Venera 3

Mission type| Venus atmospheric probe with flyby spacecraft
Operator| OKB-1
COSPAR ID| 1965-092A
SATCAT no.| 1733
Mission duration| 105 days
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft| 3MV-3 No.1
Manufacturer| Lavochkin
Launch mass| 960 kg (2,120 lb)
Landing mass| 377 kg (831 lb)
Dimensions| 4.2 m × 1.1 m (13.8 ft × 3.6 ft)
Start of mission
Launch date| 16 November 1965, 04:19 (1965-11-16UTC04:19Z) UTC
Rocket| Molniya
Launch site| Baikonur 31/6
Orbital parameters
Reference system| Heliocentric
Perihelion altitude| 0.68 AU
Aphelion altitude| 0.99 AU
Inclination| 4.29°
Period| 277 days
Venus impact (failed landing)
Impact date| 1 March 1966
Impact site|  [ ⚑ ] 20°N 80°E﻿ / ﻿20°N 80°E﻿ / 20; 80

Venera

<- Venera 2

Kosmos 96 ->

Venera 3 (Russian: Венера-3 meaning Venus 3) was a Venera program space probe that was built and launched by the Soviet Union to explore the surface of Venus. It was launched on 16 November 1965 at 04:19 UTC from Baikonur, Kazakhstan, USSR. The probe comprised an entry probe, designed to enter the Venus atmosphere and parachute to the surface, and a carrier/flyby spacecraft,[1][2] which carried the entry probe to Venus and also served as a communications relay for the entry probe.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Mission
* 3 Instruments
* 3.1 Power system
* 3.2 Interplanetary Bus
* 3.2.1 Non-scientific equipment
* 3.2.2 Scientific equipment
* 3.3 Lander
* 4 See also
* 5 References

## History

In 1965, the Central Committee, frustrated at the poor track record of Sergei Korolev's OKB-1 design bureau, reassigned the planetary probe program to the Lavochkin bureau. In over two dozen attempts dating back to 1958, Luna 2 and Luna 3 were the only probes to complete all of their mission objectives. In the meantime, the United States had succeeded with the Mariner 2 Venus probe and Mariner 4 Mars probe, and after a long string of lunar probe failures, Ranger 6 successfully impacted on the Moon (with a failed TV system), and Ranger 7 successfully sent back a series of TV pictures.

The Lavochkin bureau began a comprehensive testing program of the Venera and Luna probes, while Korolev had always opposed the idea of bench tests except on crewed spacecraft. Among other design flaws they discovered was that the Venera landers, after being subjected to a centrifuge test, failed at half the G forces that they were supposed to handle.

## Mission

The mission of this spacecraft was to land on the Venusian surface. The entry body contained a radio communication system, scientific instruments, electrical power sources, and medallions bearing the Coat of Arms of the Soviet Union. The probe was sterilised before launch.[3]

The probe's initial trajectory missed Venus by 60,550km and a course correction manoeuvre was carried out on 26 December 1965 which brought the probe onto a collision course with the planet.[4] Contact with the probe was lost on 15 February 1966 likely due to overheating.[4]

The entry probe crashed on Venus on 1 March 1966, making Venera 3 the first space probe to hit the surface of another planet.[5][6]

## Instruments

### Power system

The power system for the carrier spacecraft was notable in that it was the first operational use of Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) solar cells in space. GaAs solar cells, manufactured by Kvant (company) (ru), were chosen because of their higher performance in high-temperature environments.[7] Two two-square-meter solar panels charged the rechargeable batteries.

The entry probe was battery-powered using non-rechargeable batteries

### Interplanetary Bus

#### Non-scientific equipment

* Transmitters and receivers at UHF frequency;
* Telemetry switches;
* System of alignment and correction station movement: micromotors, gas jets, electrooptical probe position sensors, and gyroscopes;
* Computer controller of all probe systems.

#### Scientific equipment

* Three flux-gate magnetometer to measure interplanetary magnetic fields;
* Discharge counters and semiconductor detector for the study of cosmic rays;
* Special sensors (traps) to measure the flow of charged particles and determination of low energy consumption of the amounts of solar plasma flows and their energy spectra;
* Piezoelectric sensors for research micrometeorites;
* Measurement of emissions of cosmic radio in the wavelength intervals of 150 and 1500 meters and to 15 km.[8]

The probe differed from Venera 2 in not having a micrometeorite detector.[4]

### Lander

* Photometer[4]
* Gas Analyzer[4]
* Temperature, pressure and density sensors[4]
* Movement detector[4]
* Gamma Ray Counter[4]

## See also

* 1965 in spaceflight
* List of missions to Venus
* Timeline of planetary exploration

## References

1. ↑ Wade, Mark. "Venera 3MV-3". http://www.astronautix.com/v/venera3mv-3.html.
2. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Venera 3 (3MV-3 #1)". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/venera-3mv-3.htm.
3. ↑ Ulivi, Paolo; Harland, David M (2007). Robotic Exploration of the Solar System Part I: The Golden Age 1957–1982. Springer. p. 46. ISBN 9780387493268.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Harvey, Brian (2007). Russian Planetary Exploration History, Development, Legacy and Prospects. Springer-Praxis. pp. 94–97. ISBN 9780387463438.
5. ↑ Siddiqi, Asif A. (2018). Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016. The NASA history series (second ed.). Washington, DC: NASA History Program Office. p. 1. SP2018-4041. ISBN 9781626830424. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond-earth-tagged.pdf.
6. ↑ "Venera 3". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-092A.
7. ↑ G.F.X. Strobl, G. LaRoche, K.-D. Rasch, and G. Hey, "2 From Extraterrestrial to Terrestrial Applications," in High-Efficient Low-Cost Photovoltaics: Recent Developments, Springer 2009.
8. ↑ The interplanetary space probes "Venera-2" and "Venera-3" (in Russian). Retrieved 17 February 2017.

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* v
* t
* e

Venera programme

Flybys|

* Venera 1
* Venera 2

Orbiters|

* Venera 15
* Venera 16

Descent probes|

* Venera 3
* Venera 4
* Venera 5
* Venera 6
* Venera 7

Landers|

* Venera 8
* Venera 9
* Venera 10
* Venera 11
* Venera 12
* Venera 13
* Venera 14

Failed launches|

* Tyazhely Sputnik
* Venera 2MV-1 No.1
* Venera 2MV-1 No.2
* Venera 2MV-2 No.1
* Kosmos 21
* Venera 3MV-1 No.2
* Kosmos 27
* Kosmos 96
* Kosmos 167
* Kosmos 359
* Kosmos 482
* Venera 1964A

Future missions|

* Venera-D

* v
* t
* e

Spacecraft missions to Venus

Active missions|

| Orbiters|

* Akatsuki

|

Flybys|

* Parker Solar Probe (en route)
* BepiColombo (en route)

Past missions|

| Orbiters|

* Magellan
* Pioneer Venus Orbiter
* Venera 9
* 10
* 15
* 16
* Venus Express

|

Flybys|

* Venera 1†
* Mariner 2
* Zond 1†
* Venera 2†
* Mariner 5
* 10
* Venera 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* Vega 1
* 2
* Galileo
* Cassini–Huygens
* MESSENGER
* IKAROS
* Shin-en†

Descent probes|

* Venera 3†
* 4
* 5
* 6
* Pioneer Venus Multiprobe

Landers|

* Venera 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* Vega 1
* 2
* Pioneer Venus Small Probes

Balloon probes|

* Vega 1
* 2

Failed launches|

* Tyazhely Sputnik
* Mariner 1
* 2MV-1 No.1
* 2MV-1 No.2
* 2MV-2 No.1
* Kosmos 21
* 3MV-1 No.2
* Kosmos 27
* 96
* 167
* 482

Planned missions|

| Flybys|

* Solar Orbiter (2020)
* Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (2022)
* Dragonfly (2026)

|

Proposed missions|

| Venus missions|

* CUVE
* DAVINCI
* EnVision
* HAVOC
* HOVER
* Shukrayaan-1
* VAMP
* Venera-D
* VERITAS
* VICI
* VISAGE
* VISE
* VOX
* Zephyr

|

Flybys|

* Europa Clipper
* Hayabusa2
* Mercury-P
* Laplace-P
* NASA Uranus orbiter and probe

Cancelled / concepts|

* European Venus Explorer
* Inspiration Mars
* TMK-Mavr
* Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar
* Vesta

Program overviews|

* Venera
* 3MV
* Mariner
* Pioneer Venus
* Vega

Related|

* Colonization
* Observations and explorations
* List of artificial objects on Venus
* List of missions
* Manned Venus flyby
* Terraforming
* VeSpR

* Missions are ordered by launch date. † indicates failure en route or before any data returned.

* v
* t
* e

Orbital launches in 1965

Kosmos 52 | OPS 3928 | OPS 7040 | OV1-1 | TIROS-9 | OPS 4703 | Kosmos 53 | OSO-2 | LES-1 | DS-P1-Yu No.2 | Apollo AS-103 * Pegasus 1 | Ranger 8 | DS-A1 No.6 | Kosmos 54 * Kosmos 55 * Kosmos 56 | Kosmos 57 | OPS 4782 | Kosmos 58 | Surveyor SD-1 | Kosmos 59 | NRL PL142 * GGSE-2 * GGSE-3 * SECOR 3 * Solrad 7B * Surcal 4 * Dodecapole 1 * OSCAR 3 | OPS 7087 * SECOR 2 | Kosmos 60 | OPS 4920 | Kosmos 61 * Kosmos 62 * Kosmos 63 | OPS 7353 | Voskhod 2 | Ranger 9 | Gemini III | Kosmos 64 | OPS 4803 | OPS 4682 * SECOR 4 | Intelsat I F1 | Luna E-6 No.8 | Kosmos 65 | Molniya 1-01 | OPS 4983 * OPS 6717 | Explorer 27 | OPS 5023 | LES-2 * LCS-1 | Kosmos 66 | Luna 5 | OPS 8431 | OPS 8386 | Apollo AS-104 * Pegasus 2 | Kosmos 67 | OPS 5236 | OV1-3 | Explorer 28 | Gemini IV | Luna 6 | OPS 8425 | Kosmos 68 | Titan 3C-7 | OPS 8480 | Kosmos 69 | OPS 5501 * OPS 6749 | TIROS-10 | Kosmos 70 | OPS 5810 | Zenit-2 No.28 | Kosmos 71 * Kosmos 72 * Kosmos 73 * Kosmos 74 * Kosmos 75 | Proton 1 | OPS 8411 | Zond 3 | OPS 5543 | OPS 6577 * OPS 6564 * ERS-17 | Kosmos 76 | Apollo AS-105 * Pegasus 3 | Kosmos 77 | OPS 5698 * OPS 6761 | SEV * SECOR 5 | Surveyor SD-2 | OPS 8464 * Dodecapole 2 * Tempsat-1 * Long Rod * Calsphere 4A * Surcal 5 | Kosmos 78 | OPS 7208 | Gemini V (REP) | Kosmos 79 | OSO-C | OPS 3373 | Kosmos 80 * Kosmos 81 * Kosmos 82 * Kosmos 83 * Kosmos 84 | Kosmos 85 | OPS 8068 | Kosmos 86 * Kosmos 87 * Kosmos 88 * Kosmos 89 * Kosmos 90 | OPS 7221 | Kosmos 91 | OPS 7208 | Luna 7 | OV1-2 | OPS 5325 | OGO-2 | Molniya 1-02 | OV2-1 * LCS-2 | Kosmos 92 | Kosmos 93 | GATV 5002 | Kosmos 94 | OPS 2155 | Proton 2 | Kosmos 95 | Explorer 29 | OPS 8293 * OPS 6232 | Venera 2 | Venera 3 | Solrad 8 | Kosmos 96 | Kosmos 97 | Astérix | Kosmos 98 | Alouette 2 * Explorer 31 | Luna 8 | Gemini VII | FR-1 | OPS 7249 | Kosmos 99 | Gemini VIA | Pioneer 6 | Kosmos 100 | Kosmos 101 | OV2-3 * LES-3 * LES-4 * OSCAR 4 | OPS 1509 | OPS 4639 | Kosmos 102 | Kosmos 103 | DS-K-40 No.1

Payloads are separated by bullets ( * ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in bold text. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in brackets.

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