Pioneer 11

Short description: Space probe launched by NASA in 1973

Pioneer 11

An artist's impression of a Pioneer spacecraft on its way to interstellar space.

Mission type| Planetary and heliosphere exploration
Operator| NASA / ARC
COSPAR ID| 1973-019A
SATCAT no.| 6421
Website| Pioneer Project website (archived)
NASA Archive page
Mission duration| 22 years, 7 months and 19 days
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer| TRW
Launch mass| 258.5 kg[1]
Power| 155 watts (at launch)
Start of mission
Launch date| April 6, 1973, 02:11:00 (1973-04-06UTC02:11Z) UTC[1]
Rocket| Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1A Star-37E
Launch site| Cape Canaveral Air Force Station LC-36B
End of mission
Last contact| November 24, 1995 (1995-11-25)
Flyby of Jupiter
Closest approach| December 3, 1974
Distance| 43,000 kilometers (27,000 miles)
Flyby of Saturn
Closest approach| September 1, 1979
Distance| 21,000 kilometers (13,000 miles)

Pioneer

<- Pioneer 10

Pioneer 12 ->

Pioneer 11 (also known as Pioneer G) is a NASA robotic space probe launched on April 5, 1973, to study the asteroid belt, the environment around Jupiter and Saturn, solar winds, and cosmic rays.[2] It was the first probe to encounter Saturn, the second to fly through the asteroid belt, and the second to fly by Jupiter. Later, Pioneer 11 became the second of five artificial objects to achieve an escape velocity allowing it to leave the Solar System. Due to power constraints and the vast distance to the probe, the last routine contact with the spacecraft was on September 30, 1995, and the last good engineering data was received on November 24, 1995.[3][4]

## Contents

* 1 Mission background
* 1.1 History
* 1.2 Spacecraft design
* 1.2.1 Attitude control and propulsion
* 1.2.2 Communications
* 1.2.3 Power
* 1.2.4 Computer
* 1.2.5 Scientific instruments
* 2 Mission profile
* 2.1 Launch and trajectory
* 2.2 Encounter with Jupiter
* 2.3 Saturn encounter
* 2.4 Interstellar mission
* 2.5 NASA ends operations
* 2.6 Timeline
* 3 Current status
* 4 Pioneer anomaly
* 5 Pioneer plaque
* 6 Commemoration
* 7 Gallery
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 Sources
* 11 External links

## Mission background

### History

Approved in February 1969, Pioneer 11 and its twin probe, Pioneer 10, were the first to be designed for exploring the outer Solar System. Yielding to multiple proposals throughout the 1960s, early mission objectives were defined as:

* Explore the interplanetary medium beyond the orbit of Mars
* Investigate the nature of the asteroid belt from the scientific standpoint and assess the belt's possible hazard to missions to the outer planets.
* Explore the environment of Jupiter.

Subsequent planning for an encounter with Saturn added many more goals:

* Map the magnetic field of Saturn and determine its intensity, direction, and structure.
* Determine how many electrons and protons of various energies are distributed along the trajectory of the spacecraft through the Saturn system.
* Map the interaction of the Saturn system with the solar wind.
* Measure the temperature of Saturn's atmosphere and that of Titan, the largest satellite of Saturn.
* Determine the structure of the upper atmosphere of Saturn where molecules are expected to be electrically charged and form an ionosphere.
* Map the thermal structure of Saturn's atmosphere by infrared observations coupled with radio occultation data.
* Obtain spin-scan images of the Saturnian system in two colors during the encounter sequence and polarimetry measurements of the planet.
* Probe the ring system and the atmosphere of Saturn with S-band radio occultation.
* Determine more precisely the masses of Saturn and its larger satellites by accurate observations of the effects of their gravitational fields on the motion of the spacecraft.
* As a precursor to the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn mission, verify the environment of the ring plane to find out where it may be safely crossed by the Mariner spacecraft without serious damage.[5]

Pioneer 11 was built by TRW and managed as part of the Pioneer program by NASA Ames Research Center.[6] A backup unit, Pioneer H, is currently on display in the "Milestones of Flight" exhibit at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.[7] Many elements of the mission proved to be critical in the planning of the Voyager program.[8]:266–8

* Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft diagram

* Reconstructed full-scale mock-up Pioneer 10 / 11 spacecraft at the National Air and Space Museum

* Side view of the spacecraft

* Pioneer 11 during the installation of its protective shroud

### Spacecraft design

The Pioneer 11 bus measures 36 centimeters (14 in) deep and with six 76-centimeter-long (30 in) panels forming the hexagonal structure. The bus houses propellant to control the orientation of the probe and eight of the twelve scientific instruments. The spacecraft has a mass of 259 kilograms.[2]:42

#### Attitude control and propulsion

Orientation of the spacecraft was maintained with six 4.5-N,[9] hydrazine monopropellant thrusters: pair one maintains a constant spin-rate of 4.8 rpm, pair two controls the forward thrust, pair three controls attitude. Information for the orientation is provided by performing conical scanning maneuvers to track Earth in its orbit,[10] a star sensor able to reference Canopus, and two Sun sensors.[2]:42–43

#### Communications

The space probe includes a redundant system transceivers, one attached to the high-gain antenna, the other to an omni-antenna and medium-gain antenna. Each transceiver is 8 watts and transmits data across the S-band using 2110 MHz for the uplink from Earth and 2292 MHz for the downlink to Earth with the Deep Space Network tracking the signal. Prior to transmitting data, the probe uses a convolutional encoder to allow correction of errors in the received data on Earth.[2]:43

#### Power

SNAP-19 RTG

Pioneer 11 uses four SNAP-19 radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) (see diagram). They are positioned on two three-rod trusses, each 3 meters (9 feet 10 inches) in length and 120 degrees apart. This was expected to be a safe distance from the sensitive scientific experiments carried on board. Combined, the RTGs provided 155 watts at launch, and decayed to 140 W in transit to Jupiter. The spacecraft requires 100 W to power all systems.[2]:44–45

#### Computer

Much of the computation for the mission was performed on Earth and transmitted to the probe, where it is able to retain in memory, up to five commands of the 222 possible entries by ground controllers. The spacecraft includes two command decoders and a command distribution unit, a very limited form of a processor, to direct operations on the spacecraft. This system requires that mission operators prepare commands long in advance of transmitting them to the probe. A data storage unit is included to record up to 6,144 bytes of information gathered by the instruments. The digital telemetry unit is then used to prepare the collected data in one of the thirteen possible formats before transmitting it back to Earth.[2]:38

#### Scientific instruments

Pioneer 11 has one additional instrument more than Pioneer 10, a flux-gate magnetometer.[11]

Helium Vector Magnetometer (HVM)

| Measures the fine structure of the interplanetary magnetic field, mapped the Jovian magnetic field, and provides magnetic field measurements to evaluate solar wind interaction with Jupiter.[12]

* Principal investigator: Edward Smith / JPL
* Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive

Quadrispherical Plasma Analyzer
| Peer through a hole in the large dish-shaped antenna to detect particles of the solar wind originating from the Sun.[13]

* Principal investigator: Aaron Barnes / NASA Ames Research Center (archived website)[14]
* Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive

Charged Particle Instrument (CPI)
| Detects cosmic rays in the Solar System.[15]

* Principal investigator: John Simpson / University of Chicago[14]
* Data: NSSDC data archive

Cosmic Ray Telescope (CRT)
| Collects data on the composition of the cosmic ray particles and their energy ranges.[16]

* Principal investigator: Frank B. McDonald / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center[14]
* Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive

Geiger Tube Telescope (GTT)

| Surveys the intensities, energy spectra, and angular distributions of electrons and protons along the spacecraft's path through the radiation belts of Jupiter and Saturn.[17]

* Principal investigator: James A. Van Allen / University of Iowa (website)[14]
* Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive, NSSDC Jupiter data archive

Trapped Radiation Detector (TRD)

Includes an unfocused Cerenkov counter that detects the light emitted in a particular direction as particles passed through it recording electrons of energy, 0.5 to 12 MeV, an electron scatter detector for electrons of energy, 100 to 400 keV, and a minimum ionizing detector consisting of a solid-state diode that measured minimum ionizing particles (<3 MeV) and protons in the range of 50 to 350 MeV.[18]

* Principal investigator: R. Fillius / University of California San Diego[14]
* Data: NSSDC hourly data archive, NSSDC Saturn data archive

Meteoroid Detectors
| Twelve panels of pressurized cell detectors mounted on the back of the main dish antenna record penetrating impacts of small meteoroids.[19]

* Principal investigator: William Kinard / NASA Langley Research Center[14]
* Data: NSSDC data archive list

Asteroid/Meteoroid Detector (AMD)
| Meteoroid-asteroid detector looks into space with four non-imaging telescopes to track particles ranging from close by bits of dust to distant large asteroids.[20]

* Principal investigator: Robert Soberman / General Electric Company[14]
* Data: NSSDC data archive list

Ultraviolet Photometer
| Ultraviolet light is sensed to determine the quantities of hydrogen and helium in space and on Jupiter and Saturn.[21]

* Principal investigator: Darrell Judge / University of Southern California[14]
* Data: PDS/PPI data catalog, NSSDC data archive

Imaging Photopolarimeter (IPP)
| The imaging experiment relies upon the spin of the spacecraft to sweep a small telescope across the planet in narrow strips only 0.03 degrees wide, looking at the planet in red and blue light. These strips are then processed to build up a visual image of the planet.[22]

* Principal investigator: Tom Gehrels / University of Arizona[14]
* Data: NSSDC data archive list

Infrared Radiometer
| Provides information on cloud temperature and the output of heat from Jupiter and Saturn.[23]

* Principal investigator: Andrew Ingersoll / California Institute of Technology[14]

Triaxial Fluxgate Magnetometer
| Measures the magnetic fields of both Jupiter and Saturn. This instrument is not carried on Pioneer 10.[24]

* Principal investigator: Mario Acuna / NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
* Data: NSSDC data archive list

## Mission profile

Pioneer 11 launching from Launch Complex 36A.

### Launch and trajectory

The Pioneer 11 probe was launched on April 6, 1973, at 02:11:00 UTC, by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 36 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station , Florida aboard an Atlas-Centaur launch vehicle, with a Star-37E propulsion module. Its twin probe, Pioneer 10, had been launched on March 3, 1972.

Pioneer 11 was launched on a trajectory directly aimed at Jupiter without any prior gravitational assists.[25] In May 1974, Pioneer was retargeted to fly past Jupiter on a north–south trajectory, enabling a Saturn flyby in 1979. The maneuver used 17 pounds (7.7 kilograms) of propellant, lasted 42 minutes and 36 seconds, and increased Pioneer 11's speed by 230 km/h.[26] It also made two mid-course corrections, on April 11, 1973 and November 7, 1974.[4][27]

* NASA map showing trajectories of the Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2 spacecraft.

* Animation of Pioneer 11's trajectory from April 6, 1973 to December 31, 1980
Pioneer 11 * Earth * Jupiter * Saturn

* Animation of Pioneer 11's trajectory around Jupiter from November 30, 1974 to December 5, 1974
Pioneer 11 * Jupiter * Io * Europa * Ganymede * Callisto

* Animation of Pioneer 11 around Saturn
Pioneer 11 * Saturn * Epimetheus * Janus * Mimas * Enceladus

### Encounter with Jupiter

Main page: Astronomy:Exploration of Jupiter

Pioneer 11 flew past Jupiter in November and December 1974. During its closest approach, on December 2, it passed 42,828 kilometers (26,612 mi) above the cloud tops.[28] The probe obtained detailed images of the Great Red Spot, transmitted the first images of the immense polar regions, and determined the mass of Jupiter's moon Callisto. Using the gravitational pull of Jupiter, a gravity assist was used to alter the trajectory of the probe towards Saturn and gain velocity. On April 16, 1975, following the Jupiter encounter, the micrometeoroid detector was turned off.[4]

* Pioneer 11 Jupiter encounter

* Approach on Jupiter

* The Great Red Spot imaged by Pioneer 11

* The Great Red Spot prior to closest approach

* Cloud bands along the edge of Jupiter

* Beginning polar gravity assist

* Jupiter polar region from 1,079,000 km

* Io imaged from 756,000 km

### Saturn encounter

Pioneer 11 passed by Saturn on September 1, 1979, at a distance of 21,000 km (13,000 mi) from Saturn's cloud tops.

By this time, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 had already passed Jupiter and were also en route to Saturn, so it was decided to target Pioneer 11 to pass through the Saturn ring plane at the same position that the soon-to-come Voyager probes would use to test the route before the Voyagers arrived. If there were faint ring particles that could damage a probe in that area, mission planners felt it was better to learn about it via Pioneer. Thus, Pioneer 11 was acting as a "pioneer" in a true sense of the word; if danger were detected, then the Voyager probes could be rerouted further away from the rings but missing the opportunity to visit Uranus and Neptune in the process.

Pioneer 11 imaged—and nearly collided with—one of Saturn's small moons, passing at a distance of no more than 4,000 kilometers (2,500 mi). The object was tentatively identified as Epimetheus, a moon discovered the previous day from Pioneer's imaging, and suspected from earlier observations by Earth-based telescopes. After the Voyager flybys, it became known that there are two similarly sized moons (Epimetheus and Janus) in the same orbit, so there is some uncertainty about which one was the object of Pioneer's near-miss. Pioneer 11 encountered Janus on September 1, 1979, at 14:52 UTC, at a distance of 2,500 km (1,600 mi). At 16:20 UTC the same day, Pioneer 11 encountered Mimas at a distance of 103,000 km (64,000 mi).

Besides Epimetheus, instruments located another previously undiscovered small moon and an additional ring, charted Saturn's magnetosphere and magnetic field, and found its planet-size moon, Titan, to be too cold for life. Hurtling underneath the ring plane, the probe sent back pictures of Saturn's rings. The rings, which normally seem bright when observed from Earth, appeared dark in the Pioneer pictures, and the dark gaps in the rings seen from Earth appeared as bright rings.

* Pioneer 11 image of Saturn taken on 1979/08/26

* Pioneer 11 image of Saturn taken on 1979/09/01

* Pioneer 11 image of Saturn taken on 1979/09/01

* Outgoing Pioneer 11 image of Saturn taken on 1979/09/03

* Pioneer 11 image of Saturn's moon Titan

### Interstellar mission

On February 25, 1990, Pioneer 11 became the fourth human-made object to pass beyond the orbit of the planets.[29]

### NASA ends operations

By 1995, Pioneer 11 could no longer power any of its detectors, so the decision was made to shut it down.[30] On September 29, 1995, NASA's Ames Research Center, responsible for managing the project, issued a press release that began, "After nearly 22 years of exploration out to the farthest reaches of the Solar System, one of the most durable and productive space missions in history will come to a close." It indicated NASA would use its Deep Space Network antennas to listen "once or twice a month" for the spacecraft's signal, until "some time in late 1996" when "its transmitter will fall silent altogether." NASA Administrator Daniel Goldin characterized Pioneer 11 as "the little spacecraft that could, a venerable explorer that has taught us a great deal about the Solar System and, in the end, about our own innate drive to learn. Pioneer 11 is what NASA is all about – exploration beyond the frontier."[31] Besides announcing the end of operations, the dispatch provided a historical list of Pioneer 11 mission achievements.

NASA terminated routine contact with the spacecraft on September 30, 1995, but continued to make contact for about two hours every two to four weeks.[30] Scientists received a few minutes of good engineering data on November 24, 1995, but then lost final contact once Earth moved out of view of the spacecraft's antenna.[4][32]

### Timeline

Pioneer 10 and 11 speed and distance from the Sun

Timeline of travel

| Date  | Event

|

1973-04-06

| Spacecraft launched at 02:11:00.

1974-04-19

| Passage through the asteroid belt.

1974-11-03

| Start Jupiter observation phase.  | Time  | Event

|

1974-12-02

| Encounter with Jovian system.

08:21:00

| Callisto flyby at 786,500 km.

22:09:00

| Ganymede flyby at 692,300 km.

1974-12-03

03:11:00

| Io flyby at 314,000 km.

04:15:00

| Europa flyby at 586,700 km.

05:00:21

| Jupiter shadow entry.

05:01:01

| Jupiter occultation entry.

05:21:19

| Jupiter closest approach at 42,828 km.

05:33:52

| Jupiter shadow exit.

05:43:03

| Jupiter occultation exit.

22:29:00

| Amalthea flyby at 127,500 km.

1975-01-01

| Phase stop.

1979-07-31

| Start Saturn observation phase.  | Time  | Event

|

1979-08-29

| Encounter with Saturnian system.

06:06:10

| Iapetus flyby at 1,032,535 km.

11:53:33

| Phoebe flyby at 13,713,574 km.

1979-08-31

12:32:33

| Hyperion flyby at 666,153 km.

1979-09-01

14:26:56

| Descending ring plane crossing.

14:50:55

| Epimetheus flyby at 6,676 km.

15:06:32

| Atlas flyby at 45,960 km.

15:59:30

| Dione flyby at 291,556 km.

16:26:28

| Mimas flyby at 104,263 km.

16:29:34

| Saturn closest approach at 20,591 km.

16:35:00

| Saturn occultation entry.

16:35:57

| Saturn shadow entry.

16:51:11

| Janus flyby at 228,988 km.

17:53:32

| Saturn occultation exit.

17:54:47

| Saturn shadow exit.

18:21:59

| Ascending ring plane crossing.

18:25:34

| Tethys flyby at 329,197 km.

18:30:14

| Enceladus flyby at 222,027 km.

20:04:13

| Calypso flyby at 109,916 km.

22:15:27

| Rhea flyby at 345,303 km.

1979-09-02

18:00:33

| Titan flyby at 362,962 km.

1979-10-05

| Phase stop.

1979-10-05

| Begin Pioneer Interstellar Mission.

1990-

| Passed the orbit of Pluto.

1995-09-30

| Routine daily mission operations stopped. Pioneer 11 is 6.5 billion km from Earth.

1995-11-24

| Last signal received.
[2]:61–94[28][33]

## Current status

As of January 20, 2023, Pioneer 11 is estimated to be 111.678 AU (16.7068 billion km; 10.3811 billion mi) from the Earth and 110.764 AU (16.5701 billion km; 10.2962 billion mi) from the Sun. It was traveling at 11.176 km/s (40,230 km/h; 25,000 mph) relative to the Sun and traveling outward at about 2.36 AU per year.[34][35] The spacecraft is heading in the direction of the constellation Scutum near the current position (January 2023) RA 18h 54m dec -8° 59' (J2000.0), close to Messier 26. In 928,000 years, it will pass within 0.25 parsecs (0.82 light-years) of the K dwarf TYC 992-192-1[36] and will pass near the star Lambda Aquilae in about four million years.[37]

Pioneer 11 has now been overtaken by the two Voyager probes launched in 1977, and Voyager 1 became the most distant object built by humans and will remain so for the foreseeable future, as no probe launched since Voyager has the speed to overtake it. [38]

## Pioneer anomaly

Main page: Astronomy:Pioneer anomaly

Analysis of the radio tracking data from the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft at distances between 20 and 70 AU from the Sun had consistently indicated the presence of a small but anomalous Doppler frequency drift. The drift can be interpreted as due to a constant acceleration of (8.74 ± 1.33) × 10−10 m/s2 directed towards the Sun. Although it was suspected that there was a systematic origin to the effect, none was found. As a result, there has been sustained interest in the nature of this so-called "Pioneer anomaly".[39] Extended analysis of mission data by Slava Turyshev and colleagues determined the source of the anomaly to be asymmetric thermal radiation and the resulting thermal recoil force acting on the face of the Pioneers away from the Sun.[40] In July 2012, the group of researchers published their results in the Physical Review Letters scientific journal.[41]

## Pioneer plaque

Main page: Pioneer plaque

Pioneer 10 and 11 both carry a gold-anodized aluminum plaque in the event that either spacecraft is ever found by intelligent lifeforms from other planetary systems. The plaques feature the nude figures of a human male and female along with several symbols that are designed to provide information about the origin of the spacecraft.[42]

## Commemoration

In 1991, Pioneer 11 was honored on one of 10 United States Postage Service stamps commemorating uncrewed spacecraft exploring each of the then nine planets and the Moon. Pioneer 11 was the spacecraft featured with Jupiter. Pluto was listed as "Not yet explored".[43]

## Gallery

* Pioneer 11 and Saturn rings on September 1, 1979 (artist concept)

* Pioneer 11's flyby of Saturn (artist concept)

## See also

* Cassini–Huygens
* List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System
* List of missions to the outer planets
* New Horizons
* Pioneer 10
* Robotic spacecraft
* Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
* Voyager 1
* Voyager 2
* Voyager program

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Pioneer 11". NASA's Solar System Exploration website. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pioneer-11/in-depth/.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Fimmel, R. O.; Swindell, W.; Burgess, E.. Pioneer Odyssey. SP-349/396. Washington, D.C.: NASA-Ames Research Center. OCLC 3211441. https://history.nasa.gov/SP-349/ch8.htm. Retrieved January 9, 2011.
3. ↑ "The Pioneer Missions". March 3, 2015. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Pioneer 11: In Depth". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pioneer-11/in-depth/.
5. ↑ Mark, Hans: Pioneer Odyssey SP-349/396, Chapter 5, NASA-Ames Research Center, 1974
6. ↑ "The Pioneer Missions". March 3, 2015. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/missions/archive/pioneer.html.
7. ↑ "Milestones of Flight". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/index.cfm#pioneer10.
8. ↑ William E. Burrows, Exploring Space, (New York: Random House, 1990)
9. ↑ Wade, Mark. "Pioneer 10-11". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://astronautix.com/craft/pior1011.htm. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
10. ↑ "Weebau Spaceflight Encyclopedia". November 9, 2010. http://weebau.com/satplan/pioneer 10.htm.
11. ↑ "Pioneer 10 & 11". http://solarviews.com/eng/pn10-11.htm.
12. ↑ "Magnetic Fields". NASA / National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1973-019A-08.
13. ↑ "Quadrispherical Plasma Analyzer". NASA / National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1972-012A-13.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 Simpson 2001, p. 146.
15. ↑ "Charged Particle Instrument (CPI)". NASA / National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1972-012A-02.
16. ↑ "Cosmic-Ray Spectra". NASA / National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1972-012A-12.
17. ↑ "Geiger Tube Telescope (GTT)". NASA / National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1972-012A-11.
18. ↑ "Jovian Trapped Radiation". NASA / National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1972-012A-05.
19. ↑ "Meteoroid Detectors". NASA / National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1972-012A-04.
20. ↑ "Asteroid/Meteoroid Astronomy". NASA / National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1972-012A-03.
21. ↑ "Ultraviolet Photometry". NASA / National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1972-012A-06.
22. ↑ "Imaging Photopolarimeter (IPP)". NASA / National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1972-012A-07.
23. ↑ "Infrared Radiometers". NASA / National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1972-012A-08.
24. ↑ "Jovian Magnetic Field". NASA / National Space Science Data Center. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experiment/display.action?id=1973-019A-14.
25. ↑ "Image : Viewed down from north ecliptic pole" (JPG). http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/images/739459main_ACD97-0036-2.jpg.
26. ↑ "Pioneer 11 Successfully Retargeted for Saturn". New Scientist. May 9, 1974. https://books.google.com/books?id=zTFpyBr4WvgC&pg=PA294. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
27. ↑ "In Depth | Pioneer 11". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pioneer-11/in-depth.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Pioneer 11 Mission Information". http://starbrite.jpl.nasa.gov/pds/viewMissionProfile.jsp?MISSION_NAME=PIONEER+11.
29. ↑ "Pioneer 11 Is Reported to Leave Solar System". February 25, 1990. https://www.nytimes.com/1990/02/25/us/pioneer-11-is-reported-to-leave-solar-system.html.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Farewell to a Pioneer". Science News. October 14, 1995.
31. ↑ "Pioneer 11 to End Operations after Epic Career". NASA / Ames Research Center. September 29, 1995. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/text/pioneer-11_endops.txt.
32. ↑ Howell, Elizabeth (September 26, 2012). "Pioneer 11: Up Close with Jupiter & Saturn". https://www.space.com/17785-pioneer-11.html.
33. ↑ Muller, Daniel. "Pioneer 11 Full Mission Timeline". Daniel Muller. http://www.dmuller.net/spaceflight/mission.php?mission=pioneer11&appear=black&showimg=yes.
34. ↑ "Spacecraft escaping the Solar System". https://www.heavens-above.com/SolarEscape.aspx.
35. ↑ "Sky Map - Pioneer 11". http://www.theskylive.com/pioneer11-tracker.
36. ↑ Bailer-Jones, Coryn A. L.; Farnocchia, Davide (April 3, 2019). "Future stellar flybys of the Voyager and Pioneer spacecraft". Research Notes of the AAS 3 (4): 59. doi:10.3847/2515-5172/ab158e. Bibcode: 2019RNAAS...3...59B.
37. ↑ Hardware, Leaving the Solar System: Where are they now?
38. ↑ "Voyager - Mission Status". https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status/.
39. ↑ Britt, Robert Roy (October 18, 2004). "The Problem with Gravity: New Mission Would Probe Strange Puzzle". Space.com. http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/mystery_monday_041018.html. "The discrepancy caused by the anomaly amounts to about 248,500 miles (399,900 kilometres), or roughly the distance between Earth and the Moon. That's how much farther the probes should have traveled in their 34 years, if our understanding of gravity is correct."
40. ↑ "Pioneer Anomaly Solved!". The Planetary Society. http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00003459/.
41. ↑ Support for the thermal origin of the Pioneer anomaly , Slava G. Turyshev et al., Physical Review Letters, accepted April 11, 2012, accessed July 19, 2012
42. ↑ Carl Sagan; Linda Salzman Sagan; Frank Drake (February 25, 1972). "A Message from Earth". Science 175 (4024): 881–884. doi:10.1126/science.175.4024.881. PMID 17781060. Bibcode: 1972Sci...175..881S. Paper on the background of the plaque. Pages available online: 1 , 2 , 3 , 4
43. ↑ Kronish, Syd (October 27, 1991). "Space Launches are Featured". https://www.newspapers.com/image/69797194.

## Sources

* Simpson, J. A. (2001). "The cosmic radiation". in Johan A. M. Bleeker. The century of space science. 1. Springer. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-7923-7196-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=NMk3adgqfawC&pg=PA146.

## External links

* Pioneer Project Home Page
* Pioneer 11 Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
* Ted Stryk's Pioneer 11 at Saturn page
* NSSDC Pioneer 11 page
* Pioneer Odyssey, NASA SP-396, 1977 \- This is an entire book about the Pioneer 10 with all pictures and diagrams, on-line. Scroll down to click on the "Table of Contents" link.
* Pioneer: First to Jupiter, Saturn, and beyond, Richard O. Fimmel, NASA SP-446, 1980, about the Pioneer project but especially about the Pioneer 11 mission.

* v
* t
* e

Pioneer program

Early missions|

* Pioneer 0
* Pioneer 1
* Pioneer 2
* Pioneer 3
* Pioneer 4
* Pioneer P-1 (W)
* Pioneer P-3 (X)
* Pioneer P-30 (Y)
* Pioneer P-31 (Z)
* Pioneer 5 (P-2)

Later missions|

* Pioneer 6
* Pioneer 7
* Pioneer 8
* Pioneer 9
* Pioneer 10
* Pioneer 11
* Pioneer H

Venus missions|

* Pioneer Venus project
* Pioneer Venus Orbiter
* Pioneer Venus Multiprobe

See also|

* Pioneer plaque
* Pioneer anomaly

* v
* t
* e

Spacecraft missions to Jupiter

Flybys|

* Pioneer program
* Pioneer 10
* 11
* Voyager program
* Voyager 1
* 2
* Ulysses
* Cassini–Huygens
* New Horizons

Orbiters|

* Galileo
* Juno (active)

Atmospheric probes|

* Galileo Probe

Planned missions|

* Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) (2022)
* Europa Clipper (2023)

Proposed missions|

* Io Volcano Observer (2021)
* Laplace-P (2023)
* Europa Lander (2024)
* FIRE (2024)
* OKEANOS (2027)
* Smara (2030)

Cancelled / Concepts|

* Argo (proposed)
* Europa Jupiter System Mission-Laplace
* Jupiter Europa Orbiter
* Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter
* Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter
* Europa Orbiter
* Innovative Interstellar Explorer
* Jovian Europa Orbiter
* Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter
* Neptune Orbiter
* New Horizons 2
* Pioneer H
* Tsiolkovsky mission

Related topics|

* Exploration of Jupiter
* Atmosphere of Jupiter
* Magnetosphere of Jupiter
* Moons of Jupiter
* Io
* Exploration
* Europa
* Colonization
* Ganymede
* Callisto
* Rings of Jupiter
* Deep Space Network
* Missions to the outer planets
* Colonization of the outer Solar System

* v
* t
* e

Spacecraft missions to Saturn

Past|

| Flybys|

* Pioneer 11
* Voyager 1
* Voyager 2

|

Orbiters|

* Cassini–Huygens
* timeline
* retirement

Landers|

* Huygens (on Titan)

Planned|

* Dragonfly (to Titan, 2026)

Proposed|

| to Saturn and rings|

* Kronos
* Saturn Atmospheric Entry Probe
* SPRITE
* Titan Saturn System Mission

|

to Enceladus|

* Enceladus Life Finder
* Enceladus Explorer
* Life Investigation For Enceladus

to Titan|

* AVIATR
* Oceanus
* TALISE
* Titan Mare Explorer

to several moons|

* Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
* Journey to Enceladus and Titan

* There are no ongoing missions to Saturn

* v
* t
* e

NASA

Policy and history|

| History|

* NACA (1915)
* National Aeronautics and Space Act (1958)
* Space Task Group (1958)
* Paine (1986)
* Rogers (1986)
* Ride (1987)
* Space Exploration Initiative (1989)
* Augustine (1990)
* U.S. National Space Policy (1996)
* CFUSAI (2002)
* CAIB (2003)
* Vision for Space Exploration (2004)
* Aldridge (2004)
* Augustine (2009)

|

General|

* Space Race
* Administrator and Deputy Administrator
* Chief Scientist
* Astronaut Corps
* Ranks and positions
* Chief
* Budget
* Spin-off technologies
* NASA TV
* NASA Social
* Launch Services Program
* Mercury Control Center
* Kennedy Space Center
* Vehicle Assembly Building
* Launch Complex 39
* Launch Control Center
* Operations and Checkout Building
* Johnson Space Center
* Mission Control
* Lunar Sample Laboratory

Robotic programs|

| Past|

* Hitchhiker
* Mariner
* Mariner Mark II
* MESUR
* Mars Surveyor '98
* New Millennium
* Lunar Orbiter
* Pioneer
* Planetary Observer
* Ranger
* Surveyor
* Viking
* Project Prometheus
* Mars Scout
* Mars Exploration Rover

|

Current|

* Living With a Star
* Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
* Earth Observing System
* Great Observatories program
* Explorer
* Small explorer
* Voyager
* Discovery
* New Frontiers
* Solar Terrestrial Probes
* Commercial Lunar Payload Services

Human spaceflight
programs|

| Past|

* X-15 (suborbital)
* Mercury
* Gemini
* Apollo
* Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (with the Soviet space program)
* Skylab
* Space Shuttle
* Shuttle–Mir (with Roscosmos State Corporation)
* Constellation

|

Current|

* International Space Station
* Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
* Commercial Crew Development
* Orion
* Artemis
* Lunar Gateway

Individual featured
missions
(human and robotic)|

| Past|

* COBE
* Mercury 3
* Mercury-Atlas 6
* Magellan
* Pioneer 10
* Pioneer 11
* Galileo
* GALEX
* GRAIL
* WMAP
* Space Shuttle
* Sojourner rover
* Spirit rover
* LADEE
* MESSENGER
* Aquarius
* Cassini
* Dawn
* Kepler space telescope
* Opportunity rover
* RHESSI
* observed

|

Currently
operating|

* Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
* 2001 Mars Odyssey
* New Horizons
* International Space Station
* Hubble Space Telescope
* Spitzer
* Swift
* THEMIS
* Mars Exploration Rover
* Curiosity rover
* timeline
* InSight
* GOES 14
* Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
* GOES 15
* Van Allen Probes
* Solar Dynamics Observatory
* Juno
* Mars Science Laboratory
* timeline
* NuSTAR
* Voyager 1
* Voyager 2
* WISE
* MAVEN
* MMS
* OSIRIS-REx
* Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite

Future|

* Joint Polar Satellite System
* James Webb Space Telescope
* Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope
* Mars 2020
* NISAR
* Europa Clipper

Communications
and navigation|

* Near Earth Network
* Space Network
* Deep Space Network (Goldstone
* Madrid
* Canberra
* Space Flight Operations Facility)
* Deep Space Atomic Clock

NASA lists|

* Astronauts
* by name
* by year
* Gemini astronauts
* Apollo astronauts
* List of NASA aircraft
* List of NASA missions
* uncrewed missions
* List of NASA contractors
* List of United States rockets
* List of NASA cancellations
* List of Space Shuttle missions
* crews
* List of NASA cameras on spacecraft

NASA images
and artwork|

* Earthrise
* The Blue Marble
* Family Portrait
* Pale Blue Dot
* Pillars of Creation
* Mystic Mountain
* Solar System Family Portrait
* The Day the Earth Smiled
* Fallen Astronaut
* Lunar plaques
* Pioneer plaques
* Voyager Golden Record
* Apollo 11 goodwill messages
* NASA insignia
* Gemini and Apollo medallions
* Mission patches

Related|

* Apollo 15 postal covers incident
* Space Mirror Memorial
* The Astronaut Monument
* U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
* Space program on U.S. stamps
* Apollo 17 Moon mice
* Other primates in space
* NASA spinoff technologies

* Category

* v
* t
* e

TRW Inc.

Subsidiaries|

* Lucas Industries
* LucasVarity
* TRW Automotive

Products|

* Chandra X-ray Observatory
* Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
* Descent propulsion system
* Functional flow block diagram

* High Energy Astronomy Observatory Program
* High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1
* High Energy Astronomy Observatory 2 [Einstein Observatory]
* High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3
* N2 chart
* Pioneer 1
* Pioneer 10
* Pioneer 11
* TR-201
* TRW Low Maintenance Rifle

People|

* Simon Ramo
* Dean Wooldridge

Related articles|

* The Aerospace Corporation
* Goodrich Corporation
* Northrop Grumman

Visited planets and their moons

* v
* t
* e

Jupiter

* Outline of Jupiter

Geography|

* Atmosphere
* Great Red Spot
* Magnetosphere
* Rings

Moons|

| Inner moons|

* Adrastea
* Amalthea
* Metis
* Thebe

|

Galilean moons|

* Callisto
* Europa
* Ganymede
* Io

Irregular moons|

* Ananke group
* Carme group
* Himalia group
* Pasiphae group

Ungrouped moons|

* Carpo
* Themisto
* Valetudo

Astronomy|

| General|

* Jupiter-crossing minor planets
* Solar eclipses

|

Trojans|

* Greek camp
* Trojan camp

Impact events|

* Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9
* 2009 Jupiter impact event
* 2010 Jupiter impact event

Exploration and
orbiting missions|

| Current|

* Juno

|

Past|

* Cassini
* Galileo
* New Horizons
* Pioneer program
* Pioneer 10
* Pioneer 11
* Ulysses
* Voyager program
* Voyager 1
* Voyager 2

Future|

* Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (2022)
* Europa Clipper (2025)

Proposed|

* Io Volcano Observer (2021)
* Laplace-P (2023)
* Smara (2030)

Related|

* Fiction
* Jovian
* Moons
* Mythology

* Book
* Category

* v
* t
* e

Saturn

* Outline of Saturn

Geography|

* Dragon Storm
* Great White Spot
* Hexagon
* Magnetosphere
* Rings

Moons|

* S/2009 S 1
* Ring moonlets
* Pan
* Daphnis
* Atlas
* Prometheus
* S/2004 S 6
* S/2004 S 4
* S/2004 S 3
* Pandora
* Epimetheus
* Janus
* Aegaeon
* Mimas
* Methone
* Anthe
* Pallene
* Enceladus
* Tethys
* Telesto
* Calypso
* Dione
* Helene
* Polydeuces
* Rhea
* Titan
* Hyperion
* Iapetus
* Kiviuq
* Ijiraq
* Phoebe
* Paaliaq
* Skathi
* S/2004 S 37
* Albiorix
* S/2007 S 2
* S/2004 S 29
* Bebhionn
* Erriapus
* Skoll
* S/2004 S 31
* Siarnaq
* Tarqeq
* S/2004 S 13
* Greip
* Hyrrokkin
* Jarnsaxa
* Tarvos
* Mundilfari
* S/2006 S 1
* S/2004 S 17
* Bergelmir
* Narvi
* S/2004 S 20
* Suttungr
* Hati
* S/2004 S 12
* S/2004 S 27
* Farbauti
* Thrymr
* S/2004 S 30
* Aegir
* S/2007 S 3
* Bestla
* S/2004 S 7
* S/2004 S 22
* S/2004 S 23
* S/2004 S 25
* S/2004 S 32
* S/2006 S 3
* S/2004 S 38
* Fenrir
* S/2004 S 28
* Surtur
* Kari
* S/2004 S 35
* Ymir
* S/2004 S 21
* S/2004 S 24
* Loge
* S/2004 S 36
* S/2004 S 39
* S/2004 S 33
* S/2004 S 34
* Fornjot
* S/2004 S 26

Astronomy|

* Delta Octantis
* Saturn-crossing minor planets

Exploration|

* Cassini–Huygens (Huygens)
* timeline
* retirement
* Pioneer 11
* Voyager program
* Voyager 1
* Voyager 2

Related|

* Fiction
* Moons
* The Day the Earth Smiled
* In Saturn's Rings (2018 documentary)

* v
* t
* e

Ganymede

Geology|

| Lists|

* List of geological features on Ganymede
* List of quadrangles on Ganymede
* List of craters on Ganymede

|

Impact craters|

* Achelous
* El
* Gula
* Khensu
* Kittu
* Neith
* Nergal

Regions|

* Galileo Regio

Sulci|

* Uruk Sulcus

Faculae|

* Memphis Facula

Catenae|

* Enki Catena

Exploration|

| Past|

* Pioneer 10
* Pioneer 11
* Voyager 1
* Voyager 2
* Galileo
* Cassini–Huygens
* New Horizons

|

Planned|

* Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (2022)

Proposed|

* Laplace-P

Cancelled|

* Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter
* Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter

Other|

* Ganymede in fiction
* Life

* v
* t
* e

Main articles|

* Io
* Volcanology of Io
* Exploration of Io

Geology|

| Lists|

* Regions
* Mountains
* Volcanic Features
* Quadrangles

|

Paterae|

* Ah Peku
* Amaterasu
* Asha
* Babbar
* Dazhbog
* Estan
* Fuchi
* Gish Bar
* Kami-Nari
* Kinich Ahau
* Loki
* Manua
* Maui
* Mithra
* Monan
* Pillan
* Prometheus
* Pyerun
* Reiden
* Shango
* Svarog
* Tawhaki
* Thomagata
* Tupan
* Tvashtar
* Viracocha

Mountains|

* Egypt
* Euboea
* Silpium
* Tohil

Lava flows
or channels|

* Tawhaki

Volcanoes|

* Amirani
* Masubi
* Pele
* Prometheus
* Surt
* Thor
* Zamama

Fluctūs|

* Kanehekili Fluctus

Plains
and plateaus|

* Danube Planum

Exploration|

| Past|

* Pioneer program
* Pioneer 10
* Pioneer 11
* Voyager program
* Voyager 1
* Voyager 2
* Galileo
* Cassini
* New Horizons

|

Proposed|

* FIRE
* Io Volcano Observer

Cancelled/
Concepts|

* Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter
* Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter

* v
* t
* e

Europa

Geology|

| Chaotic
terrain|

* Conamara Chaos

|

Craters|

* Pwyll
* Cilix

Lists|

* List of lineae on Europa
* List of geological features on Europa
* List of craters on Europa

Exploration|

| Past|

* Pioneer 10
* Pioneer 11
* Voyager 1
* Voyager 2
* Galileo
* Cassini–Huygens
* New Horizons

|

Planned|

* Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (2022)
* Europa Clipper (2025)

Cancelled/
Concepts|

* Jupiter Europa Orbiter
* Europa Lander
* Europa Orbiter
* Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter
* Jovian Europa Orbiter
* Europa Lander (rerouted to Ganymede as Laplace-P)

Other|

* Colonization of Europa
* Life
* Europa in fiction

* v
* t
* e

Titan

General|

* Atmosphere of Titan
* Climate of Titan
* Life on Titan

Lists|

* Lakes of Titan
* List of geological features on Titan

Lakes
and seas|

| Seas|

* Kraken Mare
* Ligeia Mare
* Punga Mare

|

Lakes|

* Abaya Lacus
* Bolsena Lacus
* Feia Lacus
* Hammar Lacus
* Jingpo Lacus
* Kivu Lacus
* Koitere Lacus
* Ladoga Lacus
* Mackay Lacus
* Müggel Lacus
* Neagh Lacus
* Ontario Lacus
* Sotonera Lacus
* Albano Lacus

Rivers|

* Vid Flumina

Dry lakes|

* Eyre Lacuna
* Ngami Lacuna
* Woytchugga Lacuna

Features|

* Adiri
* Arrakis Planitia
* Dilmun
* Doom Mons
* Erebor Mons
* Ganesa Macula
* Guabonito
* Irensaga Montes
* Mayda Insula
* Menrva
* Mezzoramia
* Mindolluin Montes
* Misty Montes
* Mithrim Montes
* Perkunas Virgae
* Selk
* Shangri-La
* Shikoku Facula
* Sotra Patera
* Taniquetil Montes
* Tsegihi
* Tui Regio
* Xanadu

Exploration|

| Past|

* Pioneer program
* Pioneer 11
* Voyager program
* Voyager 1
* Voyager 2
* Cassini–Huygens
* Huygens

|

Proposed|

* AVIATR
* Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
* Journey to Enceladus and Titan
* TALISE
* Titan Mare Explorer
* Titan Saturn System Mission
* Oceanus

Planned|

* Dragonfly (2026)

See also|

* Colonization of Titan

Other topics|

* Memorials on Titan
* Titan in fiction

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer 11. Read more

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