Barbara Spellman

Barbara Anne ("Bobbie") Spellman

Born| September 30, 1956

Queens, New York

Citizenship| United States
Spouse(s)| Frederick Schauer[1] (2010-2024)
Academic background
Alma mater| Roslyn High School (Long Island, NY), Wesleyan University (B.A.), New York University School of Law (J.D.), UCLA (Ph.D.)
Academic work
Institutions| University of Virginia (1997-present), University of Texas (1993-97)
Website| https://www.law.virginia.edu/spellman

Barbara Anne ("Bobbie") Spellman is a professor of law and professor of psychology at the University of Virginia.[2] Trained first as a lawyer, then as a cognitive psychologist, her work spans the two fields. As an academic psychologist, Spellman's research was in memory and higher order cognition (analogical, inductive, and causal reasoning). She also was involved early in the Open Science movement, mostly in her role as editor in chief of the journal Perspectives on Psychological Science from 2010 to 2015.[3] As a legal academic, her work includes co-authoring "The Psychological Foundations of Evidence Law" with Michael J. Saks. She currently advocates for psychological science, and for science generally, as a fellow and member of the steering group of the Psychology Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.[4] She has over 7,500 citations.[5]

## Contents

* 1 Early life and education
* 2 Legal career
* 3 Academic career
* 3.1 Psychology
* 3.2 Open Science
* 3.3 Law
* 4 References

## Early life and education

Spellman was born on September 30, 1956, in New York City. Her family later moved to Roslyn, New York, where she graduated from Roslyn High School in 1974. In 1979, she received her B.A. degree from Wesleyan University (see List of Wesleyan University people). In 1982, she received her J.D. degree from New York University School of Law. In 1993 she received her Ph.D. from UCLA in cognitive psychology. While at UCLA she was a member of the Bjork Learning and Forgetting Lab and Cogfog.[6] She is a member of the American Contract Bridge League and won several local and regional events during the 1980s.[7][8]

## Legal career

After graduation from NYU School of Law, Spellman practiced tax law with the firm of Chadbourne & Parke (since merged with Norton Rose Fulbright). She then became a writer and editor in the tax area with Matthew Bender Company (now part of LexisNexis). As a law student, she worked summers at the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York.

## Academic career

### Psychology

Spellman's work on analogy, mostly with her advisor Keith Holyoak,[9] is best known for the article: “If Saddam IS Hitler then Who is George Bush?” (JPSP, 1991).[10] It uses real life current events (the first Persian Gulf War) to examine the importance of knowledge and flexibility in analogical mapping. She is also known for an early paper that advanced the idea of “Analogical Priming” (M&C, 2001).[11] Unlike most people who work on causal reasoning, Spellman wrote about both single-event causal reasoning and multiple-event contingency-causal reasoning (what she loosely refers to as: reasoning in law vs reasoning in science). “Crediting Causality” (1997, JEP:G), based on her dissertation, formed the groundwork for later papers with implications for views of legal causation.[12][13] Her work on multi-event causation illustrated limitations on reasoning about the independent effects of two causes on one outcome (as might be seen in Simpson's paradox[14]).

Spellman's work on memory includes a Psychological Review paper on the role of inhibition in human retrieval memory.[15] She also worked on metamemory[16] — specifically, the mechanisms behind the benefits of testing and judging one's own memory (with Robert A. Bjork). With Elizabeth R. Tenney[17] (and others), she published several papers on evaluating people's credibility based on their previous memory performance.[18][19]

She also contributed to a National Academies Report on lessons for intelligence analysis from the behavioral and social sciences (2011).[20]

### Open Science

Spellman was an early advocate for Open Science. During her tenure as editor of the journal Perspectives on Psychological Science (2010–15),[21] the journal published over 100 articles related to the movement to reform science.[22] Her final editorial, “A Short (Personal) Future History of Revolution 2.0”[23] has been cited frequently as an introduction to the reform movement. She was involved in creating the TOP (Transparency and Openness Promotion) Guidelines, published in Science,[24] which describes how journals can introduce practices to improve science, and she has often spoken publicly[25] about those solutions.

### Law

In the late 2000s, Spellman realized that law — both academic and as practiced — had become more sympathetic toward research from Psychological Science. She has described this appreciation as coming from two directions: (1) the mounting DNA exonerations showing that factors psychologists had worried about for years (e.g., bad eyewitness testimony; false confessions) had indeed contributed to wrongful convictions; and (2) the influence of economics on law, and the following influence of psychology on economics.[26]

Spellman's law research includes applying psychology to legal issues — including questions about the reasoning of judges and juries, about the psychology embedded in the rules of evidence, and about how psychological is implicated in wrongful convictions.[27] Currently, working with the Organization of Scientific Area Committees (OSAC)[28] for Forensic Science, she is working on ways that psychology can help improve forensic science.[29]

## References

1. ↑ "Frederick Schauer". 22 July 2016. https://www.law.virginia.edu/faculty/profile/fs7t/1206076.
2. ↑ "Biography Page". 22 July 2016. https://www.law.virginia.edu/faculty/profile/bas6g/1211027.
3. ↑ "Perspectives on Psychological Science". https://www.psychologicalscience.org/publications/perspectives.
4. ↑ "American Association for the Advancement of Science Section J". https://www.aaas.org/governance/section-j.
5. ↑ "Google Scholar". https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=gfq8g4kAAAAJ.
6. ↑ "People | Bjork Learning and Forgetting Lab". https://bjorklab.psych.ucla.edu/people/.
7. ↑ Truscott, Alan (2 August 1983). "Bridge: New York Area Players Win Most Titles in L.I. Regionals". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/02/nyregion/bridge-new-york-area-players-win-most-titles-in-li-regionals.html.
8. ↑ Truscott, Alan (24 December 1985). "Bridge: Team Scores a Slim Victory In Greater New York Final". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/24/nyregion/bridge-team-scores-a-slim-victory-in-greater-new-york-final.html.
9. ↑ "PsychTrees". https://academictree.org/psych/tree.php?pid=6346https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Holyoak.
10. ↑ "If Saddam IS Hitler then Who is George Bush?". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232451867.
11. ↑ Spellman, B. A.; Holyoak, K. J.; Morrison, R. G. (2001). "Analogical Priming". Memory & Cognition 29 (3): 383–393. doi:10.3758/BF03196389. PMID 11407415. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/BF03196389.pdf. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
12. ↑ Spellman, Barbara A. (1996). "Acting as Intuitive Scientists: Contingency Judgments Are Made While Controlling for Alternative Potential Causes". Psychological Science 7 (6): 337–342. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00385.x. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00385.x. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
13. ↑ "The Relation Between Counterfactual ('But For') and Causal Reasoning: Experimental Findings and Implications for Jurors' Decisions". https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1232&context=lcp.
14. ↑ Spellman, Barbara A.; Price, Christy M.; Logan, Jessica M. (2001). "How two causes are different from one: The use of (un)conditional information in Simpson's paradox". Memory & Cognition 29 (2): 193–208. doi:10.3758/BF03194913. PMID 11352202. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/BF03194913.pdf. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
15. ↑ "On the Status of Inhibitory Mechanisms in Cognition: Memory Retrieval as a Model Case". http://www.memorycontrol.net/as1995.pdf.
16. ↑ Spellman, Barbara A.; Bjork, Robert A. (1992). "When Predictions Create Reality: Judgments of Learning May Alter What They Are Intended to Assess". Psychological Science 3 (5): 315–317. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00680.x. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00680.x. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
17. ↑ "Elizabeth Tenney bio". https://eccles.utah.edu/team/elizabeth-tenney/.
18. ↑ "Calibration Trumps Confidence as a Basis for Witness Credibility". https://escholarship.org/content/qt92c2910g/qt92c2910g.pdf.
19. ↑ "The benefits of knowing what you know (and what you don't): How calibration affects credibility". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222434472.
20. ↑ "The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (press release)". https://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=13040.
21. ↑ Spellman, Barbara A. (January 2010). "Perspectives on Perspectives from the New Editor". Aps Observer 23. https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/perspectives-on-perspectives-from-the-new-editor. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
22. ↑ Simons, Daniel J. (2018). "Introducing Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science". Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science 1: 3–6. doi:10.1177/2515245918757424.
23. ↑ Spellman, Barbara A. (2015). "A Short (Personal) Future History of Revolution 2.0". Perspectives on Psychological Science 10 (6): 886–899. doi:10.1177/1745691615609918. PMID 26581743.
24. ↑ Nosek, B. A. et al. (2015). "Promoting an open research culture". Science 348 (6242): 1422–1425. doi:10.1126/science.aab2374. PMID 26113702. Bibcode: 2015Sci...348.1422N.
25. ↑ "Plenary: Challenges for Journals – Encouraging Sound Science (Barbara A. Spellman)". 23 March 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2AXLzqoierc.
26. ↑ "Emerging Paradigms of Rationality". https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/239337/Spellman & Schnall (2009).pdf?sequence=1.
27. ↑ "How Psychological Assumptions Permeate Law". https://www.law.virginia.edu/system/files/faculty/vajournal/spellman.pdf.
28. ↑ "The Organization of Scientific Area Committees for Forensic Science: Human Factors Task Group". 9 July 2014. https://www.nist.gov/osac/human-factors-task-group.
29. ↑ "Opinion: How do we improve forensics?". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/08/26/how-do-we-improve-forensics/.

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