Moon Impact Probe

Short description: Lunar robotic craft developed by ISRO

Moon Impact Probe being integrated with Chandrayaan-1 orbiter Moon Impact Probe being worked on before integration with orbiter

The Moon Impact Probe (MIP) developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), India's national space agency, was a lunar probe that was released by ISRO's Chandrayaan-1 lunar remote sensing orbiter which in turn was launched, on 22 October 2008, aboard a modified version of ISRO's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle. It discovered the presence of water on the Moon.[1][2]

The Moon Impact Probe separated from the Moon-orbiting Chandrayaan-1 on 14 November 2008, 14:36:54 UTC and after nearly 25 minutes hard landed as planned, near the rim of Shackleton Crater.[3][4][5] With this mission, ISRO became the fifth national space agency to reach the lunar surface. Other nations whose national space agencies to have done so prior were the former Soviet Union in 1959,[6] the United States in 1962,[7][8] Japan in 1993,[9] and ESA member states in 2006.[10][11][12]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Mission objectives
* 3 Configuration and payloads
* 4 Mission chronology
* 5 Discovery of water
* 6 Site location and naming
* 7 See also
* 8 References

## History

The probe was a product of former President Abdul Kalam's suggestion[13] who felt that since the Chandrayaan orbiter was already going so near to the Moon, the mission would have more scientific relevance if the probe was included. He believed that the Moon could not be left to a few countries and that India should not be left behind[14] The Times of India also reported a political motive by former president Abdul Kalam as "He believed that if this was done, India could always stake a claim to a portion of the Moon."[11] At the same time, The Indian Express reported Kalam as saying "no nation can claim the Moon as its own. The resources of the Moon should be a common property and that is one of the aims of the Moon mission."[15]

## Mission objectives

The main objectives of the MIP were to demonstrate the technologies for reaching a specified location on the Moon, qualifying technologies required for any future soft landing missions, and scientific exploration of the Moon from close range just prior to the impact.[16][17][18]

## Configuration and payloads

The MIP carried three instruments:[19]

* Radar Altimeter – which measured the altitude of the probe during descent and provided information on qualifying technologies for future landing missions. The operating frequency band was 4.3 GHz ± 100 MHz.
* Video Imaging System – acquired close range images of the surface of the Moon during descent and before impact. The video imaging system consisted of an analog CCD camera.
* Mass Spectrometer based payload CHACE – measured trace constituents of the lunar atmosphere during descent. This instrument was a quadrupole mass spectrometer with a mass resolution of 0.5 amu and sensitivities to partial pressures on the order of 1.3×10−11 pascals.

The probe used aluminium-honeycomb sandwich structure onto which the payloads were mounted. The probe was attached to the orbiter with a ball lock separation system which jettisoned the unit from the Chandrayaan. A solid propellant de-orbit mortar nudged the craft out of lunar orbit, while solid propellant based thrusters were fired to spin-stabilize the orientation enabling the imaging system to capture the descent profile.[20]

The probe's external surface had four oval-shaped anodised aluminium plates measuring 120mm X 180mm[21] on which the image of the Indian flag was depicted, complete with the Emblem of India and the words "Satyameva Jayate".[21] These plates were attached to each one of the four vertical sides of the probe. As per ISRO specifications these plates had to endure a temperature range from −50 degrees celsius and as high as more than 150 degrees celsius.[21]

## Mission chronology

India launched the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft using a modified version of the PSLV C11[22][23] on 22 October 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh at 06:22 IST (00:52 UTC).[24]

The lunar probe separated from Chandrayaaan-1, in a 102 km circular polar orbit around the Moon, at 20:06 IST on 14 November 2008.[25] After separation, it first fired its spin up rockets and then its retro rocket to de-orbit itself into the lunar surface.[26] While descending, the MIP continuously sent information back to the Chandrayaan-1 orbiter which in turn beamed the information back to Earth. After a 25-minute descent, it struck the Moon at 20:31 IST, 14 November 2008 at a speed of 1.69 kilometers per second (approximately 6100 km/h or 3800 miles per hour).[26] It crashed into Shackleton Crater, at the lunar south pole, near  [ ⚑ ] 89°33′S 122°56′W﻿ / ﻿89.55°S 122.93°W﻿ / -89.55; -122.93,[27][28] at 20:31 on 14 November 2008.[25]

## Discovery of water

On 25 September 2009, ISRO announced that the MIP had discovered water on the Moon during its descent just before impact.[1] This announcement was made after the discovery of water was announced on 24 September 2009 by Science magazine by the NASA payload Moon Mineralogy Mapper carried on board Chandrayaan-1.[29] MIP discovered water on the Moon before NASA's Moon Mineralogy Mapper, the announcement of this discovery was not made until NASA confirmed it.[2][30]

## Site location and naming

The approximate impact location of the probe ( [ ⚑ ] 89°46′S 39°24′W﻿ / ﻿89.76°S 39.40°W﻿ / -89.76; -39.40)[31] was named as Jawahar Sthal in India after the first Prime Minister of India, on whose birth anniversary[32][33] incidentally the event of MIP impact took place. The name was suggested by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam to honor his vision that was crucial to the creation of INCOSPAR and later ISRO.[34][35]

The initial location was later refined to the Earth-facing slope of the connecting ridge between Shackleton (crater) and De Gerlache (crater) near coordinates ( [ ⚑ ] 89°33′S 122°56′W﻿ / ﻿89.55°S 122.93°W﻿ / -89.55; -122.93) by matching images from MIP camera to LROC NAC image mosaic.[36]

## See also

* Chandrayaan-1
* LCROSS
* List of missions to the Moon
* Lunar water
* List of artificial objects on the Moon

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "MIP detected water on Moon way back in June: ISRO Chairman". The Hindu (Bangalore). 25 September 2009. http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/mip-detected-water-on-moon-way-back-in-june-isro-chairman/article24854.ece.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Chandrayaan first discovered water on moon, but?". DNA. DNA (Bangalore). 25 September 2009. http://www.dnaindia.com/scitech/1292942/report-chandrayaan-first-discovered-water-on-moon-but.
3. ↑ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2008-052A.
4. ↑ "Chandrayaan-1 starts observations of the Moon" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Chandrayaan-1_starts_observations_of_the_Moon.
5. ↑ "An afterthought" (in en). 2008-12-18. https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/article30198606.ece.
6. ↑ "Luna 2". US National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-014A.
7. ↑ "Ranger 3". US National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-001A.
8. ↑ "Hiten". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive (NSSDCA). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1990-007A.
9. ↑ "Hiten". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive (NSSDCA). https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1990-007A.
10. ↑ "Probe crashes into Moon's surface". BBC News. 3 September 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/5309656.stm.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Laxman, Srinivas (15 November 2008). "Chandrayaan-I Impact Probe lands on moon". Times Of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Chandrayaan-I_Impact_Probe_lands_on_moon/articleshow/3714245.cms.
12. ↑ "China's lunar probe Chang'e-1 impacts moon_English_Xinhua". http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/01/content_10923205.htm.
13. ↑ "An afterthought" (in en). 2008-12-18. https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/article30198606.ece.
14. ↑ "India's Moon Mission". politicalaffairs.com. 27 October 2008. http://politicalaffairs.net/india-s-moon-mission/.
15. ↑ Service, Express News (11 November 2008). "Kalam turns teacher in the midst of students". newindianexpress.com. http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article3705.ece.
16. ↑ "Payload bearing Tricolour will land on Moon". The Economic Times. 15 October 2008. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/ET_Cetera/Payload_bearing_Tricolour_will_land_on_Moon/articleshow/3598032.cms.
17. ↑ "Moon Impact Probe". ISRO. http://www.isro.org/chandrayaan/htmls/mip.htm.
18. ↑ "Chandrayaan team over the moon". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 15 November 2008. http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/15/stories/2008111560851200.htm.
19. ↑ "Moon Impact Probe (MIP)". ISRO. http://www.isro.org/chandrayaan/htmls/mip.htm.
20. ↑ "Moon Impact Probe Chandrayaan-I". https://sci.esa.int/documents/34200/36212/1567256830514-7-MIP_ILEWG.pdf.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 "Blore firm behind the Chandrayaan tri-colour". Deccan Herald. 16 November 2008. http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Nov162008/state20081116101017.asp.
22. ↑ "Mission Sequence". Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). http://www.isro.org/chandrayaan/htmls/mission_sequence.htm.
23. ↑ "Chandrayaan-1 shifted to VAB". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 22 October 2008. http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/15/stories/2008101556421300.htm.
24. ↑ "PSLV-C11 Successfully Launches Chandrayaan-1". Indian Express. 22 October 2008. http://isro.org/pressrelease/Oct22_2008.htm.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Chandrayaan team over the moon". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 15 November 2008. http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/15/stories/2008111560851200.htm.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Indian Tricolour lands on Moon". The Indian Express. 14 November 2008. http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Indian-Tricolour-lands-on-Moon/385746/.
27. ↑ "Frontline India's National Magazine - Moon Mystery - Moon Impact Probe impact coordinates". http://www.flonnet.com/fl2720/stories/20101008272009000.htm.
28. ↑ "Chandrayaan-1 Moon Impact Probe: Impact Location Refined". https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2021/pdf/1013.pdf.
29. ↑ "Water on the Moon?". Science Magazine. 25 September 2009. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sci;169/3952/1309?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=water+moon&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT.
30. ↑ Bagla, Pallav (25 September 2009). "Did India beat NASA to find water on moon?". NDTV (Bangalore). http://www.ndtv.com/article/sci-tech/did-india-beat-nasa-to-find-water-on-moon-9091.
31. ↑ "Note verbale dated 13 October 2009 from the Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations (Vienna) addressed to the Secretary-General". https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/ser570E.pdf.
32. ↑ "Indian tricolour lands on moon". 14 May 2012. https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2008/nov/14/indian-tricolour-lands-on-moon-6864.html.
33. ↑ "Indian Tricolour Placed on the Moon on Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru's Birthday". 14 November 2008. http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/Nov14_2008.htm.
34. ↑ "8.4 Chandrayaan-1 Mission The New Face of the Moon by J.N. GOSWAMI". From Fishing Hamlet To Red Planet. Harper Collins. 2015. pp. 506. ISBN 978-9351776895. https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/node/7808/from_fishing_hamlet_to_red_planet_p_v_manoranjan_r.epub. Retrieved 28 March 2019. "The landing site of the MIP was named 'Jawahar Sthal' to commemorate the birthday of India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, which also falls on 14 November coinciding with the date of the MIP impact."
35. ↑ "Chandrayaan-1: The first time India 'touched' the Moon" (in en). 2023-08-23. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/chandrayaan-1-moon-impact-probe-8905874/. ""You, buddy, you have done it!" Dr Kalam told Nair. To the entire control room, he said: "Today is a historic day as India has accomplished this fantastic mission. I congratulate each and every one of you!"
Before returning to New Delhi, however, he made a notable suggestion – to name the impact site after Pandit Nehru, on whose birthday the landing was made and whose vision was crucial to the creation of Isro. After receiving appropriate permissions from the government, the site was named "Jawahar Sthal""
36. ↑ "lpi (iPosterSessions - an aMuze! Interactive system)". https://lpsc2021.ipostersessions.com/?s=E7-35-F7-D6-54-41-06-60-DB-F3-BD-B7-DF-4C-93-BC.

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* Colonization of the Moon
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Indian space program

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Related|

* SAGA-220 (supercomputer)
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* List of Indian satellites
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Indian spacecraft

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|

Earth observation|

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Experimental|

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Navigation|

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Student satellites|

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Space probes|

| Scientific|

* SROSS
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|

Astronomical|

* Astrosat
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Lunar programme|

* Chandrayaan-1
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* Vikram
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Interplanetary|

* Mars Orbiter Mission
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* Shukrayaan-1 (planned)

Human spaceflight|

* Indian human spaceflight programme
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* Future spacecraft in italics.

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Orbital launches in 2008

Thuraya 3 | TecSAR | Ekspress AM-33 | Progress M-63 | STS-122 (Columbus) | Thor 5 | Kizuna | Jules Verne ATV | STS-123 (Kibō ELM-PS * Dextre * Spacelab MD002) | USA-200 | AMC-14 | USA-201 | DirecTV-11 | SAR-Lupe 4 | Soyuz TMA-12 | ICO G1 | C/NOFS | Vinasat-1 * Star One C2 | Tianlian I-01 | GIOVE-B | Cartosat-2A * TWSAT * CanX-2 * CUTE-1.7 + APD II * Delfi-C3 * AAUSAT-II * Compass-1 * SEEDS-2 * CanX-6 * Rubin-8 | Amos-3 | Progress M-64 | Galaxy 18 | Kosmos 2437 * Kosmos 2438 * Kosmos 2439 * Yubileiny | Feng Yun 3A | STS-124 (Kibō PM) | ChinaSat 9 | Fermi | Skynet 5C * Türksat 3A | Orbcomm FM29 * Orbcomm FM37 * Orbcomm FM38 * Orbcomm FM39 * Orbcomm FM40 * Orbcomm FM41 | OSTM/Jason-2 | Kosmos 2440 | Badr-6 * ProtoStar 1 | EchoStar XI | SAR-Lupe 5 | Kosmos 2441 | Trailblazer * NanoSail-D * PRESat * Explorers | Superbird-C2 * AMC-21 | Omid | Inmarsat-4 F3 | Tachys * Mati * Choma * Choros * Trochia | Huan Jing 1A * Huan Jing 1B | GeoEye-1 | Progress M-65 | Nimiq-4 | Galaxy 19 | Kosmos 2442 * Kosmos 2243 * Kosmos 2444 | Shenzhou 7 (Banxing-1) | Ratsat | THEOS | Soyuz TMA-13 | IBEX | Chandrayaan-1 (MIP) | Shijian 6E * Shijian 6F | COSMO-3 | Venesat-1 | Chuang Xin 1B * Shiyan Weixing 3 | Astra 1M | Kosmos 2445 | STS-126 (Leonardo MPLM * PSSC-1) | Progress M-01M | Yaogan 4 | Kosmos 2446 | Yaogan 5 | Hot Bird 9 * Eutelsat W2M | Feng Yun 2E | Kosmos 2447 * Kosmos 2448 * Kosmos 2449

Payloads are separated by bullets ( * ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in bold text. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in brackets.

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