STEREO

Illustration of a STEREO spacecraft during solar array deployment

Mission type| Solar observation
Operator| NASA
COSPAR ID| STEREO-A: 2006-047A
STEREO-B: 2006-047Bn
SATCAT no.| STEREO-A: 29510
STEREO-B: 29511
Website| stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov
stereo.jhuapl.edu
Mission duration|

* Planned: 2 years
* STEREO-A elapsed: 19 years, 7 months, 13 days
* STEREO-B final: 9 years, 10 months, 30 days

Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer| Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
Launch mass| STEREO-A: 620 kg
STEREO-B: 620 kg[1]
Dry mass| 547 kg (1,206 lb)
Dimensions| 1.14 × 2.03 × 6.47 m
3.75 × 6.67 × 21.24 ft
Power| 475 W
Start of mission
Launch date| October 26, 2006, 00:52 (2006-10-26UTC00:52) UTC
Rocket| Delta II 7925-10L
Launch site| Cape Canaveral SLC-17B
Contractor| United Launch Alliance
End of mission
Last contact| STEREO-B: September 23, 2016
Orbital parameters
Reference system| Heliocentric
Period| STEREO-A: 346 days
STEREO-B: 388 days
| Instruments

SECCHI| Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation
IMPACT| In-situ Measurements of Particles and CME Transients
PLASTIC| Plasma and Suprathermal Ion Composition
S/WAVES| STEREO/WAVES

Mission insignia

Solar Terrestrial Probes program

<- Hinode

MMS ->

STEREO (Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory) is a solar observation mission.[2] Two nearly identical spacecraft (STEREO-A, STEREO-B) were launched in 2006 into orbits around the Sun that cause them to respectively pull farther ahead of and fall gradually behind the Earth. This enabled stereoscopic imaging of the Sun and solar phenomena, such as coronal mass ejections.

Contact with STEREO-B was lost in 2014 after it entered an uncontrolled spin preventing its solar panels from generating enough power. It was briefly resumed in 2016 before being interrupted and eventually declared lost.

## Contents

* 1 Mission profile
* 1.1 Loss of contact with STEREO-B
* 2 Mission benefits
* 3 Science instrumentation
* 4 Spacecraft subsystems
* 5 Gallery
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## Mission profile

File:STEREO overview 2011-02-06.ogv

Animation of STEREO's trajectory

Around the Sun

Relative to the Sun and the Earth

STEREO-A

STEREO-B Earth

Sun

The two STEREO spacecraft were launched at 00:52 UTC on October 26, 2006, from Launch Pad 17B at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida on a Delta II 7925-10L launcher into highly elliptical geocentric orbits. The apogee reached the Moon's orbit. On December 15, 2006, on the fifth orbit, the pair swung by the Moon for a gravity assist. Because the two spacecraft were in slightly different orbits, the "ahead" (A) spacecraft was ejected to a heliocentric orbit inside Earth's orbit, while the "behind" (B) spacecraft remained temporarily in a high Earth orbit. The B spacecraft encountered the Moon again on the same orbital revolution on January 21, 2007, being ejected from Earth orbit in the opposite direction from spacecraft A. Spacecraft B entered a heliocentric orbit outside the Earth's orbit. Spacecraft A took 347 days to complete one revolution of the Sun and Spacecraft B took 387 days. The A spacecraft/Sun/Earth angle will increase at 21.650° per year. The B spacecraft/Sun/Earth angle will change −21.999° per year. Given that the length of Earth's orbit is around 940 million kilometres, both craft have an average speed, in a rotating geocentric frame of reference in which the Sun is always in the same direction, of about 1.8 km/s, but the speed varies considerably depending on how close they are to their respective aphelion or perihelion (as well as on the position of Earth). Their current locations are shown here.

Over time, the STEREO spacecraft continued to separate from each other at a combined rate of approximately 44° per year. There were no final positions for the spacecraft. They achieved 90° separation on January 24, 2009, a condition known as quadrature. This was of interest because the mass ejections seen from the side on the limb by one spacecraft can potentially be observed by the in situ particle experiments of the other spacecraft. As they passed through Earth's Lagrangian points L4 and L5, in late 2009, they searched for Lagrangian (trojan) asteroids. On February 6, 2011, the two spacecraft were exactly 180° apart from each other, allowing the entire Sun to be seen at once for the first time.[3]

Even as the angle increases, the addition of an Earth-based view, e.g., from the Solar Dynamics Observatory, still provided full-Sun observations for several years. In 2015, contact was lost for several months when the STEREO spacecraft passed behind the Sun. They then started to approach Earth again, with closest approach in August 2023. They will not be recaptured into Earth orbit.[4]

### Loss of contact with STEREO-B

On October 1, 2014, contact was lost with STEREO-B during a planned reset to test the craft's automation, in anticipation of the aforementioned solar "conjunction" period. The team originally thought that the spacecraft had begun to spin, decreasing the amount of power that could be generated by the solar panels. Later analysis of the received telemetry concluded that the spacecraft was in an uncontrolled spin of about 3° per second; this was too rapid to be immediately corrected using its reaction wheels, which would become oversaturated.[5][4]

NASA used its Deep Space Network, first weekly and later monthly, to try to re-establish communications.[4]

After a silence of 22 months, contact was regained at 22:27 UTC on August 21, 2016, when the Deep Space Network established a lock on STEREO-B for 2.4 hours.[6][5][7]

Engineers planned to work and develop software to fix the spacecraft, but once its computer was powered up, there would only have been about 2 minutes to upload the fix before STEREO-B entered failure mode again.[8] Further, while the spacecraft was power-positive at the time of contact, its orientation would drift, and power levels fall. Two-way communication was achieved, and commands to begin recovering the spacecraft were sent through the rest of August and September.[5]

Six attempts at communication between September 27 and October 9, 2016, failed, and a carrier wave was not detected after September 23. Engineers determined that during an attempt to despin the spacecraft, a frozen thruster fuel valve probably led to the spin increasing rather than decreasing.[5] As STEREO-B moved along its orbit, it was hoped that its solar panels may again generate enough power to charge the battery.

Four years after the initial loss of contact, NASA terminated periodic recovery operations effective October 17, 2018.[9]

## Mission benefits

STEREO spacecraft in Delta II fairing

The principal benefit of the mission was stereoscopic images of the Sun. Because the satellites are at different points along the Earth's orbit, but distant from the Earth, they can photograph parts of the Sun that are not visible from the Earth. This permits NASA scientists to directly monitor the far side of the Sun, instead of inferring the activity on the far side from data that can be gleaned from Earth's view of the Sun. The STEREO satellites principally monitor the far side for coronal mass ejections — massive bursts of solar wind, solar plasma, and magnetic fields that are sometimes ejected into space.[10]

Since the radiation from coronal mass ejections, or CMEs, can disrupt Earth's communications, airlines, power grids, and satellites, more accurate forecasting of CMEs has the potential to provide greater warning to operators of these services.[10] Before STEREO, the detection of the sunspots that are associated with CMEs on the far side of the Sun was only possible using helioseismology, which only provides low-resolution maps of the activity on the far side of the Sun. Since the Sun rotates every 25 days, detail on the far side was invisible to Earth for days at a time before STEREO. The period that the Sun's far side was previously invisible was a principal reason for the STEREO mission.[11]

STEREO program scientist Madhulika Guhathakurta expected "great advances" in theoretical solar physics and space weather forecasting with the advent of constant 360° views of the Sun.[12] STEREO's observations are incorporated into forecasts of solar activity for airlines, power companies, satellite operators, and others.[13]

STEREO has also been used to discover 122 eclipsing binaries and study hundreds more variable stars.[14] STEREO can look at the same star for up to 20 days.[14]

On July 23, 2012, STEREO-A was in the path of the Carrington class CME of the solar storm of 2012.[15] This CME, it is estimated, if it had collided with Earth's magnetosphere, would have caused a geomagnetic storm of similar strength to the Carrington Event, the most intense geomagnetic storm in recorded history.[16] STEREO-A's instrumentation was able to collect and relay a significant amount of data about the event without being harmed.

## Science instrumentation

Instrument locations on STEREO

Each of the spacecraft carries cameras, particle experiments and radio detectors in four instrument packages:

* Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI) has five cameras: an extreme ultraviolet imager (EUVI) and two white-light coronagraphs (COR1 and COR2). These three telescopes are collectively known as the Sun Centered Instrument Package or SCIP. They image the solar disk and the inner and outer corona. Two additional telescopes, heliospheric imagers (called the HI1 and HI2), image the space between Sun and Earth. The purpose of SECCHI is to study the 3-D evolution of coronal mass ejections through their full journey from the Sun's surface through the corona and interplanetary medium to their impact at Earth.[17][18] The principal investigator for SECCHI was Russell Howard.
* In-situ Measurements of Particles and CME Transients (IMPACT), to study energetic particles, the three-dimensional distribution of solar-wind electrons and interplanetary magnetic field.[17][19] Janet Luhmann was the principal investigator for IMPACT.
* PLAsma and SupraThermal Ion Composition (PLASTIC), led by Antoinette Galvin, to study the plasma characteristics of protons, alpha particles and heavy ions.[17]
* STEREO/WAVES (SWAVES) is a radio-burst tracker to study radio disturbances traveling from the Sun to the orbit of Earth.[17] Jean Louis Bougeret was principal investigator for SWAVES, with co-investigator Michael Kaiser.

## Spacecraft subsystems

Each STEREO spacecraft had a dry mass of 547 kg (1,206 lb) and a launch mass of 619 kg (1,364 lb). In their stowed configuration, each had a length, width and height of 2.0 × 1.2 × 1.1 m (6.67 × 4.00 × 3.75 ft). Upon solar-array deployment, its width increased to 6.5 m (21.24 ft).[20][21] With all of its instrument booms and antennae deployed, its dimensions are 7.5 × 8.7 × 5.9 m (24.5 × 28.6 × 19.2 ft).[22] The solar panels can produce an average of 596 watts of power, and the spacecraft consumes an average of 475 watts.[20][21]

The STEREO spacecraft are 3-axis-stabilized, and each has a primary and backup miniature inertial measurement unit (MIMU) provided by Honeywell.[23] These measure changes to a spacecraft's attitude, and each MIMU contains three ring laser gyroscopes to detect angular changes. Additional attitude information is provided by the star tracker and the SECCHI Guide Telescope.[24]

STEREO's onboard computer systems are based on the Integrated Electronics Module (IEM), a device that combines core avionics in a single box. Each single-string spacecraft carries two CPUs, one for command and data handling and one for guidance and control. Both are radiation-hardened 25-megahertz IBM RAD6000 processors, based on POWER1 CPUs (predecessor of the PowerPC chip found in older Macintoshes). The computers, slow by current personal computer standards, are typical for the radiation requirements needed on the STEREO mission.

STEREO also carries Actel FPGAs that use triple modular redundancy for radiation hardening. The FPGAs hold the P24 MISC and CPU24 soft microprocessors.[25]

For data storage, each spacecraft carries a solid-state recorder able to store up to 1 gigabyte each. Its main processor collects and stores on the recorder images and other data from STEREO's instruments, which can then be sent back to Earth. The spacecraft have an X-band downlink capacity of between 427 and 750 kbit/s.[20][21]

## Gallery

* STEREO probes stacked at Astrotech in Florida
August 11, 2006

* Launch of the STEREO probes on a Delta II rocket
October 26, 2006

* One of the first images of the Sun taken by STEREO
December 4, 2006

* A lunar transit of the Sun captured during calibration of STEREO-B's ultraviolet imaging cameras. The Moon appears much smaller than it does from Earth, because the spacecraft–Moon separation was several times greater than the Earth–Moon distance.
February 25, 2007

* The Sun's South Pole. Material can be seen erupting from the Sun in the lower right side of the image.
March 2007

* A three-dimensional anaglyph taken by STEREO
March 2007
3D red cyan glasses are recommended to view this image correctly.

* A three-dimensional time-for-space wiggle image taken by STEREO
March 2007

* Jupiter as seen by STEREO-A HI1
November 23, 2008

* Nearly the entire far side of the Sun
February 2, 2011

* Nearly the entire surface of the Sun, taken in extreme ultraviolet at 19.5 nm, with white lines showing solar coordinates (0° is directly towards Earth)
February 10, 2011

* A full day of Sun data from the STEREO satellites
February 13–14, 2011

* For STEREO's 10th anniversary, Deputy Project Scientist Terry Kucera gives an overview of the mission's top 5 success stories.

## See also

* Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE), launched 1997, still operational as of 2024.
* Heliophysics
* Living With a Star (NASA program), still ongoing as of 2024[update]
* Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), launched 2010.
* Parker Solar Probe, launched August 2018.
* Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), launched 1995, still observational as of 2024[update].
* Solar Orbiter (SolO), launched February 2020.
* TRACE, launched 1998.
* Ulysses, spacecraft launched in 1990.
* Wind, spacecraft launched 1994, still operational as of 2024[update].
* Zooniverse – Solar Stormwatch

## References

1. ↑ "STEREO". NASA. https://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/spacecraft.shtml.
2. ↑ "NASA Launch Schedule". NASA. September 20, 2006. http://www.nasa.gov/missions/highlights/schedule.html.
3. ↑ Zell, Holly, ed (February 6, 2011). "First Ever STEREO Images of the Entire Sun". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/stereo/news/entire-sun.html.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Sarah, Frazier (December 11, 2015). "Saving STEREO-B: The 189-million-mile Road to Recovery". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/saving-nasas-stereo-b-the-189-million-mile-road-to-recovery.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "What's New". STEREO Science Center. NASA. October 11, 2016. http://stereo-ssc.nascom.nasa.gov/new.shtml.
6. ↑ Fox, Karen C. (August 22, 2016). "NASA Reestablishes Contact with STEREO Mission". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasa-establishes-contact-with-stereo-mission.
7. ↑ Geldzahler, Barry; Bershad, Chris; Brown, Robert; Cox, Rachel; Hoblitzell, Richard; Kiriazes, John; Ledford, Bruce; Miller, Michael et al. (2017). "A Phased Array of Widely Separated Antennas for Space Communication and Planetary Radar". Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance Technologies Conference. September 19–22, 2017. Wailea, Maui, Hawaii.. pp. 13–14. Bibcode: 2017amos.confE..82G. https://amostech.com/TechnicalPapers/2017/Poster/Geldzahler.pdf.
8. ↑ Mosher, Dave (August 23, 2016). "NASA may have less than 2 minutes to rescue its long-lost spacecraft". Business Insider. http://www.businessinsider.com/stereo-b-spacecraft-rescue-mission-2016-8.
9. ↑ Kucera, Therese A., ed (October 23, 2018). "STEREO-B Status Update". NASA/STEREO Science Center. https://stereo-ssc.nascom.nasa.gov/behind_status.shtml.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Sun bares all for twin space probes". CBC News. February 7, 2011. https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/sun-bares-all-for-twin-space-probes-1.1073054.
11. ↑ Lemonick, Michael (February 6, 2011). "NASA Images the Entire Sun, Far Side and All". Time. http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,2046569,00.html. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
12. ↑ Winter, Michael (February 7, 2011). "Sun shines in twin probes' first 360-degree images". USA Today. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2011/02/sun-shines-in-twin-probes-first-360-degree-images/1.
13. ↑ "Stereo satellites move either side of Sun". BBC News. February 6, 2011. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12365083.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "STEREO turns its steady gaze on variable stars". Astronomy. Royal Astronomical Society. April 19, 2011. http://www.astronomy.com/news-observing/news/2011/04/stereo turns its steady gaze on variable stars.
15. ↑ Bridgman, Tom (July 23, 2014). "NASA Scientific Visualization Studio | As Seen by STEREO-A: The Carrington-Class CME of 2012". https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4177/.
16. ↑ "Near Miss: The Solar Superstorm of July 2012". NASA. July 23, 2014. https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2014/23jul_superstorm/.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 "STEREO Spacecraft & Instruments". NASA. March 8, 2006. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/stereo/spacecraft/index.html.
18. ↑ Howard, R. A.; Moses, J. D.; Socker, D. G.; Dere, K. P.; Cook, J. W. (June 2002). "Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI)". Advances in Space Research 29 (12): 2017–2026. doi:10.1016/S0273-1177(02)00147-3. Bibcode: 2002AdSpR..29.2017H. http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/handle/2268/21196.
19. ↑ Luhmann, J. G. et al. (2005). "IMPACT: Science goals and firsts with STEREO". Advances in Space Research 36 (8): 1534–1543. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.033. Bibcode: 2005AdSpR..36.1534L.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Gurman, Joseph B., ed (2007). "STEREO Spacecraft". NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/spacecraft.shtml.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 "STEREO - Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory". NASA. 2005. http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/img/mpb.pdf.
22. ↑ Beisser, Kerri, ed. "STEREO – Characteristics". Applied Physics Laboratory. http://stereo.jhuapl.edu/observatories/overview/character.php.
23. ↑ "Honeywell To Provide Miniature Inertial Measurement Units For STEREO Spacecraft". Honeywell International. http://www.honeywell.com/en/aerospace/announcement_details.jsp?rowID=115&docID=3995&catID=2.
24. ↑ Driesman, Andrew; Hynes, Shane; Cancro, George (April 2008). "The STEREO Observatory". Space Science Reviews 136 (1): 17–44. doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9286-z. Bibcode: 2008SSRv..136...17D.
25. ↑ Mewaldt, R. A. et al. (April 2008). "The Low-Energy Telescope (LET) and SEP Central Electronics for the STEREO Mission". Space Science Reviews 136 (1): 285–362. doi:10.1007/s11214-007-9288-x. Bibcode: 2008SSRv..136..285M. ftp://mussel.srl.caltech.edu/pub/stereo/docs/LET-paper-full.pdf.

## External links

* STEREO website by Goddard Space Flight Center
* STEREO website by Applied Physics Laboratory
* STEREO Science Center by NASA
* Instrument sites
* SECCHI website by the Naval Research Laboratory
* Heliospheric Imager by Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
* Comets
* Tail of Comet Encke removed by CME by Science@NASA
* STEREO/SECCHI Comets: The First 5 Years by the Sungrazer Project

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* Colonization of the Moon
* Google Lunar X Prize
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* Moon landing conspiracy theories
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* Commercial Lunar Payload Services

Human spaceflight
programs|

| Past|

* X-15 (suborbital)
* Mercury
* Gemini
* Apollo
* Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (with the Soviet space program)
* Skylab
* Space Shuttle
* Shuttle–Mir (with Roscosmos State Corporation)
* Constellation

|

Current|

* International Space Station
* Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
* Commercial Crew Development
* Orion
* Artemis
* Lunar Gateway

Individual featured
missions
(human and robotic)|

| Past|

* COBE
* Mercury 3
* Mercury-Atlas 6
* Magellan
* Pioneer 10
* Pioneer 11
* Galileo
* GALEX
* GRAIL
* WMAP
* Space Shuttle
* Sojourner rover
* Spirit rover
* LADEE
* MESSENGER
* Aquarius
* Cassini
* Dawn
* Kepler space telescope
* Opportunity rover
* RHESSI
* observed

|

Currently
operating|

* Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
* 2001 Mars Odyssey
* New Horizons
* International Space Station
* Hubble Space Telescope
* Spitzer
* Swift
* THEMIS
* Mars Exploration Rover
* Curiosity rover
* timeline
* InSight
* GOES 14
* Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
* GOES 15
* Van Allen Probes
* Solar Dynamics Observatory
* Juno
* Mars Science Laboratory
* timeline
* NuSTAR
* Voyager 1
* Voyager 2
* WISE
* MAVEN
* MMS
* OSIRIS-REx
* Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite

Future|

* Joint Polar Satellite System
* James Webb Space Telescope
* Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope
* Mars 2020
* NISAR
* Europa Clipper

Communications
and navigation|

* Near Earth Network
* Space Network
* Deep Space Network (Goldstone
* Madrid
* Canberra
* Space Flight Operations Facility)
* Deep Space Atomic Clock

NASA lists|

* Astronauts
* by name
* by year
* Gemini astronauts
* Apollo astronauts
* List of NASA aircraft
* List of NASA missions
* uncrewed missions
* List of NASA contractors
* List of United States rockets
* List of NASA cancellations
* List of Space Shuttle missions
* crews
* List of NASA cameras on spacecraft

NASA images
and artwork|

* Earthrise
* The Blue Marble
* Family Portrait
* Pale Blue Dot
* Pillars of Creation
* Mystic Mountain
* Solar System Family Portrait
* The Day the Earth Smiled
* Fallen Astronaut
* Lunar plaques
* Pioneer plaques
* Voyager Golden Record
* Apollo 11 goodwill messages
* NASA insignia
* Gemini and Apollo medallions
* Mission patches

Related|

* Apollo 15 postal covers incident
* Space Mirror Memorial
* The Astronaut Monument
* U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
* Space program on U.S. stamps
* Apollo 17 Moon mice
* Other primates in space
* NASA spinoff technologies

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Space observatories

Operating|

* AGILE (since 2007)
* AMS-02 (since 2011)
* Aoi (since 2018)
* ASTERIA (since 2017)
* Astrosat (since 2015)
* BRITE constellation (since 2013)
* CALET (since 2015)
* Chandra (AXAF) (since 1999)
* DAMPE (since 2015)
* Fermi (since 2008)
* Gaia (since 2013)
* HXMT (Insight) (since 2017)
* Hinode (Solar-B) (since 2006)
* HiRISE (since 2005)
* Hisaki (SPRINT-A) (since 2013)
* Hubble (since 1990)
* INTEGRAL (since 2002)
* IBEX (since 2008)
* IRIS (since 2013)
* ISS-CREAM (since 2017)
* MAXI (since 2009)
* Mikhailo Lomonosov (since 2016)
* Mini-EUSO (since 2019)
* NCLE (since 2018)
* NEOSSat (since 2013)
* NICER (since 2017)
* NuSTAR (since 2012)
* Odin (since 2001)
* SDO (since 2010)
* SOHO (since 1995)
* SOLAR (since 2008)
* Spektr-RG (since 2019)
* Spitzer (since 2003)
* STEREO (since 2006)
* Swift (since 2004)
* TESS (since 2018)
* WISE (since 2009)
* XMM-Newton (since 1999)

Planned|

* CHEOPS (2019)
* iWF-MAXI (2019)
* Astro-1 Telescope (2020)
* ILO-1 (2020)
* LUCI (2020)
* Nano-JASMINE (2020)
* ORBIS (2020)
* Solar Orbiter (SolO) (2020)
* IXPE (2021)
* James Webb (JWST) (2021)
* LORD (2021)
* SVOM (2021)
* XPoSat (2021)
* Euclid (2022)
* Space Solar Telescope (2022)
* XRISM (2022)
* Xuntian (2022)
* K-EUSO (2023)
* Solar-C (2023)
* SPHEREx (2023)
* Small-JASMINE (2024)
* Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission (2025+)
* Spektr-UV (2025)
* WFIRST (2025+)
* PLATO (2026)
* LiteBIRD (2027)
* ARIEL (2028)
* Spektr-M (2030+)
* ATHENA (2031)
* LISA (2034)

Proposed|

* Arcus
* AstroSat-2
* EXCEDE
* Fresnel Imager
* FOCAL
* HabEx
* Hibari
* Hypertelescope
* JEM-EUSO
* LUVOIR
* ATLAST
* HDST
* Lynx
* Nautilus Deep Space Observatory
* New Worlds Mission
* NRO donation to NASA
* OST
* PhoENiX
* Solar-D
* SPICA
* THEIA
* THESEUS

Retired|

* Akari (Astro-F) (2006–2011)
* ALEXIS (1993–2005)
* Alouette 1 (1962–1972)
* Ariel 1 (1962, 1964)
* Ariel 2 (1964)
* Ariel 3 (1967–1969)
* Ariel 4 (1971–1972)
* Ariel 5 (1974–1980)
* Ariel 6 (1979–1982)
* ATM (1973–1974)
* ASCA (Astro-D) (1993–2000)
* Astro-1 (1990)
* BBXRT
* HUT
* Astro-2 (HUT) (1995)
* Astron (1983–1989)
* ANS (1974–1976)
* BeppoSAX (1996–2003)
* CHIPSat (2003–2008)
* Compton (CGRO) (1991–2000)
* CoRoT (2006–2013)
* Cos-B (1975–1982)
* COBE (1989–1993)
* DXS (1993)
* EPOCh (2008)
* EPOXI (2010)
* Explorer 11 (1961)
* EXOSAT (1983–1986)
* EUVE (1992–2001)
* FUSE (1999–2007)
* Kvant-1 (1987–2001)
* GALEX (2003–2013)
* Gamma (1990–1992)
* Ginga (Astro-C) (1987–1991)
* Granat (1989–1998)
* Hakucho (CORSA-b) (1979–1985)
* HALCA (MUSES-B) (1997–2005)
* HEAO-1 (1977–1979)
* Herschel (2009–2013)
* Hinotori (Astro-A) (1981–1991)
* HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.) (1978–1982)
* HEAO-3 (1979–1981)
* HETE-2 (2000–2008)
* Hipparcos (1989–1993)
* IUE (1978–1996)
* IRAS (1983)
* IRTS (1995–1996)
* ISO (1996–1998)
* IXAE (1996–2004)
* Kepler (2009–2018)
* Kristall (1990–2001)
* LEGRI (1997–2002)
* LISA Pathfinder (2015–2017)
* MOST (2003–2019)
* MSX (1996–1997)
* OAO-2 (1968–1973)
* OAO-3 (Copernicus) (1972–1981)
* Orbiting Solar Observatory
* OSO 1
* OSO 2/OSO B
* OSO 3
* OSO 4
* OSO 5
* OSO 6
* OSO 7
* OSO 8
* Orion 1 (1971)
* Orion 2 (1973)
* PAMELA (2006–2016)
* PicSat (2018)
* Planck (2009–2013)
* RELIKT-1 (1983–1984)
* R/HESSI (2002–2018)
* ROSAT (1990–1999)
* RXTE (1995–2012)
* SAMPEX (1992–2004)
* SAS-B (1972–1973)
* SAS-C (1975–1979)
* Solwind (1979–1985)
* Spektr-R (2011–2019)
* Suzaku (Astro-EII) (2005–2015)
* Taiyo (SRATS) (1975–1980)
* Tenma (Astro-B) (1983–1985)
* Uhuru (1970–1973)
* Vanguard 3 (1959)
* WMAP (2001–2010)
* Yokoh (Solar-A) (1991–2001)

Hibernating
(Mission completed)|

* SWAS (1998–2005)
* TRACE (1998–2010)

Lost|

* OAO-1 (1966)
* OAO-B (1970)
* CORSA (1976)
* OSO C (1965)
* ABRIXAS (1999)
* HETE-1 (1996)
* WIRE (1999)
* Astro-E (2000)
* Tsubame (2014–2015)
* Hitomi (Astro-H) (2016)

Cancelled|

* AOSO
* Astro-G
* Constellation-X
* Darwin
* Destiny
* EChO
* Eddington
* FAME
* FINESSE
* GEMS
* HOP
* IXO
* JDEM
* LOFT
* OSO J
* OSO K
* Sentinel
* SIM & SIMlite
* SNAP
* SPOrt
* TAUVEX
* TPF
* XEUS
* XIPE

See also|

* Great Observatories program
* List of space telescopes
* List of proposed space observatories
* List of X-ray space telescopes

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Orbital launches in 2006

New Horizons | Daichi | EchoStar X | Himawari 7 | Akari * CUTE-1.7 + APD | Arabsat-4A | Spainsat * Hot Bird 7A | ST-5 | FalconSAT-2 | Soyuz TMA-8 | JCSAT-5A | COSMIC | Astra 1KR | Progress M-56 | EROS-B | Yaogan 1 | CALIPSO * CloudSat | Kosmos 2420 | GOES 13 | Satmex 6 * Thaicom 5 | Resurs-DK No.1 | KazSat-1 | Galaxy 16 | USA-187 * USA-188 * USA-189 | Progress M-57 | Kosmos 2421 | USA-184 | STS-121 (MPLM) | INSAT-4C | Genesis I | Kosmos 2422 | BelKA * Baumanets * PicPot * SACRED * ION * Rincon 1 * ICECube-1 * KUTESat Pathfinder * SEEDS * nCube * HAUSAT-1 * MEROPE * CP-2 * AeroCube-1 * CP-1 * Mea Huaka'i * ICECube-2 | Arirang-2 | Hot Bird 8 | JCSAT-3A * Syracuse 3B | Koreasat 5 | Shijian 8 | STS-115 (ITS P3/4) | IGS-3A | Chinasat-22A | Kosmos 2423 | Soyuz TMA-9 | Hinode * HIT-SAT * SSSAT | USA-190 | DirecTV-9S * Optus D1 * LDREX | MetOp-A | Progress M-58 | Shijian 6C * Shijian 6D | STEREO | Sinosat-2 | XM-4 | USA-191 | Badr-4 | USA-192 | Fengyun 2-05 | WildBlue 1 * AMC-18 | STS-116 (ITS P5 * SpaceHab LSM * ANDE-MAA * ANDE-FACL * RAFT1 * MARScom * MEPSI-2) | MEASAT-3 | USA-193 | TacSat-2 * GeneSat | Kiku 8 | SAR-Lupe 1 | Meridian 1 | Kosmos 2424 * Kosmos 2425 * Kosmos 2426 | CoRoT

Payloads are separated by bullets ( * ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in bold text. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in brackets.

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEREO. Read more

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