B. R. Ambedkar

Short description: Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer (1891–1956)

B. R. Ambedkar

Ambedkar in the 1950s

Member of Parliament of Rajya Sabha for Bombay State[1]
In office
3 April 1952 – 6 December 1956
President| Rajendra Prasad
Prime Minister| Jawaharlal Nehru
1st Minister of Law and Justice
In office
15 August 1947 – 6 October 1951
President| Rajendra Prasad
Governor General| Louis Mountbatten
C. Rajagopalachari
Prime Minister| Jawaharlal Nehru
Preceded by| Position established
Succeeded by| Charu Chandra Biswas
Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee
In office
29 August 1947 – 24 January 1950
Member of the Constituent Assembly of India[2][3]
In office
9 December 1946 – 24 January 1950
Constituency|  • Bengal Province (1946–47)
• Bombay Province (1947–50)
Minister of Labour in Viceroy's Executive Council[4][5]
In office
22 July 1942 – 20 October 1946
Governor General| The Marquess of Linlithgow
The Viscount Wavell
Preceded by| Feroz Khan Noon
Leader of the Opposition in the Bombay Legislative Assembly[6][7]
In office
1937–1942
Member of the Bombay Legislative Assembly[6][7]
In office
1937–1942
Constituency| Bombay City (Byculla and Parel) General Urban
Member of the Bombay Legislative Council[8][9][10]
In office
1926–1937
Personal details
Pronunciation| Bhīmrāo Rāmjī Āmbēḍkar
Born|

Bhiva Ramji Sakpal

(1891-04-14)14 April 1891
Mhow, Central India Agency, British Indian Empire
(present-day Madhya Pradesh, India)
Died| 6 December 1956(1956-12-06) (aged 65)
New Delhi, India[11][12]
Resting place| Chaitya Bhoomi, Mumbai , India
[ ⚑ ] : 19°01′30″N 72°50′02″E﻿ / ﻿19.025°N 72.83389°E﻿ / 19.025; 72.83389
Political party| |

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Slovene pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Thai pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Neukirch, Jürgen; Schmidt, Alexander; Wingberg, Kay (2000), Cohomology of Number Fields, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, 323, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-66671-4 Template:ScribuntoPersian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{| class="wikitable" width="100%"

! rowspan="3" colspan="2" width="14%" style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | Date/Time (UTC) ! Configuration ! Serial number ! Launch site ! Outcome |-

|style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Payload |style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Separation orbit |style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Operator |style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Function |- | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#e4dfdf;border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | Remarks |-

Parameter 1=time required!

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## Contents

* 1 Initial visibility
* 2 TemplateData
* 3 Template transclusions
* 4 Initial visibility
* 5 TemplateData
* 6 Initial visibility
* 7 TemplateData
* 8 Template transclusions
* 9 Initial visibility
* 10 TemplateData
* 11 Initial visibility
* 12 TemplateData
* 13 Template transclusions
* 14 Initial visibility
* 15 TemplateData
* 16 Early life
* 17 Education
* 17.1 Post-secondary education
* 17.2 Studies at the University of Bombay
* 17.3 Studies at Columbia University
* 17.4 Studies at the London School of Economics
* 18 Opposition to untouchability
* 19 Poona Pact
* 20 Political career
* 21 The drafting of India's Constitution
* 22 Economics
* 23 Second marriage
* 24 Conversion to Buddhism
* 25 Death
* 26 Legacy
* 27 Views
* 27.1 Religion
* 27.2 Aryan Invasion Theory
* 27.3 Communism
* 28 In popular culture
* 29 Works
* 30 See also
* 31 References
* 32 Further reading
* 33 External links

## Initial visibility

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* `{{B. R. Ambedkar|state=expanded}}` will show the template expanded, i.e. fully visible.

Templates using the classes `class=navbox` ({{navbox}}) or `class=nomobile` ({{sidebar}}) are not displayed in article space on the mobile web site of English Wikipedia. Mobile page views accounted for 60% to 70% of all page views from 2020 through 2025. Briefly, these templates are not included in articles because 1) they are not well designed for mobile, and 2) they significantly increase page sizes--bad for mobile downloads--in a way that is not useful for the mobile use case. You can review/watch phab:T124168 for further discussion.

## TemplateData

A navigational box that can be placed at the bottom of articles.

Template parameters

Parameter| Description| Type| Status

|
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State| `state`|

The initial visibility of the navbox

Suggested values
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## Template transclusions

Transclusion maintenance

Check completeness of transclusions

The above documentation is transcluded from Template:Navbox documentation. (edit | history)

Hawaiian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]German pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Dutch pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Belarusian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Catalan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{{{1}}}Mongolian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Javanese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]N Not doneLatin pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]

| rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" |

| style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" | | style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" | | style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" | | style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" |

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Piedmontese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Slovak pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]text-align: auto;Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{"./Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{". (age Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{".–Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{".)Occitan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | VariesHejazi pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Spanish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Portuguese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Irish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Mayan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Nahuatl pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Kyrgyz pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Ukrainian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Burmese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Hindi pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Y Done To doRussian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Greek pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]YDanish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Northern Sami pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Mandarin pronunciation: [{{{ipa}}}]Cantonese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Entry from B. R. Ambedkar from TCI Europe, retrieved on {{{Date}}}

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This is a navigational template created using {{navbox}}. It can be transcluded on pages by placing `{{B. R. Ambedkar}}` below the standard article appendices.

## Initial visibility

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To change this template's initial visibility, the `|state=` parameter may be used:

* `{{B. R. Ambedkar|state=collapsed}}` will show the template collapsed, i.e. hidden apart from its title bar.
* `{{B. R. Ambedkar|state=expanded}}` will show the template expanded, i.e. fully visible.

Templates using the classes `class=navbox` ({{navbox}}) or `class=nomobile` ({{sidebar}}) are not displayed in article space on the mobile web site of English Wikipedia. Mobile page views accounted for 60% to 70% of all page views from 2020 through 2025. Briefly, these templates are not included in articles because 1) they are not well designed for mobile, and 2) they significantly increase page sizes--bad for mobile downloads--in a way that is not useful for the mobile use case. You can review/watch phab:T124168 for further discussion.

## TemplateData

A navigational box that can be placed at the bottom of articles.

Template parameters

Parameter| Description| Type| Status

|
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State| `state`|

The initial visibility of the navbox

Suggested values
`collapsed` `expanded` `autocollapse`
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The above documentation is transcluded from Template:Navbox documentation. (edit | history)

Chambers, Robert; Thomson, Thomas Napier (1857). "[[s:A biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen/|]]". A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen. Glasgow: Blackie and Son. {{{1}}}Polish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Malagasy pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Japanese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Armenian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Czech pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]∶Manx pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/full/{{{1}}}/0 Alemannic German pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tagalog pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]French pronunciation: ​[{{{1}}}]Error: Invalid time. In progressPalomares, M. L. D. and Pauly, D., eds. (2011). "{{{1}}} {{{2}}}" in SeaLifeBase. April 2011 version.Turkish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Finnish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2006). "{{{1}}} {{{2}}}" in FishBase. April 2006 version.

|- | ... | — | — | — | — | — | —

|-Old Norse pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Salish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Basque pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{{{1}}}data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | UnreleasedNorwegian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{"., {{{year}}} (aged {{{4}}})Hungarian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Quechua pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Arabic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Punjabi pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Afrikaans pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Romanian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Hebrew pronunciation: [{{{1}}}][INVALID OR MISSING PARAMETER IN TEMPLATE B. R. Ambedkar]Uto-Aztecan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tamil pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Hindustani pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Swedish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Kazakh pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]

* v
* t
* e

Microsoft security products

Numbers in brackets are the years of the initial release of the product.

For Windows|

* Windows Firewall [2001]
* Baseline Security Analyzer [2004]
* Malicious Software Removal Tool [2005]
* Windows Defender [2006]
* Microsoft SmartScreen [2006]
* Microsoft Security Essentials [2009]
* Microsoft Safety Scanner [2011]

For Windows Server|

* Exchange Online Protection [2007]
* System Center Data Protection Manager [2007]
* Identity Manager [2010]

Discontinued|

* MSAV [1993]
* Threat Management Gateway [1997]
* OneCare Safety Scanner [2006]
* Unified Access Gateway [2007]
* Windows Live OneCare [2006]
* RootkitRevealer [2006]
* Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit [2009]

Related topics|

* Data Execution Prevention
* Kernel Patch Protection
* Mandatory Integrity Control
* MS Antivirus (malware)
* User Account Control

Lao pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tibetan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Khmer pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na" | —`{{{1}}}`Welsh pronunciation: [{{{1}}}] Partially doneAthabaskan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Māori pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]IPA: [{{{1}}}]Bulgarian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Korean pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Icelandic pronunciation: ​[{{{1}}}]Sanskrit pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Bengali pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Indonesian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]CROSBI {{{1}}} Independent Labour Party

This page may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Please consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings.

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Slovene pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Thai pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Neukirch, Jürgen; Schmidt, Alexander; Wingberg, Kay (2000), Cohomology of Number Fields, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, 323, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-66671-4 Template:ScribuntoPersian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{| class="wikitable" width="100%"

! rowspan="3" colspan="2" width="14%" style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | Date/Time (UTC) ! Configuration ! Serial number ! Launch site ! Outcome |-

|style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Payload |style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Separation orbit |style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Operator |style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Function |- | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#e4dfdf;border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | Remarks |-

Parameter 1=time required!

Documentation[view] [edit] [history] [purge]

| This template does not display in the mobile view of Wikipedia; it is desktop only. See Template:Navbox visibility for a brief explanation.

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This is a navigational template created using {{navbox}}. It can be transcluded on pages by placing `{{B. R. Ambedkar}}` below the standard article appendices.

## Initial visibility

This template's initial visibility currently defaults to `autocollapse`, meaning that if there is another collapsible item on the page (a navbox, sidebar, or table with the collapsible attribute), it is hidden apart from its title bar; if not, it is fully visible.

To change this template's initial visibility, the `|state=` parameter may be used:

* `{{B. R. Ambedkar|state=collapsed}}` will show the template collapsed, i.e. hidden apart from its title bar.
* `{{B. R. Ambedkar|state=expanded}}` will show the template expanded, i.e. fully visible.

Templates using the classes `class=navbox` ({{navbox}}) or `class=nomobile` ({{sidebar}}) are not displayed in article space on the mobile web site of English Wikipedia. Mobile page views accounted for 60% to 70% of all page views from 2020 through 2025. Briefly, these templates are not included in articles because 1) they are not well designed for mobile, and 2) they significantly increase page sizes--bad for mobile downloads--in a way that is not useful for the mobile use case. You can review/watch phab:T124168 for further discussion.

## TemplateData

A navigational box that can be placed at the bottom of articles.

Template parameters

Parameter| Description| Type| Status

|
|
|

State| `state`|

The initial visibility of the navbox

Suggested values
`collapsed` `expanded` `autocollapse`
| String| suggested

## Template transclusions

Transclusion maintenance

Check completeness of transclusions

The above documentation is transcluded from Template:Navbox documentation. (edit | history)

Hawaiian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]German pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Dutch pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Belarusian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Catalan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{{{1}}}Mongolian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Javanese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]N Not doneLatin pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]

| rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" |

| style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" | | style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" | | style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" | | style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" |

Vietnamese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]

Life timeline

This box: view * talk * edit

-4500 --

-4000 --

-3500 --

-3000 --

-2500 --

-2000 --

-1500 --

-1000 --

-500 --

0 --

white;">water

Single-celled
life

green;">photosynthesis

Eukaryotes

Multicellular
life

white;">Arthropods white;">Molluscs</span>]]

white;">Plants

Dinosaurs

Mammals

Flowers

Birds

Primates

Earth (−4540)

Earliest water

Earliest life

Earliest oxygen

Atmospheric oxygen

Oxygen crisis

Sexual reproduction

Earliest plants

Ediacara biota

Cambrian explosion

Tetrapoda

Earliest apes

black;">Pongola

black;">Huronian

black;">Cryogenian

black;">Andean

black;">Karoo

black;">Quaternary

black;">Ice Ages

Clickable

(million years ago)

(See also: Human timeline, and Nature timeline.)

Piedmontese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Slovak pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]text-align: auto;Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{"./Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{". (age Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{".–Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{".)Occitan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | VariesHejazi pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Spanish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Portuguese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Irish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Mayan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Nahuatl pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Kyrgyz pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Ukrainian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Burmese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Hindi pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Y Done To doRussian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Greek pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]YDanish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Northern Sami pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Mandarin pronunciation: [{{{ipa}}}]Cantonese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Entry from B. R. Ambedkar from TCI Europe, retrieved on {{{Date}}}

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This is a navigational template created using {{navbox}}. It can be transcluded on pages by placing `{{B. R. Ambedkar}}` below the standard article appendices.

## Initial visibility

This template's initial visibility currently defaults to `autocollapse`, meaning that if there is another collapsible item on the page (a navbox, sidebar, or table with the collapsible attribute), it is hidden apart from its title bar; if not, it is fully visible.

To change this template's initial visibility, the `|state=` parameter may be used:

* `{{B. R. Ambedkar|state=collapsed}}` will show the template collapsed, i.e. hidden apart from its title bar.
* `{{B. R. Ambedkar|state=expanded}}` will show the template expanded, i.e. fully visible.

Templates using the classes `class=navbox` ({{navbox}}) or `class=nomobile` ({{sidebar}}) are not displayed in article space on the mobile web site of English Wikipedia. Mobile page views accounted for 60% to 70% of all page views from 2020 through 2025. Briefly, these templates are not included in articles because 1) they are not well designed for mobile, and 2) they significantly increase page sizes--bad for mobile downloads--in a way that is not useful for the mobile use case. You can review/watch phab:T124168 for further discussion.

## TemplateData

A navigational box that can be placed at the bottom of articles.

Template parameters

Parameter| Description| Type| Status

|
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State| `state`|

The initial visibility of the navbox

Suggested values
`collapsed` `expanded` `autocollapse`
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The above documentation is transcluded from Template:Navbox documentation. (edit | history)

Chambers, Robert; Thomson, Thomas Napier (1857). "[[s:A biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen/|]]". A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen. Glasgow: Blackie and Son. {{{1}}}Polish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Malagasy pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Japanese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Armenian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Czech pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]∶Manx pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/full/{{{1}}}/0 Alemannic German pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tagalog pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]French pronunciation: ​[{{{1}}}]Error: Invalid time. In progressPalomares, M. L. D. and Pauly, D., eds. (2011). "{{{1}}} {{{2}}}" in SeaLifeBase. April 2011 version.Turkish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Finnish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2006). "{{{1}}} {{{2}}}" in FishBase. April 2006 version.

|- | ... | — | — | — | — | — | —

|-Old Norse pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Salish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Basque pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{{{1}}}data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | UnreleasedNorwegian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{"., {{{year}}} (aged {{{4}}})Hungarian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Quechua pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Arabic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Punjabi pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Afrikaans pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Romanian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Hebrew pronunciation: [{{{1}}}][INVALID OR MISSING PARAMETER IN TEMPLATE B. R. Ambedkar]Uto-Aztecan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tamil pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Hindustani pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Swedish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Kazakh pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]

* v
* t
* e

Microsoft security products

Numbers in brackets are the years of the initial release of the product.

For Windows|

* Windows Firewall [2001]
* Baseline Security Analyzer [2004]
* Malicious Software Removal Tool [2005]
* Windows Defender [2006]
* Microsoft SmartScreen [2006]
* Microsoft Security Essentials [2009]
* Microsoft Safety Scanner [2011]

For Windows Server|

* Exchange Online Protection [2007]
* System Center Data Protection Manager [2007]
* Identity Manager [2010]

Discontinued|

* MSAV [1993]
* Threat Management Gateway [1997]
* OneCare Safety Scanner [2006]
* Unified Access Gateway [2007]
* Windows Live OneCare [2006]
* RootkitRevealer [2006]
* Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit [2009]

Related topics|

* Data Execution Prevention
* Kernel Patch Protection
* Mandatory Integrity Control
* MS Antivirus (malware)
* User Account Control

Lao pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tibetan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Khmer pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na" | —`{{{1}}}`Welsh pronunciation: [{{{1}}}] Partially doneAthabaskan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Māori pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]IPA: [{{{1}}}]Bulgarian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Korean pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Icelandic pronunciation: ​[{{{1}}}]Sanskrit pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Bengali pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Indonesian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]CROSBI {{{1}}} Scheduled Castes Federation
Other political
affiliations| |

This page may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Please consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings.

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Slovene pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Thai pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Neukirch, Jürgen; Schmidt, Alexander; Wingberg, Kay (2000), Cohomology of Number Fields, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, 323, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-66671-4 Template:ScribuntoPersian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{| class="wikitable" width="100%"

! rowspan="3" colspan="2" width="14%" style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | Date/Time (UTC) ! Configuration ! Serial number ! Launch site ! Outcome |-

|style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Payload |style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Separation orbit |style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Operator |style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Function |- | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#e4dfdf;border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | Remarks |-

Parameter 1=time required!

Documentation[view] [edit] [history] [purge]

| This template does not display in the mobile view of Wikipedia; it is desktop only. See Template:Navbox visibility for a brief explanation.

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This is a navigational template created using {{navbox}}. It can be transcluded on pages by placing `{{B. R. Ambedkar}}` below the standard article appendices.

## Initial visibility

This template's initial visibility currently defaults to `autocollapse`, meaning that if there is another collapsible item on the page (a navbox, sidebar, or table with the collapsible attribute), it is hidden apart from its title bar; if not, it is fully visible.

To change this template's initial visibility, the `|state=` parameter may be used:

* `{{B. R. Ambedkar|state=collapsed}}` will show the template collapsed, i.e. hidden apart from its title bar.
* `{{B. R. Ambedkar|state=expanded}}` will show the template expanded, i.e. fully visible.

Templates using the classes `class=navbox` ({{navbox}}) or `class=nomobile` ({{sidebar}}) are not displayed in article space on the mobile web site of English Wikipedia. Mobile page views accounted for 60% to 70% of all page views from 2020 through 2025. Briefly, these templates are not included in articles because 1) they are not well designed for mobile, and 2) they significantly increase page sizes--bad for mobile downloads--in a way that is not useful for the mobile use case. You can review/watch phab:T124168 for further discussion.

## TemplateData

A navigational box that can be placed at the bottom of articles.

Template parameters

Parameter| Description| Type| Status

|
|
|

State| `state`|

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Spouse(s)|

* Ramabai Ambedkar
(m. 1906; died 1935)

* Savita Ambedkar (m. 1948)

Children| Yashwant Ambedkar
Relatives| See Ambedkar family
Residence|  • Rajgruha, Mumbai , Maharashtra
• 26 Alipur road, Dr. Ambedkar National Memorial, New Delhi
Alma mater|

* University of Mumbai (B.A., M.A.)
* Columbia University (M.A., PhD)
* London School of Economics (M.Sc., D.Sc.)
* Gray's Inn (Barrister-at-Law)

Profession|

* Jurist
* economist
* academic
* politician
* social reformer
* anthropologist
* writer

Known for| Dalit rights movement
Heading committee drafting Constitution of India
Dalit Buddhist movement
Awards| Bharat Ratna
(posthumously in 1990)
Signature|
Nickname(s)| Babasaheb

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956) was an Indian jurist, economist, social reformer and political leader who headed the committee drafting the Constitution of India from the Constituent Assembly debates, served as Law and Justice minister in the first cabinet of Jawaharlal Nehru, and inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement after renouncing Hinduism.

Ambedkar graduated from Elphinstone College, University of Bombay, and studied economics at Columbia University and the London School of Economics, receiving doctorates in 1927 and 1923 respectively and was among a handful of Indian students to have done so at either institution in the 1920s.[13] He also trained in the law at Gray's Inn, London. In his early career, he was an economist, professor, and lawyer. His later life was marked by his political activities; he became involved in campaigning and negotiations for India's independence, publishing journals, advocating political rights and social freedom for Dalits, and contributing significantly to the establishment of the state of India. In 1956, he converted to Buddhism, initiating mass conversions of Dalits.[14]

In 1990, the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, was posthumously conferred on Ambedkar. The salutation Jai Bhim (lit. "Hail Bhim") used by followers honours him. He is also referred to by the honorific Babasaheb (BAH-bə SAH-hayb).

## Early life

Ambedkar was born on 14 April 1891 in the town and military cantonment of Mhow (now officially known as Dr Ambedkar Nagar) (now in Madhya Pradesh).[15] He was the 14th and last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal, an army officer who held the rank of Subedar, and Bhimabai Sakpal, daughter of Laxman Murbadkar.[16] His family was of Marathi background from the town of Ambadawe (Mandangad taluka) in Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra. Ambedkar was born into a Mahar (dalit) caste, who were treated as untouchables and subjected to socio-economic discrimination.[17] Ambedkar's ancestors had long worked for the army of the British East India Company, and his father served in the British Indian Army at the Mhow cantonment.[18] Although they attended school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were segregated and given little attention or help by teachers. They were not allowed to sit inside the class. When they needed to drink water, someone from a higher caste had to pour that water from a height as they were not allowed to touch either the water or the vessel that contained it. This task was usually performed for the young Ambedkar by the school peon, and if the peon was not available then he had to go without water; he described the situation later in his writings as "No peon, No Water".[19] He was required to sit on a gunny sack which he had to take home with him.[20]

Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 and the family moved to Satara two years later. Shortly after their move, Ambedkar's mother died. The children were cared for by their paternal aunt and lived in difficult circumstances. Three sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – and two daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – of the Ambedkars survived them. Of his brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar passed his examinations and went to high school. His original surname was Sakpal but his father registered his name as Ambadawekar in school, meaning he comes from his native village 'Ambadawe' in Ratnagiri district.[21][22][23][24] His Marathi Brahmin teacher, Krishnaji Keshav Ambedkar, changed his surname from 'Ambadawekar' to his own surname 'Ambedkar' in school records.[25][26][27][28][29]

## Education

### Post-secondary education

In 1897, Ambedkar's family moved to Mumbai where Ambedkar became the only untouchable enrolled at Elphinstone High School. In 1906, when he was about 15 years old, he married a nine-year-old girl, Ramabai. The match per the customs prevailing at that time was arranged by the couple's parents.[30]

### Studies at the University of Bombay

Ambedkar as a student

In 1907, he passed his matriculation examination and in the following year he entered Elphinstone College, which was affiliated to the University of Bombay, becoming, according to him, the first from his Mahar caste to do so. When he passed his English fourth standard examinations, the people of his community wanted to celebrate because they considered that he had reached "great heights" which he says was "hardly an occasion compared to the state of education in other communities". A public ceremony was evoked, to celebrate his success, by the community, and it was at this occasion that he was presented with a biography of the Buddha by Dada Keluskar, the author and a family friend.[31]

By 1912, he obtained his degree in economics and political science from Bombay University, and prepared to take up employment with the Baroda state government. His wife had just moved his young family and started work when he had to quickly return to Mumbai to see his ailing father, who died on 2 February 1913.[32]

### Studies at Columbia University

In 1913, at the age of 22, Ambedkar was awarded a Baroda State Scholarship of £11.50 (Sterling) per month for three years under a scheme established by Sayajirao Gaekwad III (Gaekwad of Baroda) that was designed to provide opportunities for postgraduate education at Columbia University in New York City . Soon after arriving there he settled in rooms at Livingston Hall with Naval Bhathena, a Parsi who was to be a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in economics, and other subjects of Sociology, History, Philosophy and Anthropology. He presented a thesis, Ancient Indian Commerce. Ambedkar was influenced by John Dewey and his work on democracy.[33]

In 1916, he completed his second master's thesis, National Dividend of India – A Historic and Analytical Study, for a second M.A.[34] On 9 May, he presented the paper Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development before a seminar conducted by the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser. Ambedkar received his Ph.D. degree in economics at Columbia in 1927.[13]

### Studies at the London School of Economics

Ambedkar (In center line, first from right) with his professors and friends from the London School of Economics (1916–17)

In October 1916, he enrolled for the Bar course at Gray's Inn, and at the same time enrolled at the London School of Economics where he started working on a doctoral thesis. In June 1917, he returned to India because his scholarship from Baroda ended. His book collection was dispatched on a different ship from the one he was on, and that ship was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine.[32] He got permission to return to London to submit his thesis within four years. He returned at the first opportunity, and completed a master's degree in 1921. His thesis was on "The problem of the rupee: Its origin and its solution".[35] In 1923, he completed a D.Sc. in Economics which was awarded from University of London, and the same year he was called to the Bar by Gray's Inn.[13]

## Opposition to untouchability

Ambedkar as a barrister in 1922

As Ambedkar was educated by the Princely State of Baroda, he was bound to serve it. He was appointed Military Secretary to the Gaikwad but had to quit in a short time. He described the incident in his autobiography, Waiting for a Visa.[36] Thereafter, he tried to find ways to make a living for his growing family. He worked as a private tutor, as an accountant, and established an investment consulting business, but it failed when his clients learned that he was an untouchable.[37] In 1918, he became Professor of Political Economy in the Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics in Mumbai. Although he was successful with the students, other professors objected to his sharing a drinking-water jug with them.[38]

Ambedkar had been invited to testify before the Southborough Committee, which was preparing the Government of India Act 1919. At this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorates and reservations for untouchables and other religious communities.[39] In 1920, he began the publication of the weekly Mooknayak (Leader of the Silent) in Mumbai with the help of Shahu of Kolhapur, that is, Shahu IV (1874–1922).[40]

Ambedkar went on to work as a legal professional. In 1926, he successfully defended three non-Brahmin leaders who had accused the Brahmin community of ruining India and were then subsequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer notes, "The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for the clients and the doctor".

While practising law in the Bombay High Court, he tried to promote education to untouchables and uplift them. His first organised attempt was his establishment of the central institution Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, intended to promote education and socio-economic improvement, as well as the welfare of "outcastes", at the time referred to as depressed classes.[41] For the defence of Dalit rights, he started many periodicals like Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, and Equality Janta.[42]

He was appointed to the Bombay Presidency Committee to work with the all-European Simon Commission in 1925.[43] This commission had sparked great protests across India, and while its report was ignored by most Indians, Ambedkar himself wrote a separate set of recommendations for the future Constitution of India.[44]

By 1927, Ambedkar had decided to launch active movements against untouchability. He began with public movements and marches to open up public drinking water resources. He also began a struggle for the right to enter Hindu temples. He led a satyagraha in Mahad to fight for the right of the untouchable community to draw water from the main water tank of the town.[45] In a conference in late 1927, Ambedkar publicly condemned the classic Hindu text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically justifying caste discrimination and "untouchability", and he ceremonially burned copies of the ancient text. On 25 December 1927, he led thousands of followers to burn copies of Manusmriti.[46][47] Thus annually 25 December is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Burning Day) by Ambedkarites and Dalits.[48][49]

In 1930, Ambedkar launched the Kalaram Temple movement after three months of preparation. About 15,000 volunteers assembled at Kalaram Temple satygraha making one of the greatest processions of Nashik. The procession was headed by a military band and a batch of scouts; women and men walked with discipline, order and determination to see the god for the first time. When they reached the gates, the gates were closed by Brahmin authorities.[50]

## Poona Pact

M.R. Jayakar, Tej Bahadur Sapru and Ambedkar at Yerwada jail, in Poona, on 24 September 1932, the day the Poona Pact was signed

In 1932, the British colonial government announced the formation of a separate electorate for "Depressed Classes" in the Communal Award. Mahatma Gandhi fiercely opposed a separate electorate for untouchables, saying he feared that such an arrangement would divide the Hindu community.[51][52][53] Gandhi protested by fasting while imprisoned in the Yerwada Central Jail of Poona. Following the fast, congressional politicians and activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo organised joint meetings with Ambedkar and his supporters at Yerwada.[54] On 25 September 1932, the agreement, known as the Poona Pact was signed between Ambedkar (on behalf of the depressed classes among Hindus) and Madan Mohan Malaviya (on behalf of the other Hindus). The agreement gave reserved seats for the depressed classes in the Provisional legislatures within the general electorate. Due to the pact the depressed class received 148 seats in the legislature instead of the 71, as allocated in the Communal Award proposed earlier by the colonial government under Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald. The text used the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under the India Act 1935, and the later Indian Constitution of 1950.[55] In the Poona Pact, a unified electorate was in principle formed, but primary and secondary elections allowed Untouchables in practice to choose their own candidates.[56]

## Political career

Ambedkar with his family members at Rajgraha in February 1934. From left – Yashwant (son), Ambedkar, Ramabai (wife), Laxmibai (wife of his elder brother, Balaram), Mukund (nephew) and Ambedkar's favourite dog, Tobby

In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of the Government Law College, Bombay, a position he held for two years. He also served as the chairman of Governing body of Ramjas College, University of Delhi, after the death of its Founder Shri Rai Kedarnath.[57] Settling in Bombay (today called Mumbai), Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a house, and stocked his personal library with more than 50,000 books.[58] His wife Ramabai died after a long illness the same year. It had been her long-standing wish to go on a pilgrimage to Pandharpur, but Ambedkar had refused to let her go, telling her that he would create a new Pandharpur for her instead of Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them as untouchables. At the Yeola Conversion Conference on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar announced his intention to convert to a different religion and exhorted his followers to leave Hinduism.[58] He would repeat his message at many public meetings across India.

In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party, which contested the 1937 Bombay election to the Central Legislative Assembly for the 13 reserved and 4 general seats, and secured 11 and 3 seats respectively.[59]

Ambedkar published his book Annihilation of Caste on 15 May 1936.[60] It strongly criticised Hindu orthodox religious leaders and the caste system in general,[61] and included "a rebuke of Gandhi" on the subject.[62] Later, in a 1955 BBC interview, he accused Gandhi of writing in opposition of the caste system in English language papers while writing in support of it in Gujarati language papers.[63]

During this time, Ambedkar also fought against the khoti system prevalent in Konkan, where khots, or government revenue collectors, regularly exploited farmers and tenants. In 1937, Ambedkar tabled a bill in the Bombay Legislative Assembly aimed at abolishing the khoti system by creating a direct relationship between government and farmers.[64]

Ambedkar served on the Defence Advisory Committee[5] and the Viceroy's Executive Council as minister for labour.[5] Before the Day of Deliverance events, Ambedkar stated that he was interested in participating: "I read Mr. Jinnah's statement and I felt ashamed to have allowed him to steal a march over me and rob me of the language and the sentiment which I, more than Mr. Jinnah, was entitled to use." He went on to suggest that the communities he worked with were twenty times more oppressed by Congress policies than were Indian Muslims; he clarified that he was criticizing Congress, and not all Hindus.[65] Jinnah and Ambedkar jointly addressed the heavily attended Day of Deliverance event in Bhindi Bazaar, Mumbai , where both expressed "fiery" criticisms of the Congress party, and according to one observer, suggested that Islam and Hinduism were irreconcilable.[65][66]

After the Lahore resolution (1940) of the Muslim League demanding Pakistan, Ambedkar wrote a 400-page tract titled Thoughts on Pakistan, which analysed the concept of "Pakistan" in all its aspects. Ambedkar argued that the Hindus should concede Pakistan to the Muslims. He proposed that the provincial boundaries of Punjab and Bengal should be redrawn to separate the Muslim and non-Muslim majority parts. He thought the Muslims could have no objection to redrawing provincial boundaries. If they did, they did not quite "understand the nature of their own demand". Scholar Venkat Dhulipala states that Thoughts on Pakistan "rocked Indian politics for a decade". It determined the course of dialogue between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress, paving the way for the Partition of India.[67][68]

In his work Who Were the Shudras?, Ambedkar tried to explain the formation of untouchables. He saw Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest caste in the ritual hierarchy of the caste system, as separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of his political party into the Scheduled Castes Federation, although it performed poorly in the 1946 elections for Constituent Assembly of India. Later he was elected into the constituent assembly of Bengal where Muslim League was in power.[2]

Ambedkar contested in the Bombay North first Indian General Election of 1952, but lost to his former assistant and Congress Party candidate Narayan Kajrolkar. Ambedkar became a member of Rajya Sabha, probably an appointed member. He tried to enter Lok Sabha again in the by-election of 1954 from Bhandara, but he placed third (the Congress Party won). By the time of the second general election in 1957, Ambedkar had died.

Ambedkar also criticised Islamic practice in South Asia. While justifying the Partition of India, he condemned child marriage and the mistreatment of women in Muslim society.

> No words can adequately express the great and many evils of polygamy and concubinage, and especially as a source of misery to a Muslim woman. Take the caste system. Everybody infers that Islam must be free from slavery and caste. [...] [While slavery existed], much of its support was derived from Islam and Islamic countries. While the prescriptions by the Prophet regarding the just and humane treatment of slaves contained in the Koran are praiseworthy, there is nothing whatever in Islam that lends support to the abolition of this curse. But if slavery has gone, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.[69]

## The drafting of India's Constitution

Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Rajendra Prasad, president of the Constituent Assembly, on 25 November 1949.

Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, the new prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru invited Ambedkar to serve as the Dominion of India's Law Minister; two weeks later, he was appointed Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution for the future Republic of India.

Indian constitution guarantees and protections for a wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including freedom of religion, the abolition of untouchability, and the outlawing of all forms of discrimination. Ambedkar argued for extensive economic and social rights for women, and won the Assembly's support for introducing a system of reservations of jobs in the civil services, schools and colleges for members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and Other Backward Class, a system akin to affirmative action. India's lawmakers hoped to eradicate the socio-economic inequalities and lack of opportunities for India's depressed classes through these measures.[70] The Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly.[71]

## Economics

Ambedkar was the first Indian to pursue a doctorate in economics abroad.[72] He argued that industrialisation and agricultural growth could enhance the Indian economy.[73] He stressed investment in agriculture as the primary industry of India.[citation needed] According to Sharad Pawar, Ambedkar's vision helped the government to achieve its food security goal.[74] Ambedkar advocated national economic and social development, stressing education, public hygiene, community health, residential facilities as the basic amenities.[73] His DSc thesis, The problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Solution (1923) examines the causes for the Rupee's fall in value. In this dissertation, he argued in favour of a gold standard in modified form, and was opposed to the gold-exchange standard favoured by Keynes in his treatise Indian Currency and Finance (1909), claiming it was less stable. He favoured the stoppage of all further coinage of the rupee and the minting of a gold coin, which he believed would fix currency rates and prices.[75]

He also analysed revenue in his PhD dissertation The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India. In this work, he analysed the various systems used by the British colonial government to manage finances in India.[75][76] His views on finance were that governments should ensure their expenditures have "faithfulness, wisdom and economy." "Faithfulness" meaning governments should use money as nearly as possible to the original intentions of spending the money in the first place. "Wisdom" meaning it should be used as well as possible for the public good, and "economy" meaning the funds should be used so that the maximum value can be extracted from them.[77]

In 1951, Ambedkar established the Finance Commission of India. He opposed income tax for low-income groups. He contributed in Land Revenue Tax and excise duty policies to stabilise the economy.[citation needed] He played an important role in land reform and the state economic development.[citation needed] According to him, the caste system, due to its division of labourers and hierarchical nature, impedes movement of labour (higher castes would not do lower-caste occupations) and movement of capital (assuming investors would invest first in their own caste occupation). His theory of State Socialism had three points: state ownership of agricultural land, the maintenance of resources for production by the state, and a just distribution of these resources to the population. He emphasised a free economy with a stable Rupee which India has adopted recently.[citation needed] He advocated birth control to develop the Indian economy, and this has been adopted by Indian government as national policy for family planning. He emphasised equal rights for women for economic development.[citation needed]

Ambedkar's views on agricultural land was that too much of it was idle, or that it was not being utilized properly. He believed there was an "ideal proportion" of production factors that would allow agricultural land to be used most productively. To this end, he saw the large portion of people who lived on agriculture at the time as a major problem. Therefore, he advocated industrialization of the economy to allow these agricultural labourers to be of more use elsewhere.[citation needed]

Ambedkar was trained as an economist, and was a professional economist until 1921, when he became a political leader. He wrote three scholarly books on economics:

* Administration and Finance of the East India Company
* The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India
* The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution[78][79]

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), was based on the ideas that Ambedkar presented to the Hilton Young Commission.[78][79][80][81]

## Second marriage

Ambedkar with wife Savita in 1948

Ambedkar's first wife Ramabai died in 1935 after a long illness. After completing the draft of India's constitution in the late 1940s, he suffered from lack of sleep, had neuropathic pain in his legs, and was taking insulin and homoeopathic medicines. He went to Bombay for treatment, and there met Sharada Kabir, whom he married on 15 April 1948, at his home in New Delhi. Doctors recommended a companion who was a good cook and had medical knowledge to care for him.[82] She adopted the name Savita Ambedkar and cared for him the rest of his life.[83] Savita Ambedkar, who was called also 'Mai', died on May 29, 2003, aged 93 in Mumbai.[84]

## Conversion to Buddhism

Ambedkar delivering a speech during a mass conversion ceremony.

Ambedkar considered converting to Sikhism, which encouraged opposition to oppression and so appealed to leaders of scheduled castes. But after meeting with Sikh leaders, he concluded that he might get "second-rate" Sikh status.[85]

Instead, around 1950, he began devoting his attention to Buddhism and travelled to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to attend a meeting of the World Fellowship of Buddhists.[86] While dedicating a new Buddhist vihara near Pune, Ambedkar announced he was writing a book on Buddhism, and that when it was finished, he would formally convert to Buddhism.[87] He twice visited Burma in 1954; the second time to attend the third conference of the World Fellowship of Buddhists in Rangoon.[88] In 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Society of India.[89] In 1956, he completed his final work, The Buddha and His Dhamma, which was published posthumously.[89]

After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhist monk Hammalawa Saddhatissa,[90] Ambedkar organised a formal public ceremony for himself and his supporters in Nagpur on 14 October 1956. Accepting the Three Refuges and Five Precepts from a Buddhist monk in the traditional manner, Ambedkar completed his own conversion, along with his wife. He then proceeded to convert some 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him.[87][91] He prescribed the 22 Vows for these converts, after the Three Jewels and Five Precepts. He then travelled to Kathmandu, Nepal to attend the Fourth World Buddhist Conference.[88] His work on The Buddha or Karl Marx and "Revolution and counter-revolution in ancient India" remained incomplete.

## Death

Mahaparinirvana of B. R. Ambedkar

Since 1948, Ambedkar had diabetes. He remained in bed from June to October in 1954 due to medication side-effects and poor eyesight.[87] His health worsened during 1955. Three days after completing his final manuscript The Buddha and His Dhamma, Ambedkar died in his sleep on 6 December 1956 at his home in Delhi.[citation needed]

A Buddhist cremation was organised at Dadar Chowpatty beach on 7 December,[92] attended by half a million grieving people.[93] A conversion program was organised on 16 December 1956,[94] so that cremation attendees were also converted to Buddhism at the same place.[94]

Ambedkar was survived by his second wife Savita Ambedkar (known as Maisaheb Ambedkar), who died in 2003,[95] and his son Yashwant Ambedkar (known as Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar), who died in 1977.[96] Savita and Yashwant carried on the socio-religious movement started by B. R. Ambedkar. Yashwant served as the 2nd President of the Buddhist Society of India (1957–1977) and a member of the Maharashtra Legislative Council (1960–1966).[97][98] Ambedkar's elder grandson, Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar, is the chief-adviser of the Buddhist Society of India,[99] leads the Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi[100][101] and has served in both houses of the Indian Parliament.[101] Ambedkar's younger grandson, Anandraj Ambedkar leads the Republican Sena (tran: The "Republican Army").[102]

A number of unfinished typescripts and handwritten drafts were found among Ambedkar's notes and papers and gradually made available. Among these were Waiting for a Visa, which probably dates from 1935 to 1936 and is an autobiographical work, and the Untouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto, which refers to the census of 1951.[87]

A memorial for Ambedkar was established in his Delhi house at 26 Alipur Road. His birthdate is celebrated as a public holiday known as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti. He was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 1990.[103]

On the anniversary of his birth and death, and on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din (14 October) at Nagpur, at least half a million people gather to pay homage to him at his memorial in Mumbai.[104] Thousands of bookshops are set up, and books are sold. His message to his followers was "educate, agitate, organise!"[105]

## Legacy

People paying tribute at the central statue of Ambedkar in Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University in Aurangabad. 1990 1 Rupee commemorative coin of India dedicated to B.R. Ambedkar

Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political reformer had a deep effect on modern India.[106][107] In post-Independence India, his socio-political thought is respected across the political spectrum. His initiatives have influenced various spheres of life and transformed the way India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative action through socio-economic and legal incentives. His reputation as a scholar led to his appointment as free India's first law minister, and chairman of the committee for drafting the constitution. He passionately believed in individual freedom and criticised caste society. His accusations of Hinduism as being the foundation of the caste system made him controversial and unpopular among Hindus.[108] His conversion to Buddhism sparked a revival in interest in Buddhist philosophy in India and abroad.[109]

Many public institutions are named in his honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur, otherwise known as Sonegaon Airport. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Ambedkar University Delhi is also named in his honour.[110]

The Maharashtra government has acquired a house in London where Ambedkar lived during his days as a student in the 1920s. The house is expected to be converted into a museum-cum-memorial to Ambedkar.[111]

Ambedkar was voted "the Greatest Indian" in 2012 by a poll organised by History TV18 and CNN IBN, ahead of Patel and Nehru. Nearly 20 million votes were cast.[112] Due to his role in economics, Narendra Jadhav, a notable Indian economist,[113] has said that Ambedkar was "the highest educated Indian economist of all times."[114] Amartya Sen, said that Ambedkar is "father of my economics", and "he was highly controversial figure in his home country, though it was not the reality. His contribution in the field of economics is marvelous and will be remembered forever."[115][116]

The statue of B. R. Ambedkar in the Parliament of India (left)
The portrait of B. R. Ambedkar in the Central Hall of the Parliament House (right)

On 2 April 1967, an 3.66 metre (12 foot) tall bronze statue of Ambedkar was installed in the Parliament of India. The statue, sculpted by B.V. Wagh, was unveiled by the then President of India, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan.[117][118][119] On 12 April 1990, a portrait of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is put in the Central Hall of Parliament House.[120][121][122] The portrait of Ambedkar, painted by Zeba Amrohawi, was unveiled by the then Prime Minister of India, V. P. Singh.[120] Another portrait of Ambedkar is put in the Parliamentary Museum and archives of the Parliament House.[123][124]

Indian Post issued stamps dedicated to his birthday in 1966, 1973, 1991, 2001, and 2013, and featured him on other stamps in 2009, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2020.[125][126]

Ambedkar's legacy was not without criticism. Ambedkar has been criticised for his one-sided views on the issue of caste at the expense of cooperation with the larger nationalist movement.[127] Ambedkar has been also criticised by some of his biographers over his neglect of organization-building.[128]

Ambedkar's political philosophy has given rise to a large number of political parties, publications and workers' unions that remain active across India, especially in Maharashtra. His promotion of Buddhism has rejuvenated interest in Buddhist philosophy among sections of population in India. Mass conversion ceremonies have been organised by human rights activists in modern times, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of 1956.[129] Some Indian Buddhists regard him as a Bodhisattva, although he never claimed it himself.[130] Outside India, during the late 1990s, some Hungarian Romani people drew parallels between their own situation and that of the downtrodden people in India. Inspired by Ambedkar, they started to convert to Buddhism.[131]

## Views

### Religion

Ambedkar said in 1935 that he was born a Hindu but would not die a Hindu. He viewed Hinduism as an "oppressive religion" and started to consider conversion to any other religion.[132] In Annihilation of Caste, Ambedkar claims that the only lasting way a true casteless society could be achieved is through destroying the belief of the sanctity of the Shastras and denying their authority.[133] Ambedkar was critical of Hindu religious texts and epics and wrote a work titled Riddles in Hinduism in 1954 to 1955. The work was published posthumously by combining individual chapter manuscripts and resulted in mass demonstrations and counter demonstrations.[134][135][136]

Ambedkar viewed Christianity to be incapable of fighting injustices. He wrote that "It is an incontrovertible fact that Christianity was not enough to end the slavery of the Negroes in the United States. A civil war was necessary to give the Negro the freedom which was denied to him by the Christians."[137]

Ambedkar criticized distinctions within Islam and described the religion as "a close corporation and the distinction that it makes between Muslims and non-Muslims is a very real, very positive and very alienating distinction".[138]

He opposed conversions of depressed classes to convert to Islam or Christianity added that if they converted to Islam then "the danger of Muslim domination also becomes real" and if they converted to Christianity then it "will help to strengthen the hold of Britain on the country".[139]

Initially, Ambedkar planned to convert to Sikhism but he rejected this idea after he discovered that British government would not guarantee the privileges accorded to the untouchables in reserved parliamentary seats.[140]

On 16 October 1956, he converted to Buddhism just weeks before his death.[141]

### Aryan Invasion Theory

Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as Aryan and adamantly rejected the Aryan invasion theory, describing it as "so absurd that it ought to have been dead long ago" in his 1946 book Who Were the Shudras?.[142] Ambedkar viewed Shudras as originally being "part of the Kshatriya Varna in the Indo-Aryan society", but became socially degraded after they inflicted many tyrannies on Brahmins.[143]

According to Arvind Sharma, Ambedkar noticed certain flaws in the Aryan invasion theory that were later acknowledged by western scholarship. For example, scholars now acknowledge anās in Rig Veda 5.29.10 refers to speech rather than the shape of the nose.[144] Ambedkar anticipated this modern view by stating:

> The term Anasa occurs in Rig Veda V.29.10. What does the word mean? There are two interpretations. One is by Prof. Max Muller. The other is by Sayanacharya. According to Prof. Max Muller, it means 'one without nose' or 'one with a flat nose' and has as such been relied upon as a piece of evidence in support of the view that the Aryans were a separate race from the Dasyus. Sayanacharya says that it means 'mouthless,' i.e., devoid of good speech. This difference of meaning is due to difference in the correct reading of the word Anasa. Sayanacharya reads it as an-asa while Prof. Max Muller reads it as a-nasa. As read by Prof. Max Muller, it means 'without nose.' Question is : which of the two readings is the correct one? There is no reason to hold that Sayana's reading is wrong. On the other hand there is everything to suggest that it is right. In the first place, it does not make non-sense of the word. Secondly, as there is no other place where the Dasyus are described as noseless, there is no reason why the word should be read in such a manner as to give it an altogether new sense. It is only fair to read it as a synonym of Mridhravak. There is therefore no evidence in support of the conclusion that the Dasyus belonged to a different race.[144]

Ambedkar disputed various hypotheses of the Aryan homeland being outside India, and concluded the Aryan homeland was India itself. According to Ambedkar, the Rig Veda says Aryans, Dāsa and Dasyus were competing religious groups, not different peoples.[145]

### Communism

Ambedkar's views on Communism were expressed in his essay "Buddhism and Communism." He accepted the Marxist theory that the privileged few's exploitation of the masses perpetuated poverty and its issues. However, he did not see this exploitation as purely economic, theorizing that the cultural aspects of exploitation are as bad or worse than economic exploitation. In addition, he did not see economic relationships as the only important aspect of human life. He also saw Communists as willing to resort to any means to achieve proletarian revolution, including violence, while he himself saw democratic and peaceful measures as the best option for change. Ambedkar also opposed the Marxist idea of controlling all the means of production and private ownership of property: seeing the latter measure as not able to fix the problems of society. In addition, rather than advocating for the eventual annihilation of the state as Marxism does, Ambedkar believed in a classless society, but also believed the state would exist as long as society and that it should be active in development.[75]

## In popular culture

Several films, plays, and other works have been based on the life and thoughts of Ambedkar.

* Indian director Jabbar Patel made a documentary titled Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar in 1991; he followed this with a full-length feature film Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar in 2000 with Mammootty in the lead role.[146] This biopic was sponsored by the National Film Development Corporation of India and the government's Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. The film was released after a long and controversial gestation.[147]
* Other Indian films on Ambedkar include: Balaka Ambedkar (1991) by Basavaraj Kestur, Dr. Ambedkar (1992) by Bharath Parepalli, and Yugpurush Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (1993).
* David Blundell, professor of anthropology at UCLA and historical ethnographer, has established Arising Light – a series of films and events that are intended to stimulate interest and knowledge about the social conditions in India and the life of Ambedkar.[148] In Samvidhaan,[149] a TV mini-series on the making of the Constitution of India directed by Shyam Benegal, the pivotal role of B. R. Ambedkar was played by Sachin Khedekar. The play Ambedkar Aur Gandhi, directed by Arvind Gaur and written by Rajesh Kumar, tracks the two prominent personalities of its title.[150]
* Bhimayana: Experiences of Untouchability is a graphic biography of Ambedkar created by Pardhan-Gond artists Durgabai Vyam and Subhash Vyam, and writers Srividya Natarajan and S. Anand. The book depicts the experiences of untouchability faced by Ambedkar from childhood to adulthood. CNN named it one of the top 5 political comic books.[151]
* The Ambedkar Memorial at Lucknow is dedicated in his memory. The chaitya consists of monuments showing his biography.[152][153]
* Jai Bhim slogan was given by the Dalit community in Delhi in his honour in 1946.[154]
* Google commemorated Ambedkar's 124th birthday through a homepage doodle on 14 April 2015.[155][156] The doodle was featured in India, Argentina, Chile, Ireland, Peru, Poland, Sweden and the United Kingdom.[157][158][159]
* An Indian television show named Ek Mahanayak: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar portraying his life aired on &TV in 2019.[160]
* Another show, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar - Mahamanvachi Gauravgatha, has aired in Marathi on Star Pravah from 2019.[161]

## Works

The Education Department, Government of Maharashtra (Mumbai) published the collection of Ambedkar's writings and speeches in different volumes.[162]

* Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development and 11 Other Essays
* Ambedkar in the Bombay Legislature, with the Simon Commission and at the Round Table Conferences, 1927–1939
* Philosophy of Hinduism; India and the Pre-requisites of Communism; Revolution and Counter-revolution; Buddha or Karl Marx
* Riddles in Hinduism ISBN 978-81-89059-77-4
* Essays on Untouchables and Untouchability
* The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India
* The Untouchables Who Were They And Why They Became Untouchables ?
* The Annihilation of Caste (1936)
* Who Were the Shudras? (1946)
* Pakistan or the Partition of India
* What Congress and Gandhi have done to the Untouchables; Mr. Gandhi and the Emancipation of the Untouchables
* Ambedkar as member of the Governor General's Executive Council, 1942–46
* The Buddha and his Dhamma
* Unpublished Writings; Ancient Indian Commerce; Notes on laws; Waiting for a Visa ; Miscellaneous notes, etc.
* Ambedkar as the principal architect of the Constitution of India
* (2 parts) Dr. Ambedkar and The Hindu Code Bill
* Ambedkar as Free India's First Law Minister and Member of Opposition in Indian Parliament (1947–1956)
* The Pali Grammar
* Ambedkar and his Egalitarian Revolution – Struggle for Human Rights. Events starting from March 1927 to 17 November 1956 in the chronological order; Ambedkar and his Egalitarian Revolution – Socio-political and religious activities. Events starting from November 1929 to 8 May 1956 in the chronological order; Ambedkar and his Egalitarian Revolution – Speeches. (Events starting from 1 January to 20 November 1956 in the chronological order.)

## See also

* Ambedkar family
* Chaitya Bhoomi
* Deekshabhoomi
* Statue of Equality

## References

1. ↑ Sabha, Rajya. "Alphabetical List of All Members of Rajya Sabha Since 1952". http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx. "Serial Number 69 in the list"
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Attention BJP: When the Muslim League rescued Ambedkar from the 'dustbin of history'". 15 April 2015. http://www.firstpost.com/india/attention-sanghis-when-the-muslim-league-rescued-ambedkar-from-the-dustbin-of-history-2196678.html.
3. ↑ "संविधान सभा". Rajyasabhahindi.nic.in. https://rajyasabhahindi.nic.in/rshindi/constituent_assembly/constituent_assembly_main.asp.
4. ↑ Keer, Dhananjay (1971). Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-8171542376. https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC&q=Scheduled+Castes+Federation.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Jaffrelot, Christophe (2005). Dr Ambedkar and Untouchability: Analysing and Fighting Caste. London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 1850654492.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Khairmode, Changdev Bhawanrao (1985) (in mr). Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Vol. 7). Mumbai: Maharashtra Rajya Sahilya Sanskruti Mandal, Matralaya. p. 245.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Jaffrelot, Christophe (2005). Dr Ambedkar and Untouchability: Analysing and Fighting Caste. London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-1850654490.
8. ↑ Khairmode, Changdev Bhawanrao (1985) (in mr). Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (Vol. 7). Mumbai: Maharashtra Rajya Sahilya Sanskruti Mandal, Matralaya. p. 273.
9. ↑ "13A. Dr. Ambedkar in the Bombay Legislature Part I". http://www.ambedkar.org/ambcd/13A. Dr. Ambedkar in the Bombay Legislature PART I.htm.
10. ↑ http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1920s.html >
11. ↑ Sengupta, Debjani (26 August 2019). "An Informal Guide to the Ambedkar National Memorial in Delhi". The Wire. https://thewire.in/culture/ambedkar-national-memorial-delhi-informal-guide.
12. ↑ "The official Website of Dr. Ambedkar International Center- DAIC". http://daic.gov.in/.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Krishnamurty, J. (2020), "Ambedkar's Educational Odyssey, 1913-1927", Journal of Social Inclusion Studies (SAGE) 5 (2): 1-11, doi:10.1177/2394481119900074, " (p. 2) Ambedkar obtained his London DSc degree in 1923 for his thesis 'Problem of the Rupee' (University of London, 1926). However, he was not the first Indian to achieve this feat. Records of the London University clearly show that John Matthai and Pramathanath Bandyopadhyay (more popularly known as Pramathanath Banerjea) obtained their DSc degrees from the university in 1916. ... (p. 3) Turning to US doctorates, while Ambedkar was one of the early Indians to work for a PhD in the USA, he was awarded his degree by Columbia University only in 1927. The first Indian PhD in Economics in the USA was probably Rajani Kanta Das, a labour economist, who worked with Professor John Commons and was awarded the PhD degree by the University of Wisconsin in 1917."
14. ↑ Buswell, Robert Jr, ed (2013). Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0691157863.
15. ↑ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2005). Ambedkar and Untouchability: Fighting the Indian Caste System. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-231-13602-1. https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Dr_Ambedkar_and_Untouchability/KIIJkaJo4z4C?gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover.
16. ↑ Pritchett, Frances. "In the 1890s" (PHP). http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1890s.html.
17. ↑ "Mahar". Encyclopædia Britannica. britannica.com. https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/357931/Mahar. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
18. ↑ Ahuja, M. L. (2007). "Babasaheb Ambedkar". Eminent Indians: administrators and political thinkers. New Delhi: Rupa. pp. 1922–1923. ISBN 978-8129111074. https://books.google.com/books?id=eRLLxV9_EWgC&pg=PA1922. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
19. ↑ Ambedkar, B. R.. "Waiting for a Visa". Columbia.edu. http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/txt_ambedkar_waiting.html.
20. ↑ Kurian, Sangeeth (2007-02-23). "Human rights education in schools". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/yw/2007/02/23/stories/2007022304300600.htm.
21. ↑ "आंबडवे नाव योग्यच – खासदार अमर साबळे". 14 April 2016. http://www.loksatta.com/pune-news/about-name-of-ambadve-village-1227278/.
22. ↑ "डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर यांचे मूळ गाव आंबवडे येथे आंतरराष्ट्रीय दर्जाचे शैक्षणिक संकुल". 18 April 2014. http://www.loksatta.com/kgtocollege-news/international-standard-educational-complex-at-original-village-of-dr-babasaheb-ambedkar-446635/lite/.
23. ↑ "आंबेडकर गुरुजींचं कुटुंब जपतंय सामाजिक वसा, कुटुंबानं सांभाळल्या 'त्या' आठवणी". https://m.divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-MUM-ambedkars-teacher-family-saving-memories-of-ambedkar-5489831-NOR.html.
24. ↑ "Bhim, Eklavya". outlookindia.com. http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?263871.
25. ↑ "आपने देखा आंबेडकर का जर्जर होता स्कूल?". BBC Hindi. 7 November 2017. https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-41891413.
26. ↑ Adshul, Ashok (26 December 2016). "आंबेडकर गुरुजींचं कुटुंब जपतंय सामाजिक वसा, कुटुंबानं सांभाळल्या 'त्या' आठवणी". Divya Marathi. https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/MAH-MUM-ambedkars-teacher-family-saving-memories-of-ambedkar-5489831-NOR.html.
27. ↑ Prasad, Kamta (4 July 2020). "डॉ. भीम राव आम्बेडकर को उनके गुरु कृष्ण केशव आम्बेडकर ने दिया था अपना सरनेम". Live Hindustan. https://m.livehindustan.com/entertainment/story-jagannath-nivangune-dr-bhim-rao-ambedkar-teacher-krishna-keshav-ambedkar-gave-him-surname-3326331.html.
28. ↑ S. N. Mishra (2010). Socio-economic and Political Vision of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. Concept Publishing Company. p. 96. ISBN 978-8180696749. https://books.google.com/books?id=N2XLE22ZizYC&pg=PA96.
29. ↑ "ऐसे हुआ डॉ आंबेडकर का नाम परिवर्तन... तकनीक से सशक्तीकरण का सपना होगा साकार". NDTV. 14 April 2017. https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/india/dr-ambedkars-dream-of-social-and-economic-empowerment-through-technique-will-come-true-1681215.
30. ↑ Keer, Dhananjay (1971). Dr. Ambedkar: life and mission. (Third ed.). Mumbai India: Popular Prakashan.. p. 20. ISBN 81-7154-237-9. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dr_Ambedkar/B-2d6jzRmBQC?gbpv=1&pg=PP17&printsec=frontcover.
31. ↑ Pritchett, Frances. "In the 1890s" (PHP). http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1890s.html.
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Pritchett, Frances. "In the 1910s" (PHP). http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/timeline/1910s.html.
33. ↑ "Ambedkar teacher". 31 March 2016. http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/VGJT8kkl9dGnqWpkgft9QM/Ambedkars-teacher.html.
34. ↑ "Bhimrao Ambedkar". http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/bhimrao_ambedkar.html.
35. ↑ "Rescuing Ambedkar from pure Dalitism: He would've been India's best Prime Minister". 15 April 2015. http://www.firstpost.com/politics/rescuing-ambedkar-from-pure-dalitism-he-wouldve-been-indias-best-prime-minister-2195498.html.
36. ↑ Ambedkar, Dr. B.R.. "Waiting for a Visa". Columbia University. http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00ambedkar/txt_ambedkar_waiting.html.
37. ↑ Keer, Dhananjay (1971). Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan. pp. 37–38. ISBN 8171542379. OCLC 123913369.
38. ↑ Harris, Ian, ed (2001). Buddhism and politics in twentieth-century Asia. Continuum International Group. ISBN 978-0826451781. https://books.google.com/books?id=0rwiLKm3LGUC&q=ambedkar+discriminated+at+Sydenham+College+of+Comme&pg=PA84.
39. ↑ Tejani, Shabnum (2008). "From Untouchable to Hindu Gandhi, Ambedkar and Depressed class question 1932". Indian secularism: a social and intellectual history, 1890–1950. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press. pp. 205–210. ISBN 978-0253220448. https://books.google.com/books?id=6xtrPKa59j4C&q="ambedkar"+"+Southborough+Committee"&pg=PA205. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
40. ↑ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2005). Dr Ambedkar and Untouchability: Analysing and Fighting Caste. London: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 4. ISBN 1850654492.
41. ↑ "Dr. Ambedkar". National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights. http://www.ncdhr.org.in/ncdhr/general-info-misc-pages/dr-ambedkar.
42. ↑ Benjamin, Joseph (June 2009). "B. R. Ambedkar: An Indefatigable Defender of Human Rights". Focus (Japan: Asia-Pacific Human Rights Information Center (HURIGHTS OSAKA)) 56.
43. ↑ Thorat, Sukhadeo; Kumar, Narender (2008). B. R. Ambedkar:perspectives on social exclusion and inclusive policies. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
44. ↑ Ambedkar, B. R. (1979). Writings and Speeches. 1. Education Dept., Govt. of Maharashtra.
45. ↑ "Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar". Maharashtra Navanirman Sena. http://www.manase.org/en/maharashtra.php?mid=68&smid=23&pmid=1&id=857.
46. ↑ Kumar, Aishwary. "The Lies Of Manu". http://www.outlookindia.com/article/The-Lies-Of-Manu/281937.
47. ↑ "Annihilating caste". http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2815/stories/20110729281509500.htm.
48. ↑ Menon, Nivedita (25 December 2014). "Meanwhile, for Dalits and Ambedkarites in India, December 25th is Manusmriti Dahan Din, the day on which B R Ambedkar publicly and ceremoniously in 1927". http://kafila.org/2014/12/25/peace-on-earth-and-social-justice-christmas-greetings/.
49. ↑ "11. Manusmriti Dahan Day celebrated as Indian Women's Liberation Day". http://iaws.org/wp-content/themes/pdf/newsletters/NLB035-2003.pdf.
50. ↑ Keer, Dhananjay (1990). Dr. Ambedkar: life and mission (3rd ed.). Bombay: Popular Prakashan Private Limited. pp. 136–140. ISBN 8171542379. https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC&q="kalaram+temple"+"ambedkar"&pg=PA136.
51. ↑ "Poona Pact – 1932". Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469892/Poona-Pact.
52. ↑ "Ambekar vs Gandhi: A Part That Parted". Outlook. 20 August 2012. http://www.outlookindia.com/article/a-part-that-parted/281929.
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63. ↑ "A for Ambedkar: As Gujarat's freedom march nears tryst, an assertive Dalit culture spreads". http://scroll.in/article/813771/a-for-ambedkar-as-gujarats-freedom-march-nears-tryst-an-assertive-dalit-culture-spreads.
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71. ↑ "Constitution of India". Ministry of Law and Justice of India. http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/introd.htm.
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102. ↑ "Ambedkar grandson targets Buddhist caves". The New Indian Express (Mumbai: Express Publications). 8 January 2012. https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2012/jan/08/ambedkar-grandson-targets-buddhist-caves-328171.html.
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105. ↑ Ganguly, Debanji (2005). "Buddha, bhakti and 'superstition': a post-secular reading of dalit conversion". Caste, Colonialism and Counter-Modernity:: notes on a postcolonial hermeneutics of caste. Oxon: Routledge. pp. 172–173. ISBN 0-415-34294-5. https://archive.org/details/castecolonialism00gang.
106. ↑ Joshi, Barbara R. (1986). Untouchable!: Voices of the Dalit Liberation Movement. Zed Books. pp. 11–14. ISBN 9780862324605. https://books.google.com/books?id=y9CUItMT1zQC&pg=PA13.
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125. ↑ "Dr Ambedkar: Stamps". https://colnect.com/en/search/list/collectibles/stamps/q/dr+ambedkar.
126. ↑ "Category:B. R. Ambedkar on stamps" (in en). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:B._R._Ambedkar_on_stamps.
127. ↑ Menski, W. F. (February 1989). "The role of the judiciary in plural societies". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (Cambridge University) 52 (1): 172–174. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00023600. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/neelan-tiruchelvam-and-radhika-coomaraswamy-ed-the-role-of-the-judiciary-in-plural-societies-xxi-193-pp-london-frances-pinter1987-2250/A6988B0550B88139E39AE44A8FC51818.
128. ↑ Omvedt, Gail (1994). Dalits and the Democratic Revolution: Dr Ambedkar and the Dalit Movement in Colonial India. SAGE Publications. p. 185. ISBN 9788132119838.
129. ↑ "One lakh people convert to Buddhism". The Hindu. 28 May 2007. http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/28/stories/2007052806851200.htm.
130. ↑ (Michael 1999), p. 65, notes that "The concept of Ambedkar as a Bodhisattva or enlightened being who brings liberation to all backward classes is widespread among Buddhists." He also notes how Ambedkar's pictures are enshrined side-to-side in Buddhist Vihars and households in India|office=Labour Member in Viceroy's Executive Counciln Buddhist homes.
131. ↑ "Magazine / Land & People: Ambedkar in Hungary". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 22 November 2009. http://www.hindu.com/mag/2009/11/22/stories/2009112250120300.htm.
132. ↑ Anupama P. Rao (1999). Undoing Untouchability?: Violence, Democracy, and Discourses of State in Maharashtra, 1932-1991. University of Michigan. pp. 49–74. ISBN 978-0-599-39817-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=g3MfAQAAMAAJ.
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134. ↑ "The Mahishasura debate: alternative traditions". The Hindu. February 28, 2016. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mahishasura-debate-reveals-alternative-traditions/article8290538.ece.
135. ↑ Stroud, Scott R. (June 1, 2019). "Pragmatist riddles in Ambedkar's 'Riddles in Hinduism'". ForwardPress.in. https://www.forwardpress.in/2019/06/pragmatist-riddles-in-ambedkars-riddles-in-hinduism/.
136. ↑ Vaidyanathan, T. G. (1989). "Authority and Identity in India". Daedalus 118 (4): 147–169.
137. ↑ Ranganayakamma. For the Solution of the "Caste" Question, Buddha is Not Enough, Ambedkar is Not Enough Either, Marx is a Must. p. 404.
138. ↑ Anupama Roy; Michael Becker (1 June 2020). Dimensions of Constitutional Democracy: India and Germany. Springer Nature. p. 120. ISBN 9789811538995. https://books.google.com/books?id=QrzoDwAAQBAJ.
139. ↑ Dhananjay Keer (1971). Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission. Popular Prakashan. pp. 280–. ISBN 978-81-7154-237-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC&pg=PA280.
140. ↑ Geoffrey A. Oddie (1991). Religion in South Asia: Religious Conversion and Revival Movements in South Asia in Medieval and Modern Times. Manohar. p. 198. ISBN 978-81-85425-46-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=4MIoAAAAYAAJ.
141. ↑ Gauri Viswanathan (11 May 2021). Outside the Fold: Conversion, Modernity, and Belief. Princeton University Press. pp. 224–. ISBN 978-1-4008-4348-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuUXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA224.
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143. ↑ Bryant, Edwin. The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. pp. 50.
144. ↑ 144.0 144.1 Sharma, Arvind (2005), "Dr. B. R. Ambedkar on the Aryan Invasion and the Emergence of the Caste System in India", J Am Acad Relig (September 2005) 73 (3): 849.
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147. ↑ Viswanathan, S (24 May 2010). "Ambedkar film: better late than never". The Hindu. http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/Readers-Editor/article435886.ece.
148. ↑ Blundell, David (2006). "Arising Light: Making a Documentary Life History Motion Picture on Dr B. R. Ambedkar in India". Hsi Lai Journal of Humanistic Buddhism 7. http://journal.uwest.edu/index.php/hljhb/article/view/154. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
149. ↑ Ramnara (5 March 2014). "Samvidhaan: The Making of the Constitution of India (TV Mini-Series 2014)". http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3562784/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1.
150. ↑ Anima, P. (17 July 2009). "A spirited adventure". The Hindu (Chennai, India). http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/07/17/stories/2009071750610300.htm.
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152. ↑ "Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Samajik Parivartan Sthal". Department of Tourism, Government of UP, Uttar Pradesh. http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/lucknow/other_attraction.htm. "New Attractions"
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154. ↑ Tripathi, Ashish; Sinha, Arunav (April 18, 2016). "Chronologically 'Jai Bhim' is older than 'Jai Hind': Experts" (in en). https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/chronologically-jai-bhim-is-older-than-jai-hind-experts/articleshow/51876821.cms.
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162. ↑ Ambedkar, B. R. (1979). Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, writings and speeches.. Bombay: Education Dept., Govt. of Maharashtra. https://openlibrary.org/books/OL4080132M/Dr._Babasaheb_Ambedkar_writings_and_speeches..

## Further reading

* Ahir, D. C. (1990). The Legacy of Dr. Ambedkar. Delhi: B. R. Publishing. ISBN 81-7018-603-X.
* Ajnat, Surendra (1986). Ambedkar on Islam. Jalandhar: Buddhist Publ..
* Beltz, Johannes, ed. Reconstructing the World: B.R. Ambedkar and Buddhism in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
* Bholay, Bhaskar Laxman (2001). Dr Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar: Anubhav Ani Athavani. Nagpur: Sahitya Akademi. [ISBN missing]
* Fernando, W. J. Basil (2000). Demoralisation and Hope: Creating the Social Foundation for Sustaining Democracy – A comparative study of N. F. S. Grundtvig (1783–1872) Denmark and B. R. Ambedkar (1881–1956) India. Hong Kong: AHRC Publication. ISBN 962-8314-08-4.
* Chakrabarty, Bidyut. "B.R. Ambedkar" Indian Historical Review (Dec 2016) 43#2 pp 289–315. doi:10.1177/0376983616663417.
* Gautam, C. (2000). Life of Babasaheb Ambedkar (Second ed.). London: Ambedkar Memorial Trust.
* Jaffrelot, Christophe (2004). Ambedkar and Untouchability. Analysing and Fighting Caste. New York: Columbia University Press.
* Kasare, M. L.. Economic Philosophy of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. New Delhi: B. I. Publications.
* Kuber, W. N.. Dr. Ambedkar: A Critical Study. New Delhi: People's Publishing House.
* Kumar, Aishwary. Radical Equality: Ambedkar, Gandhi, and the Risk of Democracy (2015).[ISBN missing]
* Kumar, Ravinder. "Gandhi, Ambedkar and the Poona pact, 1932." South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 8.1–2 (1985): 87–101.
* Michael, S.M. (1999). Untouchable, Dalits in Modern India. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55587-697-5. https://archive.org/details/foreignpolicyact0000gins_t2j6.
* Nugent, Helen M. (1979) "The communal award: The process of decision-making." South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 2#1–2 (1979): 112–129.
* Omvedt, Gail (2004). Ambedkar: Towards an Enlightened India. ISBN 0-670-04991-3.
* Sangharakshita, Urgyen (1986). Ambedkar and Buddhism. ISBN 0-904766-28-4. PDF

Primary sources

* Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji. Annihilation of caste: The annotated critical edition (Verso Books, 2014).[ISBN missing]

## External links

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* Media from Wikimedia Commons
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Texts from Wikisource
* Data from Wikidata

* Ambedkar: The man behind India's constitution, BBC News
* Dr. B. R. Ambedkar: Timeline Index and more work by him at the Columbia University
* Exhibition: "Educate. Agitate. Organise." Ambedkar and LSE, exhibition at the London School of Economics and Political Science, which includes Ambedkar's "student file."
* Writings and Speeches of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in various languages at the Dr. Ambedkar Foundation, Government of India
* Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar's related articles
* Works by B. R. Ambedkar at Project Gutenberg
* 'Babasaheb' Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: Maker and conscience-keeper of modern India at the Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India

Unrecognised parameter

Preceded by
N/A |  Member of Parliament
for Rajya Sabha Bombay State (now Maharashtra)
1952–1956  | Succeeded by
N/A
Political offices
Preceded by
Position established |  Minister of Law and Justice
1947–1951  | Succeeded by
Charu Chandra Biswas
Preceded by
N/A |  Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee
1947–1950  | Succeeded by
N/A

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