PH2

Short description: Star in the constellation Cygnus

PH2 / Kepler-86[1]

Artist's conception of PH2 and its planet, PH2b, viewed from a hypothetical moon of the planet.
Credit: Haven Giguere, Matthew Giguere/Yale

Observation data
Equinox J2000.0]] (ICRS)
Constellation | Cygnus[3]
Right ascension |  19h 19m 03.26334s[4]
Declination | +51° 57′ 45.4099″[4]
Apparent magnitude (V) | 12.699±0.010[5]
Characteristics
Evolutionary stage | Main sequence
Spectral type | G5V[6][note 1]
Apparent magnitude (J) | 11.501±0.023[2]
Apparent magnitude (H) | 11.182±0.03[2]
Apparent magnitude (K) | 11.116±0.022[2]
Apparent magnitude (B1) | 12.34[2]
Apparent magnitude (R1) | 12.62[2]
B−V color index | 0.072[6]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)| −17.79±1.88[4] km/s
Proper motion (μ)|  RA: 3.427[4] mas/yr
Dec.: 16.047[4] mas/yr
Parallax (π)| 2.9134 ± 0.0105[4] mas
Distance| 1,120 ± 4 ly
(343 ± 1 pc)
Absolute bolometric
magnitude (Mbol)| 5.01+0.12
−0.12[7][note 2]
Details[5]
Mass| 0.958±0.034 M☉
Radius| 0.961+0.016
−0.015 R☉
Luminosity (bolometric)| 0.79+0.09
−0.08[8] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)| 4.45±0.02 cgs
Temperature| 5711+60
−59 K
Metallicity [Fe/H]| −0.03±0.04 dex
Rotation| 22.6 days
Rotational velocity (v sin i)| 1.43±0.78[8] km/s
Other designations

PH2, Kepler-86, KOI-3663, KIC 12735740, 2MASS J19190326+5157453[9]

Database references
SIMBAD| data
KIC| data

PH2, also known as Kepler-86,[1] or KIC 12735740 (2MASS J19190326+5157453), is a G-type star[8][note 1] 1,120 light-years (340 parsecs) distant[4] within the constellation Cygnus.[3] Roughly the size and temperature[6] of the Sun,[10] PH2 gained prominence when it was known to be the host of one of 42 planet candidates detected by the Planet Hunters citizen science project in its second data release.[11] The candidate orbiting around PH2, known as PH2b, had been determined to have a spurious detection probability of only 0.08%, thus effectively confirming its existence as a planet.[8]

Located in its parent star's habitable zone, PH2b (or Kepler-86b[1]) is a Jupiter-size gas giant which could in theory host a natural satellite suitable for hosting life.[11] The report of the confirmed detection of PH2b was submitted on January 3, 2013.[8] It was discovered by amateur Pole Rafał Herszkowicz using his laptop and access to the Internet project with data from the Kepler space observatory.[12]

## Contents

* 1 History of detection
* 2 Planetary system
* 3 See also
* 4 Notes
* 4.1 References
* 4.2 Footnotes
* 5 External links

## History of detection

The Kepler search volume, in the context of the Milky Way Galaxy.

PH2 b was detected, along with 42 other planet candidates, in archival data from Kepler by the Planet Hunters project, in which human volunteers analyze the light curves of Kepler target stars, searching for planetary transit signals which may be missed by computer programs.[8] Previous work by Planet Hunters helped to confirm the existence of PH1b, a Neptune-mass planet within a four-star system.

All of the candidates in the study, including PH2b, were identified by citizen scientists Abe J. Hoekstra, Thomas Lee Jacobs, Daryll LaCourse, Hans Martin Schwengler, Rafał Herszkowicz and Mike Chopin among others, with the help of Yale University astronomers.[8] In addition to PH2b itself, twenty other planet candidates were found which are located in the habitable zones of their host stars; however, these have a relatively high probability of spurious detection and may well come from non-planetary sources.[8]

Although the planet's initial detection was made using Kepler data, PH2's stellar spectra, required to rule out background stars or faint companions with planets as sources for the observed transits, were collected using the HIRES instrument at the W. M. Keck Observatory.[8] Results of observations confirmed the existence of PH2b with "99.9 percent confidence."[8][11]

## Planetary system

PH2 is host to one confirmed planet, PH2b, orbiting with a period of about 282 days, placing it and any possible moons in the habitable zone.[11] The temperature in the upper atmosphere of the planet could range from 185 K (−88 °C; −127 °F) to 303 K (30 °C; 86 °F).[8] A moon of PH2b would likely have "a rocky core, plus a greenhouse atmosphere of some sort that could have liquid water on its surface" in the words of the researchers, thus further improving its prospects for habitability.[11]

In 2019, the mass of the planet was measured by radial velocity, showing it to be close in mass to Saturn.[5]

The PH2 planetary system[5] Companion
(in order from star) | Mass | Semimajor axis
(AU) | Orbital period
(days) | Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius

|
|
|
|
|
|

b | 108.81+29.79
−32.29 M⊕ | 0.824+0.019
−0.017 | 282.52540+0.00010
−0.00011 | 0.280+0.121
−0.133 | 89.915+0.020
−0.022° | 9.49±0.16 R⊕

## See also

* Amateur exoplanet discoveries
* Exomoon
* Habitability of natural satellites
* HIP 41378 f
* Kepler 1625 b I
* Kepler 1708 b I

## Notes

### References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Staff (September 25, 2013). "Congratulations! MT @planethunters: Our 2nd confirmed planet PH2 b has received the alternate Kepler designation of Kepler-86b.". inagist/@NASAKepler. http://inagist.com/all/382705708380073984/.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "Gator Cone Search Result". The Two Micron All Sky Survey at IPAC. NASA/IPAC. http://irsa.ipac.caltech.edu/workspace/TMP_7aNmhU_31885/Gator/irsa/3547/tbview.html.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "VizieR Detailed Page". VizieR. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. http://vizier.cfa.harvard.edu/viz-bin/VizieR-5.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Vallenari, A. et al. (2022). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940 Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Dubber, Sophie C. et al. (December 2019). "Using HARPS-N to characterize the long-period planets in the PH-2 and Kepler-103 systems". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 490 (4): 5103–5121. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2856. Bibcode: 2019MNRAS.490.5103D.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Kepler Data Search Results". MAST. Space Telescope Science Institute. http://archive.stsci.edu/kepler/data_search/search.php?action=Search&ktc_kepler_id=12735740.
7. ↑ Mamajek, Eric (December 30, 2012). "Basic Astronomical Data for the Sun (BADS)". University of Rochester. http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/sun.txt.
8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 Wang, Ji et al. (October 2013). "Planet Hunters. V. A Confirmed Jupiter-size Planet in the Habitable Zone and 42 Planet Candidates from the Kepler Archive Data". The Astrophysical Journal 776 (1): 10. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/776/1/10. Bibcode: 2013ApJ...776...10W.
9. ↑ "Kepler-86". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Kepler-86.
10. ↑ Williams, David R. (March 2, 2012). "Sun Fact Sheet". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Howell, Elizabeth (11 January 2013). "Amateur Astronomers Discover 42 Alien Planets". Space.com. Space.com. http://www.space.com/19233-amateurs-discover-alien-planets.html.
12. ↑ "Polski informatyk Rafał Herszkowicz odkrył nową planete PH2b | Forsal.pl - Giełda, Waluty, Finanse" (in pl). Forsal. 2013-03-27. http://forsal.pl/artykuly/693169,polski_informatyk_rafal_herszkowicz_odkryl_nowa_planete_ph2b.html.

### Footnotes

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 The stellar temperature is 5629 K, roughly the same as the G2V Sun's 5778 K.
2. ↑ Calculated based on -2.5 log10 of luminosity differences.

## External links

* Kepler Mission \- NASA.
* KIC-12735740 Star on Star Finder/cthreepo
* Video (00:52) - Journey To Exoplanet "PH2 b"

* v
* t
* e

Constellation of Cygnus

* List of stars in Cygnus

Stars|

| Bayer|

* α (Deneb)
* β (Albireo)
* γ (Sadr)
* δ (Fawaris)
* ε (Aljanah)
* ζ
* η
* θ
* ι1
* ι2
* κ
* λ
* μ
* ν
* ξ
* π1 (Azelfafage)
* π2
* ρ
* σ
* τ
* υ
* φ
* χ
* ψ
* ω1
* ω2
* P
* Q

|

Flamsteed|

* 2
* 4
* 8
* 9
* 14
* 15
* 16 (c)
* 17
* 20 (d)
* 22
* 23
* 26 (e)
* 27 (b1)
* 28 (b2)
* 29 (b3)
* 30
* 31
* 32
* 33
* 35
* 39
* 41
* 47
* 52
* 55
* 56
* 57
* 59 (f1)
* 61
* 63 (f2)
* 68 (A)
* 71 (g)
* 72
* 74
* 75

Variable|

* R
* T
* W
* RW
* SS
* TT
* BC
* BI
* CH
* KY
* V404
* V476
* V1057
* V1143
* V1191
* V1489
* V1500
* V1668
* V1974
* V2513

HR|

* 7633
* 7912
* 8193

HD|

* 185269
* 185435
* 187123
* 188753
* 191806

Gliese|

* 777
* 806
* 1245

Kepler|

* 5
* 6
* 11
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 22
* 23
* 27
* 28
* 29
* 31
* 32
* 33
* 34
* 35
* 36
* 39
* 40
* 41
* 42
* 43
* 44
* 45
* 47
* 51
* 56
* 61
* 66
* 67
* 68
* 69
* 70
* 78
* 80
* 84
* 86
* 89
* 107
* 182
* 186
* 223
* 371
* 419
* 432
* 451
* 452
* 1229
* 1520
* 1625

Other|

* AFGL 2591
* BD+40° 4210
* BD+43 3654
* Cygnus OB2 #8A
* Cygnus OB2 #12
* Cygnus X-1
* Cygnus X-3
* G 208-44
* G 208-45
* HAT-P-7
* HAT-P-11
* HAT-P-17
* KELT-9
* KIC 8462852
* KIC 9832227
* KIC 11026764
* KOI-74
* KOI-81
* KOI-256
* KPD 1930+2752
* MWC 349
* N6946-BH1
* NML Cygni
* PH1
* PSR J2032+4127
* W75N(B)-VLA2
* WISE J2000+3629
* WR 134
* WR 135
* WR 136
* WR 137
* WR 140
* WR 142
* WR 147
* WR 148

Former|

* 3

Star
clusters|

| Association|

* Cygnus OB2
* Cygnus OB7

|

Open|

* DR 6
* IC 5146
* Messier 29
* Messier 39
* NGC 6811
* NGC 6819
* NGC 6834
* NGC 6866
* NGC 6871
* NGC 6910

Molecular
clouds|

* Cygnus X (including DR 21)

Nebulae|

| Dark|

* Barnard 146
* Barnard 147
* IC 5146
* L1014

|

H II|

* NGC 6914
* North America Nebula
* Pelican Nebula
* Sadr Region
* Sh2-101
* Sh2-106

Planetary|

* Abell 78
* Egg Nebula
* IRAS 19475+3119
* Kronberger 61
* M1-92
* NGC 6826
* NGC 6881
* NGC 6884
* NGC 7008
* NGC 7026
* NGC 7027
* NGC 7048
* Soap Bubble Nebula

WR|

* Crescent Nebula

SNR|

* Cygnus Loop (including Veil Nebula)

Galaxies|

| NGC|

* 6801
* 6946
* 7013

|

Other|

* 3C 438
* Cygnus A

* v
* t
* e

Exoplanetology

* Planet
* Definition
* IAU
* Planetary science

Main topics|

* Exoplanet
* Methods of detecting exoplanets
* Planetary system

Sizes
and types|

| Terrestrial|

* Carbon planet
* Coreless planet
* Desert planet
* Dwarf planet
* Ice planet
* Iron planet
* Lava planet
* Mega-Earth
* Ocean planet
* Sub-Earth
* Super-Earth

|

Gaseous|

* Eccentric Jupiter
* Gas dwarf
* Helium planet
* Hot Jupiter
* Hot Neptune
* Ice giant
* Mini-Neptune
* Super-Neptune
* Super-Jupiter

Other types|

* Brown dwarf
* Chthonian planet
* Circumbinary planet
* Disrupted planet
* Double planet
* Eyeball planet
* Mesoplanet
* Planemo
* Planet/Brown dwarf boundary
* Planetesimal
* Protoplanet
* Pulsar planet
* Sub-brown dwarf
* Ultra-cool dwarf
* Ultra-short period planets (USP)

Formation
and evolution|

* Accretion
* Accretion disk
* Asteroid belt
* Circumplanetary disk
* Circumstellar disc
* Circumstellar envelope
* Cosmic dust
* Debris disk
* Detached object
* Disrupted planet
* Excretion disk
* Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer
* Exozodiacal dust
* Extraterrestrial materials
* Extraterrestrial sample curation
* Giant-impact hypothesis
* Gravitational collapse
* Hills cloud
* Interplanetary dust cloud
* Interplanetary medium
* Interplanetary space
* Interstellar cloud
* Interstellar dust
* Interstellar medium
* Interstellar space
* Kuiper belt
* List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
* Merging stars
* Molecular cloud
* Nebular hypothesis
* Oort cloud
* Outer space
* Planetary migration
* Planetary system
* Planetesimal
* Planet formation
* Protoplanetary disk
* Ring system
* Rubble pile
* Sample-return mission
* Scattered disc
* Star formation

Systems|

* Exocomet
* Exomoon
* Interstellar comet
* Mean-motion resonances
* Retrograde planet
* Rogue planet
* Tidally detached exomoon
* Titius–Bode laws
* Trojan planet

Host stars|

* A
* B
* Binary star
* Brown dwarfs
* Extragalactic planet
* F/Yellow-white dwarfs
* G/Yellow dwarfs
* Herbig Ae/Be
* K/Orange dwarfs
* M/Red dwarfs
* Planets in globular clusters
* Pulsar
* Red giant
* Subdwarf B
* Subgiant
* T Tauri
* White dwarfs
* Yellow giants

Detection|

* Astrometry
* Direct imaging
* list
* Microlensing
* list
* Polarimetry
* Pulsar timing
* list
* Radial velocity
* list
* Transit method
* list
* Transit-timing variation

Habitability|

* Astrobiology
* Circumstellar habitable zone
* Earth analog
* Extraterrestrial liquid water
* Habitability of natural satellites
* Superhabitable planet

Catalogues|

* Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems
* Exoplanet Data Explorer
* Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia
* NASA Exoplanet Archive
* NASA Star and Exoplanet Database

Lists|

* Exoplanetary systems
* Host stars
* Multiplanetary systems
* Stars with proplyds
* Exoplanets
* Lists of exoplanets
* Discoveries
* Extremes
* Firsts
* Nearest
* Largest
* Most massive
* Terrestrial candidates
* Kepler
* Potentially habitable
* Discovered exoplanets by year
* before 2000
* 2000–2009
* 2010
* 2011
* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019

Other|

* Carl Sagan Institute
* Exoplanet phase curves
* Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
* Planets in science fiction
* Sudarsky's gas giant classification

* Discoveries of exoplanets
* Search projects

* v
* t
* e

Extraterrestrial life

Events and objects|

* ALH77005
* ALH84001
* Cells in the stratosphere
* CI1 fossils
* Murchison meteorite
* Nakhla meteorite
* Polonnaruwa meteorite
* Red rain in Kerala
* Shergotty meteorite
* Viking lander biological experiments
* Yamato 000593

Signals of interest|

| Misidentified|

* CP 1919 (misidentified pulsar)
* CTA-102 (misidentified quasar)

|

Stars|

* KIC 8462852 (unusual light fluctuations)
* EPIC 204278916 (unusual light fluctuations)
* VVV-WIT-07 (unusual light fluctuations)
* HD 164595 signal (unknown origin)

Other|

* SHGb02+14a (radio source)
* Wow! signal (inconclusive)
* Fast radio burst (unknown origin)

Life in the Universe|

* Earliest known life forms
* Habitability of Enceladus
* Habitability of Europa
* Habitability of Mars
* Habitability of Titan
* Habitability of Venus

Planetary
habitability|

* Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems
* Circumstellar habitable zone
* Earth analog
* Extraterrestrial liquid water
* Galactic habitable zone
* Habitability of binary star systems
* Habitability of orange dwarf systems
* Habitability of red dwarf systems
* Natural satellite habitability
* Planetary habitability

Space missions|

* Beagle 2
* Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
* BioSentinel
* Curiosity rover
* Darwin
* Dragonfly
* Enceladus Explorer
* Enceladus Life Finder
* Europa Clipper
* ExoMars
* Rosalind Franklin rover
* ExoLance
* EXPOSE
* Foton-M3
* Icebreaker Life
* Journey to Enceladus and Titan
* Laplace-P
* Life Investigation For Enceladus
* Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
* Mars Geyser Hopper
* Mars sample-return mission
* Mars 2020
* Northern Light
* Opportunity rover
* SpaceX Red Dragon
* Spirit rover
* Tanpopo
* Titan Mare Explorer
* Venus In Situ Explorer
* Viking 1
* Viking 2

Interstellar
communication|

* Active SETI
* Allen Telescope Array
* Arecibo message
* Arecibo Observatory
* Berkeley SETI Research Center
* Bracewell probe
* Breakthrough Initiatives
* Breakthrough Listen
* Breakthrough Message
* Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence
* Gauss's Pythagorean right triangle proposal
* Lincos language
* NIROSETI
* Pioneer plaque
* Project Cyclops
* Project Ozma
* Project Phoenix
* SERENDIP
* Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
* SETI@home
* setiQuest
* Voyager Golden Record
* Water hole
* Xenolinguistics

Exhibitions|

* The Science of Aliens

Hypotheses|

* Ancient astronauts
* Aestivation hypothesis
* Cosmic pluralism
* Directed panspermia
* Drake equation
* Extraterrestrial hypothesis
* Fermi paradox
* Great Filter
* Hypothetical types of biochemistry
* Interplanetary contamination
* Kardashev scale
* Mediocrity principle
* Neocatastrophism
* Panspermia
* Planetarium hypothesis
* Rare Earth hypothesis
* Zoo hypothesis

Related topics|

* Astrobiology
* Astroecology
* Biosignature
* Brookings Report
* Planetary protection
* Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact
* Exotheology
* Extraterrestrials in fiction
* Extremophile
* Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
* Noogenesis
* San Marino Scale
* Technosignature
* UFO religion
* Xenoarchaeology

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