David Baltimore

| module = Known for

* Reverse transcriptase
* Baltimore classification

Awards

* NAS Award in Molecular Biology (1974)
* Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1975)
* Sir Hans Krebs Medal (1997)
* National Medal of Science (1999)

Lasker Award (2021)Scientific careerFieldsCell biology, microbiologyInstitutions

* Massachusetts Institute of Technology
* Rockefeller University
* California Institute of Technology

ThesisThe diversion of macromolecular synthesis in L-cells towards ends dictated by mengovirus (1964)Doctoral advisorRichard FranklinDoctoral studentsSara Cherry
Howard Y. Chang | education =

* Swarthmore College (BA)
Rockefeller University (PhD)

External video Nobel Prize Interview with Dr. David Baltimore, 26 April 2001, Nobel Prize.org

David Baltimore: Danger from the Wild: HIV, Can We Conquer It?, iBiology

David Baltimore (March 7, 1938 – September 6, 2025) was an American biologist, university administrator, and 1975 Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine. He was a professor of biology at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), where he served as president from 1997 to 2006.[1] He founded the Whitehead Institute and directed it from 1982 to 1990. In 2008, he served as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

At age 37, Baltimore won the Nobel Prize with Renato Dulbecco and Howard M. Temin "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell", specifically the discovery of the enzyme reverse transcriptase.[2] He contributed to immunology, virology, cancer research, biotechnology, and recombinant DNA research. He also trained many doctoral students and postdoctoral fellows, several of whom have gone on to notable and distinguished research careers. In addition to the Nobel Prize, he received a number of other awards, including the U.S. National Medal of Science in 1999 and the Lasker Award in 2021.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Early life and education
* 2 Career and research
* 2.1 Independent investigator
* 2.2 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
* 2.2.1 Reverse transcriptase
* 2.2.2 Asilomar conference on recombinant DNA
* 2.3 MIT Cancer Center
* 2.4 Nobel Prize
* 2.5 Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research
* 2.6 Rockefeller University
* 2.7 California Institute of Technology
* 2.8 Caltech Laboratory (1997–2019)
* 2.8.1 Translational Science Initiatives
* 2.8.2 MicroRNA Research
* 2.8.2.1 Splicing Control Research
* 2.9 Public policy
* 2.10 Biotechnology
* 2.11 Awards and legacy
* 3 Controversies
* 3.1 Imanishi-Kari case
* 3.2 Luk van Parijs case
* 3.3 COVID-19 and lab-leak theory
* 4 Personal life and death
* 5 Awards and honors
* 5.1 Honorary degrees
* 6 Books
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## Early life and education

Baltimore in the 1970s

Baltimore was born on March 7, 1938, in Manhattan, New York, to Gertrude (Lipschitz) and Richard Baltimore.[4] Raised in the Queens neighborhoods of Forest Hills and Rego Park, he moved with his family to suburban Great Neck, New York, while he was in second grade because his mother felt that the city schools were inadequate. His father had been raised as an Orthodox Jew and his mother was an atheist, and Baltimore observed Jewish holidays and would attend synagogue with his father through his Bar Mitzvah.[5] He graduated from Great Neck North High School in 1956, and credits his interest in biology to a high-school summer spent at the Jackson Laboratory's Summer Student Program in Bar Harbor, Maine.[6][7] It was at this program that he met Howard Temin, with whom he would later share the Nobel Prize.[8]

Baltimore earned his bachelor's degree in chemistry with high honors at Swarthmore College in 1960.[9][10] He was introduced to molecular biology by George Streisinger, under whose mentorship he worked for a summer at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory as part of the inaugural cohort of the Undergraduate Research Program in 1959.[9][5][8] There he also met two new MIT faculty, future Nobel Laureate Salvador Luria and Cyrus Levinthal, who were scouting for candidates for a new program of graduate education in molecular biology.[5][8]

Luria and Levinthal invited Baltimore to apply to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).[5][8] Baltimore's future promise was evident in his work as a graduate student when he entered MIT's graduate program in biology in 1960. His early interest in phage genetics quickly yielded to a passion for animal viruses.[5] He took the Cold Spring Harbor course on animal virology in 1961 and chose to move to Richard Franklin's lab at Rockefeller University to complete his PhD research on animal virology.[5] There he made fundamental discoveries on virus replication and its effect on cell metabolism, including the first description of an RNA replicase, finishing his PhD in only two years.[11][12]

## Career and research

After his PhD, Baltimore returned to MIT for postdoctoral research with James E. Darnell in 1963.[13] He continued his work on virus replication using poliovirus and pursued training in enzymology with Jerard Hurwitz at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in 1964.[13]

### Independent investigator

In February 1965, Baltimore was recruited by Renato Dulbecco to the newly established Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla as an independent research associate.[14] There he investigated poliovirus RNA replication and began a long and storied career of mentoring other scientists' early careers including Marc Girard, and Michael Jacobson.[13][15] They discovered the mechanism of proteolytic cleavage of viral polyprotein precursors,[16] pointing to the importance of proteolytic processing in the synthesis of eukaryotic proteins.[17][18] He also met his future wife, Alice Huang, who began working with Baltimore at Salk in 1967.[18][19] He and Alice together carried out key experiments on defective interfering particles and viral pseudo types. During this work, he made a key discovery that polio produced its viral proteins as a single large polyprotein that was subsequently processed into individual functional peptides.[17][18]

### Massachusetts Institute of Technology

#### Reverse transcriptase

In 1968, he was recruited once more by soon-to-be Nobel laureate Salvador Luria to the department of biology at MIT as an associate professor of microbiology.[20] Alice S. Huang also moved to MIT to continue her research on vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). They became a couple, and married in October 1968.[19] At MIT, Huang, Baltimore, and graduate student Martha Stampfer discovered that VSV replication involved an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase within the virus particle, and used a novel strategy to replicate its RNA genome. VSV entered a host cell as a single negative strand of RNA, but brought with it RNA polymerase to stimulate the processes of transcription and replication of more RNA.[18][19][21]

Baltimore extended this work and examined two RNA tumor viruses, Rauscher murine leukemia virus and Rous sarcoma virus.[18][22] He went on to discover reverse transcriptase (RTase or RT) – the enzyme that polymerizes DNA from an RNA template. In doing so, he discovered a distinct class of viruses, later called retroviruses, that use an RNA template to catalyze synthesis of viral DNA.[23] This overturned the simplified version of the central dogma of molecular biology that stated that genetic information flows unidirectionally from DNA to RNA to proteins.[22][24][25] Reverse transcriptase is essential for the reproduction of retroviruses, allowing such viruses to turn viral RNA strands into viral DNA strands. The viruses that fall into this category include HIV.[19][23]

The discovery of reverse transcriptase, made contemporaneously with Howard Temin, who had proposed the provirus hypothesis, showed that genetic information could traffic bidirectionally between DNA and RNA. They published these findings in back-to-back papers in the journal Nature.[26][27] This discovery made it easier to isolate and reproduce individual genes, and was heralded as evidence that molecular and virological approaches to understanding cancer would yield new cancer treatments.[28] This may have influenced President Richard Nixon's war on cancer, which was launched in 1971 and substantially increased research funding for the disease. In 1972, at the age of 34, Baltimore was awarded tenure as a professor of biology at MIT, a post that he held until 1997.[citation needed]

#### Asilomar conference on recombinant DNA

Baltimore also helped Paul Berg and Maxine Singer to organize the Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA, held in February 1975. The conference discussed possible dangers of new biotechnology, drew up voluntary safety guidelines, and issued a call for an ongoing moratorium on certain types of experiments and review of possible experiments, which has been institutionalized by recombinant DNA advisory committees established at essentially all US academic institutions conducting molecular biology research.[5] Baltimore was well aware of the importance of the changes occurring in the laboratory: "The whole Asilomar process opened up to the world that modern biology had new powers that you had never conceived of before."[11]: 111

### MIT Cancer Center

In 1973, he was awarded an American Cancer Society Professor of Microbiology that provided substantial salary support. Also in 1973, he became one of the early faculty members in the newly organized MIT Center for Cancer Research (CCR), capping a creative and industrious period of his career with nearly fifty research publications including the paradigm-shifting paper on reverse transcriptase.[29] The MIT CCR was led by Salvador E. Luria and quickly achieved pre-eminence with a group of faculty including Baltimore, Phillips Robbins, Herman Eisen, Philip Sharp, and Robert Weinberg.[20] Baltimore was honored as a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1974.[9] He returned to New York City in 1975, for a year-long sabbatical at Rockefeller University working again with Jim Darnell.[14]

### Nobel Prize

In 1975, at the age of 37, he shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Howard Temin and Renato Dulbecco.[14] The citation reads, "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumor viruses and the genetic material of the cell."[30][31] At the time, Baltimore's greatest contribution to virology was his discovery of reverse transcriptase (Rtase or RT) which is essential for the reproduction of retroviruses such as HIV and was discovered independently, and at about the same time, by Satoshi Mizutani and Temin.[17]

After winning the Nobel Prize, Baltimore reorganized his laboratory, refocusing on immunology and virology, with immunoglobulin gene expression as a major area of interest. He tackled new problems such as the pathogenesis of Abelson murine leukemia virus (AMuLV), lymphocyte differentiation and related topic in immunology. In 1980, his group isolated the oncogene in AMuLV and showed it was a member of a new class of protein kinases that used the amino acid tyrosine as a phosphoacceptor.[32] This type of enzymatic activity was also discovered by Tony Hunter, who has done extensive work in the area. He also continued to pursue fundamental questions in RNA viruses and in 1981, Baltimore and Vincent Racaniello, a post-doctoral fellow in his laboratory, used recombinant DNA technology to generate a plasmid encoding the genome of poliovirus, an animal RNA virus.[16] The plasmid DNA was introduced into cultured mammalian cells and infectious poliovirus was produced. The infectious clone, DNA encoding the genome of a virus, is a standard tool used today in virology.[citation needed]

### Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research

In 1982, with a charitable donation by businessman and philanthropist Edwin C. "Jack" Whitehead, Baltimore was asked to help establish a self-governed research institute dedicated to basic biomedical research.[33] Baltimore persuaded Whitehead that MIT would be the ideal home for the new institute, convinced that it would be superior at hiring the best researchers in biology at the time, thus ensuring quality.[8] Persuading MIT faculty to support the idea was far more difficult. MIT as an institution had never housed another before, and concerns were raised that the wealth of the institute might skew the biology department in directions faculty did not wish to take, and that Baltimore himself would gain undue influence over hiring within the department.[8][13][34] The controversy was made worse by an article published by the Boston Globe framing the institute as corporate takeover of MIT.[8][13] After a year of intensive discussions and planning, faculty finally voted in favor of the institute.[8] Whitehead, Baltimore, and the rest of the planning team devised a unique structure of an independent research institute composed of "members" with a close relationship with the department of biology of MIT. This structure continues to this day to attract an elite interactive group of faculty to the Department of Biology at MIT and has served as a model for other distinguished institutes such as the Broad Institute.[citation needed]

The Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (WIBR) was launched with $35 million to construct and equip a new building located across the street from the MIT cancer center at 9 Cambridge Center in Cambridge Massachusetts. The institute also received $5 million per year in guaranteed income and a substantial endowment in his will (for a total gift of $135 million). Under Baltimore's leadership, a distinguished group of founding members including Gerald Fink, Rudolf Jaenisch, Harvey Lodish, and Robert Weinberg was assembled and eventually grew to 20 members in disciplines ranging from immunology, genetics, and oncology to fundamental developmental studies in mice and fruit flies.[35] Whitehead Institute's contributions to bioscience have long been consistently outstanding. Less than a decade after its founding with continued leadership by Baltimore, the Whitehead Institute was named the top research institution in the world in molecular biology and genetics, and over a recent 10-year period, papers published by Whitehead scientists, including many from Baltimore's own lab, were the most cited papers of any biological research institute. The Whitehead Institute was an important partner in the Human Genome Project.[36]

Baltimore served as director of the WIBR and expanded the faculty and research areas into key areas of research including mouse and drosophila genetics. During this time, Baltimore's own research program thrived in the new Institute. Important breakthroughs from Baltimore's lab include the discovery of the key transcription factor NF-κB by Dr. Ranjan Sen and David Baltimore in 1986.[37] This was part of a broader investigation to identify nuclear factors required for lg gene expression in B lymphocytes. However, NF-κB turned out to have much broader importance in both innate and adaptive immunity and viral regulation. NF-κB is involved in regulating cellular responses and belongs to the category of "rapid-acting" primary transcription factors. Their discovery led to an "information explosion" involving "one of the most intensely studied signaling paradigms of the last two decades."[38]

As early as 1984, Rudolf Grosschedl and David Weaver, postdoctoral fellows, in Baltimore's laboratory, were experimenting with the creation of transgenic mice as a model for the study of disease. They suggested that "control of lg gene rearrangement might be the only mechanism that determines the specificity of heavy chain gene expression within the lymphoid cell lineage."[39] in 1987, they created transgenic mice with the fused gene that developed fatal leukemia.[40][41]

David G. Schatz and Marjorie Oettinger, as students in Baltimore's research group in 1988 and 1989, identified the protein pair that rearranges immunoglobulin genes, the recombination-activating gene RAG-1 and RAG-2.[42] this was a key discovery in determining how the immune system can have specificity for a given molecule out of many possibilities,[43] and was considered by Baltimore as of 2005 to be "our most significant discovery in immunology".[9]: Addendum, May 2005

In 1990, as a student in David Baltimore's laboratory at MIT, George Q. Daley demonstrated that a fusion protein called bcr-abl is sufficient to stimulate cell growth and cause chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). This work helped to identify a class of proteins that become hyperactive in specific types of cancer cells. It helped to lay the groundwork for a new type of drug, attacking cancer at the genetic level: Brian Druker's development of the anti-cancer drug Imatinib (Gleevec), which deactivates bcr-abl proteins. Gleevec has shown impressive results in treating chronic myelogenous leukemia and also promise in treating gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST).[44][45][46]

### Rockefeller University

Baltimore served as the director of the Whitehead Institute until July 1, 1990, when he was appointed the sixth president of Rockefeller University in New York City. He moved his research group to New York in stages and continued to make creative contributions to virology and cellular regulation.[8] He also began important reforms in fiscal and faculty management and promoted the status of junior faculty at the university.[47] After resigning on December 3, 1991 (see Imanishi-Kari case), Baltimore remained on the Rockefeller University faculty and continued research until the spring of 1994. He was invited to return to MIT and rejoined the faculty as the Ivan R. Cottrell Professor of Molecular Biology and Immunology.[8]

### California Institute of Technology

From left: JPL director Charles Elachi, La Canada-Flintridge mayor Greg Brown, Baltimore and JPL deputy director Eugene Tattini (2006)

On May 13, 1997, Baltimore was appointed president of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).[48][49][50][51][52] He began serving in the office October 15, 1997 and was inaugurated March 9, 1998.[53]

During Baltimore's tenure at Caltech, United States president Bill Clinton awarded Baltimore the National Medal of Science in 1999 for his numerous contributions to the scientific world. In 2004, Rockefeller University gave Baltimore its highest honor, a Doctor of Science degree (honoris causa).[54]

In 2003, as a postdoctoral fellow in Baltimore's lab at Caltech, Matthew Porteus was the first to demonstrate precise gene editing in human cells using chimeric nucleases.[55]

In October 2005, Baltimore resigned the office of the president of Caltech, saying, "This is not a decision that I have made easily, but I am convinced that the interests of the Institute will be best served by a presidential transition at this particular time in its history ...".[56][57] Former Georgia Tech Provost Jean-Lou Chameau succeeded Baltimore as president of Caltech.[58] Baltimore was appointed president emeritus and the Robert Andrews Milikan Professor of Biology at Caltech and remained an active member of the institute's community.[59] On January 21, 2021, Caltech president Thomas F. Rosenbaum announced the removal of the name of Caltech's founding president and first Nobel laureate, Robert A. Millikan, from campus buildings, assets, and honors due to Millikan's substantial participation in the eugenics movement. Baltimore's title was changed to "Distinguished Professor of Biology".[60]

### Caltech Laboratory (1997–2019)

Baltimore's laboratory at Caltech focused on two major research areas: understanding the development and functioning of the mammalian immune system and translational studies creating viral vectors to make the immune system more effective in resisting cancer. Their basic studies went in two directions: understanding the diverse activity of the NF-κB transcription factor, and understanding the normal and pathologic functions of microRNA.[citation needed]

#### Translational Science Initiatives

A primary focus of Baltimore's lab was use of gene therapy methods to treat HIV and cancer.[61] In the early 2000s one of Baltimore's graduate students, Lili Yang, developed a lentivirus vector that allowed for the cloning of genes for two chains of TCR. Recognizing its potentially profound implications for enhancing immunity, Baltimore developed a translational research initiative within his laboratory called "Engineering Immunity." The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation awarded the program with a Grand Challenge Grant, and he used the funding to divide the initiative into four research programs and hire additional lab staff to lead each one. Two of the research programs sparked gene therapy start-up companies, Calimmune and Immune Design Corp, founded in 2006 and 2008 respectively.[62][63] A third program focused on the development of an HIV vaccine, and eventually lead to clinical trials at NIH.[13] In 2009 Baltimore became director of the Joint Center for Translational Medicine, a shared initiative between Caltech and UCLA aimed at developing bench to bedside medicine.[61]

#### MicroRNA Research

A focus of Baltimore's lab from his arrival at Caltech to the lab's closure in 2018 was understanding the role of microRNA in the immune system.[13] MicroRNAs provide fine control over gene expression by regulating the amount of protein made by particular messenger RNAs.[59] In recent research led by Jimmy Zhao, Baltimore's team has discovered a small RNA molecule called microRNA-146a (miR-146a) and bred a strain of mice that lacks miR146a. They have used the miR146a(-) mice as a model to study the effects of chronic inflammation on the activity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Their results suggest that microRNA-146a protects HSCs during chronic inflammation, and that its lack may contribute to blood cancers and bone marrow failure.[64]

##### Splicing Control Research

Another concentration within Baltimore's lab in recent years was control of inflammatory and immune responses, specifically splicing control of gene expression after inflammatory stimuli.[61] In 2013 they discovered that ordered expression of genes following an inflammatory stimulus was controlled by splicing, not transcription as previously supposed.[65] This led to further discoveries that delayed splicing was caused by introns, with the revelation that RNA-binding protein BUD13 acts at this intron to increase the amount of successful splicing (2 articles by Luke Frankiw published in 2019 and 2020).[66][67]

In an autobiographical piece published in Annual Review Immunology in 2019, Baltimore announced that half of his lab space at Caltech would be taken over by a new assistant professor in Fall 2018, and his current lab group would be the last. "I have been involved in research for 60 years, and I think it is time to leave the field to younger people."[13]

### Public policy

In the span of his career, Baltimore profoundly impacted national science policy debates, including the AIDS epidemic and recombinant DNA research.[61][68] His efforts to organize the Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA were key to creating consensus within scientific and policy spheres.[citation needed]

In recent years, Baltimore joined with other scientists to call for a worldwide moratorium on use of a new genome-editing technique to alter inheritable human DNA.[69] A key step enabling researchers to slice up any DNA sequence they choose was developed by Emmanuelle Charpentier, then at Umea University in Sweden, and Jennifer A. Doudna of the University of California, Berkeley.[70] Reminiscent of the Asilomar conference on recombinant DNA in 1975, those involved want both scientists and the public to be more aware of the ethical issues and risks involved with new techniques for genome modification.[69]

An early spokesperson for federal funding for AIDS research, Baltimore co-chaired the 1986 National Academy of Sciences committee on a National Strategy for AIDS.[61] In 1986, he and Sheldon M. Wolff were invited by the National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine to coauthor an independent report: Confronting AIDS (1986), in which they called for a $1 billion research program for HIV/AIDS.[5][71] As of 1996 he was appointed head of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) AIDS Vaccine Research Committee (AVRC).[72]

### Biotechnology

Baltimore held nearly 100 different biotechnology patents in the US and Europe, and had been preeminent in American biotechnology since the 1970s. In addition to Calimmune and Immune Design, he also helped found s2A Molecular, Inc.[61] He consulted at various companies including Collaborative Research, Bristol Myers Squibb, and most recently Virtualitics. He served on the board of directors at several companies and non-profit institutions including Regulus Therapeutics and Appia Bio. He was also a member of numerous Scientific Advisory Boards, and served with PACT Pharma, Volastra Therapeutics, Vir Biotechnology, and the Center for Infectious Diseases Research at Westlake University. He was the principal scientific advisor for the Science Philanthropy Alliance.

### Awards and legacy

Baltimore's honors included the 1970 Gustave Stern Award in Virology, 1971 Eli Lilly and Co. Award in Microbiology or Immunology, 1999 National Medal of Science, and 2000 Warren Alpert Foundation Prize.[73] He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences USA (NAS) in1974;[74] the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1974; the NAS Institute of Medicine (IOM), 1974;[75] the American Association of Immunologists, 1984;[76] the American Philosophical Society, 1997.[77] He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1987;[78][79] the French Academy of Sciences, 2000;[80] and the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR).[75] He was also a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 1978.[81] In 2008, Baltimore was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).[82]

He published over 700 peer-reviewed articles.[73][83]

Baltimore was a member of the USA Science and Engineering Festival's Advisory Board[84] and an Xconomist (an editorial advisor for the tech news and media company, Xconomy).[85] Baltimore also served on The Jackson Laboratory's board of trustees,[86] the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists' Board of Sponsors,[87] Amgen, Inc.'s board of directors,[88] and numerous other organizations and their boards.

In 2019 Caltech named a graduate fellowship program in biochemistry and molecular biophysics in honor of Baltimore. The program combined a $7.5 million gift from the Amgen Foundation with an existing one-year Amgen fellowship and $3.75 million given by Caltech's Gordon and Betty Moore Graduate Fellowship Match.[89]

## Controversies

### Imanishi-Kari case

Main article: Biography:Thereza Imanishi-Kari

During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Thereza Imanishi-Kari, a scientist who was in a separate, independent, laboratory at MIT but who had collaborated with Baltimore, was implicated in a case of scientific fraud. The case received extensive news coverage and a Congressional investigation. The case was linked to Baltimore's name because of his scientific collaboration with and later his strong defense of Imanishi-Kari against accusations of fraud.[citation needed]

In 1986, while a professor of biology at MIT and director at Whitehead, Baltimore co-authored a scientific paper on immunology with Thereza Imanishi-Kari (an assistant professor of biology who had her own laboratory at MIT) as well as four others.[90] A postdoctoral fellow in Imanishi-Kari's laboratory, Margot O'Toole, who was not an author, reported concerns about the paper, ultimately accusing Imanishi-Kari of fabricating data in a cover-up. Baltimore, however, refused to retract the paper.[citation needed]

O'Toole soon dropped her challenge, but the NIH, which had funded the contested paper's research, began investigating, at the insistence of Walter W. Stewart, a self-appointed fraud buster, and Ned Feder, his lab head at the NIH.[91] Representative John Dingell (D-MI) also aggressively pursued it, eventually calling in U.S. Secret Service (USSS; U.S. Treasury) document examiners.[92]

Around October 1989, when Baltimore was appointed president of Rockefeller University, around a third of the faculty opposed his appointment because of concerns about his behaviour in the Imanishi-Kari case. He visited every laboratory, one by one, to hear those concerns directly from each group of researchers.[91]

In a draft report dated March 14, 1991, based mainly on USSS forensics findings, NIH's fraud unit, then called the Office of Scientific Integrity (OSI), accused Imanishi-Kari of falsifying and fabricating data. It also criticized Baltimore for failing to embrace O'Toole's challenge. Less than a week later, the report was leaked to the press.[93] Baltimore and three co-authors then retracted the paper; however, Imanishi-Kari and Moema H. Reis did not sign the retraction.[94] In the report, Baltimore stated that he may have been "too willing to accept" Imanishi-Kari's explanations and felt he "did too little to seek an independent verification of her data and conclusions."[95] Baltimore publicly apologized for not taking a whistle-blower's charge more seriously.[96]

Amid concerns raised by negative publicity in connection with the scandal, Baltimore resigned as president of Rockefeller University[97] and rejoined the MIT Biology faculty.[98]

In July 1992, the US Attorney for the District of Maryland, who had been investigating the case, announced he would not bring criminal or civil charges against Imanishi-Kari.[99][100] In October 1994, however, OSI's successor, the Office of Research Integrity (ORI; HHS) found Imanishi-Kari guilty on 19 counts of research misconduct, basing its conclusions largely on Secret Service analysis of laboratory notebooks, relying on forensic analysis of the paperwork, data and ink, rather than the scientific experiments described within.[101]

An HHS appeals panel began meeting in June 1995 to review all charges in detail. In June 1996, the panel ruled that the ORI had failed to prove any of its 19 charges. After throwing out much of the documentary evidence gathered by the ORI, the panel dismissed all charges against Imanishi-Kari. As their final report stated, the HHS panel "found that much of what ORI presented was irrelevant, had limited probative value, was internally inconsistent, lacked reliability or foundation, was not credible or not corroborated, or was based on unwarranted assumptions." It did conclude that "The Cell paper as a whole is rife with errors of all sorts ... [including] some which, despite all these years and layers of review, have never previously been pointed out or corrected. Responsibility ... must be shared by all participants." Neither OSI nor ORI ever accused Baltimore of research misconduct.[102][103] The reputations of Stewart and Feder, who had pushed for the investigation, were badly damaged.[103] The pair were reassigned to other positions at NIH because they failed to maintain productivity in their roles as scientists and questions were raised about the legitimacy of their self-appointed inquiries into scientific integrity.[104]

The Imanishi-Kari controversy was one among several prominent scientific integrity cases of the 1980s and 1990s in the United States. In nearly all cases, defendants were ultimately cleared.[101] The case profoundly impacted the process for handling of scientific misconduct in the United States.[101] Baltimore has been both defended and criticized for his actions in this matter.[105][28][106][107][108][68][109] In 1993, Yale University mathematician Serge Lang strongly criticized Baltimore's behavior.[110] Historian of science Daniel Kevles, writing after the exoneration of Imanishi-Kari, recounted the affair in his 1998 book, The Baltimore Case.[111][112] Horace Freeland Judson also gives a critical assessment of Baltimore's actions in The Great Betrayal: Fraud In Science.[113] Baltimore also wrote his own analysis.[114]

### Luk van Parijs case

In 2005, at Baltimore's request, Caltech began investigating the work that Luk van Parijs had conducted while a postdoc in Baltimore's laboratory.[115] Van Parijs first came under suspicion at MIT, for work done after he had left Baltimore's lab. After van Parijs had been fired by MIT, his doctoral supervisor also noted problems with work van Parijs did at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, before leaving Harvard to go to Baltimore's lab.[116] The Caltech investigation concluded in March 2007. It found van Parijs alone committed research misconduct, and that four papers co-authored by Baltimore, van Parijs, and others required correction.[117]

### COVID-19 and lab-leak theory

In May 2021, Baltimore was quoted in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists in an article about the origins of the COVID-19 virus, saying, "When I first saw the furin cleavage site in the viral sequence, with its arginine codons, I said to my wife it was the smoking gun for the origin of the virus. These features make a powerful challenge to the idea of a natural origin for SARS2."[118] This quote was widely shared and gave credence to the possibility of a Wuhan lab leak that has been discussed extensively as part of investigations into the origin of COVID-19.[citation needed]

A month later, Baltimore told the Los Angeles Times that he "should have softened the phrase 'smoking gun' because I don't believe that it proves the origin of the furin cleavage site but it does sound that way. I believe that the question of whether the sequence was put in naturally or by molecular manipulation is very hard to determine but I wouldn't rule out either origin."[119]

## Personal life and death

Baltimore married Alice S. Huang in 1968. They had one daughter.[120] Baltimore was an avid fly-fisher.[28]

Baltimore died from cancer at his home in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, on September 6, 2025, at the age of 87.[4]

## Awards and honors

* 1971 First recipient of the Gustav Stern Award in Virology
* 1971 Warren Triennial Prize[121]
* 1971 Eli Lilly Award in Immunology and Microbiology[122]
* 1974 Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences[4]
* 1974 NAS Award in Molecular Biology
* 1974 Canada Gairdner International Award[123]
* 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine[4]
* 1983 EMBO Member[124]
* 1986 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement[125]
* 1999 National Medal of Science[4]
* 2000 Warren Alpert Foundation Prize[126]
* 2021 Lasker-Koshland Special Achievement Award in Medical Science[127]

### Honorary degrees

* 1976 Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA[17]
* 1987 Mount Holyoke College, So. Hadley, MA[17]
* 1990 Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY[17]
* 1990 Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY[17]
* 1990 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland[17]
* 1998 Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel[17]
* 1999 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY[17]
* 1999 University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL[17]
* 2001 California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA[17]
* 2004 Columbia University, New York, NY[128]
* 2004 Yale University, New Haven, CT[129]
* 2004 The Rockefeller University, New York, NY[130]
* 2005 Harvard University, Cambridge, MA[131]
* 2012 University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina[132]

## Books

Luria, S. E., J.E. Darnell, D. Baltimore and A. Campbell (1978) General Virology 3rd edition John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York.[133]

Darnell, J., H. Lodish and D. Baltimore (1986) Molecular Cell Biology, Scientific American, New York, New York.[134]

## See also

* History of RNA biology
* List of Jewish Nobel laureates
* List of RNA biologists
* Baltimore classification
* 73079 Davidbaltimore

## References

1. ↑ "David Baltimore | Division of Biology and Biological Engineering". https://www.bbe.caltech.edu/people/david-baltimore.
2. ↑ "David Baltimore, The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975" (in en-US). https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1975/baltimore/biographical/.
3. ↑ "Fundamental discoveries, academic leadership, and public advocacy". https://laskerfoundation.org/winners/fundamental-discoveries-academic-leadership-public-advocacy/.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Kolata, Gina (2025-09-07). "David Baltimore, Nobel-Winning Molecular Biologist, Dies at 87" (in en-US). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/07/science/david-baltimore-dead.html.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 "David Baltimore – Interviewed". California Institute of Technology. October–November 2009. http://oralhistories.library.caltech.edu/168/1/Baltimore,D._OHO.pdf. "But she was also committed to her family and to my father's right to have his religion, and we celebrated the major holidays, we fasted on Yom Kippur, and I walked with my father to the shul, which was a long walk from where we lived."
6. ↑ "Nobel Prize autobiography". Nobelprize.org. 12 December 1975. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1975/baltimore/lecture/.
7. ↑ "They Began Here". Newsday. http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-century_of_science_dissons,0,7662594.story. "David Baltimore, 1975 Nobel laureate and one of the nation's best-known scientists, is a good case in point. The 60-year-old Baltimore, who graduated from Great Neck High School in 1956..."
8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 MIT. "David Baltimore." YouTube, uploaded by Infinite History Project MIT, 8 Mar. 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9EmiKT1IgY
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 "David Baltimore – Biographical". https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1975/baltimore-bio.html.
10. ↑ Goff, Stephen (2025-12-01). "David Baltimore obituary: virologist whose enzyme discovery transformed understanding of cancer and HIV/AIDS" (in en). Nature 648 (8092): 31. doi:10.1038/d41586-025-03862-3. ISSN 1476-4687. Bibcode: 2025Natur.648...31G.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Ahead of the Curve: David Baltimore's Life in Science. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. 2003. ISBN 9780520239043.
12. ↑ Baltimore D (1964). The diversion of macromolecular synthesis in L-cells towards ends dictated by mengovirus (Ph.D.). The Rockefeller University. OCLC 38131761. ProQuest 302176930.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 "Sixty Years of Discovery". Annual Review of Immunology 37 (1): 1–17. April 2019. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041210. PMID 30379594.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. (n.d.). "David Baltimore, Ph.D.". https://www.aai.org/About/History/Notable-Members/Nobel-Laureates/DavidBaltimore.
15. ↑ "Madridge Publishers" (in en-us). https://madridge.org/.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Viruses, Polymerases and Cancer:Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1975". https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1975/baltimore-lecture.pdf.
17. ↑ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 17.10 17.11 David Baltimore, Transcript of Three Interviews Conducted by Sondra Schlesinger at New York City, New York; Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Boston, Massachusetts on 7 February 1994, 13 April 1995, 29 April 1995. Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. April 29, 1995. https://oh.sciencehistory.org/sites/default/files/baltimore_d_0198_suppl.pdf.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 "Alice Huang: Keeping Science and Life in Focus". Caltech news 33 (1). 1999. http://www.typecraft.com/caltechnewsB/011999a/index.html.
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20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 A slot machine, a broken test tube: an autobiography. Harper & Row. 1984.
21. ↑ "David Baltimore". 2015. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51022/David-Baltimore.
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24. ↑ "QnAs with David Baltimore. Interview by Prashant Nair". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108 (51): 20299. December 2011. doi:10.1073/pnas.1116978108. PMID 22187456. Bibcode: 2011PNAS..10820299N.
25. ↑ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf.
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29. ↑ "The Koch Institute: Video – Building the Foundation of Modern Cancer Research: Four Decades of Discovery within the CCR at MIT". https://ki.mit.edu/approach/ki/history/ccr.
30. ↑ "Physiology or Medicine 1975 – Press Release" (Press release). October 1975. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
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35. ↑ "Whitehead Institute Founding Faculty". http://www.wi.mit.edu/about/history/founders.
36. ↑ "Whitehead scientists enjoy genome sequence milestone". Whitehead Institute. July 12, 2000. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2000/whitehead-0712.html.
37. ↑ "Multiple nuclear factors interact with the immunoglobulin enhancer sequences". Cell 46 (5): 705–16. August 1986. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(86)90346-6. PMID 3091258. Bibcode: 1986Cell...46..705S.
38. ↑ "A nuclear factor in B cells and beyond". Journal of Immunology 177 (11): 7483–4. December 2006. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.177.11.7483. PMID 17114414.
39. ↑ "Introduction of a mu immunoglobulin gene into the mouse germ line: specific expression in lymphoid cells and synthesis of functional antibody". Cell 38 (3): 647–58. October 1984. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90259-9. PMID 6091894.
40. ↑ "Depletion of the predominant B-cell population in immunoglobulin mu heavy-chain transgenic mice". Nature 329 (6134): 71–73. September 1987. doi:10.1038/329071a0. PMID 3114639.
41. ↑ "Unraveling the Origins of Cancer". https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/PH709_Cancer/PH709_Cancer3.html#:~:text=In 1987 David Baltimore's lab,them with a phosphate group..
42. ↑ "Pillars article: the V(D)J recombination activating gene, RAG-1. 1989". Journal of Immunology 180 (1): 5–18. January 2008. PMID 18096996. http://www.jimmunol.org/content/180/1/5.full.pdf+html. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
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44. ↑ "The Relevant Biomedical Research". Harvard Magazine (January–February). 2007. http://harvardmagazine.com/2007/01/the-relevant-biomedical.html.
45. ↑ "Swift Approval For a New Kind Of Cancer Drug". The New York Times. May 11, 2001. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/11/us/swift-approval-for-a-new-kind-of-cancer-drug.html.
46. ↑ The genomics age: how DNA technology is transforming the way we live and who we are. New York: AMACOM. 2005. p. 140. ISBN 978-0814408438. https://archive.org/details/genomicsagehowdn0000smit. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
47. ↑ "Baltimore resigns at Rockefeller". Science 254 (5037): 1447. December 1991. doi:10.1126/science.1962199. PMID 1962199. Bibcode: 1991Sci...254.1447H.
48. ↑ "Nobel Prize-winning Biologist David Baltimore Named President of the California Institute of Technology". Caltech Media Relations. May 13, 1997. https://www.caltech.edu/news/nobel-prize-winning-biologist-david-baltimore-named-president-california-institute-technology.
49. ↑ "MIT Laureate to Lead Caltech: Baltimore Weathered Data Dispute". Boston Globe. May 14, 1997. https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8421117.html.
50. ↑ "Prominent Biology Nobelist Chosen to Head Caltech; Controversial and outspoken scientist David Baltimore says his appointment reflects school's desire for bigger role in nation's scientific debates.". Los Angeles Times. May 14, 1997. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-05-14-mn-58674-story.html.
51. ↑ "A Luminary of Science for Caltech's Presidency; Nobelist Baltimore has the needed background and clout.". LA Times. May 15, 1997. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-05-15-me-58789-story.html.
52. ↑ "Biomedicine's Bionic Man". LA Times Magazine. September 28, 1997. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-sep-28-tm-37600-story.html.
53. ↑ "New Caltech President To Be Honored with Formal Inauguration, Birthday Festschrift". Caltech Media Relations. February 23, 1998. http://mr.caltech.edu/media/Press_Releases/PR11859.html.
54. ↑ "The Balance of Justice". Science 304 (5679): 1901. June 25, 2004. doi:10.1126/science.304.5679.1901a.
55. ↑ "Chimeric nucleases stimulate gene targeting in human cells". Science 300 (5620): 763. May 2003. doi:10.1126/science.1078395. PMID 12730593. https://authors.library.caltech.edu/51896/. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
56. ↑ "Baltimore to Retire as Caltech President; Will Remain at Institute as Biology Professor". Caltech Media Relations. October 3, 2005. https://www.caltech.edu/news/baltimore-retire-caltech-president-will-remain-institute-biology-professor-1049.
57. ↑ "Caltech President Who Raised School's Profile to Step Down". Los Angeles Times. October 4, 2005. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-oct-04-sci-caltech4-story.html.
58. ↑ "Caltech Presidential Inauguration — A Student Affair". Caltech Media Relations. April 30, 2007. https://www.caltech.edu/news/caltech-presidential-inauguration-student-affair-1268.
59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "David Baltimore". Caltech. https://www.bbe.caltech.edu/content/david-baltimore.
60. ↑ "Caltech to Remove the Names of Robert A. Millikan and Five Other Eugenics Proponents from Buildings, Honors, and Assets" (in en). January 15, 2021. https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/caltech-to-remove-the-names-of-robert-a-millikan-and-five-other-eugenics-proponents.
61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 61.3 61.4 61.5 "David Baltimore" (in en). 2010-05-21. https://www.broadinstitute.org/bios/david-baltimore.
62. ↑ "Calimmune, Inc.". June 27, 2015. https://www.linkedin.com/company/calimmune-inc.
63. ↑ "Immune Design Corp – Company Profile and News" (in en). https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/IMDZ:US.
64. ↑ "RNA Molecule Protects Stem Cells During Inflammation". Beyond the Dish. June 11, 2013. https://beyondthedish.wordpress.com/2013/06/11/rna-molecule-protects-stem-cells-during-inflammation/.
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71. ↑ Confronting AIDS: Directions for Public Health, Health Care, and Research. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 1986. doi:10.17226/938. ISBN 978-0-309-03699-3. Bibcode: 1986nap..book..938I. https://archive.org/details/confrontingaidsd00instrich. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
72. ↑ National Institutes of Health (NIH) (May 18, 1997). "New Vaccine Research Center at the National Institutes of Health". https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/news/361/new-vaccine-research-center-at-the-national-institutes-of-health.
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74. ↑ "David Baltimore". http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/58030.html.
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78. ↑ "Dr David Baltimore ForMemRS". London: Royal Society. https://royalsociety.org/people/david-baltimore-11028/.
79. ↑ "List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660 – 2007". London. https://royalsociety.org/~/media/Royal_Society_Content/about-us/fellowship/Fellows1660-2007.pdf.
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81. ↑ "David Baltimore". http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/academicians/ordinary/baltimore.html.
82. ↑ "AAAS Presidents". https://www.aaas.org/leadership/presidents.
83. ↑ ResearchGate GmbH. "David Baltimore's research while affiliated with California Institute of Technology and other places". https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/David-Baltimore-61375389.
84. ↑ "Advisors". http://www.usasciencefestival.org/about/advisors.
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86. ↑ "David Baltimore". http://genetichealth.jax.org/support-the-lab/alumni/david-baltimore.html.
87. ↑ "Meaningless superiority". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 37 (8): 1. 1981. doi:10.1080/00963402.1981.11458889. Bibcode: 1981BuAtS..37h...1B. https://books.google.com/books?id=PQsAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1.
88. ↑ "Leadership". http://www.amgen.com/about/leadership_team_board.html.
89. ↑ Candid. "Caltech Receives $7.5 Million for Biochemistry, Biophysics Fellowships" (in en). https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/caltech-receives-7.5-million-for-biochemistry-biophysics-fellowships.
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92. ↑ "Fraud in NIH Grant Programs," April 12, 1988; "Scientific Fraud," May 4 & 9, 1989; and "Scientific Fraud (Part 2)," May 14, 1990 (transcript includes April 30, 1990 hearing on R. Gallo's NIH lab)
93. ↑ "Crucial Data Were Fabricated In Report Signed by Top Biologist". The New York Times. March 21, 1991. https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/20/specials/baltimore-data.html.
94. ↑ "Retraction: altered repertoire of endogenous immunoglobulin gene expression in transgenic mice containing a rearranged mu heavy chain gene". Cell 65 (4): 536. May 1991. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(91)90085-D. PMID 2032282.
95. ↑ "Fraud charge leaves a career in shambles Friends contend Thereza imanish-Kari is the victim of a 'travesty,' but others say alligations are no surprise". The Boston Globe. May 6, 1991. http://www.gatewaycoalition.org/files/gateway_project_moshe_kam/resource/DBCre/bosg6may91.html.
96. ↑ "Health institutes chief gets pointed questions on misconduct cases". The Baltimore Sun. August 2, 1991. https://www.baltimoresun.com/1991/08/02/health-institutes-chief-gets-pointed-questions-on-misconduct-cases/.
97. ↑ "David Baltimore's final days". Science 254 (5038): 1576–9. December 1991. doi:10.1126/science.1749930. PMID 1749930. Bibcode: 1991Sci...254.1576H. http://www.gatewaycoalition.org/files/Gateway_Project_Moshe_Kam/Resource/DBCre/Science13dec91.html.
98. ↑ "Embattled Biologist Will Return to M.I.T.". The New York Times. May 19, 1992. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/19/science/embattled-biologist-will-return-to-mit.html.
99. ↑ Gladwell, Malcolm (July 14, 1992) "Prosecutors Halt Scientific Fraud Probe; Researcher Baltimore Claims Vindication, Plans to 'Unretract' Paper". Washington Post, p. A3
100. ↑ "U.S. attorney decides not to prosecute Imanishi-Kari". Science 257 (5068): 318. July 1992. doi:10.1126/science.1321499. PMID 1321499. Bibcode: 1992Sci...257..318H.
101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 "Scientific Fraud in American Political Culture: Reflections on the Baltimore Case | The Institute for Applied & Professional Ethics". https://www.ohio.edu/ethics/by-year/1999-past-events/scientific-fraud-in-american-political-culture-reflections-on-the-baltimore-case/index.html.
102. ↑ "Thereza Imanishi-Kari, Ph.D., DAB No. 1582 (1996) Department of Health and Human Services Departmental Appeals Board Research Integrity Adjudications Panel Subject: Thereza Imanishi-Kari, Ph.D. Docket No. A-95-33 Decision No. 1582". Department of Health and Human Services. June 21, 1996. https://www.hhs.gov/dab/decisions/dab1582.html. "HHS report exonerating Imanishi-Kari."
103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 "The fortune that never was". Boston Globe. June 30, 1996. http://www.gatewaycoalition.org/files/Gateway_Project_Moshe_Kam/Resource/DBCre/bosg30jun96.html. "The public skirmish over the reputations of Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor David Baltimore and Tufts University researcher Thereza Imanishi-Kari has been formally ended by a report deeply embarrassing to the government"
104. ↑ "Inspector Ends A Hunger Strike Against Agency" (in en-US). The New York Times. 1993-06-13. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/13/us/inspector-ends-a-hunger-strike-against-agency.html.
105. ↑ "Baltimore Speaks Out on Disputed Study in Letter Sent to Colleagues Around the Nation; He Calls for Protection Against 'threats' to Scientific Freedom". Boston Globe: p. 31. May 23, 1988.
106. ↑ "Conduct Unbecoming". New York Times Magazine. 1989. https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/20/specials/baltimore-mag.html. "This spectacle of damaged reputation was not just unseemly, but difficult to reconcile with the 51-year-old Baltimore's prominence and achievements"
107. ↑ "MIT Institute Used Funds Wrongly". Boston Globe: p. 1. April 17, 1991. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-7655970.html.
108. ↑ The Great Betrayal: Fraud in Science. Orlando: Harcourt. 2004.
109. ↑ "Ahead of the Curve: David Baltimore's Life in Science". Nature Medicine 7 (7): 767. 2001. doi:10.1038/89868.
110. ↑ "Questions of scientific responsibility: the Baltimore case". Ethics & Behavior 3 (1): 3–72. 1993. doi:10.1207/s15327019eb0301_1. PMID 11653082.
111. ↑ The Baltimore Case: A Trial of Politics, Science, and Character. New York: W.W. Norton. 1998. ISBN 978-0-393-31970-5. https://archive.org/details/baltimorecasetri00kevl.
112. ↑ "Review of Kevles' "The Baltimore Case..."". New England Journal of Medicine 340 (3): 242. January 21, 1999. doi:10.1056/nejm199901213400320.
113. ↑ The Great Betrayal: Fraud in Science. New York: Harcourt. 2004. ISBN 978-0151008773.
114. ↑ "Baltimore's Travels". Issues.org. 9 July 2003. http://www.issues.org/19.4/updated/baltimore.html.
115. ↑ "MIT Professor Fired for Faking Data; MIT biologist and HMS grad may also have falsified data in work at Harvard". Harvard Crimson. October 31, 2005. http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=509512.
116. ↑ "More doubts raised on fired MIT professor". Boston Globe. October 29, 2005. http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2005/10/29/more_doubts_raised_on_fired_mit_professor/.
117. ↑ "Scientific misconduct report still under wraps". New Scientist (2361): 16. November 24, 2007. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(07)62947-9. https://www.newscientist.com/channel/opinion/mg19626314.400-scientific-misconduct-report-still-under-wraps.html.
118. ↑ Wade, Nicholas (May 5, 2021). "The origin of COVID: Did people or nature open Pandora's box at Wuhan?". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. https://thebulletin.org/2021/05/the-origin-of-covid-did-people-or-nature-open-pandoras-box-at-wuhan/.
119. ↑ Hiltzik, Michael (June 8, 2021). "A Nobel laureate backs off from claiming a 'smoking gun' for the COVID-19 lab-leak theory". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2021-06-08/nobel-laureate-baltimore-smoking-gun-for-the-covid-lab-leak-theory.
120. ↑ "WEDDINGS; TK Baltimore, Jay Konopka". The New York Times. October 7, 2001. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/07/style/weddings-tk-baltimore-jay-konopka.html.
121. ↑ "Warren Triennial Prize". ECOR. https://ecor.mgh.harvard.edu/MeetingsEvents/warren-triennial-prize. Retrieved September 9, 2025.
122. ↑ "Eli Lilly and Company-Elanco Research Award Past Laureates at asm.org". http://www.asm.org/index.php/awards/research/140-awards-a-grants/past-laureates/7791-eli-lilly-and-company-elanco-research-award-past-laureates/.
123. ↑ Center for Oral History. "David Baltimore". https://oh.sciencehistory.org/oral-histories/baltimore-david.
124. ↑ "EMBO Profile David Baltimore". http://people.embo.org/profile/david-baltimore.
125. ↑ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". American Academy of Achievement. https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration.
126. ↑ "Warren Alpert Foundation Prize Recipients". Warren Alpert Foundation Prize. https://www.warrenalpert.org/prize-recipients/. Retrieved September 9, 2025.
127. ↑ Lasker-Koshland Special Achievement Award in Medical Science 2021
128. ↑ "Honorary Degrees". https://library.columbia.edu/content/dam/libraryweb/locations/uarchives/Forms/Honorary Degrees.xls.
129. ↑ "Honorary Degrees Since 1702 | Office of the Secretary and Vice President for University Life". https://secretary.yale.edu/programs-services/honorary-degrees/since-1702?page=2.
130. ↑ "David Baltimore '60 Cited as One of World's Most Influential Scientists" (in en). 2014-01-30. https://www.swarthmore.edu/news-events/david-baltimore-60-cited-one-worlds-most-influential-scientists.
131. ↑ "Eight To Receive Honorary Degrees | News | The Harvard Crimson". https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/6/9/eight-to-receive-honorary-degrees-the/.
132. ↑ "Distinción de Honor al Nobel de Medicina David Baltimore" (in es). https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/noticias/distincion-de-honor-al-premio-nobel-de-medicina-david-baltimore.
133. ↑ "S. E. Luria, J. E. Darnell, Jr., D. Baltimore and A. Campell (Editors), General Virology (3rd Edition). XIV + 578 S., 202 Abb., 32 Tab. New York-Santa Barbara-Chichester-Brisbane-Toronto 1978. John Wiley & Sons. £ 12.75". Zeitschrift für allgemeine Mikrobiologie 20 (6): 425. 1980. doi:10.1002/jobm.19800200616. ISSN 0044-2208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jobm.19800200616.
134. ↑ Lodish, Harvey; Berk, Arnold; Zipursky, S. Lawrence; Matsudaira, Paul; Baltimore, David; Darnell, James (2000). Molecular Cell Biology (4th ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-3136-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21475/.

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* Resources in other libraries

By David Baltimore

* Online books
* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries

* Caltech Biology Division Faculty member page
* Center for Oral History. "David Baltimore". https://oh.sciencehistory.org/oral-histories/baltimore-david.
* David Baltimore, Transcript of Three Interviews Conducted by Sondra Schlesinger at New York City, New York; Cambridge, Massachusetts; and Boston, Massachusetts on 7 February 1994, 13 April 1995, 29 April 1995. Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. April 29, 1995. https://oh.sciencehistory.org/sites/default/files/baltimore_d_0198_suppl.pdf.
* Baltimore Laboratory at Caltech site
* Miss nobel-id as parameter
* David Baltimore's Seminars: "Danger from the Wild: HIV, Can We Conquer It?"
* Initial reports of ribonucleic acid-dependent DNA polymerase activity:

1. "RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in virions of RNA tumour viruses". Nature 226 (5252): 1209–11. June 1970. doi:10.1038/2261209a0. PMID 4316300. Bibcode: 1970Natur.226.1209B.
2. "RNA-dependent DNA polymerase in virions of Rous sarcoma virus". Nature 226 (5252): 1211–3. June 1970. doi:10.1038/2261211a0. PMID 4316301. Bibcode: 1970Natur.226.1211T.

* Department of Health & Human Services, Departmental Appeals Board, Research Integrity Adjudications Panel Thereza Imanishi-Kari, Ph.D. appeal ruling (Docket No. A-95-33, Decision No. 1582, June 21, 1996; Presentation missing footnotes 169–235 & footnote reference nos. 170–235).
* Nobel Prize video interview [1]
* "The Discover Magazine Interview with David Baltimore" upon his retirement from the presidency of Caltech in 2006 * PBS interview with Baltimore on AIDS, hepatitis, vaccines and science politics [2]

Academic offices

Preceded by
Joshua Lederberg | 6th President of Rockefeller University
1990–1991  | Succeeded by
Torsten Wiesel
Preceded by
Thomas Eugene Everhart | 6th President of the California Institute of Technology
1997–2005  | Succeeded by
Jean-Lou Chameau

* v
* t
* e

Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

1901–1925|

* 1901: Emil Behring
* 1902: Ronald Ross
* 1903: Niels Finsen
* 1904: Ivan Pavlov
* 1905: Robert Koch
* 1906: Camillo Golgi / Santiago Ramón y Cajal
* 1907: Alphonse Laveran
* 1908: Élie Metchnikoff / Paul Ehrlich
* 1909: Emil Kocher
* 1910: Albrecht Kossel
* 1911: Allvar Gullstrand
* 1912: Alexis Carrel
* 1913: Charles Richet
* 1914: Róbert Bárány
* 1915
* 1916
* 1917
* 1918
* 1919: Jules Bordet
* 1920: August Krogh
* 1921
* 1922: Archibald Hill / Otto Meyerhof
* 1923: Frederick Banting / John Macleod
* 1924: Willem Einthoven
* 1925

1926–1950|

* 1926: Johannes Fibiger
* 1927: Julius Wagner-Jauregg
* 1928: Charles Nicolle
* 1929: Christiaan Eijkman / Frederick Gowland Hopkins
* 1930: Karl Landsteiner
* 1931: Otto Warburg
* 1932: Charles Scott Sherrington / Edgar Adrian
* 1933: Thomas Morgan
* 1934: George Whipple / George Minot / William Murphy
* 1935: Hans Spemann
* 1936: Henry Dale / Otto Loewi
* 1937: Albert Szent-Györgyi
* 1938: Corneille Heymans
* 1939: Gerhard Domagk
* 1940
* 1941
* 1942
* 1943: Henrik Dam / Edward Doisy
* 1944: Joseph Erlanger / Herbert Gasser
* 1945: Alexander Fleming / Ernst Chain / Howard Florey
* 1946: Hermann Muller
* 1947: Carl Cori / Gerty Cori / Bernardo Houssay
* 1948: Paul Müller
* 1949: Walter Hess / António Egas Moniz
* 1950: Edward Kendall / Tadeusz Reichstein / Philip Hench

1951–1975|

* 1951: Max Theiler
* 1952: Selman Waksman
* 1953: Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann
* 1954: John Enders / Thomas Weller / Frederick Robbins
* 1955: Hugo Theorell
* 1956: André Cournand / Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards
* 1957: Daniel Bovet
* 1958: George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg
* 1959: Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg
* 1960: Frank Burnet / Peter Medawar
* 1961: Georg von Békésy
* 1962: Francis Crick / James Watson / Maurice Wilkins
* 1963: John Eccles / Alan Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley
* 1964: Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen
* 1965: François Jacob / André Lwoff / Jacques Monod
* 1966: Francis Rous / Charles B. Huggins
* 1967: Ragnar Granit / Haldan Hartline / George Wald
* 1968: Robert W. Holley / Har Khorana / Marshall Nirenberg
* 1969: Max Delbrück / Alfred Hershey / Salvador Luria
* 1970: Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod
* 1971: Earl Sutherland Jr.
* 1972: Gerald Edelman / Rodney Porter
* 1973: Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen
* 1974: Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George Palade
* 1975: David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard Temin

1976–2000|

* 1976: Baruch Blumberg / Daniel Gajdusek
* 1977: Roger Guillemin / Andrew Schally / Rosalyn Yalow
* 1978: Werner Arber / Daniel Nathans / Hamilton O. Smith
* 1979: Allan Cormack / Godfrey Hounsfield
* 1980: Baruj Benacerraf / Jean Dausset / George Snell
* 1981: Roger Sperry / David H. Hubel / Torsten Wiesel
* 1982: Sune Bergström / Bengt I. Samuelsson / John Vane
* 1983: Barbara McClintock
* 1984: Niels Jerne / Georges Köhler / César Milstein
* 1985: Michael Brown / Joseph L. Goldstein
* 1986: Stanley Cohen / Rita Levi-Montalcini
* 1987: Susumu Tonegawa
* 1988: James W. Black / Gertrude B. Elion / George H. Hitchings
* 1989: J. Michael Bishop / Harold E. Varmus
* 1990: Joseph Murray / E. Donnall Thomas
* 1991: Erwin Neher / Bert Sakmann
* 1992: Edmond Fischer / Edwin G. Krebs
* 1993: Richard J. Roberts / Phillip Sharp
* 1994: Alfred G. Gilman / Martin Rodbell
* 1995: Edward B. Lewis / Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard / Eric F. Wieschaus
* 1996: Peter C. Doherty / Rolf M. Zinkernagel
* 1997: Stanley B. Prusiner
* 1998: Robert F. Furchgott / Louis Ignarro / Ferid Murad
* 1999: Günter Blobel
* 2000: Arvid Carlsson / Paul Greengard / Eric Kandel

2001–present|

* 2001: Leland H. Hartwell / Tim Hunt / Paul Nurse
* 2002: Sydney Brenner / H. Robert Horvitz / John E. Sulston
* 2003: Paul Lauterbur / Peter Mansfield
* 2004: Richard Axel / Linda B. Buck
* 2005: Barry Marshall / Robin Warren
* 2006: Andrew Fire / Craig Mello
* 2007: Mario Capecchi / Martin Evans / Oliver Smithies
* 2008: Harald zur Hausen / Luc Montagnier / Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
* 2009: Elizabeth Blackburn / Carol W. Greider / Jack W. Szostak
* 2010: Robert G. Edwards
* 2011: Bruce Beutler / Jules A. Hoffmann / Ralph M. Steinman (posthumously)
* 2012: John Gurdon / Shinya Yamanaka
* 2013: James Rothman / Randy Schekman / Thomas C. Südhof
* 2014: John O'Keefe / May-Britt Moser / Edvard Moser
* 2015: William C. Campbell / Satoshi Ōmura / Tu Youyou
* 2016: Yoshinori Ohsumi
* 2017: Jeffrey C. Hall / Michael Rosbash / Michael W. Young
* 2018: James P. Allison / Tasuku Honjo
* 2019: Gregg L. Semenza / Peter J. Ratcliffe / William Kaelin Jr.

Template:1975 Nobel Prize winners

* v
* t
* e

United States National Medal of Science laureates

Behavioral and social science

| 1960s|

1964
Roger Adams
Othmar H. Ammann
Theodosius Dobzhansky
Neal Elgar Miller

|

1980s|

1986
Herbert A. Simon
1987
Anne Anastasi
George J. Stigler
1988
Milton Friedman

1990s|

1990
Leonid Hurwicz
Patrick Suppes
1991
Robert W. Kates
George A. Miller
1992
Eleanor J. Gibson
1994
Robert K. Merton
1995
Roger N. Shepard
1996
Paul Samuelson
1997
William K. Estes
1998
William Julius Wilson
1999
Robert M. Solow

2000s|

2000
Gary Becker
2001
George Bass
2003
R. Duncan Luce
2004
Kenneth Arrow
2005
Gordon H. Bower
2008
Michael I. Posner
2009
Mortimer Mishkin

2010s|

2011
Anne Treisman
2014
Robert Axelrod
2015
Albert Bandura

Biological sciences

| 1960s|

1963
C. B. van Niel
1964
Marshall W. Nirenberg
1965
Francis P. Rous
George G. Simpson
Donald D. Van Slyke
1966
Edward F. Knipling
Fritz Albert Lipmann
William C. Rose
Sewall Wright
1967
Kenneth S. Cole
Harry F. Harlow
Michael Heidelberger
Alfred H. Sturtevant
1968
Horace Barker
Bernard B. Brodie
Detlev W. Bronk
Jay Lush
Burrhus Frederic Skinner
1969
Robert Huebner
Ernst Mayr

|

1970s|

1970
Barbara McClintock
Albert B. Sabin
1973
Daniel I. Arnon
Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
1974
Britton Chance
Erwin Chargaff
James V. Neel
James Augustine Shannon
1975
Hallowell Davis
Paul Gyorgy
Sterling B. Hendricks
Orville Alvin Vogel
1976
Roger Guillemin
Keith Roberts Porter
Efraim Racker
E. O. Wilson
1979
Robert H. Burris
Elizabeth C. Crosby
Arthur Kornberg
Severo Ochoa
Earl Reece Stadtman
George Ledyard Stebbins
Paul Alfred Weiss

1980s|

1981
Philip Handler
1982
Seymour Benzer
Glenn W. Burton
Mildred Cohn
1983
Howard L. Bachrach
Paul Berg
Wendell L. Roelofs
Berta Scharrer
1986
Stanley Cohen
Donald A. Henderson
Vernon B. Mountcastle
George Emil Palade
Joan A. Steitz
1987
Michael E. DeBakey
Theodor O. Diener
Harry Eagle
Har Gobind Khorana
Rita Levi-Montalcini
1988
Michael S. Brown
Stanley Norman Cohen
Joseph L. Goldstein
Maurice R. Hilleman
Eric R. Kandel
Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
1989
Katherine Esau
Viktor Hamburger
Philip Leder
Joshua Lederberg
Roger W. Sperry
Harland G. Wood

1990s|

1990
Baruj Benacerraf
Herbert W. Boyer
Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
Edward B. Lewis
David G. Nathan
E. Donnall Thomas
1991
Mary Ellen Avery
G. Evelyn Hutchinson
Elvin A. Kabat
Salvador Luria
Paul A. Marks
Folke K. Skoog
Paul C. Zamecnik
1992
Maxine Singer
Howard Martin Temin
1993
Daniel Nathans
Salome G. Waelsch
1994
Thomas Eisner
Elizabeth F. Neufeld
1995
Alexander Rich
1996
Ruth Patrick
1997
James Watson
Robert A. Weinberg
1998
Bruce Ames
Janet Rowley
1999
David Baltimore
Jared Diamond
Lynn Margulis

2000s|

2000
Nancy C. Andreasen
Peter H. Raven
Carl Woese
2001
Francisco J. Ayala
Mario R. Capecchi
Ann Graybiel
Gene E. Likens
Victor A. McKusick
Harold Varmus
2002
James E. Darnell
Evelyn M. Witkin
2003
J. Michael Bishop
Solomon H. Snyder
Charles Yanofsky
2004
Norman E. Borlaug
Phillip A. Sharp
Thomas E. Starzl
2005
Anthony S. Fauci
Torsten N. Wiesel
2006
Rita R. Colwell
Nina Fedoroff
Lubert Stryer
2007
Robert J. Lefkowitz
Bert W. O'Malley
2008
Francis S. Collins
Elaine Fuchs
J. Craig Venter
2009
Susan L. Lindquist
Stanley B. Prusiner

2010s|

2010
Ralph L. Brinster
Shu Chien
Rudolf Jaenisch
2011
Lucy Shapiro
Leroy Hood
Sallie Chisholm
2014
May Berenbaum
Bruce Alberts
2015
Stanley Falkow
Rakesh K. Jain
Mary-Claire King
Simon Levin

Chemistry

| 1980s|

1982
F. Albert Cotton
Gilbert Stork
1983
Roald Hoffmann
George C. Pimentel
Richard N. Zare
1986
Harry B. Gray
Yuan Tseh Lee
Carl S. Marvel
Frank H. Westheimer
1987
William S. Johnson
Walter H. Stockmayer
Max Tishler
1988
William O. Baker
Konrad E. Bloch
Elias J. Corey
1989
Richard B. Bernstein
Melvin Calvin
Rudolph A. Marcus
Harden M. McConnell

|

1990s|

1990
Elkan Blout
Karl Folkers
John D. Roberts
1991
Ronald Breslow
Gertrude B. Elion
Dudley R. Herschbach
Glenn T. Seaborg
1992
Howard E. Simmons Jr.
1993
Donald J. Cram
Norman Hackerman
1994
George S. Hammond
1995
Thomas Cech
Isabella L. Karle
1996
Norman Davidson
1997
Darleane C. Hoffman
Harold S. Johnston
1998
John W. Cahn
George M. Whitesides
1999
Stuart A. Rice
John Ross
Susan Solomon

2000s|

2000
John D. Baldeschwieler
Ralph F. Hirschmann
2001
Ernest R. Davidson
Gábor A. Somorjai
2002
John I. Brauman
2004
Stephen J. Lippard
2006
Marvin H. Caruthers
Peter B. Dervan
2007
Mostafa A. El-Sayed
2008
Joanna Fowler
JoAnne Stubbe
2009
Stephen J. Benkovic
Marye Anne Fox

2010s|

2010
Jacqueline K. Barton
Peter J. Stang
2011
Allen J. Bard
M. Frederick Hawthorne
2014
Judith P. Klinman
Jerrold Meinwald
2015
A. Paul Alivisatos
Geraldine L. Richmond

Engineering sciences

| 1960s|

1962
Theodore von Kármán
1963
Vannevar Bush
John Robinson Pierce
1964
Charles S. Draper
1965
Hugh L. Dryden
Clarence L. Johnson
Warren K. Lewis
1966
Claude E. Shannon
1967
Edwin H. Land
Igor I. Sikorsky
1968
J. Presper Eckert
Nathan M. Newmark
1969
Jack St. Clair Kilby

|

1970s|

1970
George E. Mueller
1973
Harold E. Edgerton
Richard T. Whitcomb
1974
Rudolf Kompfner
Ralph Brazelton Peck
Abel Wolman
1975
Manson Benedict
William Hayward Pickering
Frederick E. Terman
Wernher von Braun
1976
Morris Cohen
Peter C. Goldmark
Erwin Wilhelm Müller
1979
Emmett N. Leith
Raymond D. Mindlin
Robert N. Noyce
Earl R. Parker
Simon Ramo

1980s|

1982
Edward H. Heinemann
Donald L. Katz
1983
Bill Hewlett
George Low
John G. Trump
1986
Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
Tung-Yen Lin
Bernard M. Oliver
1987
Robert Byron Bird
H. Bolton Seed
Ernst Weber
1988
Daniel C. Drucker
Willis M. Hawkins
George W. Housner
1989
Harry George Drickamer
Herbert E. Grier

1990s|

1990
Mildred Dresselhaus
Nick Holonyak Jr.
1991
George H. Heilmeier
Luna B. Leopold
H. Guyford Stever
1992
Calvin F. Quate
John Roy Whinnery
1993
Alfred Y. Cho
1994
Ray W. Clough
1995
Hermann A. Haus
1996
James L. Flanagan
C. Kumar N. Patel
1998
Eli Ruckenstein
1999
Kenneth N. Stevens

2000s|

2000
Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
2001
Andreas Acrivos
2002
Leo Beranek
2003
John M. Prausnitz
2004
Edwin N. Lightfoot
2005
Jan D. Achenbach
Tobin J. Marks
2006
Robert S. Langer
2007
David J. Wineland
2008
Rudolf E. Kálmán
2009
Amnon Yariv

2010s|

2010
Shu Chien
2011
John B. Goodenough
2014
Thomas Kailath

Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences

| 1960s|

1963
Norbert Wiener
1964
Solomon Lefschetz
H. Marston Morse
1965
Oscar Zariski
1966
John Milnor
1967
Paul Cohen
1968
Jerzy Neyman
1969
William Feller

|

1970s|

1970
Richard Brauer
1973
John Tukey
1974
Kurt Gödel
1975
John W. Backus
Shiing-Shen Chern
George Dantzig
1976
Kurt Otto Friedrichs
Hassler Whitney
1979
Joseph L. Doob
Donald E. Knuth

1980s|

1982
Marshall Harvey Stone
1983
Herman Goldstine
Isadore Singer
1986
Peter Lax
Antoni Zygmund
1987
Raoul Bott
Michael Freedman
1988
Ralph E. Gomory
Joseph B. Keller
1989
Samuel Karlin
Saunders Mac Lane
Donald C. Spencer

1990s|

1990
George F. Carrier
Stephen Cole Kleene
John McCarthy
1991
Alberto Calderón
1992
Allen Newell
1993
Martin David Kruskal
1994
John Cocke
1995
Louis Nirenberg
1996
Richard Karp
Stephen Smale
1997
Shing-Tung Yau
1998
Cathleen Synge Morawetz
1999
Felix Browder
Ronald R. Coifman

2000s|

2000
John Griggs Thompson
Karen Uhlenbeck
2001
Calyampudi R. Rao
Elias M. Stein
2002
James G. Glimm
2003
Carl R. de Boor
2004
Dennis P. Sullivan
2005
Bradley Efron
2006
Hyman Bass
2007
Leonard Kleinrock
Andrew J. Viterbi
2009
David B. Mumford

2010s|

2010
Richard A. Tapia
S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
2011
Solomon W. Golomb
Barry Mazur
2014
Alexandre Chorin
David Blackwell
2015
Michael Artin

Physical sciences

| 1960s|

1963
Luis W. Alvarez
1964
Julian Schwinger
Harold Clayton Urey
Robert Burns Woodward
1965
John Bardeen
Peter Debye
Leon M. Lederman
William Rubey
1966
Jacob Bjerknes
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Henry Eyring
John H. Van Vleck
Vladimir K. Zworykin
1967
Jesse Beams
Francis Birch
Gregory Breit
Louis Hammett
George Kistiakowsky
1968
Paul Bartlett
Herbert Friedman
Lars Onsager
Eugene Wigner
1969
Herbert C. Brown
Wolfgang Panofsky

|

1970s|

1970
Robert H. Dicke
Allan R. Sandage
John C. Slater
John A. Wheeler
Saul Winstein
1973
Carl Djerassi
Maurice Ewing
Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
Vladimir Haensel
Frederick Seitz
Robert Rathbun Wilson
1974
Nicolaas Bloembergen
Paul Flory
William Alfred Fowler
Linus Carl Pauling
Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
1975
Hans A. Bethe
Joseph O. Hirschfelder
Lewis Sarett
Edgar Bright Wilson
Chien-Shiung Wu
1976
Samuel Goudsmit
Herbert S. Gutowsky
Frederick Rossini
Verner Suomi
Henry Taube
George Uhlenbeck
1979
Richard P. Feynman
Herman Mark
Edward M. Purcell
John Sinfelt
Lyman Spitzer
Victor F. Weisskopf

1980s|

1982
Philip W. Anderson
Yoichiro Nambu
Edward Teller
Charles H. Townes
1983
E. Margaret Burbidge
Maurice Goldhaber
Helmut Landsberg
Walter Munk
Frederick Reines
Bruno B. Rossi
J. Robert Schrieffer
1986
Solomon J. Buchsbaum
H. Richard Crane
Herman Feshbach
Robert Hofstadter
Chen-Ning Yang
1987
Philip Abelson
Walter Elsasser
Paul C. Lauterbur
George Pake
James A. Van Allen
1988
D. Allan Bromley
Paul Ching-Wu Chu
Walter Kohn
Norman F. Ramsey
Jack Steinberger
1989
Arnold O. Beckman
Eugene Parker
Robert Sharp
Henry Stommel

1990s|

1990
Allan M. Cormack
Edwin M. McMillan
Robert Pound
Roger Revelle
1991
Arthur L. Schawlow
Ed Stone
Steven Weinberg
1992
Eugene M. Shoemaker
1993
Val Fitch
Vera Rubin
1994
Albert Overhauser
Frank Press
1995
Hans Dehmelt
Peter Goldreich
1996
Wallace S. Broecker
1997
Marshall Rosenbluth
Martin Schwarzschild
George Wetherill
1998
Don L. Anderson
John N. Bahcall
1999
James Cronin
Leo Kadanoff

2000s|

2000
Willis E. Lamb
Jeremiah P. Ostriker
Gilbert F. White
2001
Marvin L. Cohen
Raymond Davis Jr.
Charles Keeling
2002
Richard Garwin
W. Jason Morgan
Edward Witten
2003
G. Brent Dalrymple
Riccardo Giacconi
2004
Robert N. Clayton
2005
Ralph A. Alpher
Lonnie Thompson
2006
Daniel Kleppner
2007
Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
Charles P. Slichter
2008
Berni Alder
James E. Gunn
2009
Yakir Aharonov
Esther M. Conwell
Warren M. Washington

2010s|

2011
Sidney Drell
Sandra Faber
Sylvester James Gates
2012
Burton Richter
Sean C. Solomon
2014
Shirley Ann Jackson

* v
* t
* e

Presidents of the white;">California Institute of Technology

Early Throop leaders (before Caltech)

* Charles Keyes (1891–1896)
* Walter Edwards (1897–1907)
* James Scherer (1908–1920)

Presidents of Caltech

* Robert Millikan (1921–1946)
* Lee DuBridge (1946–1969)
* Harold Brown (1969–1977)
* Robert Christy # (1977–1978)
* Marvin Goldberger (1978–1987)
* Thomas Everhart (1987–1997)
* David Baltimore (1997–2006)
* Jean-Lou Chameau (2006–2013)
* Thomas Rosenbaum (2014–present)

# denotes an acting or interim president

Template:Presidents of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

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