Northern Extended Millimeter Array

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The Northern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) is one of the largest astronomical facilities on European ground and the most powerful radio telescope in the Northern Hemisphere operating at millimeter wavelengths. It consists of a large array of twelve 15-meter antennas that can spread over distances of up to 1.7 kilometers, working together as a single telescope.

NOEMA is the successor of the Plateau de Bure Interferometer and is run by the international research institute IRAM (Institut de radioastronomie millimétrique).

The observatory operates at over 2500 meters above sea level on one of the most extended European high altitude sites, the Plateau de Bure in the French Alps. Together with IRAM's second observatory, the IRAM 30-meter telescope, it is part of the global Event Horizon Telescope array.

## Contents

* 1 Operation
* 2 Science
* 3 Gallery
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Operation

Instead of operating one giant telescope, NOEMA relies on several smaller and easily movable antennas placed on tracks. Together, the NOEMA antennas have the resolving power of a telescope with a diameter of more than 1.7 kilometers which is the distance between the outermost antennas.

During observations, the NOEMA antennas function as a single stationary telescope, a technique called interferometry. All NOEMA antennas point towards the same cosmic source. The signals received by each antenna are combined by a supercomputer, a so called correlator, that produces images of outstanding sensitivity and resolution of the astronomical source.

NOEMA functions like a variable lens camera by changing the configuration of its antennas allowing scientists to zoom-in and -out of a cosmic object and observe the tiniest details. In its most extended configuration NOEMA shows a 0.1 arc second view at 350 GHz revealing the nature of the nearest protostellar disks and the sub-kiloparsec scale of star forming regions of the most distant galaxies. Working with IRAM's second facility, the 30-meter telescope and its wide angle of vision, the result is a giant virtual telescope with a unique set of capabilities.

## Science

Compared to optical astronomy, which is sensitive to the hot universe (stars are generally a few thousand degrees Celsius), radiotelescopes that operate in the millimeter wavebands, such as NOEMA, probe the cold universe (around -250 degrees Celsius). NOEMA is able to see the formation of the first galaxies in the universe, to observe super-giant black holes at the center of galaxies, to analyze the chemical evolution and dynamics of nearby galaxies, to detect organic molecules and possible key elements of life and to investigate the formation of stars and the appearance of planetary systems.

The last 30 years, NOEMA has done pioneering work in radio astronomy. It observed the most distant galaxy known to date.[1] Together with the IRAM 30-meter telescope it made the first complete and detailed radio images of nearby galaxies and their gas. NOEMA also obtained the first image of a gas disk surrounding a double star system (Dutrey al. 1994[2]). Its antennas captured for the first time a cavity in one of these disks, a major hint for the existence of a planetary object orbiting the new star and absorbing matter on its trajectory (GG tau, Piétu et al. 2011[3] ). Together, the IRAM facilities have discovered one third of the interstellar molecules known to date (published ApJ, 2018, Brett A. McGuire[4]).

## Gallery

* The NOEMA observatory

* The NOEMA observatory, located on the Plateau de Bure in the French Alps

* The NOEMA antennas looking at the night sky

* The NOEMA observatory looking at the night sky with the Milky Way.

## See also

* List of radio telescopes

## References

1. ↑ Venemans, Bram P.; Walter, Fabian; Decarli, Roberto; Bañados, Eduardo; Carilli, Chris; Winters, Jan Martin; Schuster, Karl; da Cunha, Elisabete et al. (2017-12-06). "Copious Amounts of Dust and Gas in a z = 7.5 Quasar Host Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal 851 (1): L8. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa943a. ISSN 2041-8213. Bibcode: 2017ApJ...851L...8V.
2. ↑ Dutrey, A.; Guilloteau, S.; Simon, M. (1994-06-01). "Images of the GG Tauri rotating ring". Astronomy and Astrophysics 286: 149–159. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 1994A&A...286..149D. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994A&A...286..149D;.
3. ↑ "High resolution imaging of the GG Tauri system at 267 GHz". https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2011/04/aa15682-10.pdf.
4. ↑ McGuire, Brett A. (2018). "2018 Census of Interstellar, Circumstellar, Extragalactic, Protoplanetary Disk, and Exoplanetary Molecules" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 239 (2): 17. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aae5d2. Bibcode: 2018ApJS..239...17M.

## External links

* The NOEMA brochure.

* v
* t
* e

Radio astronomy

Concepts|

* Units (watt and jansky)
* Radio telescope (Radio window)
* Astronomical interferometer (History)
* Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI)
* Astronomical radio source

Radio telescopes
(List)|

| Individual
telescopes|

* 500 meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST, China)
* Arecibo Observatory (Puerto Rico, US)
* Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO, US)
* Effelsberg Telescope (Germany)
* Galenki RT-70 (Russia)
* Green Bank Telescope (West Virginia, US)
* Large Millimeter Telescope (Mexico)
* Lovell Telescope (UK)
* Ooty Telescope (India)
* Qitai Radio Telescope (China)
* RATAN-600 Radio Telescope (Russia)
* Sardinia Radio Telescope (Italy)
* Suffa RT-70 (Uzbekistan)
* Usuda Telescope (Japan)
* UTR-2 decameter radio telescope (Ukraine)
* Yevpatoria RT-70 (Russia)

Southern Hemisphere
HartRAO (South Africa)
Parkes Observatory (Australia)
Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory (NZ)

|

Interferometers|

* Allen Telescope Array (ATA, California, US)
* Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA, Chile)
* Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA, Australia)
* Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP, Australia)
* Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME, Canada)
* Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA, California, US)
* European VLBI Network (Europe)
* Event Horizon Telescope (EHT)
* Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT, India)
* Green Bank Interferometer (GBI, West Virginia, US)
* Korean VLBI Network (KVN, South Korea)
* Large Latin American Millimeter Array (LLAMA, Argentina/Brazil)
* Long Wavelength Array (LWA, New Mexico, US)
* Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR, Netherlands)
* MeerKAT (South Africa)
* Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (MOST, Australia)
* Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN, UK)
* Murchison Widefield Array (MWA, Australia)
* Northern Cross Radio Telescope (Italy)
* Northern Extended Millimeter Array (France)
* One-Mile Telescope (UK)
* Primeval Structure Telescope (PaST, China)
* Square Kilometre Array (SKA, Australia, South Africa)
* Submillimeter Array (SMA, US)
* Very Large Array (VLA, New Mexico, US)
* Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA, US)
* Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT, Netherlands)

Space-based|

* HALCA (Japan)
* Spektr-R (Russia)

Observatories|

* Algonquin Radio Observatory (Canada)
* Haystack Observatory (US)
* Jodrell Bank Observatory (UK)
* Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory (UK)
* National Radio Astronomy Observatory (US)
* Nançay Radio Observatory (France)
* Onsala Space Observatory (Sweden)
* Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory (PRAO ASC LPI, Russia)
* Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science (SAORAS, Russia)
* Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory

Multi-use|

* DRAO (Canada)
* ESA New Norcia (Australia)
* PARL (Canada)

People|

* Elizabeth Alexander
* John G. Bolton
* Edward George Bowen
* Ronald Bracewell
* Jocelyn Bell Burnell
* Arthur Covington
* Nan Dieter-Conklin
* Frank Drake
* Antony Hewish
* Karl Guthe Jansky
* Kenneth Kellermann
* Frank J. Kerr
* John D. Kraus
* Bernard Lovell
* Jan Oort
* Joseph Lade Pawsey
* Ruby Payne-Scott
* Arno Penzias
* Grote Reber
* Martin Ryle
* Govind Swarup
* Gart Westerhout
* Paul Wild
* Robert Wilson

Related articles|

* Radio propagation
* Interferometry
* Aperture synthesis
* SETI (Wow! signal, Radio signal from HD 164595)
* Pulsar timing array
* Cosmic microwave background radiation

* Submillimetre astronomy
* Infrared astronomy
* Optical astronomy
* High-energy astronomy
* Gravitational-wave astronomy

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