Barrelled space

Short description: Type of topological vector space

In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, a barrelled space (also written barreled space) is a topological vector space (TVS) for which every barrelled set in the space is a neighbourhood for the zero vector. A barrelled set or a barrel in a topological vector space is a set that is convex, balanced, absorbing, and closed. Barrelled spaces are studied because a form of the Banach–Steinhaus theorem still holds for them. Barrelled spaces were introduced by Bourbaki (1950).

## Contents

* 1 Barrels
* 1.1 Examples of barrels and non-barrels
* 1.2 Properties of barrels
* 2 Characterizations of barreled spaces
* 3 Examples and sufficient conditions
* 3.1 Counter examples
* 4 Properties of barreled spaces
* 4.1 Banach–Steinhaus generalization
* 4.2 Other properties
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Bibliography

## Barrels

A convex and balanced subset of a real or complex vector space is called a disk and it is said to be disked, absolutely convex, or convex balanced.

A barrel or a barrelled set in a topological vector space (TVS) is a subset that is a closed absorbing disk; that is, a barrel is a convex, balanced, closed, and absorbing subset.

Every barrel must contain the origin. If [math]\displaystyle{ \dim X \geq 2 }[/math] and if [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] is any subset of [math]\displaystyle{ X, }[/math] then [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] is a convex, balanced, and absorbing set of [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] if and only if this is all true of [math]\displaystyle{ S \cap Y }[/math] in [math]\displaystyle{ Y }[/math] for every [math]\displaystyle{ 2 }[/math]-dimensional vector subspace [math]\displaystyle{ Y; }[/math] thus if [math]\displaystyle{ \dim X \gt 2 }[/math] then the requirement that a barrel be a closed subset of [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] is the only defining property that does not depend solely on [math]\displaystyle{ 2 }[/math] (or lower)-dimensional vector subspaces of [math]\displaystyle{ X. }[/math]

If [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] is any TVS then every closed convex and balanced neighborhood of the origin is necessarily a barrel in [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] (because every neighborhood of the origin is necessarily an absorbing subset). In fact, every locally convex topological vector space has a neighborhood basis at its origin consisting entirely of barrels. However, in general, there might exist barrels that are not neighborhoods of the origin; "barrelled spaces" are exactly those TVSs in which every barrel is necessarily a neighborhood of the origin. Every finite dimensional topological vector space is a barrelled space so examples of barrels that are not neighborhoods of the origin can only be found in infinite dimensional spaces.

### Examples of barrels and non-barrels

The closure of any convex, balanced, and absorbing subset is a barrel. This is because the closure of any convex (respectively, any balanced, any absorbing) subset has this same property.

A family of examples: Suppose that [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] is equal to [math]\displaystyle{ \Complex }[/math] (if considered as a complex vector space) or equal to [math]\displaystyle{ \R^2 }[/math] (if considered as a real vector space). Regardless of whether [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] is a real or complex vector space, every barrel in [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] is necessarily a neighborhood of the origin (so [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] is an example of a barrelled space). Let [math]\displaystyle{ R : [0, 2\pi) \to (0, \infty] }[/math] be any function and for every angle [math]\displaystyle{ \theta \in [0, 2 \pi), }[/math] let [math]\displaystyle{ S_{\theta} }[/math] denote the closed line segment from the origin to the point [math]\displaystyle{ R(\theta) e^{i \theta} \in \Complex. }[/math] Let [math]\displaystyle{ S := \bigcup_{\theta \in [0, 2 \pi)} S_{\theta}. }[/math] Then [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] is always an absorbing subset of [math]\displaystyle{ \R^2 }[/math] (a real vector space) but it is an absorbing subset of [math]\displaystyle{ \Complex }[/math] (a complex vector space) if and only if it is a neighborhood of the origin. Moreover, [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] is a balanced subset of [math]\displaystyle{ \R^2 }[/math] if and only if [math]\displaystyle{ R(\theta) = R(\pi + \theta) }[/math] for every [math]\displaystyle{ 0 \leq \theta \lt \pi }[/math] (if this is the case then [math]\displaystyle{ R }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] are completely determined by [math]\displaystyle{ R }[/math]'s values on [math]\displaystyle{ [0, \pi) }[/math]) but [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] is a balanced subset of [math]\displaystyle{ \Complex }[/math] if and only it is an open or closed ball centered at the origin (of radius [math]\displaystyle{ 0 \lt r \leq \infty }[/math]). In particular, barrels in [math]\displaystyle{ \Complex }[/math] are exactly those closed balls centered at the origin with radius in [math]\displaystyle{ (0, \infty]. }[/math] If [math]\displaystyle{ R(\theta) := 2 \pi - \theta }[/math] then [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] is a closed subset that is absorbing in [math]\displaystyle{ \R^2 }[/math] but not absorbing in [math]\displaystyle{ \Complex, }[/math] and that is neither convex, balanced, nor a neighborhood of the origin in [math]\displaystyle{ X. }[/math] By an appropriate choice of the function [math]\displaystyle{ R, }[/math] it is also possible to have [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] be a balanced and absorbing subset of [math]\displaystyle{ \R^2 }[/math] that is neither closed nor convex. To have [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] be a balanced, absorbing, and closed subset of [math]\displaystyle{ \R^2 }[/math] that is neither convex nor a neighborhood of the origin, define [math]\displaystyle{ R }[/math] on [math]\displaystyle{ [0, \pi) }[/math] as follows: for [math]\displaystyle{ 0 \leq \theta \lt \pi, }[/math] let [math]\displaystyle{ R(\theta) := \pi - \theta }[/math] (alternatively, it can be any positive function on [math]\displaystyle{ [0, \pi) }[/math] that is continuously differentiable, which guarantees that [math]\displaystyle{ \lim_{\theta \searrow 0} R(\theta) = R(0) \gt 0 }[/math] and that [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] is closed, and that also satisfies [math]\displaystyle{ \lim_{\theta \nearrow \pi} R(\theta) = 0, }[/math] which prevents [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] from being a neighborhood of the origin) and then extend [math]\displaystyle{ R }[/math] to [math]\displaystyle{ [\pi, 2 \pi) }[/math] by defining [math]\displaystyle{ R(\theta) := R(\theta - \pi), }[/math] which guarantees that [math]\displaystyle{ S }[/math] is balanced in [math]\displaystyle{ \R^2. }[/math]

### Properties of barrels

* In any topological vector space (TVS) [math]\displaystyle{ X, }[/math] every barrel in [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] absorbs every compact convex subset of [math]\displaystyle{ X. }[/math][1]
* In any locally convex Hausdorff TVS [math]\displaystyle{ X, }[/math] every barrel in [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] absorbs every convex bounded complete subset of [math]\displaystyle{ X. }[/math][1]
* If [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] is locally convex then a subset [math]\displaystyle{ H }[/math] of [math]\displaystyle{ X^{\prime} }[/math] is [math]\displaystyle{ \sigma\left(X^{\prime}, X\right) }[/math]-bounded if and only if there exists a barrel [math]\displaystyle{ B }[/math] in [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] such that [math]\displaystyle{ H \subseteq B^{\circ}. }[/math][1]
* Let [math]\displaystyle{ (X, Y, b) }[/math] be a pairing and let [math]\displaystyle{ \nu }[/math] be a locally convex topology on [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] consistent with duality. Then a subset [math]\displaystyle{ B }[/math] of [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] is a barrel in [math]\displaystyle{ (X, \nu) }[/math] if and only if [math]\displaystyle{ B }[/math] is the polar of some [math]\displaystyle{ \sigma(Y, X, b) }[/math]-bounded subset of [math]\displaystyle{ Y. }[/math][1]
* Suppose [math]\displaystyle{ M }[/math] is a vector subspace of finite codimension in a locally convex space [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ B \subseteq M. }[/math] If [math]\displaystyle{ B }[/math] is a barrel (resp. bornivorous barrel, bornivorous disk) in [math]\displaystyle{ M }[/math] then there exists a barrel (resp. bornivorous barrel, bornivorous disk) [math]\displaystyle{ C }[/math] in [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] such that [math]\displaystyle{ B = C \cap M. }[/math][2]

## Characterizations of barreled spaces

Denote by [math]\displaystyle{ L(X; Y) }[/math] the space of continuous linear maps from [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] into [math]\displaystyle{ Y. }[/math]

If [math]\displaystyle{ (X, \tau) }[/math] is a Hausdorff topological vector space (TVS) with continuous dual space [math]\displaystyle{ X^{\prime} }[/math] then the following are equivalent:

1. [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] is barrelled.
2. Definition: Every barrel in [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] is a neighborhood of the origin.
* This definition is similar to a characterization of Baire TVSs proved by Saxon [1974], who proved that a TVS [math]\displaystyle{ Y }[/math] with a topology that is not the indiscrete topology is a Baire space if and only if every absorbing balanced subset is a neighborhood of some point of [math]\displaystyle{ Y }[/math] (not necessarily the origin).[2]
3. For any Hausdorff TVS [math]\displaystyle{ Y. }[/math] every pointwise bounded subset of [math]\displaystyle{ L(X; Y) }[/math] is equicontinuous.[3]
4. For any F-space [math]\displaystyle{ Y. }[/math] every pointwise bounded subset of [math]\displaystyle{ L(X; Y) }[/math] is equicontinuous.[3]
* An F-space is a complete metrizable TVS.
5. Every closed linear operator from [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] into a complete metrizable TVS is continuous.[4]
* A linear map [math]\displaystyle{ F : X \to Y }[/math] is called closed if its graph is a closed subset of [math]\displaystyle{ X \times Y. }[/math]
6. Every Hausdorff TVS topology [math]\displaystyle{ \nu }[/math] on [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] that has a neighborhood basis of the origin consisting of [math]\displaystyle{ \tau }[/math]-closed set is course than [math]\displaystyle{ \tau. }[/math][5]

If [math]\displaystyle{ (X, \tau) }[/math] is locally convex space then this list may be extended by appending:

7. There exists a TVS [math]\displaystyle{ Y }[/math] not carrying the indiscrete topology (so in particular, [math]\displaystyle{ Y \neq \\{0\\} }[/math]) such that every pointwise bounded subset of [math]\displaystyle{ L(X; Y) }[/math] is equicontinuous.[2]
8. For any locally convex TVS [math]\displaystyle{ Y, }[/math] every pointwise bounded subset of [math]\displaystyle{ L(X; Y) }[/math] is equicontinuous.[2]
* It follows from the above two characterizations that in the class of locally convex TVS, barrelled spaces are exactly those for which the uniform boundedness principal holds.
9. Every [math]\displaystyle{ \sigma\left(X^{\prime}, X\right) }[/math]-bounded subset of the continuous dual space [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] is equicontinuous (this provides a partial converse to the Banach-Steinhaus theorem).[2][6]
10. [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] carries the strong dual topology [math]\displaystyle{ \beta\left(X, X^{\prime}\right). }[/math][2]
11. Every lower semicontinuous seminorm on [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] is continuous.[2]
12. Every linear map [math]\displaystyle{ F : X \to Y }[/math] into a locally convex space [math]\displaystyle{ Y }[/math] is almost continuous.[2]
* A linear map [math]\displaystyle{ F : X \to Y }[/math] is called almost continuous if for every neighborhood [math]\displaystyle{ V }[/math] of the origin in [math]\displaystyle{ Y, }[/math] the closure of [math]\displaystyle{ F^{-1}(V) }[/math] is a neighborhood of the origin in [math]\displaystyle{ X. }[/math]
13. Every surjective linear map [math]\displaystyle{ F : Y \to X }[/math] from a locally convex space [math]\displaystyle{ Y }[/math] is almost open.[2]
* This means that for every neighborhood [math]\displaystyle{ V }[/math] of 0 in [math]\displaystyle{ Y, }[/math] the closure of [math]\displaystyle{ F(V) }[/math] is a neighborhood of 0 in [math]\displaystyle{ X. }[/math]
14. If [math]\displaystyle{ \omega }[/math] is a locally convex topology on [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] such that [math]\displaystyle{ (X, \omega) }[/math] has a neighborhood basis at the origin consisting of [math]\displaystyle{ \tau }[/math]-closed sets, then [math]\displaystyle{ \omega }[/math] is weaker than [math]\displaystyle{ \tau. }[/math][2]

If [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] is a Hausdorff locally convex space then this list may be extended by appending:

15. Closed graph theorem: Every closed linear operator [math]\displaystyle{ F : X \to Y }[/math] into a Banach space [math]\displaystyle{ Y }[/math] is continuous.[7]
* The linear operator is called closed if its graph is a closed subset of [math]\displaystyle{ X \times Y. }[/math]
16. For every subset [math]\displaystyle{ A }[/math] of the continuous dual space of [math]\displaystyle{ X, }[/math] the following properties are equivalent: [math]\displaystyle{ A }[/math] is[6]
1. equicontinuous;
2. relatively weakly compact;
3. strongly bounded;
4. weakly bounded.
17. The 0-neighborhood bases in [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] and the fundamental families of bounded sets in [math]\displaystyle{ X_{\beta}^{\prime} }[/math] correspond to each other by polarity.[6]

If [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] is metrizable topological vector space then this list may be extended by appending:

18. For any complete metrizable TVS [math]\displaystyle{ Y. }[/math] every pointwise bounded sequence in [math]\displaystyle{ L(X; Y) }[/math] is equicontinuous.[3]

If [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] is a locally convex metrizable topological vector space then this list may be extended by appending:

19. (Property S): The weak* topology on [math]\displaystyle{ X^{\prime} }[/math] is sequentially complete.[8]
20. (Property C): Every weak* bounded subset of [math]\displaystyle{ X^{\prime} }[/math] is [math]\displaystyle{ \sigma\left(X^{\prime}, X\right) }[/math]-relatively countably compact.[8]
21. (𝜎-barrelled): Every countable weak* bounded subset of [math]\displaystyle{ X^{\prime} }[/math] is equicontinuous.[8]
22. (Baire-like): [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] is not the union of an increase sequence of nowhere dense disks.[8]

## Examples and sufficient conditions

Each of the following topological vector spaces is barreled:

1. TVSs that are Baire space.
* Consequently, every topological vector space that is of the second category in itself is barrelled.
2. F-spaces, Fréchet spaces, Banach spaces, and Hilbert spaces.
* However, there exist normed vector spaces that are not barrelled. For example, if the [math]\displaystyle{ L^p }[/math]-space [math]\displaystyle{ L^2([0, 1]) }[/math] is topologized as a subspace of [math]\displaystyle{ L^1([0, 1]), }[/math] then it is not barrelled.
3. Complete pseudometrizable TVSs.[9]
* Consequently, every finite-dimensional TVS is barrelled.
4. Montel spaces.
5. Strong dual spaces of Montel spaces (since they are necessarily Montel spaces).
6. A locally convex quasi-barrelled space that is also a σ-barrelled space.[10]
7. A sequentially complete quasibarrelled space.
8. A quasi-complete Hausdorff locally convex infrabarrelled space.[2]
* A TVS is called quasi-complete if every closed and bounded subset is complete.
9. A TVS with a dense barrelled vector subspace.[2]
* Thus the completion of a barreled space is barrelled.
10. A Hausdorff locally convex TVS with a dense infrabarrelled vector subspace.[2]
* Thus the completion of an infrabarrelled Hausdorff locally convex space is barrelled.[2]
11. A vector subspace of a barrelled space that has countable codimensional.[2]
* In particular, a finite codimensional vector subspace of a barrelled space is barreled.
12. A locally convex ultrabarelled TVS.[11]
13. A Hausdorff locally convex TVS [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] such that every weakly bounded subset of its continuous dual space is equicontinuous.[12]
14. A locally convex TVS [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] such that for every Banach space [math]\displaystyle{ B, }[/math] a closed linear map of [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] into [math]\displaystyle{ B }[/math] is necessarily continuous.[13]
15. A product of a family of barreled spaces.[14]
16. A locally convex direct sum and the inductive limit of a family of barrelled spaces.[15]
17. A quotient of a barrelled space.[16][15]
18. A Hausdorff sequentially complete quasibarrelled boundedly summing TVS.[17]
19. A locally convex Hausdorff reflexive space is barrelled.

### Counter examples

* A barrelled space need not be Montel, complete, metrizable, unordered Baire-like, nor the inductive limit of Banach spaces.
* Not all normed spaces are barrelled. However, they are all infrabarrelled.[2]
* A closed subspace of a barreled space is not necessarily countably quasi-barreled (and thus not necessarily barrelled).[18]
* There exists a dense vector subspace of the Fréchet barrelled space [math]\displaystyle{ \R^{\N} }[/math] that is not barrelled.[2]
* There exist complete locally convex TVSs that are not barrelled.[2]
* The finest locally convex topology on an infinite-dimensional vector space is a Hausdorff barrelled space that is a meagre subset of itself (and thus not a Baire space).[2]

## Properties of barreled spaces

### Banach–Steinhaus generalization

The importance of barrelled spaces is due mainly to the following results.

Theorem[19] -- Let [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] be a barrelled TVS and [math]\displaystyle{ Y }[/math] be a locally convex TVS. Let [math]\displaystyle{ H }[/math] be a subset of the space [math]\displaystyle{ L(X ;Y) }[/math] of continuous linear maps from [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] into [math]\displaystyle{ Y }[/math]. The following are equivalent:

1. [math]\displaystyle{ H }[/math] is bounded for the topology of pointwise convergence;
2. [math]\displaystyle{ H }[/math] is bounded for the topology of bounded convergence;
3. [math]\displaystyle{ H }[/math] is equicontinuous.

The Banach-Steinhaus theorem is a corollary of the above result.[20] When the vector space [math]\displaystyle{ Y }[/math] consists of the complex numbers then the following generalization also holds.

Theorem[21] -- If [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math] is a barrelled TVS over the complex numbers and [math]\displaystyle{ H }[/math] is a subset of the continuous dual space of [math]\displaystyle{ X }[/math], then the following are equivalent:

1. [math]\displaystyle{ H }[/math] is weakly bounded;
2. [math]\displaystyle{ H }[/math] is strongly bounded;
3. [math]\displaystyle{ H }[/math] is equicontinuous;
4. [math]\displaystyle{ H }[/math] is relatively compact in the weak dual topology.

Recall that a linear map [math]\displaystyle{ F : X \to Y }[/math] is called closed if its graph is a closed subset of [math]\displaystyle{ X \times Y. }[/math]

Closed Graph Theorem[22] -- Every closed linear operator from a Hausdorff barrelled TVS into a complete metrizable TVS is continuous.

### Other properties

* Every Hausdorff barrelled space is quasi-barrelled.[23]
* A linear map from a barrelled space into a locally convex space is almost continuous.
* A linear map from a locally convex space onto a barrelled space is almost open.
* A separately continuous bilinear map from a product of barrelled spaces into a locally convex space is hypocontinuous.[24]
* A linear map with a closed graph from a barreled TVS into a [math]\displaystyle{ B_r }[/math]-complete TVS is necessarily continuous.[13]

## See also

* Barrelled set
* Countably barrelled space
* Distinguished space - TVS whose strong dual is barralled
* Quasibarrelled space
* Ultrabarrelled space
* Ursescu theorem - Generalization of closed graph, open mapping, and uniform boundedness theorem
* Webbed space - Space where open mapping and closed graph theorems hold

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Narici & Beckenstein 2011, pp. 225-273.
2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 Narici & Beckenstein 2011, pp. 371-423.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Adasch, Ernst & Keim 1978, p. 39.
4. ↑ Adasch, Ernst & Keim 1978, p. 43.
5. ↑ Adasch, Ernst & Keim 1978, p. 32.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Schaefer & Wolff 1999, pp. 127, 141Trèves 2006, p. 350.
7. ↑ Narici & Beckenstein 2011, p. 477.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Narici & Beckenstein 2011, p. 399.
9. ↑ Narici & Beckenstein 2011, p. 383.
10. ↑ Khaleelulla 1982, pp. 28-63.
11. ↑ Narici & Beckenstein 2011, pp. 418-419.
12. ↑ Trèves 2006, p. 350.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Schaefer & Wolff 1999, p. 166.
14. ↑ Schaefer & Wolff 1999, p. 138.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Schaefer & Wolff 1999, p. 61.
16. ↑ Trèves 2006, p. 346.
17. ↑ Adasch, Ernst & Keim 1978, p. 77.
18. ↑ Schaefer & Wolff 1999, pp. 103-110.
19. ↑ Trèves 2006, p. 347.
20. ↑ Trèves 2006, p. 348.
21. ↑ Trèves 2006, p. 349.
22. ↑ Adasch, Ernst & Keim 1978, p. 41.
23. ↑ Adasch, Ernst & Keim 1978, pp. 70-73.
24. ↑ Trèves 2006, p. 424.

## Bibliography

* Adasch, Norbert; Ernst, Bruno; Keim, Dieter (1978). Topological Vector Spaces: The Theory Without Convexity Conditions. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. {3834. Berlin New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-08662-8. OCLC 297140003.
* Jarchow, Hans (1981). Locally convex spaces. Stuttgart: B.G. Teubner. ISBN 978-3-519-02224-4. OCLC 8210342.
* Bourbaki, Nicolas (1950). "Sur certains espaces vectoriels topologiques" (in fr). Annales de l'Institut Fourier 2: 5–16 (1951). doi:10.5802/aif.16. http://www.numdam.org/item?id=AIF_1950__2__5_0.
* Bourbaki, Nicolas (1987). Topological Vector Spaces: Chapters 1–5. Éléments de mathématique. 2. Berlin New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-42338-6. OCLC 17499190. http://www.numdam.org/item?id=AIF_1950__2__5_0.
* Conway, John B. (1990). A Course in Functional Analysis. Graduate Texts in Mathematics. 96 (2nd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-97245-9. OCLC 21195908.
* Edwards, Robert E. (Jan 1, 1995). Functional Analysis: Theory and Applications. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-68143-6. OCLC 30593138.
* Grothendieck, Alexander (January 1, 1973). Topological Vector Spaces. New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. ISBN 978-0-677-30020-7. OCLC 886098. https://archive.org/details/topologicalvecto0000grot.
* Husain, Taqdir; Khaleelulla, S. M. (1978). Barrelledness in Topological and Ordered Vector Spaces. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. 692. Berlin, New York, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-09096-0. OCLC 4493665.
* Jarchow, Hans (1981). Locally convex spaces. Stuttgart: B.G. Teubner. ISBN 978-3-519-02224-4. OCLC 8210342.
* Khaleelulla, S. M. (July 1, 1982). written at Berlin Heidelberg. Counterexamples in Topological Vector Spaces. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. 936. Berlin New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-11565-6. OCLC 8588370.
* Köthe, Gottfried (1969). Topological Vector Spaces I. Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften. 159. New York: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-642-64988-2. OCLC 840293704.
* Narici, Lawrence; Beckenstein, Edward (2011). Topological Vector Spaces. Pure and applied mathematics (Second ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1584888666. OCLC 144216834.
* Template:Osborne Locally Convex Spaces
* Robertson, Alex P.; Robertson, Wendy J. (1980). Topological Vector Spaces. Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics. 53. Cambridge England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29882-7. OCLC 589250.
* Robertson, Alex P.; Robertson, Wendy J. (1964). Topological vector spaces. Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics. 53. Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–75.
* Schaefer, Helmut H.; Wolff, Manfred P. (1999). Topological Vector Spaces. GTM. 8 (Second ed.). New York, NY: Springer New York Imprint Springer. ISBN 978-1-4612-7155-0. OCLC 840278135.
* Schechter, Eric (1996). Handbook of Analysis and Its Foundations. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-622760-4. OCLC 175294365.
* Swartz, Charles (1992). An introduction to Functional Analysis. New York: M. Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-8643-4. OCLC 24909067.
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* Template:Voigt A Course on Topological Vector Spaces
* Wilansky, Albert (2013). Modern Methods in Topological Vector Spaces. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 978-0-486-49353-4. OCLC 849801114.

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* Star-shaped
* Symmetric
* Zonotope

Subsets / set operations|

* Algebraic interior (core)
* Bounding points
* Convex hull
* Extreme point
* Interior
* Minkowski addition
* Polar

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrelled space. Read more

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