Red nugget

Short description: Unusually small galaxies with large red stars

Red nugget galaxy NGC 1277

Red nuggets is the nickname given to rare, unusually small galaxies packed with large amounts of red stars where star formation has been quenched.[1] They were originally observed by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2005.[2] They are ancient remnants of the first massive galaxies and are more likely to be found at higher redshifts.[3][4] The environments of red nuggets are usually consistent with the general elliptical galaxy population.[5] Most red nuggets have merged with other galaxies, but some managed to stay unscathed.[6] The most studied red nugget galaxy is NGC 1277.[7][8]

## Contents

* 1 Naming
* 2 Formation of red nuggets
* 3 Star formation
* 4 Discovery of red nugget galaxies
* 5 See also
* 6 References

## Naming

Red nuggets are not only nicknamed for their size and color, but also for how precious the discovery is to astronomers as it challenged current theories regarding galaxy formation at the time the term was coined on.[2]

## Formation of red nuggets

Red nuggets are galaxies that have stopped forming new stars. Some have not undergone any sort of merger throughout their lifetime and are therefore considered "naked". These red nugget galaxies come from galaxies, which were still forming new stars, that have since been quenched.[1] There are a few theories for what could quench these young galaxies and form red nuggets. One is that red nuggets are formed from massive black holes. Once the black hole get massive enough, it releases a large amount of energy. If it releases enough, the galaxies are quenched and depart from the main sequence of star formation, which stops the formation of new young stars within the galaxy, eventually forming red nuggets.[9][10] Another theory says that red nuggets are young elliptical galaxies and form into more massive elliptical galaxies after undergoing a galaxy merger.[11][12]

Galaxies with more mass quench earlier than galaxies with low amounts of mass because galaxies with low amounts of mass try to quench several times. The compaction happens due to a fierce period of inflow involving (mostly small) mergers and counter-rotating streams or recycled gas. It is also frequently associated with extreme disc instability. The quenching happens because of the extremely high star formation rate (SFR), stellar and supernova feedback, and possibly also active galactic nuclei feedback due to the high gas density in the center of the red nugget.[1][13]

## Star formation

Data from NASA's Chandra X-Ray Observatory observing the red nuggets Mrk 1216 and PGC 032673 has shown that the central black holes suppress star formation in red nuggets with their heat and feed on the gas surrounding them.[14][15][16] This brings up the intriguing question on how they could possibly be packed so densely with stars. Results show that red nuggets may have untapped stellar "fuel" to produce their unusually large number of stars.[17]

## Discovery of red nugget galaxies

A team led by Ivana Damjanov found over 600 red nugget candidates in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) database, of which 9 were confirmed as red nuggets.[18] These red nuggets have been missed so long because, due to their extremely small size, they look like stars in pictures. But their spectra shows what they really are.[19] Damjanov expressed how truly amazing the discovery was when she said, "Looking for 'red nuggets' in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey was like panning a riverbed, washing away silt and mud to uncover bits of gold".[20]

Before Damjanov and her team had thought to look through the immense database of the SDSS, no one could find the elusive galaxies after their original discovery in 2005.[21][22]

## See also

* List of galaxies
* List of nearest galaxies
* List of spiral galaxies
* NGC 1277

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Zolotov, Adi; Dekel, Avishai; Mandelker, Nir; Tweed, Dylan; Inoue, Shigeki; DeGraf, Colin; Ceverino, Daniel; Primack, Joel R. et al. (2015-07-01). "Compaction and quenching of high-z galaxies in cosmological simulations: blue and red nuggets". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 450 (3): 2327–2353. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv740. ISSN 0035-8711. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/450/3/2327/1057925.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 ""Red Nugget" galaxies were hiding in plain sight". Astronomy.com. http://www.astronomy.com/news/2013/09/red-nugget-galaxies-were-hiding-in-plain-sight.
3. ↑ "Ancient "Red Nuggets" Detected --Relics of the 1st Massive Galaxies in the Universe with Gigantic Supermassive Black Holes". http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2018/06/ancient-red-nuggets-detected-relics-of-the-1st-massive-galaxies-in-the-universe-with-gigantic-superm.html.
4. ↑ Lisiecki, Krzysztof; Małek, Katarzyna; Siudek, Małgorzata; Pollo, Agnieszka; Krywult, Janusz; Karska, Agata; Junais (January 2023). "The first catalogue of spectroscopically confirmed red nuggets at z ∼ 0.7 from the VIPERS survey". Astronomy & Astrophysics 669: A95. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243616. ISSN 0004-6361.
5. ↑ Oldham, Lindsay; Auger, Matthew W.; Fassnacht, Christopher D.; Treu, Tommaso; Brewer, Brendon J.; Koopmans, L. V. E.; Lagattuta, David; Marshall, Philip et al. (2016-11-03). "Red nuggets grow inside-out: evidence from gravitational lensing" (in en). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 465 (3): 3185–3202. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2832. ISSN 0035-8711. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-abstract/465/3/3185/2417057.
6. ↑ "'Red nuggets' are galactic gold for astronomers". https://phys.org/news/2018-06-red-nuggets-galactic-gold-astronomers.html.
7. ↑ Beasley, Michael A.; Trujillo, Ignacio; Leaman, Ryan; Montes, Mireia (March 2018). "A single population of red globular clusters around the massive compact galaxy NGC 1277". Nature 555 (7697): 483–486. doi:10.1038/nature25756. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 29531319. Bibcode: 2018Natur.555..483B.
8. ↑ Ferré-Mateu, Anna; Trujillo, Ignacio; Martín-Navarro, Ignacio; Vazdekis, Alexandre; Mezcua, Mar; Balcells, Marc; Domínguez, Lilian (2017-01-21). "Two new confirmed massive relic galaxies: red nuggets in the present-day Universe". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx171. ISSN 0035-8711.
9. ↑ McDonough, Bryanne (2019-07-18). "Learning about galaxy evolution with naked red nuggets" (in en-US). https://astrobites.org/2019/07/18/__trashed-3/#:~:text=Figure 1 shows an illustration,galaxies after they undergo quenching..
10. ↑ Martín-Navarro, Ignacio; van de Ven, Glenn; Yıldırım, Akın (2019-08-21). "Star formation quenching imprinted on the internal structure of naked red nuggets". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 487 (4): 4939–4950. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1544. ISSN 0035-8711. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/487/4/4939/5511790.
11. ↑ "Digging up "red nuggets" in local elliptical galaxies" (in en-US). Astrobites. 2013-04-14. https://astrobites.org/2013/04/14/digging-up-red-nuggets-in-local-elliptical-galaxies/.
12. ↑ van Dokkum, Pieter G.; Whitaker, Katherine E.; Brammer, Gabriel; Franx, Marijn; Kriek, Mariska; Labbé, Ivo; Marchesini, Danilo; Quadri, Ryan et al. (2010-02-01). "THE GROWTH OF MASSIVE GALAXIES SINCE z = 2". The Astrophysical Journal 709 (2): 1018–1041. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/709/2/1018. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2010ApJ...709.1018V. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/709/2/1018.
13. ↑ Dekel, A.; Burkert, A. (2013-12-21). "Wet disc contraction to galactic blue nuggets and quenching to red nuggets" (in en). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 438 (2): 1870–1879. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt2331. ISSN 0035-8711.
14. ↑ Werner, N.; Lakhchaura, K.; Canning, R. E. A.; Gaspari, M.; Simionescu, A. (2018-07-01). "Digging for red nuggets: discovery of hot halos surrounding massive, compact, relic galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 477 (3): 3886–3891. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty862. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2018MNRAS.477.3886W.
15. ↑ "Supermassive Black Holes In Unusual 'Red Nugget' Galaxies Kill Star Formation". International Business Times. 2018-06-22. http://www.ibtimes.com/supermassive-black-holes-unusual-red-nugget-galaxies-kill-star-formation-2693601.
16. ↑ Arce, Nicole (2018-06-22). "Red Nuggets Show Glimpse Into How Supermassive Black Holes Grow So Big" (in en). Tech Times. https://www.techtimes.com/articles/230876/20180622/red-nuggets-show-glimpse-into-how-supermassive-black-holes-grow-so-big.htm.
17. ↑ "Chandra :: Photo Album :: Mrk 1216 :: June 21, 2018". http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2018/mrk1216/.
18. ↑ Damjanov, Ivana; Chilingarian, Igor; Hwang, Ho Seong; Geller, Margaret J. (2013). "Discovery of Nine Intermediate-Redshift Compact Quiescent Galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey". The Astrophysical Journal 775 (2): L48. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/775/2/L48. Bibcode: 2013ApJ...775L..48D.
19. ↑ "Researchers Discover Over 600 "Red Nugget" Galaxy Candidates" (in en-US). SciTechDaily. 2013-09-13. https://scitechdaily.com/researchers-discover-600-red-nugget-galaxy-candidates/.
20. ↑ ""Red Nugget" Galaxies Were Hiding in Plain Sight" (in en). www.cfa.harvard.edu/. 2013-09-30. https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/2013-24.
21. ↑ "The Eighth SDSS Data Release (DR8) - SDSS-III". http://www.sdss3.org/dr8/.
22. ↑ "Archival research reveals a missing link." (in en). http://cfht.hawaii.edu/en/news/RedNuggets/.

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