Xuntian

Xuntian (CSST)File:Xuntian Space Telescope mockup at NMC 01.jpg

Xuntian mockup, showing its 2-meter diameter telescope

Mission type| Astronomy
Operator| CNSA
Mission duration| 10+ years (planned)
Spacecraft properties
Dry mass| 15,500 kilograms (34,200 lb)[1]
Start of mission
Launch date| 2026[2] (planned)
Rocket| Long March 5B
Launch site| Wenchang Satellite Launch Center
Contractor| CASC
Orbital parameters
Reference system| Low Earth orbit
Main telescope
Diameter| 2 metres (6.6 ft)
Focal length| 28 m (92 ft)
Wavelengths| 255 ~ 1000 nm (Survey camera), 0.41~0.51 THz (590~730 μm) (Terahertz receiver)
Resolution| 0.15 arcsec
| Instruments

SC| Survey camera
HSTDM| Terahertz receiver (high sensitivity terahertz detection module)
MCI| Multichannel imager
IFS| Integral field spectrograph
CPI-C| Cool planet imaging coronagraph

Tiangong program

<- Mengtian module

Xuntian (Chinese: 巡天; pinyin: Xúntiān; lit: Tour of Heaven),[lower-alpha 1] also known as the Chinese Space Station Telescope[5] (CSST) (Chinese: 巡天空间望远镜; pinyin: Xúntiān Kōngjiān Wàngyuǎnjìng) is a planned Chinese space telescope currently under development.[6]

It will feature a 2-meter (6.6 foot) diameter primary mirror and is expected to have a field of view 300–350 times larger than the Hubble Space Telescope.[7] This will allow the telescope to image up to 40 percent of the sky using its 2.5 gigapixel camera.

As of 2024, Xuntian is scheduled for launch no earlier than late 2026[2][8][9] on a Long March 5B rocket to co-orbit with the Tiangong space station in slightly different orbital phases, which will allow for periodic docking with the station.[10]

This state-of-the-art telescope, characterized by its off-axis design without any obstruction, sidesteps diffraction challenges associated with mirror support structures. As a result, its point spread function (PSF) remains unscathed, presenting a valuable asset for weak-lensing shear measurements.

The primary mission of the CSST revolves around high-resolution large-area multiband imaging and slitless spectroscopy surveys, spanning the wavelength range of 255–1,000 nm. Precise cosmology serves as the principal scientific driver behind this ambitious endeavor, with a focus on observing regions at median-to-high Galactic and ecliptic latitudes. Over a period of 10 years, the survey camera is slated to cover approximately 17,500 square degrees of the sky in various bands, reaching point-source 5σ limiting magnitudes of about 26 (AB mag) in g and r bands.

The CSST's spectral resolution (R=λ/Δλ) for the slitless spectrograph averages no less than 200, attaining wide-band-equivalent limiting magnitudes in GV (400–620 nm) and GI (620–1,000 nm) bands at about 23 mag. Beyond its wide-area survey, the CSST will target specific deep fields, aiming for observations that surpass the depth of the broader survey by at least one magnitude. The collective strengths of its angular resolution, depth, wavelength range, and capacity for both imaging and spectroscopy, coupled with extensive sky coverage, render the CSST survey highly competitive.

Notably, the CSST's observations are poised to complement and enhance other contemporaneous large-scale projects, including the Vera C. Rubin Observatory, the Euclid Space Telescope, and the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope.

## Contents

* 1 Instruments
* 1.1 Survey camera
* 1.2 Terahertz receiver
* 1.3 Multichannel imager
* 1.4 Integral field spectrograph
* 1.5 Cool planet imaging coronagraph
* 2 Comparison with other optical space telescopes
* 3 See also
* 4 Notes
* 5 References

## Instruments

File:Xuntian Space Telescope mockup at NMC 02.jpgXuntian Space Telescope mockup, showing its docking port

Xuntian is equipped with five first-generation instruments, including a survey camera, a terahertz receiver, a multichannel imager, an integral field spectrograph, and a cool planet imaging coronagraph.[11]

### Survey camera

The survey camera is also known as the multi-color photometry and slitless spectroscopy survey module. The module is located at the main focal plane and divided into the multi-color photometry submodule of 7 bands (NUV, u, g, r, i, z, y) and the slitless spectroscopy submodule of 3 bands (GU, GV, GI). The multi-color photometry submodule includes 18 filters, covering 60% of the area of this module. The slitless spectroscopy submodule includes 12 gratings, covering the other 40% of the area.

### Terahertz receiver

The terahertz receiver, also known as the high sensitivity terahertz detection module (HSTDM), enables terahertz (THz) astronomical observations from space. Conducting THz observations in space eliminates Earth's atmospheric absorption. HSTDM is a high-resolution spectrometer and the first space heterodyne receiver using niobium nitride (NbN)-based superconducting tunnel junction (Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor (SIS)) mixer (the NbN SIS mixer).[12]

### Multichannel imager

The Multichannel imager (MCI) has three channels covering the same wavelength range as the survey camera from the NUV to NIR bands, and these channels can work simultaneously. Three sets of filters, i.e., narrow-, medium-, and wide-band filters, will be installed on the MCI to perform extreme-deep field surveys with a field of view of 7.5′×7.5′. The magnitude limit can be stacked to a depth of 29–30 AB mag in three channels. It will study the formation and evolution of high-z galaxies, properties of dark matter and dark energy, and also can be used to calibrate the photo-z measurements with its nine medium-band filters for the main surveys.[13]

### Integral field spectrograph

The CSST-IFS (Integral Field Spectrograph) is one of the 5 instruments onboard the CSST. The key advantages of the CSST-IFS are the high spatial resolution of 0.2" and the full range optical wavelength coverage (0.35-1.0 μm). Considering the limitation of the 2-meter aperture of the CSST, the CSST-IFS is optimal for targeting compact and bright sources, which therefore will be irreplaceable for studying galactic central regions (AGN feedback) and star-forming regions.[14]

### Cool planet imaging coronagraph

The cool planet imaging coronagraph (CPI-C) aims to realize high-contrast (< 10−8) direct imaging of exoplanets with an inner working angle (IWA) of 0.35′′ in the visible (0.6328 μm). It plans to follow up exoplanets discovered by radial velocity observations, study planet formation and evolution, and probe protoplanetary disks.[15] CPI-C works at 0.53-1.6 μm and is equipped with 7 broad passbands.

* Error creating thumbnail:

Estimated distribution of the observation pointing centers of the survey. The yellow circles in the bottom right figure are the selected deep fields.[16]

* Error creating thumbnail:

Focal plane arrangement of the CSST survey camera

* System throughput of CSST survey bands

* Error creating thumbnail:

Left: The transmission curves for the nine MCI medium-band filters from NUV to NIR bands. Right: The transmission curves for the seven survey camera filters.[13]

## Comparison with other optical space telescopes

| Hubble (WFC3)  | Xuntian  | Nancy Grace Roman  | Euclid

|
|
|
|

Launch date  | 1990 (WFC3 installed 2009)  | 2026 (planned)  | 2027 (planned)  | 2023
Orbit  | LEO  | LEO (co-orbital with Tiangong)  | Sun–Earth L2 orbit | Sun–Earth L2 orbit
Mirror diameter  | 2.4m  | 2m  | 2.4m  | 1.2
Camera size (gigapixels)  | 0.016  | 2.5  | 0.3  | 0.6
Resolution (arcsec)  | 0.05  | 0.15  | 0.11  | 0.1
Field of view (deg2)  | 0.002  | 1.1[17] | 0.28[17] | 0.91
Largest survey  | Cosmic Evolution Survey | N/A  | High-Latitude Wide-Area Survey  | N/A
Survey duration  | 2 years[18] | 10 years  | 5 years[19] | 6 years
On-sky time  | 640 orbits[20] | 10 years  | 1 years[19] | 6 years
Survey area (deg2)  | 2  | 17,500  | 2,000[19] | 15,000
Survey area (of sky)  | 0.005%  | 40%  | 5%[19] | 33%

## See also

* Hubble Space Telescope
* James Webb Space Telescope
* Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
* Euclid (spacecraft)
* Lists of telescopes

## Notes

1. ↑ The name "Xuntian" comes from the Chinese translation of Astronomical survey (巡天调查, Xúntiān Diàochá). Xuntian can also be literally translated as "surveying the sky"[3] or "survey to heavens".[4]

## References

1. ↑ Hu Zhan (2019-11-05). "An Update on the Chinese Space Station Telescope Project" (in en). National Astronomical Observatories. https://www.issibern.ch/teams/weakgravlense/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/H.-Zhan.pdf. Retrieved 2021-10-23.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "China's giant Xuntian space telescope faces further delay until late 2026". 16 May 2024. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3262886/chinas-giant-xuntian-space-telescope-faces-further-delay-until-late-2026.
3. ↑ "China Space Station Telescope "Almost Complete"". 2022-07-22. https://english.cas.cn/newsroom/news/202207/t20220722_308680.shtml.
4. ↑ "China's massive Xuntian Telescope set to beat NASA's Hubble Space Telescope". 2022-07-24. https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/chinas-massive-xuntian-telescope-set-to-beat-nasa-s-hubble-space-telescope-71658637590156.html.
5. ↑ "China Delays Launch of Its Xuntian Space Telescope". 21 Nov 2023. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/china-delays-launch-of-its-xuntian-space-telescope/.
6. ↑ Gao, Ming; Zhao, Guangheng; Gu, Yidong (2015). "我国空间站的空间科学与应用任务" (in zh). Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) 30 (6): 721–732. doi:10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.2015.06.002. http://www.bulletin.cas.cn/publish_article/2015/6/20150602.htm. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
7. ↑ "Outgunning NASA's Hubble, China Claims Its Xuntian Telescope with 350-Fold Bigger View Can Unravel 'Cosmic Mysteries'". 8 May 2022. https://eurasiantimes.com/china-claims-its-xuntian-telescope-with-350-fold-bigger/.
8. ↑ "China Delays Launch of Its Xuntian Space Telescope". 21 November 2023. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/china-delays-launch-of-its-xuntian-space-telescope/.
9. ↑ Qiu, Xiaoqing; Fan, Zhou; Song, Yihan; Gu, Hongrui; Jiang, Haijiao; Li, Jing (15 November 2023). "CSST Slitless Spectroscopy Ground Test Based on the 80 cm Telescope at the Xinglong Observatory". Astronomical Research and Technology 20: 564–575. doi:10.14005/j.cnki.issn1672-7673.20230911.001. http://html.rhhz.net/Jwk_twyjyjs/html/20230609.htm.
10. ↑ Jones, Andrew (20 April 2021). "China wants to launch its own Hubble-class telescope as part of space station". Space.com. https://www.space.com/china-hubble-class-telescope-for-space-station.
11. ↑ Zhan, Hu (2021-04-01). "The wide-field multiband imaging and slitless spectroscopy survey to be carried out by the Survey Space Telescope of China Manned Space Program" (in en). Chinese Science Bulletin 66 (11): 1290–1298. doi:10.1360/TB-2021-0016. ISSN 0023-074X.
12. ↑ 张坤, 姚明; ZHANG Kun, YAO Ming (2023-03-07). "高灵敏度太赫兹探测模块氮化铌超导SIS混频器空间环境适应性研究" (in zh). 红外与毫米波学报 42 (2): 188–192. doi:10.11972/j.issn.1001-9014.2023.02.006. ISSN 1001-9014. http://journal.sitp.ac.cn/hwyhmb/hwyhmbcn/article/abstract/2022256.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Cao, Ye; Gong, Yan; Zheng, Zhen-Ya; Xu, Chun (2022-02-01). "Calibrating Photometric Redshift Measurements with the Multi-channel Imager (MCI) of the China Space Station Telescope (CSST)". Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 22 (2): 025019. doi:10.1088/1674-4527/ac424e. ISSN 1674-4527. Bibcode: 2022RAA....22b5019C. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1674-4527/ac424e.
14. ↑ "Progress of the CSST-IFS". https://www.phy.cuhk.edu.hk/events/conf2023//abstract/Shiyin_Shen.html.
15. ↑ Gao, Ming; Zhao, Guangheng; Gu, Yidong (2022). "Recent Progress in Space Science and Applications of China's Space Station in 2020–2022" (in en). 空间科学学报(Chin. J. Space Sci.) 42 (4): 503–510. doi:10.11728/cjss2022.04.yg29. ISSN 0254-6124. Bibcode: 2022ChJSS..42..503G.
16. ↑ Fu, Zhen-Sen; Qi, Zhao-Xiang; Liao, Shi-Long; Peng, Xi-Yan; Yu, Yong; Wu, Qi-Qi; Shao, Li; Xu, You-Hua (2023-06-02). "Simulation of CSST's astrometric capability". Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences 10. doi:10.3389/fspas.2023.1146603. ISSN 2296-987X. Bibcode: 2023FrASS..1046603F.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 The Wall Street Journal (2022-09-23). The Tech Behind Next-Generation Space Telescopes. Retrieved 2025-01-05 - via YouTube.
18. ↑ "The COSMOS Hubble ACS Field" (in en). https://webbtelescope.org/contents/media/images/2021/042/01FD7GZBGRTJ7H8AVYGK3CP7ZV?news=true.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Studio, NASA Scientific Visualization (2021-11-09). "Roman Space Telescope High Latitude Wide Area Survey" (in english). https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14001/.
20. ↑ "For the Public". https://cosmos.astro.caltech.edu/page/public.

* v
* t
* e

Chinese large modular space station

Components|

* Core Cabin Module (Tianhe) (2021)
* Laboratory Module 1 (Wentian) (2021)
* Laboratory Module 2 (Mengtian) (2022)

Visiting vehicles|

* Shenzhou (crewed)
* Tianzhou (uncrewed)
* Xuntian (space telescope)

Experiments|

* ESER
* BER
* SGRR
* FPER
* TSER
* CER
* MFER
* CMER
* CAER
* HTFR
* HMGR
* VGER
* RACK

Sites and facilities|

* Beijing C&C Center
* Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
* Wenchang Satellite Launch Center

Launch vehicles|

* Long March 2F
* Long March 5
* Long March 7

Precursors|

* Project 921
* Shenzhou program
* Shenzhou 8
* Shenzhou 9
* Shenzhou 10
* Shenzhou 11
* Tiangong program
* Tiangong-1
* Tiangong-2
* Tiangong-3

* China National Space Administration (CNSA)
* Chinese space program

* v
* t
* e

Chinese space program

* China National Space Administration (CNSA)

| Spaceports and landing sites|

* Jiuquan
* Taiyuan
* Wenchang
* Xichang
* Siziwang Banner (landing site)

|

Launch vehicles|

* Long March 2
* Long March 3
* Long March 4
* Long March 5
* Long March 6
* Long March 7
* Long March 11
* Kuaizhou
* Kaituozhe

Exploration programs|

* Shuguang (cancelled)
* Shenzhou (human spaceflight)
* Chang'e (lunar exploration)
* Tiangong (space station)

Projects and missions

Science|

| Planetary science|

* Chang'e 1 (2007–09)
* Chang'e 2 (2010–present)
* Yinghuo 1† (2011)
* Chang'e 3 (2013–present)
* Chang'e 5-T1 (2014–present)
* Yutu (2013–2016)
* Chang'e 4 (2018-present)
* Yutu-2 (2018-present)
* Chang'e 5 (2020)
* Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover (2020)
* ZhengHe (2024)

|

Astronomy and
cosmology

* DAMPE (2015–present)
* HXMT (2017–present)
* GECAM (2020)
* SVOM (2021)
* EP (2021)
* ASO-S (2022)
* Xuntian (2022)
* Space Solar Telescope

Earth observation|

* CSES (2018–present)
* Double Star (2003–07)
* Gaofen (2013–present)
* HY
* TanSat (2016–present)
* Yaogan (2006–present)
* Ziyuan (CBERS) (1999–present)
* SMILE (2023)

Human spaceflight|

| Crewed expeditions|

* List of Chinese astronauts
* Shenzhou 5
* Shenzhou 6
* Shenzhou 7
* Shenzhou 9
* Shenzhou 10
* Shenzhou 11

|

Space laboratories and cargos|

* Tiangong 1 (2011–18)
* Tiangong 2 (2016–19)
* Tianzhou 1 (2017)

Chinese space station|

* Tianhe (2021)
* Wentian (2021)
* Mengtian (2022)

Navigation|

* BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS)

Telecommunications|

* Tianlian I (2008–present)
* ChinaSat 9 (2009–present)
* Apstar 6C (2018–present)
* Tianlian 2 (2019–present)

Technology
demonstrators

* FSW Program (1969–2006)
* QUESS (2016–present)
* XPNAV 1 (2016–present)

* Future missions marked in italics, failed missions marked with † sign

* v
* t
* e

Chinese spacecraft

Earth observation|

* Fengyun
* Gaofen
* FSW
* HY
* Jilin
* Shiyan
* SMMS
* TanSat
* Tansuo
* Tianhui
* Yaogan
* Ziyuan

Communication and engineering|

* Dong Fang Hong
* FH-1
* Apstar
* APMT
* Asiasat
* Chinasat
* ChinaStar
* HKSTG
* LGSP
* OlympicSat
* Shijian
* Sinosat
* Tsinghua-1
* Xiwang 1

Data relay satellite system|

* Queqiao
* Tianlian I
* Tianlian I-01
* Tianlian I-02
* Tianlian I-03
* Tianlian II

Positioning|

* BeiDou-1
* BeiDou-2

Astronomical observation|

* Double Star (joint with ESA)
* Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE)
* Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT)
* Huanjing
* Kuafu
* Longjiang-2
* Queqiao
* Space Solar Telescope (SST)
* Space Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM)
* Xuntian

Lunar exploration|

* Chinese Lunar Exploration Program
* Chang'e 1
* Chang'e 2
* Chang'e 3
* Yutu
* Chang'e 5-T1
* Chang'e 4
* Yutu-2
* Chang'e 5
* Chang'e 6
* Chang'e 7
* Chang'e 8

Planetary exploration|

* Yinghuo-1
* Chang'e 2
* Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover
* ZhengHe

Microsatellites|

* Fengniao
* Xinyan

Future spacecraft in italics.

* v
* t
* e

Space observatories

Operating|

* AGILE (since 2007)
* AMS-02 (since 2011)
* Aoi (since 2018)
* ASTERIA (since 2017)
* Astrosat (since 2015)
* BRITE constellation (since 2013)
* CALET (since 2015)
* Chandra (AXAF) (since 1999)
* DAMPE (since 2015)
* Fermi (since 2008)
* Gaia (since 2013)
* HXMT (Insight) (since 2017)
* Hinode (Solar-B) (since 2006)
* HiRISE (since 2005)
* Hisaki (SPRINT-A) (since 2013)
* Hubble (since 1990)
* INTEGRAL (since 2002)
* IBEX (since 2008)
* IRIS (since 2013)
* ISS-CREAM (since 2017)
* MAXI (since 2009)
* Mikhailo Lomonosov (since 2016)
* Mini-EUSO (since 2019)
* NCLE (since 2018)
* NEOSSat (since 2013)
* NICER (since 2017)
* NuSTAR (since 2012)
* Odin (since 2001)
* SDO (since 2010)
* SOHO (since 1995)
* SOLAR (since 2008)
* Spektr-RG (since 2019)
* Spitzer (since 2003)
* STEREO (since 2006)
* Swift (since 2004)
* TESS (since 2018)
* WISE (since 2009)
* XMM-Newton (since 1999)

Planned|

* CHEOPS (2019)
* iWF-MAXI (2019)
* Astro-1 Telescope (2020)
* ILO-1 (2020)
* LUCI (2020)
* Nano-JASMINE (2020)
* ORBIS (2020)
* Solar Orbiter (SolO) (2020)
* IXPE (2021)
* James Webb (JWST) (2021)
* LORD (2021)
* SVOM (2021)
* XPoSat (2021)
* Euclid (2022)
* Space Solar Telescope (2022)
* XRISM (2022)
* Xuntian (2022)
* K-EUSO (2023)
* Solar-C (2023)
* SPHEREx (2023)
* Small-JASMINE (2024)
* Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission (2025+)
* Spektr-UV (2025)
* WFIRST (2025+)
* PLATO (2026)
* LiteBIRD (2027)
* ARIEL (2028)
* Spektr-M (2030+)
* ATHENA (2031)
* LISA (2034)

Proposed|

* Arcus
* AstroSat-2
* EXCEDE
* Fresnel Imager
* FOCAL
* HabEx
* Hibari
* Hypertelescope
* JEM-EUSO
* LUVOIR
* ATLAST
* HDST
* Lynx
* Nautilus Deep Space Observatory
* New Worlds Mission
* NRO donation to NASA
* OST
* PhoENiX
* Solar-D
* SPICA
* THEIA
* THESEUS

Retired|

* Akari (Astro-F) (2006–2011)
* ALEXIS (1993–2005)
* Alouette 1 (1962–1972)
* Ariel 1 (1962, 1964)
* Ariel 2 (1964)
* Ariel 3 (1967–1969)
* Ariel 4 (1971–1972)
* Ariel 5 (1974–1980)
* Ariel 6 (1979–1982)
* ATM (1973–1974)
* ASCA (Astro-D) (1993–2000)
* Astro-1 (1990)
* BBXRT
* HUT
* Astro-2 (HUT) (1995)
* Astron (1983–1989)
* ANS (1974–1976)
* BeppoSAX (1996–2003)
* CHIPSat (2003–2008)
* Compton (CGRO) (1991–2000)
* CoRoT (2006–2013)
* Cos-B (1975–1982)
* COBE (1989–1993)
* DXS (1993)
* EPOCh (2008)
* EPOXI (2010)
* Explorer 11 (1961)
* EXOSAT (1983–1986)
* EUVE (1992–2001)
* FUSE (1999–2007)
* Kvant-1 (1987–2001)
* GALEX (2003–2013)
* Gamma (1990–1992)
* Ginga (Astro-C) (1987–1991)
* Granat (1989–1998)
* Hakucho (CORSA-b) (1979–1985)
* HALCA (MUSES-B) (1997–2005)
* HEAO-1 (1977–1979)
* Herschel (2009–2013)
* Hinotori (Astro-A) (1981–1991)
* HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.) (1978–1982)
* HEAO-3 (1979–1981)
* HETE-2 (2000–2008)
* Hipparcos (1989–1993)
* IUE (1978–1996)
* IRAS (1983)
* IRTS (1995–1996)
* ISO (1996–1998)
* IXAE (1996–2004)
* Kepler (2009–2018)
* Kristall (1990–2001)
* LEGRI (1997–2002)
* LISA Pathfinder (2015–2017)
* MOST (2003–2019)
* MSX (1996–1997)
* OAO-2 (1968–1973)
* OAO-3 (Copernicus) (1972–1981)
* Orbiting Solar Observatory
* OSO 1
* OSO 2/OSO B
* OSO 3
* OSO 4
* OSO 5
* OSO 6
* OSO 7
* OSO 8
* Orion 1 (1971)
* Orion 2 (1973)
* PAMELA (2006–2016)
* PicSat (2018)
* Planck (2009–2013)
* RELIKT-1 (1983–1984)
* R/HESSI (2002–2018)
* ROSAT (1990–1999)
* RXTE (1995–2012)
* SAMPEX (1992–2004)
* SAS-B (1972–1973)
* SAS-C (1975–1979)
* Solwind (1979–1985)
* Spektr-R (2011–2019)
* Suzaku (Astro-EII) (2005–2015)
* Taiyo (SRATS) (1975–1980)
* Tenma (Astro-B) (1983–1985)
* Uhuru (1970–1973)
* Vanguard 3 (1959)
* WMAP (2001–2010)
* Yokoh (Solar-A) (1991–2001)

Hibernating
(Mission completed)|

* SWAS (1998–2005)
* TRACE (1998–2010)

Lost|

* OAO-1 (1966)
* OAO-B (1970)
* CORSA (1976)
* OSO C (1965)
* ABRIXAS (1999)
* HETE-1 (1996)
* WIRE (1999)
* Astro-E (2000)
* Tsubame (2014–2015)
* Hitomi (Astro-H) (2016)

Cancelled|

* AOSO
* Astro-G
* Constellation-X
* Darwin
* Destiny
* EChO
* Eddington
* FAME
* FINESSE
* GEMS
* HOP
* IXO
* JDEM
* LOFT
* OSO J
* OSO K
* Sentinel
* SIM & SIMlite
* SNAP
* SPOrt
* TAUVEX
* TPF
* XEUS
* XIPE

See also|

* Great Observatories program
* List of space telescopes
* List of proposed space observatories
* List of X-ray space telescopes

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Future spaceflights

Crewed|

| 2020|

* Soyuz MS-16 (April)
* Soyuz MS-17 (October)
* Shenzhou 12
* Crew Dragon Demo-2
* Boeing Crewed Flight Test
* USCV-1
* USCV-2
* New Shepard (crewed flight test)
* VSS Unity VF02

|

2021|

* Gaganyaan Crewed Flight 1
* Shenzhou 13
* USCV-3

2022|

* Artemis 2

2023+|

* #dearMoon project (2023)
* Artemis 3 (2024)

Robotic|

| 2020|

* AFSPC-7
* ALOS-3
* ALOS-4
* Artemis 1 (November)
* Orion
* Lunar Flashlight
* NEA Scout
* BioSentinel
* SkyFire
* Lunar IceCube
* CuSP
* LunaH-Map
* EQUULEUS
* OMOTENASHI
* ArgoMoon
* Cislunar Explorers
* CU-E3
* Team Miles
* Chandrayaan-3
* Chang'e 5
* GSAT-20
* Hope Mars Mission (July)
* HX-1 (July–August)
* Ingenio
* Inmarsat-6 F1
* JCSAT-17
* Kounotori 9 (May)
* Mars 2020 (July–August)
* MX-1E (July)
* Nauka / European Robotic Arm (December)
* QZS-1R
* RAPIS-2 / Z-Sat / DRUMS / KOSEN-1
* Rosalind Franklin rover and Kazachok lander (July)
* Solar Orbiter (February)
* Space Complex Alpha
* TARANIS

|

2021|

* Aditya-L1
* Astrobotic M1 (June)
* AEM rovers
* Uni
* EXA/AEC lunar orbiter
* B330
* CAPSTONE (December)
* DART / LICIA (June)
* Dream Chaser (September)
* Hakuto-R M1 (October)
* IXPE (April)
* James Webb Space Telescope (March)
* Landsat 9 (January)
* Lucy (October)
* Luna 25 (July)
* Nova-C (July)
* PROBA-3 (Q2)
* PTScientists
* Tianhe
* SES-17
* Space RIDER
* UN/Dream Chaser
* Wentian
* XPoSat

2022|

* Biomass (October)
* DESTINY+
* EarthCARE (June)
* Euclid (June)
* HTV-X1
* JUICE (June)
* KPLO (July)
* MetOp-SG Series A
* NISAR (September)
* Power and Propulsion Element (December)
* Prichal
* Psyche (August)
* PUNCH / TRACERS
* Soyuz GVK-1
* SpaceX Starship (1st Mars departure)
* TEREX-1
* Weather System Follow-on Microwave
* XRISM / SLIM (January)

2023|

* Chang'e 7
* Hakuto-R M2 (March)
* MetOp-SG Series B
* QZS-5
* QZS-6
* QZS-7
* Shukrayaan-1
* SMILE
* SPHEREx

2024+|

* Chang'e 6 (2023 or 2024)
* FLEX
* GOES-U (2024)
* Hera / APEX / Juventas (October 2024)
* IMAP / SWFO-L1 (October 2024)
* Luna 26 (2024)
* MMX (September 2024)
* MOM 2 (2024)
* Small-JASMINE (2024)
* ZhengHe (2024)
* Europa Clipper (2025)
* Luna 27 (2025)
* Luna 28 (2025+)
* Spektr-UV (2025)
* Dragonfly (2026)
* PLATO (2026)
* Venera-D (2026 or 2031)
* Chang'e 8 (2027)
* LiteBIRD (2027)
* ARIEL / Comet Interceptor]] (2028)
* ATHENA (2031)
* LISA (2034)

TBA|

* Energia-100
* Europa Lander (2025?)
* KiwiSAT
* Lybid 1
* Nano-JASMINE
* Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission
* WFIRST (mid-2020s)

Recently
launched|

* Progress MS-13 (6 December)
* Jilin-1 Gaofen-02B (7 December)
* HEAD-2A / 2B (7 December)
* GLONASS-M List of GLONASS satellites

* List of proposed missions to the Moon
* List of proposed space observatories

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuntian. Read more

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