Supernova Cosmology Project

Short description: Cosmology group

The Supernova Cosmology Project is one of two research teams that determined the likelihood of an accelerating universe and therefore a positive cosmological constant, using data from the redshift of Type Ia supernovae.[1] The project is headed by Saul Perlmutter at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, with members from Australia, Chile, France, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

This discovery was named "Breakthrough of the Year for 1998" by Science Magazine[2] and, along with the High-Z Supernova Search Team, the project team won the 2007 Gruber Prize in Cosmology[3] and the 2015 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics.[4] In 2011, Perlmutter was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this work, alongside Adam Riess and Brian P. Schmidt from the High-Z team.[5]

## Contents

* 1 Findings
* 2 Theory validation
* 3 Methods
* 4 Project members
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Findings

Both the Super Cosmology Project and the High-Z Supernova Search Team, another team who was doing the same research, expected to find that the universe is either expanding then contracting as one way to explain the expanding universe idea or the universe must be expanding at a slow rate that will slow over time.[6] However, in January 1998, the Supernova Cosmology project presented evidence that the expansion of the universe is not slowing at all and is in reality accelerating, citing Einstein's previously dismissed cosmological constant, Λ, which potentially includes up to 70% of the universe's total mass-energy density.[7]

## Theory validation

In order to determine what was happening to the universe, the researchers had to measure the speed of astronomical objects that are travelling away from us as well as how far away these objects actually are. In order to do any of this, the researchers had to find a standard light source that was bright enough to be seen with our telescopes due to the large distances away these objects would be. They chose to use Type Ia Supernovae, exploding stars, as their standard light source.[6]

## Methods

Type Ia supernovae are very bright standard candles, which makes it possible to calculate their distance to earth from the observed luminosity. Type Ia supernovae are rare in most galaxies, only occurring about two or three times in a thousand years. Before the Supernova Cosmology Project, it was difficult to find supernovae due to lesser telescopes. However, by scanning the night sky over individual periods of three weeks astronomers were able to find up to two dozen per session, giving them enough supernovae observations to conduct their study.[8]

## Project members

The team members are:[4][9]

* Saul Perlmutter, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
* Gregory Aldering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
* Brian J. Boyle, Australia Telescope National Facility
* Shane Burns, Colorado College
* Patricia G. Castro, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon
* Warrick Couch, Swinburne University of Technology
* Susana Deustua, American Astronomical Society
* Richard Ellis, California Institute of Technology
* Sebastien Fabbro, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon
* Alexei Filippenko, University of California, Berkeley (later a member of the High-Z Supernova Search Team)
* Andrew Fruchter, Space Telescope Science Institute
* Gerson Goldhaber, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
* Ariel Goobar, Stockholm University
* Donald Groom, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
* Isobel Hook, University of Oxford
* Mike Irwin, University of Cambridge
* Alex Kim, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
* Matthew Kim
* Robert Knop, Vanderbilt University
* Julia C. Lee, Harvard University
* Chris Lidman, European Southern Observatory
* Thomas Matheson, NOAO Gemini Science Center
* Richard McMahon, University of Cambridge
* Richard Muller, University of California, Berkeley
* Heidi Newberg, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
* Peter Nugent, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
* Nelson Nunes, University of Cambridge
* Reynald Pain, CNRS-IN2P3, Paris
* Nino Panagia, Space Telescope Science Institute
* Carl Pennypacker, University of California, Berkeley
* Robert Quimby, The University of Texas
* Pilar Ruiz-Lapuente, University of Barcelona
* Bradley E. Schaefer, Louisiana State University
* Nicholas Walton, University of Cambridge

## References

1. ↑ Goldhaber, Gerson (2009). "The Acceleration of the Expansion of the Universe: A Brief Early History of the Supernova Cosmology Project (SCP)". AIP Conference Proceedings 1166: 53. doi:10.1063/1.3232196. Bibcode: 2009AIPC.1166...53G.
2. ↑ Cosmic Motion Revealed Science 282(5397), 2156-2157
3. ↑ Gruber Foundation Prize in Cosmology Press Release
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Recipients Of The 2015 Breakthrough Prizes In Fundamental Physics And Life Sciences Announced". https://breakthroughprize.org/?controller=Page&action=news&news_id=21.
5. ↑ "Nobel physics prize honours accelerating Universe find". BBC News. 2011-10-04. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15165371.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Saul Perlmutter & the Supernova Cosmology Project | Gruber Foundation". https://gruber.yale.edu/cosmology/2007/saul-perlmutter-supernova-cosmology-project.
7. ↑ "Science magazine names Supernova Cosmology Project "Breakthrough of the Year" for 1998". https://www2.lbl.gov/supernova/.
8. ↑ "Science magazine names Supernova Cosmology Project "Breakthrough of the Year" for 1998". https://www2.lbl.gov/supernova/.
9. ↑ Gruber Foundation: Saul Perlmutter & the Supernova Cosmology Project

## External links

* Supernova Cosmology Project Mainsite

* v
* t
* e

Supernovae

Classes|

* Type Ia
* Type Ib and Ic
* Type II (IIP, IIL, IIn, and IIb)
* Hypernova
* Superluminous
* Pair-instability

Physics of|

* Calcium-rich
* Carbon detonation
* Foe
* Near-Earth
* Phillips relationship
* Nucleosynthesis
* P-process
* R-process
* Neutrinos

Related|

* Imposter
* pulsational pair-instability
* Failed
* Gamma-ray burst
* Kilonova
* Luminous red nova
* Nova
* Pulsar kick
* Quark-nova
* Symbiotic nova

Progenitors|

* Hypergiant
* yellow
* Luminous blue variable
* Supergiant
* blue
* red
* yellow
* White dwarf
* related links
* Wolf–Rayet star

Remnants|

* Supernova remnant
* Pulsar wind nebula
* Neutron star
* pulsar
* magnetar
* related links
* Stellar black hole
* related links
* Compact star
* quark star
* exotic star
* Zombie star
* Local Bubble
* Superbubble
* Orion–Eridanus

Discovery|

* Guest star
* History of supernova observation
* Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae

Lists|

* Candidates
* Notable
* Massive stars
* Most distant
* Remnants
* In fiction

Notable|

* Barnard's Loop
* Cassiopeia A
* Crab
* Crab Nebula
* iPTF14hls
* Tycho's
* Kepler's
* SN 1987A
* SN 185
* SN 1006
* SN 2003fg
* Remnant G1.9+0.3
* SN 2007bi
* SN 2011fe
* SN 2014J
* SN Refsdal
* Vela Remnant

Research|

* ASAS-SN
* Calán/Tololo Survey
* High-Z Supernova Search Team
* Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope
* Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey
* Nearby Supernova Factory
* Sloan Supernova Survey
* Supernova/Acceleration Probe
* Supernova Cosmology Project
* SuperNova Early Warning System
* Supernova Legacy Survey
* Texas Supernova Search

* Book:Supernovae
* Category:Supernovae
* Commons:Supernovae

* v
* t
* e

Breakthrough Prize laureates

Mathematics|

* Simon Donaldson, Maxim Kontsevich, Jacob Lurie, Terence Tao and Richard Taylor (2015)
* Ian Agol (2016)
* Jean Bourgain (2017)
* Christopher Hacon, James McKernan (2018)
* Vincent Lafforgue (2019)
* Alex Eskin (2020)

Fundamental physics|

* Nima Arkani-Hamed, Alan Guth, Alexei Kitaev, Maxim Kontsevich]], Andrei Linde, Juan Maldacena, Nathan Seiberg, Ashoke Sen, Edward Witten (2012)
* Special: Stephen Hawking, Peter Jenni, Fabiola Gianotti (ATLAS), Michel Della Negra, Tejinder Virdee, Guido Tonelli, Joseph Incandela (CMS) and Lyn Evans (LHC) (2013)
* Alexander Polyakov (2013)
* Michael Green and John Henry Schwarz (2014)
* Saul Perlmutter and members of the Supernova Cosmology Project; Brian Schmidt, Adam Riess and members of the High-Z Supernova Team (2015)
* Special: Ronald Drever, Kip Thorne, Rainer Weiss and contributors to LIGO project (2016)
* Yifang Wang, Kam-Biu Luk and the Daya Bay team, Atsuto Suzuki and the KamLAND team, Kōichirō Nishikawa and the K2K / T2K team, Arthur B. McDonald and the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory team, Takaaki Kajita and Yōichirō Suzuki and the Super-Kamiokande team (2016)
* Joseph Polchinski, Andrew Strominger, Cumrun Vafa (2017)
* Charles L. Bennett, Gary Hinshaw, Norman Jarosik, Lyman Page Jr., David Spergel (2018)
* Special: Jocelyn Bell Burnell (2018)
* Charles Kane and Eugene Mele (2019)
* Special: Sergio Ferrara, Daniel Z. Freedman, Peter van Nieuwenhuizen (2019)
* The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration (2020)

Life sciences|

* Cornelia Bargmann, David Botstein, Lewis C. Cantley, Hans Clevers, Titia de Lange, Napoleone Ferrara, Eric Lander, Charles Sawyers, Robert Weinberg, Shinya Yamanaka and Bert Vogelstein (2013)
* James P. Allison, Mahlon DeLong, Michael N. Hall, Robert S. Langer, Richard P. Lifton and Alexander Varshavsky (2014)
* Alim Louis Benabid, Charles David Allis, Victor Ambros, Gary Ruvkun, Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier (2015)
* Edward Boyden, Karl Deisseroth, John Hardy, Helen Hobbs and Svante Pääbo (2016)
* Stephen J. Elledge, Harry F. Noller, Roeland Nusse, Yoshinori Ohsumi, Huda Zoghbi (2017)
* Joanne Chory, Peter Walter, Kazutoshi Mori, Kim Nasmyth, Don W. Cleveland (2018)
* C. Frank Bennett and Adrian R. Krainer, Angelika Amon, Xiaowei Zhuang, Zhijian Chen (2019)
* Jeffrey M. Friedman, F. Ulrich Hartl, Arthur L. Horwich, David Julius, Virginia Man-Yee Lee (2020)

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