Venus Orbiter Mission

Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM) in stowed configuration

Mission type| Venus orbiter[1]
Operator| ISRO
Mission duration| Planned: 4 years[2]
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer| URSC
Launch mass| 2,500 kg (5,500 lb)[3]
Payload mass| ~100 kg (220 lb)[1]
Power| 500 watts (0.67 hp) for payload[1]
Start of mission
Launch date| 29 March 2028 (planned)[4]
Rocket| LVM3[2][3]
Launch site| SDSC SLP
Contractor| ISRO
Orbital parameters
Reference system| Cytherocentric
Periapsis altitude| 200km
Apoapsis altitude| 600km
Venus orbiter
Orbital insertion| 19 July 2028 (planned)[4]
Venus atmospheric probe
Spacecraft component| Aerobot balloon[3][5]

The Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM), unofficially known as Shukrayaan[6][7][8][9][10][11][12] (Sanskrit: Śukra 'Venus', Yāna 'Craft, Vehicle'),[13] is a planned ISRO mission to study the surface and atmosphere of Venus.[14][15][16][17]

Funds were released in 2017 to complete preliminary studies, and solicitations for instruments were announced.[18][19] The orbiter was expected to have a science payload capability of approximately 100 kilograms (220 lb) with 500 Watt available power.[1] The initial elliptical orbit around Venus is expected to be 500 km (310 mi) at periapsis & 60,000 km (37,000 mi) at apoapsis.[1][20] On 18 September 2024, the mission was formally approved by the Indian government and the launch date was set to March 2028.[21] On 1 October 2024, ISRO announced the launch date to be 29 March 2028, with a journey of 112 days, thereby reaching the Venusian orbit on 19 July 2028.[22]

## Contents

* 1 Objectives
* 2 History
* 2.1 Initial concept
* 2.2 Cabinet approval
* 2.3 Spacecraft development
* 3 Science payload
* 3.1 Indian instruments
* 3.2 International Collaboration Instruments
* 3.3 International Instruments
* 3.4 Proposed instruments
* 4 See also
* 5 References

## Objectives

The three broad research areas of interest for this mission include surface/subsurface stratigraphy and re-surfacing processes; studying the atmospheric chemistry, dynamics and compositional variations, and studying solar irradiance and solar wind interaction with Venus's ionosphere.[1] The mission may carry out research on Venus's active volcanic hotspots, lava flows and their patterns.[23][24] The probe may reexamine claims of phosphine on Venus,[23] as the findings are currently thought to be in error.[25]

## History

### Initial concept

Based on the success of Chandrayaan and the Mars Orbiter Mission, ISRO began studying the feasibility of interplanetary mission to Venus. A mission to Venus was first presented at Tirupati space meet in 2012.[26] ISRO was authorized to complete preliminary studies.[27][28] From 2016 to 2017, ISRO collaborated with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) to study the Venus atmosphere using signals from the Akatsuki in a radio occultation experiment.[29][30][31]

In 2017, ISRO made an 'Announcement of Opportunity' (AO) seeking science payload proposals from Indian academia.[1] In 2018, ISRO made another 'Announcement of Opportunity' inviting payload proposals from the international scientific community. The available science payload capacity with a science payload of 100 kg.[32][33]

ISRO and the French National Centre for Space Studies (CNES) held collaboration discussions in 2018, including the Venus mission and autonomous navigation and aerobraking technologies.[34] French astrophysicist Jacques Blamont expressed interest to ISRO chairman Udupi Ramachandra Rao to use balloons to help study the Venusian atmosphere. Similar to the Vega missions, these instrumented balloons could be deployed from an orbiter and take prolonged observations while floating in the planet's relatively mild upper atmosphere.[26][35] ISRO agreed to consider the proposal to use a balloon probe carrying a 10 kilograms (22 lb) payload to study the Venusian atmosphere at a 55 kilometres (34 mi) altitude.[3][36]

As of late 2018, the Venus mission was in the configuration study phase and ISRO had not sought the Indian government's full approval.[37] Somak Raychaudhury, the director of Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), stated in 2019 that a drone-like probe was being considered.[5]

As of November 2020, ISRO had shortlisted 20 international proposals that include collaboration with institutions from Russia, France, Sweden and Germany.[38] Mission could be launched no earlier than 2028, with an alternate launch window in 2031.[39][40][41]

S. Somanath, the chairman of ISRO, stated that engineers are aiming to lower the cost of some high-value components and that India's maiden mission to Venus is probably going to launch in 2028 while speaking with reporters during India International Science Festival 2024. Venus Orbiter Mission development, however, will take longer than expected because Gaganyaan project has taken precedence.[42][43]

During an interview to Asian News International on 28 September 2024, Jan Thesleff, the Swedish ambassador to India, reaffirmed that ISRO and the Swedish Space Corporation (SSC) are working together on the Venus Orbiter Mission.[44]

### Cabinet approval

The Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM), which is intended to insert a spacecraft in the orbit of planet Venus for a better understanding of its surface, subsurface, atmospheric processes, and influence of Sun on its atmosphere, was approved by the Union Cabinet on September 18, 2024, under the direction of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Understanding the fundamental processes that have transformed Venus—which is thought to have once been habitable and very comparable to Earth—will be crucial to comprehending the development of Earth and Venus, the sister planets.[45] A total of ₹1,236 crore (US$170 million) has been sanctioned for the Venus Orbiter Mission, of which ₹824 crore (US$120 million) would go towards the spacecraft.[46][47]

On 1 October 2024, ISRO announced the dates of the mission. The launch date was set to 29 March 2028. The spacecraft will journey towards Venus for 112 days, thus reaching the Venusian orbit on 19 July 2028. The Venusian atmospheric insertion date is yet to be announced.[4] ISRO issued a further call for potential research using the instruments to be conducted by the spacecraft in late-September 2025.[48] A National Level Science meet was held in Delhi the following october to debate on the research strategies for the mission.[49]

### Spacecraft development

The preliminary design report was conducted for the VOM mission was completed for the spacecraft by April 2026.[50]

## Science payload

The 100 kg (220 lb) science payload would consist of instruments from India and other countries. As of October 1, 2024, 16 Indian payloads, 2 collaborative payloads and an international payload had been manifested for the spacecraft.[51] Renders of the probe by URSC have also included an atmospheric probe/aerobot balloon.[52]

### Indian instruments

* VSAR (Venus S-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar): It aims to search for active volcanism and map Venus with high resolution, providing insights into the planet's topography and surface properties.[53][54] It is targeted to study geological features on the surface of Venus such as topography, volcanism, and impact craters, updating databases created by Magellan.[55]
* VSEAM (Venus Surface Emissivity and Atmospheric Mapper): This hyperspectral spectrometer will study Venus's surface and atmosphere, focusing on volcanic hotspots, cloud structure, and water vapor mapping[53]
* VTC (Venus Thermal Camera): Designed to map thermal emissions from Venusian clouds, it will provide critical data on atmospheric dynamics and planetary-scale features.[53]
* VCMC (Venus Cloud Monitoring Camera): This UV and visible wavelength camera will capture atmospheric circulation dynamics and study wave phenomena and lightning[53]
* LIVE (Lightning Instrument for Venus):[56] LIVE will detect electrical activity in Venus’s atmosphere, analyzing lightning and plasma emissions.[53]
* VASP (Venus Atmospheric Spectropolarimeter): This instrument will investigate cloud properties[53]
* SPAV (Solar occultation photometry): SPAV will measure the vertical distribution of aerosols and haze in Venus’s mesosphere.[53]
* Narrow band oxygen Airglow detection in Venusian Atmosphere (NAVA): The NAVA payload employs a novel photometric technique which has been successfully augmented into a CCD based instrument to measure Venusian airglow emissions.[57]
* VEnus THermosphere Ionosphere composition Analyser (VETHICA) : The VETHICA is a quadrupole mass spectrometer that will study the altitude-latitude distribution of neutral and ion composition in the Thermosphere-ionosphere-exosphere region of Venus and to investigate the dynamics of Venusian plasma environment.[57]
* Venus Advanced Radar for Topside Ionosphere and Subsurface Sounding (VARTISS): VARTISS is a low frequency radar sounder that operates in two modes; ionospheric mode and subsurface mode. VARTISS will study the structure of the Venusian ionosphere and help to Investigate the vertical structure and stratigraphy of geological units.[57][58][54] VARTISS has two receivers: one to probe the atmosphere and surface, and another to probe the subsurface upto a depth of 1 kilometre, each routed through different antennae.[55]
* Venusian Electron temperature and Density Analyser (VEDA): The scientific objectives of VEDA instrument are to understand the variability of ionopause altitude and its effects on local air pressure .[57]
* Retarding Potential Analyser (RPA) is a plasma diagnostic tool which uses a series of electrostatic grids to measure the ion energy distribution.[57]
* Venus Ionospheric Plasma wave detectoR (VIPER): The science objectives of the VIPER instrument are to sample the plasma and magnetic environment around Venus and to characterize plasma waves surrounding the planet.[57][59]
* Venus Radiation environment monitor (VeRad): The objective of the VeRad instrument are to study the impact of Supra-thermal and high energy solar energetic particles (SEPs) on the Venus atmosphere and investigate their role in the sustenance of ionosphere on the nightside.[57][60]
* Solar Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SSXS) for Venus Orbiter: The primary scientific objective of Solar Soft X-ray Spectrometer (S3) onboard Venus orbiter is to measure the solar irradiance in the soft X-ray region entering in to the Venus atmosphere.[57][60]
* Venus Orbit Dust Experiment (VODEX): VODEX is an impact ionization dust detector made of thin sheet or foil of gold plate. The major scientific objectives of VODEX is to study abundance, flux and distribution of Interplanetary Dust Particles (IDPs) at Venus.[57]

### International Collaboration Instruments

* Venus Ionospheric and Solar Wind particle AnalySer (VISWAS): VISWAS has two components namely Plasma Analyser (PA) which will be developed by SPL, VSSC and the Venusian Neutrals Analyzer (VNA), contributed by the Swedish Institute of Space Physics. The instrument will study the interaction between charged particles from the Sun and Venus's atmosphere.[53][57]
* Radio Anatomy of Venus Ionosphere (RAVI): Designed and developed in collaboration with a German team, RAVI will study the thermal structure in the Venus atmosphere above and below the clouds, Variation of ionosphere under quiet and disturbed solar conditions and to estimate the contribution of Sulphuric Acid in the energetics of the Venus atmosphere.[32][57]

### International Instruments

Two Russian payloads by the Russian Space Research Institute and Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, namely VIRAL and IVOLGA were shortlisted to study the atmosphere.[61][62] Of them, VIRAL has been selected for launch.

* VIRAL (Venus InfraRed Atmospheric Gases Linker) by Space Research Institute, Moscow[63] (after their collaboration with LATMOS, France ended).[64]

### Proposed instruments

* Terahertz devices to generate powerful radar pulses. Proposed by NASA.[65]
* IVOLGA: A laser heterodyne NIR spectrometer for studying the structure and dynamics of the Venusian mesosphere.

## See also

* List of missions to Venus
* DAVINCI: planned NASA mission as a part of the Discovery program, will launch in 2031
* VERITAS: planned NASA mission as a part of the Discovery program, will launch in 2031.
* EnVision: planned ESA mission as a part of the Cosmic Vision program, will launch in 2031.
* Observations and explorations of Venus
* Chandrayaan programme
* Mars Orbiter Mission
* Aditya-L1

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 "Announcement of Opportunity (AO) for Space Based Experiments to Study Venus". 19 April 2017. http://www.isro.gov.in/announcement-of-opportunity-ao-space-based-experiments-to-study-venus.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mehta, Jatan (2020-11-19). "India's Shukrayaan orbiter to study Venus for over four years, launches in 2024" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/indias-shukrayaan-orbiter-to-study-venus-for-over-four-years-launches-in-2024/.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Bagla, Pallava (21 November 2018). "India seeks collaborators for a mission to Venus, the neglected planet". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aaw1484. "Astrophysicist Jacques Blamont, a former head of France's National Center for Space Studies in Paris, several years ago proposed producing metallic balloons that could dip in and out of Venus's hot atmosphere to study its chemistry. ISRO has adopted that idea, says Sivan, but will develop the balloon in-house. It will carry 10 kilograms of instruments and float down to 55 kilometers above the surface.".
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Isro announces launch date of ambitious Venus Orbiter Mission" (in en). India Today. 1 October 2024. https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-announces-launch-date-of-ambitious-venus-orbiter-mission-lvm-3-2609443-2024-10-01.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "5 Missions in 5 yrs to study Solar System, Black holes". Deccan Herald. 19 July 2019. https://www.deccanherald.com/india/5-missions-in-5-yrs-to-study-solar-system-black-holes-748212.html.
6. ↑ "Mission to the Venus, and to the Moon: Configuration and Scientific Objectives". https://www.isro.gov.in/ISRO_EN/UnionCabinetApprovesIndiasMission.html.
7. ↑ Mukunth, Vasudevan (2023-01-16). "ISRO pushing Venus mission 'Shukrayaan' to 2031?" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-pushing-venus-mission-shukrayaan-to-2031/article66382110.ece.
8. ↑ "Explained: What is Shukrayaan-1, ISRO's ambitious mission to Venus?" (in en-IN). 2023-10-02. https://lifestyle.livemint.com//smart-living/innovation/explainer-shukrayaan-1-isro-venus-mission-111696244511477.html.
9. ↑ "10 interesting things to know about ISRO's mission to Venus – 'Shukrayaan-I'" (in en-IN). 2022-05-06. https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/10-interesting-things-to-know-about-isros-mission-to-venus-shukrayaan-i-article-91377396.
10. ↑ "All about Sukrayaan 1: ISRO's mission to Venus" (in en-IN). 2023-09-29. https://www.hindustantimes.com/science/all-about-sukrayaan-1-isros-mission-to-venus-101695981482229.html.
11. ↑ Mehta, Jatan (2020-11-19). "India's Shukrayaan orbiter to study Venus for over four years, launches in 2024" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/indias-shukrayaan-orbiter-to-study-venus-for-over-four-years-launches-in-2024/.
12. ↑ "'Shukrayaan-1': All About ISRO's Big Mission To Venus" (in en-IN). 2023-09-29. https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shukrayaan-1-as-isro-plans-mission-to-venus-here-are-5-things-to-know-about-it-4434747.
13. ↑ "Indian Mars and Venus missions: Science and exploration". 22 July 2018. https://www.cospar-assembly.org/abstractcd/COSPAR-18/abstracts/B4.1-0010-18.pdf.
14. ↑ Ranosa, Ted (July 2015). "India Plans Mission To Venus Following Success Of Mars Orbiter". Tech Times. http://www.techtimes.com/articles/71256/20150723/india-plans-mission-to-venus-following-success-of-mars-orbiter.htm.
15. ↑ Nowakowski, Tomasz (July 2015). "India eyes possible mission to Venus". Spaceflight Insider. http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/isro/india-eyes-possible-mission-to-venus/.
16. ↑ "Isro to undertake the heaviest launch in December". DeccanChronicle.com. 23 July 2016. https://www.deccanchronicle.com/science/science/230716/isro-to-undertake-the-heaviest-launch-in-december.html.
17. ↑ Bartels, Meghan (8 November 2019). "India Has a New Planetary Target in Mind: Venus" (in en). https://www.space.com/india-considering-venus-orbiter-mission.html.
18. ↑ Annadurai, Mylswami. "ISRO Space Physics: future missions". http://www.rri.res.in/CMB_Workshop/talks/58_Annadurai.pdf.
19. ↑ India eyes a return to Mars and a first run at Venus. Pallava Bagla, Science Magazine. 17 February 2017.
20. ↑ Laxman, Srinivas (24 April 2017). "Venus mission: Isro invites proposals for space experiments". The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/venus-mission-isro-invites-proposals-for-space-experiments/articleshow/58336243.cms. "An Isro official told TOI that though it is an approved mission, the date of the launch is yet to be firmed up."
21. ↑ "Press Release:Press Information Bureau". https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2055982.
22. ↑ "Mission to the Venus, and to the Moon: Configuration and Scientific Objectives". https://www.isro.gov.in/UnionCabinetApprovesIndiasMission.html.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Sharma, Anurakti (2022-06-02). "10 interesting things to know about ISRO's mission to Venus – 'Shukrayaan-I'" (in en). https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/10-interesting-things-to-know-about-isros-mission-to-venus-shukrayaan-i-article-91377396.
24. ↑ Tripathi, Sibu (2024-09-20). "Venus on India's radar: Why Isro is eager to reach Earth's mysterious twin" (in en). https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/venus-orbiter-mission-shukrayaan-1-isro-space-earth-mysterious-twin-2603285-2024-09-20.
25. ↑ Snellen, I. A. G.; Guzman-Ramirez, L.; Hogerheijde, M. R.; Hygate, A. P. S.; van der Tak, F. F. S. (2020-12-01). "Re-analysis of the 267 GHz ALMA observations of Venus: No statistically significant detection of phosphine". Astronomy & Astrophysics 644: L2. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039717. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2020A&A...644L...2S. https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039717.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 India planning Venus mission. Srinivas Laxman, The Times of India. 17 February 2012.
27. ↑ "Demands for Grants, 2017–2018. India's Department of Space". Deparment [sic] of Space – Demand No. 91. http://indiabudget.gov.in/ub2017-18/eb/sbe91.pdf.
28. ↑ "India eyes a return to Mars and a first run at Venus". ScienceMag.org. 17 February 2017. https://www.science.org/content/article/india-eyes-return-mars-and-first-run-venus.
29. ↑ "Department of Space, Annual Report 2016-17". 22 February 2017. http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/annualreport-eng-2017/files/assets/common/downloads/Annual Report 2016-17.pdf. "Both agencies have also agreed to conduct a joint experiment to study Venus atmosphere by collecting signals from JAXA's Akatsuki mission by ISRO's ground stations (IDSN)."
30. ↑ "Initial results of the radio occultation experiment in the Venus orbiter mission Akatsuki". 2017. http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2017/EPSC2017-403.pdf.
31. ↑ Imamura, Takeshi (3 October 2017). "Initial performance of the radio occultation experiment in the Venus orbiter mission Akatsuki". Earth, Planets and Space 69 (1). doi:10.1186/s40623-017-0722-3. Bibcode: 2017EP&S...69..137I.
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Announcement of Opportunity (AO) to international science community for Space-Based Experiments to Study Venus". 6 November 2018. https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/ao_venus.pdf.
33. ↑ ISRO invites foreign 'riders' to Venus. Madhumathi D.S., The Hindu. 11 November 2018.
34. ↑ ISRO to work with its French counterpart for inter-planetary missions to Mars, Venus. India Times 16 April 2018.
35. ↑ "After Mars, ISRO plans Venus odyssey" (in en). Deccan Chronicle. 20 May 2015. https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150520/technology-latest/article/after-mars-isro-plans-venus-odyssey.
36. ↑ "India-France Joint Vision for Space Cooperation (New Delhi, 10 March 2018)" (in en). https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/29597/IndiaFrance+Joint+Vision+for+Space+Cooperation+New+Delhi+10+March+2018. "3.6 Exploring the solar system and beyond: ISRO and CNES would work together on (i) autonomous navigation of rovers in Moon, Mars and other planets; (ii) aero braking technologies for planetary exploration; (iii) modeling of Mars and Venus atmosphere; and (iv) inflatable systems for Venus exploration. Both sides can embark on complex high technology space science and planetary exploration missions in future."
37. ↑ Narasimhan, T. E. (18 December 2018). "Isro to go to Venus by 2023 after Mars success, human spaceflight plans". Business Standard India. https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/isro-to-got-to-venus-by-2023-after-mars-success-human-spaceflight-plans-118121800727_1.html.
38. ↑ "ISRO's Shukrayaan: India's proposed Venus mission attracts international payload proposals" (in en-US). 2020-11-23. https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/isros-shukrayaan-indias-proposed-venus-mission-attracts-international-payload-proposals/2134412/.
39. ↑ Singh, Surendra (5 May 2022). "Isro to join race to Venus, eyes 2024 orbiter launch". The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/isro-to-join-race-to-venus-eyes-2024-orbiter-launch/articleshow/91326428.cms.
40. ↑ Mukunth, Vasudevan (2023-01-16). "ISRO pushing Venus mission 'Shukrayaan' to 2031?" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-pushing-venus-mission-shukrayaan-to-2031/article66382110.ece.
41. ↑ "ISRO discussing possible mission to moon with Japanese agency: S Somanath". The Economic Times. 2023-03-22. ISSN 0013-0389. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-discussing-possible-mission-to-moon-with-japanese-agency-s-somanath/articleshow/98909884.cms. "Somanath also said there is a good opportunity to launch a mission to explore planet Venus by 2028."
42. ↑ "India Working Towards Building Own Space Station, Tests Next Year, Says ISRO Chief". https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-working-towards-building-own-space-station-tests-next-year-says-isro-chief-4886905.
43. ↑ "First tests for Indian Space Station expected next year: ISRO chief" (in en). 2024-01-18. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/first-tests-for-indian-space-station-expected-next-year-isro-chief-101705576078634.html.
44. ↑ "India achieving what others can't despite spending much more budgets: Sweden's Ambassador hails India's space missions". ANI. 28 September 2024. https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/india-achieving-what-others-cant-despite-spending-much-more-budgets-swedens-ambassador-hails-indias-space-missions20240928132219/.
45. ↑ "After Moon and Mars, India sights science goals on Venus". Union Cabinet, Government of India. Press Information Bureau. 18 September 2024. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2055982.
46. ↑ Singh, Surendra (2024-09-18). "Cabinet approves Chandrayaan-4 mission, first module of Bharatiya Antariksh Station, Venus mission, next-gen launcher". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cabinet-approves-chandrayaan-4-mission-first-module-of-bharatiya-antariksh-station-venus-mission-next-gen-launcher/articleshow/113461522.cms.
47. ↑ Sunilkumar, Singh Rahul (18 September 2024). "Big boost to ISRO: Chandrayaan-4, Venus mission, Indian space station and next-gen launch vehicle get Cabinet nod". Hindustan Times. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/big-boost-to-isro-chandrayaan-4-venus-mission-indian-space-station-and-next-gen-launch-vehicle-get-cabinet-nod-101726652333095.html.
48. ↑ "Shukrayaan: Isro invites proposals to study Venus's atmosphere, surface, terrain" (in en). 2025-09-25. https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/shukrayaan-isro-venus-orbiter-mission-proposals-to-study-atmosphere-surface-terrain-2793322-2025-09-25.
49. ↑ "ISRO Organised National Science Meet on Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM)". https://www.isro.gov.in/ISRO_Organised_National_Science_Meet.html.
50. ↑ "MSN". https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/techandscience/isro-completes-preliminary-design-review-of-venus-orbiter-mission/ar-AA21XDA6?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=69f213eddbd64330b2d694745ef83118&cvpid=60aba86e212c4f82f099550b8ee385d1&ei=65.
51. ↑ "Union Cabinet Approves India's Mission to Venus, and Sample Return from the Moon". 30 September 2024. https://www.isro.gov.in/UnionCabinetApprovesIndiasMission.html.
52. ↑ Madanapalle, Aditya (2025-11-16). "New render confirms atmospheric probe on ISRO’s Venus mission" (in en-US). https://www.news9live.com/science/new-render-confirms-atmospheric-probe-on-isros-venus-mission-2904564.
53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 53.5 53.6 53.7 "Isro announces launch date of ambitious Venus Orbiter Mission" (in en). 2024-10-01. https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-announces-launch-date-of-ambitious-venus-orbiter-mission-lvm-3-2609443-2024-10-01.
54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Bhiravarasu, Sriram Saran (November 6, 2025). "VSAR & VARTISS ON BOARD ISRO'S VENUS ORBITER MISSION (VOM)". VeXAG-2025. https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/vexagnovember2025/presentations/Thursday/0900_Bhiravarasu.pdf.
55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Madanapalle, Aditya (2026-01-06). "ISRO’s Shukrayaan mission will find volcanoes, craters on Venus" (in en). https://www.news9live.com/science/isros-shukrayaan-mission-will-find-volcanoes-craters-on-venus-2917387.
56. ↑ "Sensitivity Analysis and Testing of Electrically Short Dipole Antenna for Lightning Instrument for VEnus (LIVE)". https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/vexag2021/eposter/8042.pdf.
57. ↑ 57.00 57.01 57.02 57.03 57.04 57.05 57.06 57.07 57.08 57.09 57.10 "Union Cabinet Approves India's Mission to Venus, and Sample Return from the Moon". https://www.isro.gov.in/UnionCabinetApprovesIndiasMission.html.
58. ↑ Widemann, Thomas; Smrekar, Suzanne E.; Garvin, James B.; Straume-Lindner, Anne Grete; Ocampo, Adriana C.; Schulte, Mitchell D.; Voirin, Thomas; Hensley, Scott et al. (2023-10-03). "Venus Evolution Through Time: Key Science Questions, Selected Mission Concepts and Future Investigations" (in en). Space Science Reviews 219 (7): 56. doi:10.1007/s11214-023-00992-w. ISSN 1572-9672. Bibcode: 2023SSRv..219...56W.
59. ↑ Vipin K Yadav (2023). "VIPER:A Plasma Wave Detection Instrument onboard Indian Venus Orbiter Spacecraft". arXiv:2301.03163 [physics.plasm-ph].
60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 "'Space Research in India' (July 2020 to December 2021) for 44th COSPAR Scientific Assembly". July 2022. https://cosparhq.cnes.fr/assets/uploads/2022/07/India-2022_Space-Research-in-India-Book-WEB-Version-09-07-22_compressed.pdf.
61. ↑ "Российские научные приборы установят на индийский орбитальный аппарат" (in ru). 4 October 2019. https://ria.ru/20191004/1559421304.html.
62. ↑ Shaji, Nigar (11 June 2019). "Venus Orbiter Mission to study surface, atmosphere and plasma environment". https://www.lpi.usra.edu/vexag/meetings/archive/vexag-17/presentations/Nigar.pdf.
63. ↑ "France refuses to work with Russia on device for India's Venus mission — Space Institute". https://tass.com/science/1493057.
64. ↑ "France-India Space Cooperation - Focus on Climate Science and Space Exploration". 30 September 2020. https://presse.cnes.fr/en/france-india-space-cooperation-focus-climate-science-and-space-exploration.
65. ↑ NASA may provide ISRO terahertz devices for its proposed orbiter to Venus . Web India 123. 30 November 2018.

* v
* t
* e

Spacecraft missions to Venus

Active missions|

| Orbiters|

* Akatsuki

|

Flybys|

* Parker Solar Probe (en route)
* BepiColombo (en route)

Past missions|

| Orbiters|

* Magellan
* Pioneer Venus Orbiter
* Venera 9
* 10
* 15
* 16
* Venus Express

|

Flybys|

* Venera 1†
* Mariner 2
* Zond 1†
* Venera 2†
* Mariner 5
* 10
* Venera 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* Vega 1
* 2
* Galileo
* Cassini–Huygens
* MESSENGER
* IKAROS
* Shin-en†

Descent probes|

* Venera 3†
* 4
* 5
* 6
* Pioneer Venus Multiprobe

Landers|

* Venera 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* Vega 1
* 2
* Pioneer Venus Small Probes

Balloon probes|

* Vega 1
* 2

Failed launches|

* Tyazhely Sputnik
* Mariner 1
* 2MV-1 No.1
* 2MV-1 No.2
* 2MV-2 No.1
* Kosmos 21
* 3MV-1 No.2
* Kosmos 27
* 96
* 167
* 482

Planned missions|

| Flybys|

* Solar Orbiter (2020)
* Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (2022)
* Dragonfly (2026)

|

Proposed missions|

| Venus missions|

* CUVE
* DAVINCI
* EnVision
* HAVOC
* HOVER
* Shukrayaan-1
* VAMP
* Venera-D
* VERITAS
* VICI
* VISAGE
* VISE
* VOX
* Zephyr

|

Flybys|

* Europa Clipper
* Hayabusa2
* Mercury-P
* Laplace-P
* NASA Uranus orbiter and probe

Cancelled / concepts|

* European Venus Explorer
* Inspiration Mars
* TMK-Mavr
* Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar
* Vesta

Program overviews|

* Venera
* 3MV
* Mariner
* Pioneer Venus
* Vega

Related|

* Colonization
* Observations and explorations
* List of artificial objects on Venus
* List of missions
* Manned Venus flyby
* Terraforming
* VeSpR

* Missions are ordered by launch date. † indicates failure en route or before any data returned.

* v
* t
* e

Indian space program

* Department of Space (DoS)

Organisations|

* Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
* Antrix Corporation
* Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST)
* Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS)
* Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems (LEOS)
* National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL)
* New Space India Limited
* Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)
* Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU)
* Integrated Space Cell
* Defence Space Agency

Programmes|

* Bhaskara
* GAGAN
* GSAT
* INSAT
* IRNSS
* IRS
* Cartosat
* RISAT
* Rohini
* SROSS
* Chandrayaan
* Human Spaceflight Programme

Satellites|

* APPLE
* Aryabhata
* HAMSAT
* IMS-1
* Megha-Tropiques
* NISAR
* SARAL
* South Asia Satellite
* SRE
* SRE II
* Kalpana-1
* CARE

Space observatories|

* Astrosat
* Aditya-L1 (planned)
* AstroSat-2 (planned)

Lunar and
planetary spacecraft|

* Chandrayaan-1
* Chandrayaan-2
* Chandrayaan-3 (planned, 2021)
* Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (proposed)
* Mars Orbiter Mission
* Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (proposed)
* Shukrayaan-1 (proposed)

Crewed spacecraft|

* Gaganyaan (Under development)

Rockets|

* Engines
* CE-7.5
* CE-20
* Vikas
* Orbital
* SLV
* ASLV
* PSLV
* GSLV
* Mk I
* Mk II
* Mk III
* Suborbital
* Rohini
* ATV
* Concepts
* ULV
* Under development
* RLV Technology Demonstration Programme
* RLV-TD
* HEX
* SSLV
* SCE-200

Facilities|

* Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN)
* ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC)
* ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC)
* Master Control Facility (MCF)
* Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC)
* Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS)
* ISRO Satellite Integration and Testing Establishment (ISITE)
* Vikram Sarabhai Space Center (VSSC)
* Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC)
* ISRO Propulsion Complex
* Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC)

Related|

* SAGA-220 (supercomputer)
* RESPOND

* List of Indian satellites
* List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches
* List of ISRO missions

* v
* t
* e

Indian spacecraft

* List of Indian satellites
* List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches
* List of ISRO missions

Satellites|

| Communication|

* GSAT
* 1
* 2
* 3 (EDUSAT)
* 4
* 5P
* 6
* 6A
* 7
* 7A
* 8
* 9 (South Asia Satellite)
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 29
* 31
* HAMSAT
* INSAT
* 1A
* 1B
* 1C
* 1D
* 2A
* 2B
* 2C
* 2D
* 2DT
* 2E
* 3A
* 3B
* 3C
* 3D
* 3DR
* 3DS
* 3E
* 4A
* 4B
* 4C
* 4CR
* 4E
* 4F
* 4G
* Planned: GSAT
* 20
* 22
* 23
* 24

|

Earth observation|

* Bhaskara
* I
* II
* Cartosat
* 1
* 2
* 2A
* 2B
* 2C
* 2D
* 2E
* 2F
* 3
* EMISAT
* HySIS
* IMS-1
* IRS
* 1A
* 1B
* 1C
* 1D
* 1E
* P1
* P2
* P3
* Megha-Tropiques
* Microsat
* Microsat-R
* Oceansat
* 1
* 2
* Resourcesat
* 1
* 2
* RISAT
* 1
* 2
* 2B
* 2BR1
* Rohini
* RS-D1
* RS-D2
* SARAL
* SCATSAT-1
* Technology Experiment Satellite (TESS)
* Planned: NISAR
* GISAT
* Oceansat-3
* Resourcesat-3
* RISAT-1A

Experimental|

* APPLE
* Aryabhata
* Rohini
* RS-1
* Rohini Technology Payload (RTP)

Navigation|

* IRNSS
* 1A
* 1B
* 1C
* 1D
* 1E
* 1F
* 1G
* 1I

Student satellites|

* ANUSAT
* Jugnu
* SRMSAT
* StudSat
* StudSat-2
* YouthSat
* Pratham

Space probes|

| Scientific|

* SROSS
* A
* B
* C
* C2

|

Astronomical|

* Astrosat
* Aditya-L1 (planned)
* XPoSat (planned)
* AstroSat-2 (planned)

Lunar programme|

* Chandrayaan-1
* Moon Impact Probe
* Chandrayaan-2
* Vikram
* Pragyan
* Chandrayaan-3 (planned)

Interplanetary|

* Mars Orbiter Mission
* Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (planned)
* Shukrayaan-1 (planned)

Human spaceflight|

* Indian human spaceflight programme
* SRE-1
* SRE-II
* SRE-III
* Gaganyaan
* CARE

* Future spacecraft in italics.

* v
* t
* e

Future spaceflights

Crewed|

| 2020|

* Soyuz MS-16 (April)
* Soyuz MS-17 (October)
* Shenzhou 12
* Crew Dragon Demo-2
* Boeing Crewed Flight Test
* USCV-1
* USCV-2
* New Shepard (crewed flight test)
* VSS Unity VF02

|

2021|

* Gaganyaan Crewed Flight 1
* Shenzhou 13
* USCV-3

2022|

* Artemis 2

2023+|

* #dearMoon project (2023)
* Artemis 3 (2024)

Robotic|

| 2020|

* AFSPC-7
* ALOS-3
* ALOS-4
* Artemis 1 (November)
* Orion
* Lunar Flashlight
* NEA Scout
* BioSentinel
* SkyFire
* Lunar IceCube
* CuSP
* LunaH-Map
* EQUULEUS
* OMOTENASHI
* ArgoMoon
* Cislunar Explorers
* CU-E3
* Team Miles
* Chandrayaan-3
* Chang'e 5
* GSAT-20
* Hope Mars Mission (July)
* HX-1 (July–August)
* Ingenio
* Inmarsat-6 F1
* JCSAT-17
* Kounotori 9 (May)
* Mars 2020 (July–August)
* MX-1E (July)
* Nauka / European Robotic Arm (December)
* QZS-1R
* RAPIS-2 / Z-Sat / DRUMS / KOSEN-1
* Rosalind Franklin rover and Kazachok lander (July)
* Solar Orbiter (February)
* Space Complex Alpha
* TARANIS

|

2021|

* Aditya-L1
* Astrobotic M1 (June)
* AEM rovers
* Uni
* EXA/AEC lunar orbiter
* B330
* CAPSTONE (December)
* DART / LICIA (June)
* Dream Chaser (September)
* Hakuto-R M1 (October)
* IXPE (April)
* James Webb Space Telescope (March)
* Landsat 9 (January)
* Lucy (October)
* Luna 25 (July)
* Nova-C (July)
* PROBA-3 (Q2)
* PTScientists
* Tianhe
* SES-17
* Space RIDER
* UN/Dream Chaser
* Wentian
* XPoSat

2022|

* Biomass (October)
* DESTINY+
* EarthCARE (June)
* Euclid (June)
* HTV-X1
* JUICE (June)
* KPLO (July)
* MetOp-SG Series A
* NISAR (September)
* Power and Propulsion Element (December)
* Prichal
* Psyche (August)
* PUNCH / TRACERS
* Soyuz GVK-1
* SpaceX Starship (1st Mars departure)
* TEREX-1
* Weather System Follow-on Microwave
* XRISM / SLIM (January)

2023|

* Chang'e 7
* Hakuto-R M2 (March)
* MetOp-SG Series B
* QZS-5
* QZS-6
* QZS-7
* Shukrayaan-1
* SMILE
* SPHEREx

2024+|

* Chang'e 6 (2023 or 2024)
* FLEX
* GOES-U (2024)
* Hera / APEX / Juventas (October 2024)
* IMAP / SWFO-L1 (October 2024)
* Luna 26 (2024)
* MMX (September 2024)
* MOM 2 (2024)
* Small-JASMINE (2024)
* ZhengHe (2024)
* Europa Clipper (2025)
* Luna 27 (2025)
* Luna 28 (2025+)
* Spektr-UV (2025)
* Dragonfly (2026)
* PLATO (2026)
* Venera-D (2026 or 2031)
* Chang'e 8 (2027)
* LiteBIRD (2027)
* ARIEL / Comet Interceptor]] (2028)
* ATHENA (2031)
* LISA (2034)

TBA|

* Energia-100
* Europa Lander (2025?)
* KiwiSAT
* Lybid 1
* Nano-JASMINE
* Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission
* WFIRST (mid-2020s)

Recently
launched|

* Progress MS-13 (6 December)
* Jilin-1 Gaofen-02B (7 December)
* HEAD-2A / 2B (7 December)
* GLONASS-M List of GLONASS satellites

* List of proposed missions to the Moon
* List of proposed space observatories

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