazilian space program
* Emirati space program
* Japanese space program
* Kazakh space program
* Kenyan space program
* Lebanese space program
* North Korean space program
* Pakistani space program
* Space programme 2040
* Philippine space program
* South Korean space program
* Ugandan space initiatives
* International Space Station programme
* Politics of the International Space Station

United Nations|

* International Civil Aviation Organization
* ITU-R
* Office for Outer Space Affairs
* UN-SPIDER
* Space Generation Advisory Council
* Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
* General Assembly Fourth Committee

Other intergovernmental
or inter-agency bodies|

* African Space Agency
* Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
* Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
* Committee on Space Research
* International Planetary Data Alliance
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
* Group on Earth Observations
* Global Standards Collaboration
* Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
* International Mobile Satellite Organization
* International Space Exploration Coordination Group
* International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
* International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* Intersputnik
* Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
* Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
* Arab Satellite Communications Organization
* Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization

Space law|

* Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963)
* Outer Space Treaty (1967)
* Rescue Agreement (1968)
* Space Liability Convention (1972)
* US-USSR Cooperation Agreement (1972)
* Satellite Convention (1974)
* Registration Convention (1975)
* Bogota Declaration (1976)
* Moon Treaty (1979)
* Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (1981)
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement (1988)
* International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement (1998)
* International Docking System Standard
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters' (1999)
* Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol (2012)
* Artemis Accords (2020)
* Space jurisdiction
* Common heritage of mankind
* Extraterrestrial real estate
* Astronomical naming conventions
* ITU Radio Regulations
* CCSDS standards
* ODCWG standards
* CEOS standards
* COSPAR standards
* International Designator
* IPDA standards
* GSC standards
* GEO standards
* ISECG standards
* Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs

Commercial use|

* Space industry
* India
* Russia
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Private spaceflight
* Launch market competition
* Space tourism
* Space advertising
* Space technology
* Space-based economy
* Space trade
* Space manufacturing
* Lunar resources
* Project Harvest Moon
* Asteroid mining

Militarisation|

| Space forces,
units and formations|

* Space forces
* Australia
* Brazil
* Canada
* China
* Colombia
* France
* Germany
* Iran
* AJA
* IRGC
* Israel
* Japan
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Russia
* South Korea
* Spain
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States
* History
* Structure
* Vietnam
* Ranks and insignia
* Space commands
* France
* India
* Italy
* NATO
* NORAD
* United Kingdom
* United States

|

Space warfare|

* Space domain awareness
* Space weapon
* Anti-satellite weapon
* China
* India
* Russia
* United States
* Kinetic bombardment
* Kill vehicle
* Missile defense
* Military satellite
* Reconnaissance satellite
* Spaceplane
* Satellite jamming

Space advocacy|

* Air & Space Forces Association
* Alliance for Space Development
* National Space Society
* Space Frontier Foundation
* Mars Society
* Moon Society
* Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
* Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
* British Interplanetary Society
* Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
* International Academy of Astronautics
* International Astronautical Federation
* International Astronomical Union
* Lunar Explorers Society
* Space Exploration Alliance
* Space Fellowship
* Space Force Association
* Space Foundation
* The Planetary Society

* v
* t
* e

Public-sector space agencies

Africa|

| Pan-African
and pan-Arab|

* RASCOM
* Arabsat

|

National|

* ASAL
* EgSA
* NARSS
* ESSTI
* GSSTC
* KSA
* NASRDA
* SANSA

Americas|

| North America|

* CSA
* NASA
* NESDIS
* OSC
* FAA/AST
* FCC
* USSF
* USSPACECOM
* NRO

|

Latin America
and the Caribbean|

* ALCE
* AEM
* CONAE
* ABE
* AEB
* DCTA
* INPE
* ITA
* CCE
* ABAE
* IVIC

Asia|

| Pan-Asian|

* APSCO

|

Central Asia|

* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VK
* TNSA1

East Asia|

* CNSA
* SASTIND
* CASC
* CALT
* CAST
* CCF
* CGWIC
* PLAASF
* CASIC
* JAXA
* ISAS
* JSS
* NICT
* NATA
* KASA
* KARI
* KASI
* SaTReC
* TASA

South Asia|

* SPARRSO
* ISRO2
* Antrix Corp
* DoS
* NRSC
* NSIL
* DSA
* SUPARCO

Southeast Asia|

* BRIN
* ORPA
* INASA
* MYSA
* PhilSA
* SSTL
* GISTDA
* VNSC

West Asia|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* NSSA
* NEHSA
* ISA
* ISRC
* ISA
* NCSR
* SSA
* KACST-SRI
* File:Flag of Syria (2025-).svg SSA2
* GORS
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* UAESA (MBRSC)

Europe|

| Pan-European|

* CEN/CENELEC
* CEPT
* ETSI
* Eurocontrol
* ECAC
* ESA
* ECSS
* ESTEC
* EAC
* ESRIN
* ECSAT
* ESAC
* ESOC
* ESTRACK
* Guiana Space Centre
* EUMETSAT
* EUTELSAT IGO
* ESO

|

EU and EEA|

* DG DEFIS
* EUSPA
* EU SatCen
* EASA
* BEREC
* ALR2
* BELSPO
* BIRA-IASB
* SRTI2
* CSO2
* DTU Space
* ESO1
* CNES2
* AAE
* CdE
* DLR2
* HSA
* HSO2
* ASI
* LSA
* LSO1
* SRON
* NSO
* NOSA
* POLSA2
* CBK PAN
* UKE
* KRRiT
* ORO
* ULC
* File:Flag of Portugal (official).svg PTSPACE
* ROSA2
* INTA
* AEC
* EAE
* AEE
* SNSA

Other|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* BSA1
* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VVKO
* File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg SSO
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* SSAU1
* UKSA2

Oceania|

* ASA
* CSIRO
* NZSA

World|

* CCSDS
* CEOS
* COSPAR
* IPDA
* Cospas-Sarsat
* GEO
* GSC
* IADC
* ICSMD
* IMSO
* ISECG
* ISS MCB
* ITSO
* Intersputnik
* ODCWG
* ITU-R
* UNCOPUOS
* UNOOSA
* UNOSAT

Former|

* BNSC
* KCST
* INCOSPAR
* LAPAN
* NAL
* NASDA
* SSP
* MOM
* Interkosmos

* See also: Timeline of first orbital launches by country
* 1 Preceded by the Soviet space program
* 2 Preceded by Interkosmos participation

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