Francis Ysidro Edgeworth

Born| (1845-02-08)8 February 1845

Edgeworthstown, County Longford, Ireland

Died| 13 February 1926(1926-02-13) (aged 81)

Oxford, Oxfordshire, England

Alma mater| Trinity College, Dublin
Balliol College, Oxford
Awards| Guy Medal (Gold, 1907)
Scientific career
Fields| Philosophy, political economist
Signature

Francis Ysidro Edgeworth FBA (8 February 1845 – 13 February 1926) was an Anglo-Irish philosopher and political economist who made significant contributions to the methods of statistics during the 1880s. From 1891 onward, he was appointed the founding editor of The Economic Journal.

## Contents

* 1 Life
* 2 Contributions to economics
* 2.1 Mathematical Psychics (1881)
* 2.2 Edgeworth's limit theorem
* 2.3 International trade
* 2.4 Taxation paradox
* 2.5 Monopoly pricing
* 2.6 Marginal productivity theory
* 3 Publications
* 3.1 Collections/selections
* 3.2 Individual works
* 4 References
* 5 External links
* 6 Further reading

## Life

Ysidro Francis Edgeworth – the order of his forenames later reversed – was born in Edgeworthstown, County Longford, Ireland,[1] the son of Francis Beaufort Edgeworth and his wife, Rosa Florentina, daughter of exiled Catalan general Antonio Eroles.[2] Francis Beaufort Edgeworth, when "a restless philosophy student at Cambridge on his way to Germany", had met Rosa, a teenage Spanish refugee, on the steps of the British Museum, and they subsequently eloped. Francis Beaufort Edgeworth was the son of politician, writer, and inventor Richard Lovell Edgeworth (father also of the writer Maria Edgeworth), by his fourth wife, the botanical artist and memoirist Frances Anne, daughter of the Anglican clergyman and geographer Daniel Augustus Beaufort, of French Huguenot origin. The Edgeworth family, which settled in Ireland in the 1580s, was distinguished, descending from Francis Edgeworth, joint Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper in 1606, who inherited a fortune from his brother Edward Edgeworth, Bishop of Down and Connor. Richard Lovell Edgeworth was a descendant, through his mother, of the English judge Sir Salathiel Lovell.

The youngest of seven children, Edgeworth did not attend school, but was educated by private tutors at the Edgeworthstown estate until he reached the age to enter university.[3]

As a student at Trinity College Dublin he studied classics getting a scholarship in 1863 and graduating in 1865. In 1867, he went to Oxford and was admitted to Balliol College, Oxford in 1868.[1] At Oxford, Edgeworth studied ancient and modern languages. During his studies, he was influenced by Jeremy Bentham's writings.[1]

A voracious autodidact, he studied mathematics and economics only after he had completed university. He qualified as a barrister in London in 1877 but did not practise.[4]

On the basis of his publications in economics and mathematical statistics in the 1880s, Edgeworth was appointed to a chair in economics at King's College London in 1888, and in 1891, he was appointed Drummond Professor of Political Economy at Oxford University. In 1891, he was also appointed the founding editor of The Economic Journal. He continued as editor or joint-editor until his death 35 years later.[5]

The Royal Statistical Society awarded him the Guy Medal in Gold in 1907. Edgeworth served as the president of the Royal Statistical Society, 1912–14. In 1928, Arthur Lyon Bowley published a book entitled and devoted to F. Y. Edgeworth's Contributions to Mathematical Statistics.

## Contributions to economics

Edgeworth was a highly influential figure in the development of neo-classical economics. He was the first to apply certain formal mathematical techniques to individual decision making in economics. He developed utility theory, introducing the indifference curve and the famous Edgeworth box, which is now familiar to undergraduate students of microeconomics. He is also known for the Edgeworth conjecture, which states that the core of an economy shrinks to the set of competitive equilibria as the number of agents in the economy gets larger. In statistics, Edgeworth is most prominently remembered by having his name on the Edgeworth series.

Though Edgeworth's economic ideas were original and in depth, his contemporaries frequently complained of his manner of expression for lack of clarity. He was prone to verbosity and coining obscure words without providing definition for the reader.[6]

### Mathematical Psychics (1881)

His most original and creative book on economics was Mathematical Psychics: An Essay on the Application of Mathematics to the Moral Sciences, published in 1881 at the beginning of his long career in the subject.

In the book, he criticised Jevons's theory of barter exchange, showing that under a system of "recontracting" there will be, in fact, many solutions, an "indeterminacy of contract". Edgeworth's "range of final settlements" was later resurrected by Martin Shubik (1959) to be the game-theoretic concept of "the core".[7] The book contained the first instance of the indifference curve, as level sets of the generalised utility function, U(x, y, z, ...).[7]

The book was notoriously difficult to read. He frequently referenced literary sources and interspersed the writing with passages in a number of languages, including Latin, French and Ancient Greek. The mathematics was similarly difficult, and a number of his creative applications of mathematics to economic or moral issues were judged as incomprehensible. However, one of the most influential economists of the time, Alfred Marshall, commented in his review of Mathematical Psychics:[8]

This book shows clear signs of genius, and is a promise of great things to come... His readers may sometimes wish that he had kept his work by him a little longer till he had worked it out a little more fully, and obtained that simplicity which comes only through long labour. But taking it as what it claims to be, 'a tentative study', we can only admire its brilliancy, force, and originality.

Edgeworth's close friend, William Stanley Jevons, said of Mathematical Psychics:[9]

Whatever else readers of this book may think about it, they would probably all agree that it is a very remarkable one.... There can be no doubt that in the style of his composition Mr. Edgeworth does not do justice to his matter. His style, if not obscure, is implicit, so that the reader is left to puzzle out every important sentence like an enigma.

File:Edgeworth - Papers relating to political economy, 1925 - 5771271.tif

### Edgeworth's limit theorem

Main article: Finance:Edgeworth's limit theorem

When the number of agents in an economy increases, the degree of indeterminacy is reduced. In the limit case of an infinite number of agents (perfect competition), the set of possible contract becomes fully determinate and identical to the 'equilibrium' of economists. The only way of resolving this indeterminacy of contract would be to appeal to the utilitarian principle of maximising the sum of the utilities of traders over the range of final settlements.

### International trade

He was the first one to use offer curves and community indifference curves to illustrate its main propositions, including the "optimal tariff".

### Taxation paradox

In what became known as the taxation paradox, Edgeworth found that the taxation of a good could result in a decrease in price.[10] He used the example of pricing for rail passengers, where a tax on first-class tickets could result in lower prices for both first-class and regular class passengers.[10][11]

He set the utilitarian foundations for highly progressive taxation, arguing that the optimal distribution of taxes should be such that 'the marginal disutility incurred by each taxpayer should be the same' (Edgeworth, 1897).

### Monopoly pricing

In 1897, in an article on monopoly pricing, Edgeworth criticised Cournot's exact solution to the duopoly problem with quantity adjustments as well as Bertrand's "instantly competitive" result in a duopoly model with price adjustment. At the same time, Edgeworth showed how price competition between two firms with capacity constraints and/or rising marginal cost curves resulted in indeterminacy. This gave rise to the Bertrand–Edgeworth model of oligopoly.

### Marginal productivity theory

Edgeworth criticised the marginal productivity theory in several articles (1904, 1911), and tried to refine the neo-classical theory of distribution on a more solid basis. Although his work in questions of war finance during World War I was original, they were a bit too theoretical and did not achieve the practical influence he had hoped.

## Publications

### Collections/selections

* F. Y. Edgeworth (1925) Papers relating to political economy 3 vols. Available online at Gallica
* Mirowski, Philip (1994). Edgeworth on Chance, Economic Hazard, and Statistics. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8476-7751-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=uVjBAAAAIAAJ.
* Charles R. McCann Jr. (ed.) (1966) F.Y. Edgeworth: Writings in Probability, Statistics and Economics, 3 vols. Cheltenham, Glos.: Elgar.
* F. Y. Edgeworth (2003). Peter Newman. ed. F.Y. Edgeworth : Mathematical Psychics and Further Papers on Political Economy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-828712-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=maqkrlsNjkgC.

### Individual works

* "Mr. Matthew Arnold on Bishop Butler's Doctrine of Self-Love", 1876, Mind
* New and Old Methods of Ethics, 1877.
* "The Hedonical Calculus", 1879, Mind, pp. 394–408
* Mathematical Psychics: An Essay on the Application of Mathematics to the Moral Sciences. Kegan Paul. 1881. https://books.google.com/books?id=CElYAAAAcAAJ.
* "Mr. Leslie Stephen on Utilitarianism", 1882, Mind
* "The Law of Error", 1883, Phil Mag, pp. 300–309
* "The Method of Least Squares", 1883, Phil Mag
* "The Physical Basis of Probability", 1883, Phil Mag
* "On the Method of Ascertaining a Change in the Value of Gold", 1883, JRSS
* "Review of Jevons's Investigations", 1884, Academy
* "The Rationale of Exchange", 1884, JRSS
* "The Philosophy of Chance", 1884, Mind
* "On the Reduction of Observations", 1884, Phil Mag, pp. 135–141
* "A Priori Probabilities", 1884, Phil Mag
* "Chance and Law", 1884, Hermathena, pp. 154–163
* "Methods of Statistics", 1885, Jubilee Volume of RSS.
* "The Calculus of Probabilities Applied to Psychic Research, I & II", 1885, 1886, Proceedings of Society for Psychic Research
* "On Methods of Ascertaining Variations in the Rate of Births, Deaths and Marriages", 1885, JRSS
* "Progressive Means", 1886, JRSS
* "The Law of Error and the Elimination of Chance", 1886 Phil Mag
* "On the Determination of the Modulus of Errors", 1886, Phil Mag
* "Problems in Probabilities", 1886, Phil Mag
* "Review of Sidgwick's Scope and Method", 1886, Academy
* "Review of Jevons's Journals", 1886, Academy
* "Four Reports by the committee investigating best method of ascertaining and measuring variations in the monetary standard", 1887, Reports of the BAAS (Parts I & 3; Part 2)
* "Observations and Statistics: An essay on the theory of errors of observation and the first principles of statistics", 1887, Transactions of Cambridge Society.
* Metretike, or the method of measuring probability and utility, 1887.
* "On Observations Relating to Several Quantities", 1887, Hermathena
* "The Law of Error", 1887, Nature
* "The Choice of Means", 1887, Phil Mag
* "On Discordant Observations", 1887, Phil Mag
* "The Empirical Proof of the Law of Error", 1887, Phil Mag
* "On a New Method of Reducing Observations Relating to Several Quantities", 1888, Phil Mag
* "New Methods of Measuring Variation in General Prices, 1888, JRSS
* "The Statistics of Examinations", 1888, JRSS
* "The Value of Authority Tested by Experiment", 1888, Mind
* "Mathematical Theory of Banking", 1888, JRSS
* "On the Application of Mathematics to Political Economy: Address of the President of Section F of the British Association for the Advancement of Science", 1889, JRSS
* "The Mathematical Theory of Political Economy: Review of Walras's Elements", 1889, Nature
* "Review of Wicksteed's Alphabet", 1889, Academy
* "Review of Bohm-Bawerk's Kapital und Kapitalismus", 1889, Academy
* "Review of Bertrand's Calcul des Probabilites", 1889, J of Education
* "Points at which Mathematical Reasoning is Applicable to Political Economy", 1889, Nature
* "Appreciation of Gold", 1889, QJE
* "The Element of Chance in Competitive Examinations", 1890, JRSS
* "Economic Science and Statistics", 1889, Nature
* "Review of Marshall's Principles", 1890, Nature
* "Review of Jevons's Pure Logic", 1890, Academy
* "Review of Walras's Elements", 1890, Academy
* "Review of Bohm-Bawerk's Capital and Interest", 1890, Academy
* "La Théorie mathématique de l'offre et de la demande et le côut de production", 1891, Revue d'Economie Politique
* "Osservazioni sulla teoria matematica dell' economica politica", 1891, GdE (trans. "On the Determinateness of Economic Equilibrium")
* "Ancora a proposito della teoria del baratto", 1891, GdE
* "Review of Ricardo's Principles", 1891, J of Education
* "The British Economic Association", 1891, In: The Economic Journal (EJ), Vol. 1, pp. 1–14 (in 16x16px Wikisource)
* "Review of Keynes's Scope and Method", 1891, EJ
* "An Introductory Lecture on Political Economy", 1891, EJ
* "Review of Sidgwick's Elements of Politics", 1891, EJ
* "Review of Second Edition of Marshall's Principles", 1891, EJ
* "Mathematical Investigations in the Theory of Value and Prices," Connecticut Academy, 1892.
* "Correlated Averages", 1892, Phil Mag
* "The Law of Error and Correlated Averages", 1892, Phil Mag.
* "Recent Attempts to Evaluate the Amount of Coin Circulating in a Country", 1892, EJ
* "Review of Marshall's Economics of Industry", 1892, Nature
* "Review of Cantillon's Essai", 1892, EJ
* "Review of Palgrave's Dictionary", 1892, EJ
* "Review of Bohm-Bawerk's Positive Theory of Capital", 1892, EJ
* "Review of Smart's Introduction to the Theory of Value", 1892, EJ
* "Review of Dusing's Das Geschlechtverhaltniss", 1892, EJ
* "Review of Benson's Capital, Labor and Trade", 1892, EJ
* "Review of Smart's Women's Wages", 1893
* "Review of Bonar's Philosophy", 1893, Mind
* "Review of Walsh's Bimetallism", 1893, EJ
* "Review of Fisher's Mathematical Investigations", 1893, EJ
* "Professor Böhm-Bawerk on the Ultimate Standard of Value", 1894, EJ
* "One More Word on the Ultimate Standard of Value", 1894, EJ
* "Review of Wiser's Natural Value", 1894, EJ
* "Theory of International Values: Parts I, II and III", 1894, EJ
* "Recent Writings on Index Numbers", 1894, EJ
* "The Measurement of Utility by Money", 1894, EJ
* "Asymmetric Correlation between Social Phenomenon", 1894, JRSS
* Entries: "Average", "Census", "Cournot", "Curves", "Demand Curves", Difficulty of Attainment", "Distance in Time", "Error", 1894, in Palgrave, editor, Dictionary of Political Economy, Vol. 1.
* "Review of the Webbs' History of Trade Unionism", 1894, EJ
* "Review of Third Edition of Marshall's Principles", 1895, EJ
* "Mr. Pierson on the Scarcity of Gold", 1895, EJ
* "Thoughts on Monetary Reform", 1895, EJ
* "The Stationary State in Japan", 1895, EJ
* "A Defense of Index-Numbers", 1896, EJ
* "Statistics on Unprogressive Communities", 1896, JRSS
* "The Asymmetrical Probability Curve (Abstract)", 1894, Proceedings of the Royal Society
* "The Asymmetrical Probability Curve", 1896, Phil Mag
* "The Compound law of Error", 1896, Phil Mag
* Entries: "Gossen", "Index Numbers", "Intrinsic Value", "Jenkin", "Jennings", "Least Squares" and "Mathematical Method", 1896, in Palgrave, editor, Dictionary of Political Economy, Vol. 2.
* "Review of Price's Money", 1896, EJ
* "Review of Nicholson's Strikes and Social Problems", 1896, EJ
* "Review of Pierson's Leerboek, Vol. 1", 1896, EJ
* "Review of Pierson's Leerkook, Vol. 2", 1897, EJ
* "Review of Bastable, Theory of International Trade", 1897, EJ
* "Review of Grazani's Istituzioni", 1897, EJ
* "La teoria pura del monopolio", 1897, GdE, (trans."The Pure Theory of Monopoly")
* "The Pure Theory of Taxation: Parts I, II and III", 1897, EJ
* "Miscellaneous Applications of the Calculus of Probabilities", Parts 1, 2, 3, 1897, 1898, JRSS
* "Review of Cournot's Recherches", 1898, EJ
* "Professor Graziani on the Mathematical Theory of Monopoly", 1898, EJ
* "Review of Darwin's Bimetallism", 1898, EJ
* "On the Representation of Statistics by Mathematical Formulae", Part 1 (1898), Parts 2, 3, 4 (1899)
* "On a Point in the Theory of International Trade", 1899, EJ
* "Review of Davidson, Bargain Theory of Wages", 1899, EJ
* "Professor Seligman on the Mathematical Method in Political Economy", 1899, EJ
* Entries: "Pareto", "Pareto's Law", "Probability", Supply Curve" and "Utility", 1899, in Palgrave, editor, Dictionary of Political Economy, Vol. 3
* "Answers to Questions by Local Taxation Commission", 1899, Reprint of Royal Commission for Local Taxation
* "The Incidence of Urban Rates, Parts I, II and III" 1900, EJ
* "Defence of Mr. Harrison's Calculation of the Rupee Circulation", 1900, EJ
* "Review of J.B. Clark's Theory of Distribution", 1900, EJ
* "Review of Smart's Taxation of Land-Values", 1900, EJ
* "Review of Bastable, Theory of International Trade (3rd edition)", 1897, EJ
* "Review of Bonar and Hollander, Letters of Ricardo", 1900, EJ
* "Mr. Walsh on the Measurement of General Exchange Value", 1901, EJ
* "Disputed Points in the Theory of International Trade", 1901, EJ
* "Review of Gide's Cooperation", 1902, EJ
* "Review of Wells's Anticipations", 1902, EJ
* "Methods of Representing Statistics of Wages and Other Groups Not *"Fulfilling the Normal Law of Error", with A.L. Bowley, 1902, JRSS
* "The Law of Error", 1902, Encycl Britannica
* "Review of Cannan's History of Theories of Production", 1903, EJ
* "Review of Bortkiewicz's Anwendungen and Pareto's Anwendungen", 1903, EJ
* "Review of Bastable's Public Finance", 1903, EJ
* "Review of Bastable's Cartels et Trusts", 1903, EJ
* "Review of Pigou's Riddle of the Tariff", 1904, EJ
* "Review of Nicholson's Elements", 1904, EJ
* "Review of Bowley's National Progress", 1904, EJ
* "Review of Plunkett's Ireland", 1904, EJ
* "Review of Northon's Loan Credit", 1904, EJ
* "Review of Graziani's Istituzione", 1904, EJ
* "Review of Dietzel's Vergeltungzolle", 1904, EJ
* "Preface", 1904, in J.R. MacDonald, editor, Women in the Printing Trades.
* "The Theory of Distribution", 1904, QJE
* "The Law of Error", 1905, Transactions of Cambridge Society
* "Review of Nicholson's History of English Corn Laws", 1905, EJ
* "Review of Cunynghame's Geometrical Political Economy", 1905, EJ
* "Review of Carver's Theory of Distribution", 1905, EJ
* "Review of Taussig's Present Position", 1905, EJ
* "Review of Henry Sidgwick: A memoir", 1906, EJ
* "The Generalised Law of Error, or Law of Great Numbers", 1906, JRSS
* "Recent Schemes for Rating Urban Land Values", 1906, EJ
* "On the Representation of Statistical Frequency by a Series", 1907, JRSS
* "Statistical Observations on Wasps and Bees", 1907, Biometrika
* "Review of de Foville's Monnaie and Guyot's Science economique", 1907, EJ
* "Appreciations of Mathematical Theories", Parts I & II (1907), Parts III & IV (1908), EJ
* "On the Probable Errors of Frequency Constants", I, II & III (1908), Add. (1909), JRSS
* "Review of Andreades's Lecture on the Census", 1908, EJ
* "Review of Rea's Free Trade", 1908, EJ
* "Review of Withers's Meaning of Money", 1909, EJ
* "Review of Mitchell's Gold Prices", 1909, EJ
* "Review of Jevons's Investigations", 1909, EJ
* "Application du calcul des probabilités à la Statistique", 1909, Bulletin de l'Institut international de statistique
* "On the Use of the Differential Calculus in Economics to Determine Conditions of Maximum Advantage", 1909, Scientia
* "Applications of Probabilities to Economics, Parts I & II", 1910, EJ.
* "The Subjective Element in the First Principles of Taxation", 1910, QJE
* "Review of John Stuart Mill's Principles", 1910, EJ
* "Review of Colson's Cours", 1910, EJ
* "Review of J. Maurice Clark's Local Freight Discriminations", 1910, EJ
* "Review of Hammond's Railway Rate Theories", 1911, EJ
* "Probability and Expectation", 1911, Encycl Britannica
* "Monopoly and Differential Prices", 1911, EJ
* "Contributions to the Theory of Railway Rates", Part I & II (1911), Part III (1912), Part IV (1913), EJ
* "Review of Moore's Laws of Wages", 1912, EJ
* "Review of Pigou's Wealth and Welfare", 1913, EJ
* "On the Use of the Theory of Probabilities in Statistics Relating to Society", 1913, J of RSS
* "A Variant Proof of the Distribution of Velocities in a Molecular Chaos", 1913, PhilMag
* "On the Use of Analytical Geometry to Represent Certain Kinds of Statistics", Parts I–V, 1914, J of RSS
* "Recent Contributions to Mathematical Economics, I & II", 1915, EJ
* On the Relations of Political Economy to War, 1915.
* The Cost of War and ways of reducing it suggested by economic theory, 1915.
* "Economists on War: Review of Sombart, etc.", 1915, EJ
* "Review of Pigou's Economy and Finance of War", 1916, EJ
* "Review of Preziosi's La Germania alla Conquista dell' Italia", 1916, EJ
* "British Incomes and Property", 1916, EJ
* "On the Mathematical Representation of Statistical Data", Part I (1916), Parts II–IV (1917), J of RSS
* "Review of Gill's National Power and Prosperity", 1917, EJ
* "Review of Lehfeldt's Economics in Light of War", 1917, EJ
* "Some German Economic Writings about the War", 1917, EJ
* "After-War Problems: Review of Dawson at al.", 1917, EJ
* "Review of Westergaard's Scope and Methods of Statistics", 1917, JRSS
* "Review of Anderson's Value of Money", 1918, EJ
* "Review of Moulton and Phillips on Money and Banking", 1918, EJ
* "Review of Loria's Economic Causes of War", 1918, EJ
* "Review of Arias's Principii", 1918, EJ
* "Review of Smith-Gordon, Rural Reconstruction of Ireland and Russell's National Being", 1918, EJ
* "On the Value of a Mean as Calculated from a Sample", 1918, EJ
* "An Astronomer on the Law of Error", 1918, PhilMag
* Currency and Finance in Time of War, 1918.
* "The Doctrine of Index-Numbers According to Prof. Wesley Mitchell", 1918, EJ
* "Psychical Research and Statistical Method", 1919, JRSS
* "Methods of Graduating Taxes on Income and Capital", 1919, EJ
* "Review of Cannan's Money", 1919, EJ
* "Review of Andreades's Historia", 1919, EJ
* "Review of Lehfeldt's Gold Prices", 1919, EJ
* A Levy on Capital for the Discharge of the Debt, 1919.
* "Mathematical Formulae and the National Commission on Income Tax", 1920, EJ
* "On the Application of Probabilities to the Movement of Gas Molecules", Part I (1920), Part II (1922), Phil Mag
* "Entomological Statistics", 1920, Metron, pp. 75–80
* "Review of Gustav Cassel's Theory of Social Economy", 1920, EJ
* "Review of Bowley's Change in Distribution of National Income", 1920, JRSS
* "Review of the Webbs' History of Trade Unionism", 1920, EJ
* "Molecular Statistics", Part I (1921), Part II (1922), JRSS
* "On the Genesis of the Law of Eror", 1921, PhilMag
* "The Philosophy of Chance", 1922, Mind
* "The Mathematical Economics of Professor Amoroso", 1922, EJ
* "Equal Pay to Men and Women for Equal Work", 1922, EJ
* "Review of Keynes's Treatise on Probability", 1922, JRSS
* "Review of Pigou's Political Economy of War", 1922, EJ
* "Statistics of Examinations", 1923, JRSS
* "On the Use of Medians for Reducing Observations Relating to Several Quantities", 1923, Phil Mag
* "Mr. Correa Walsh on the Calculation of Index Numbers", 1923, JRSS
* "Index Numbers According to Mr. Walsh", 1923, EJ
* "Women's Wages in Relation to Economic Welfare", 1923, EJ

Also available as: Edgeworth, F.Y. (1995), "Women's Wages in Relation to Economic Welfare", in Humphries, Jane, Gender and economics, Aldershot, England Brookfield, Vermont, USA: Edward Elgar, pp. 99–112, ISBN 9781852788438, https://archive.org/details/gendereconomics0000unse/page/99.

* "Review of Marshall's Money, Credit and Commerce", 1923, EJ
* "Review of The Labour Party's Aim", 1923, EJ
* "Review of Bowley's Mathematical Groundwork", 1924, EJ
* "Review of Fisher's Economic Position of the Married Woman", 1924, EJ
* "Untried Methods of Representing Frequency", 1924, JRSS
* Papers Relating to Political Economy, 3 volumes, 1925.
* "The Plurality of Index-Numbers", 1925, EJ
* "The Element of Probability in Index-Numbers", 1925, JRSS
* "The Revised Doctrine of Marginal Social Product", 1925, EJ
* "Review of J.M. Clark's Overhead Costs", 1925, EJ.
* "mathematical method in political economy," 1926, Palgrave's Dictionary of Political Economy, reprinted in 1987, The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 3.
* "Mr Rhode's Curve and the Method of Adjustment", 1926, JRSS

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Bowley, Arthur L. (1934). "Francis Ysidro Edgeworth". Econometrica 2 (2): 113–124. doi:10.2307/1906895. ISSN 0012-9682. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1906895.
2. ↑ Barbe 2010.
3. ↑ Barbe, Lluis (2010), Francis Ysidro Edgeworth: A Portrait With Family and Friends, Edward Elgar Publishing, p. 1, ISBN 9781849803229, https://books.google.com/books?id=m93iASHrXnEC&pg=PA1
4. ↑ (Barbe 2010), p. 85: "The year 1877 was a productive year for Edgeworth in earning titles. He acquired the degree of Master of Arts from Oxford and was called to the bar by the Inner Temple. This means that he had successfully completed his studies at the professional level. However, by then he had decided not to pursue a legal career."
5. ↑ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Francis Ysidro Edgeworth", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Edgeworth.html .
6. ↑ Stigler, Stephen M. (1978), "Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, Statistician", Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A 141 (3): 287–322, doi:10.2307/2344804 . See in particular Section 3, "Edgeworth's Style", pp. 292–293.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Francis Ysidro Edgeworth". http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/edgew.htm.
8. ↑ "Alfred Marshall (1881) "Review of Edgeworth's Mathematical Psychics"". Cepa.newschool.edu. http://www.newschool.edu/nssr/het/texts/marshall/marshedgew81.htm.
9. ↑ W.S. Jevons's "Review of Mathematical Psychics", 1881 at cepa.newschool.edu
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Hotelling, Harold (1932). "Edgeworth's Taxation Paradox and the Nature of Demand and Supply Functions". Journal of Political Economy 40 (5): 577–616. ISSN 0022-3808. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1822600.
11. ↑ Creedy, John (1988). "Wicksell on Edgeworth's Tax Paradox". The Scandinavian Journal of Economics 90 (1): 101–112. doi:10.2307/3440153. ISSN 0347-0520. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3440153.

## External links

* {{UK National Archives ID}} template missing ID and not present in Wikidata.
* "F Y Edgeworth". JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=au:"F+Y+Edgeworth".

## Further reading

* P J FitzPatrick, "Leading British statisticians of the nineteenth century, Journal of the American Statistical Association 55 (1960), 38–70.
* M G Kendall, "Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, 1845–1926," Biometrika 55 (1968), 269–275.
* Newman, Peter (1987). "Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 2, pp. 84–98.
* _____. (2001). "Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro (1845–1926)," International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, pp. 4170–4175. Abstract.
* Spiegel, Henry William. The Growth of Economic Thought. Ed. Durham & London. Duke University Press, 1991.
* Stigler, Stephen M. (1987). "Edgeworth as statistician," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 2, pp. 98–98.
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* Stockholm
* Structuralist
* Supply-side
* Thermoeconomics
* Virginia
* Social credit

Related|

* History of economic thought
* History of macroeconomic thought
* Economics
* Political economy
* Mainstream economics
* Heterodox economics
* Post-autistic economics
* Degrowth
* World-systems theory
* Economic systems

* v
* t
* e

Guy Medallists

Gold Medallists

* Charles Booth (1892)
* Robert Giffen (1894)
* Jervoise Athelstane Baines (1900)
* Francis Ysidro Edgeworth (1907)
* Patrick G. Craigie (1908)
* G. Udny Yule (1911)
* T. H. C. Stevenson (1920)
* A. William Flux (1930)
* A. L. Bowley (1935)
* Major Greenwood (1945)
* R. A. Fisher (1946)
* A. Bradford Hill (1953)
* E. S. Pearson (1955)
* Frank Yates (1960)
* Harold Jeffreys (1962)
* Jerzy Neyman (1966)
* M. G. Kendall (1968)
* M. S. Bartlett (1969)
* Harald Cramér (1972)
* David Cox (1973)
* G. A. Barnard (1975)
* Roy Allen (1978)
* D. G. Kendall (1981)
* Henry Daniels (1984)
* Bernard Benjamin (1986)
* Robin Plackett (1987)
* Peter Armitage (1990)
* George E. P. Box (1993)
* Peter Whittle (1996)
* Michael Healy (1999)
* Dennis Lindley (2002)
* John Nelder (2005)
* James Durbin (2008)
* C. R. Rao (2011)
* John Kingman (2013)
* Bradley Efron (2014)
* Adrian Smith (2016)

Silver Medallists

* John Glover (1893)
* Augustus Sauerbeck (1894)
* A. L. Bowley (1895)
* F. J. Atkinson (1897)
* C. S. Loch (1899)
* Richard Crawford (1900)
* Thomas A. Welton (1901)
* R. H. Hooker (1902)
* Yves Guyot (1903)
* D. A. Thomas (1904)
* R. H. Rew (1905)
* W. H. Shaw (1906)
* N. A. Humphreys (1907)
* Edward Brabrook (1909)
* G. H. Wood (1910)
* R. Dudfield (1913)
* S. Rowson (1914)
* S. J. Chapman (1915)
* J. S. Nicholson (1918)
* J. C. Stamp (1919)
* A. William Flux (1921)
* H. W. Macrosty (1927)
* Ethel Newbold (1928)
* H. E. Soper (1930)
* J. H. Jones (1934)
* E. C. Snow (1935)
* R. G. Hawtrey (1936)
* E. C. Ramsbottom (1938)
* L. Isserlis (1939)
* H. Leak (1940)
* M. G. Kendall (1945)
* Harry Campion (1950)
* F. A. A. Menzler (1951)
* M. S. Bartlett (1952)
* J. O. Irwin (1953)
* L. H. C. Tippett (1954)
* D. G. Kendall (1955)
* Henry Daniels (1957)
* G. A. Barnard (1958)
* E. C. Fieller (1960)
* D. R. Cox (1961)
* P. V. Sukhatme (1962)
* George E. P. Box (1964)
* C. R. Rao (1965)
* Peter Whittle (1966)
* Dennis Lindley (1968)
* Robin Plackett (1973)
* James Durbin (1976)
* John Nelder (1977)
* Peter Armitage (1978)
* Michael Healy (1979)
* M. Stone (1980)
* John Kingman (1981)
* Henry Wynn (1982)
* Julian Besag (1983)
* J. C. Gittins (1984)
* A. Bissell (1985)
* W. Pridmore (1985)
* Richard Peto (1986)
* John Copas (1987)
* John Aitchison (1988)
* F. P. Kelly (1989)
* David Clayton (1990)
* R. L. Smith (1991)
* Robert Curnow (1992)
* A. F. M. Smith (1993)
* David Spiegelhalter (1994)
* B. W. Silverman (1995)
* Steffen Lauritzen (1996)
* Peter Diggle (1997)
* Harvey Goldstein (1998)
* Peter Green (1999)
* Walter Gilks (2000)
* Philip Dawid (2001)
* David Hand (2002)
* Kanti Mardia (2003)
* Peter Donnelly (2004)
* Peter McCullagh (2005)
* Michael Titterington (2006)
* Howell Tong (2007)
* Gareth Roberts (2008)
* Sylvia Richardson (2009)
* Iain M. Johnstone (2010)
* P. G. Hall (2011)
* David Firth (2012)
* Brian Ripley (2013)
* Jianqing Fan (2014)
* Anthony Davison (2015)
* Nancy Reid (2016)
* Neil Shephard (2017)

Bronze Medallists

* William Gemmell Cochran (1936)
* R. F. George (1938)
* W. J. Jennett (1949)
* Peter Armitage (1962)
* James Durbin (1966)
* F. Downton (1967)
* Robin Plackett (1968)
* M. C. Pike (1969)
* P. G. Moore (1970)
* D. J. Bartholomew (1971)
* G. N. Wilkinson (1974)
* A. F. Bissell (1975)
* P. L. Goldsmith (1976)
* A. F. M. Smith (1977)
* Philip Dawid (1978)
* T. M. F. Smith (1979)
* A. J. Fox (1980)
* S. J. Pocock (1982)
* Peter McCullagh (1983)
* Bernard Silverman (1984)
* David Spiegelhalter (1985)
* D. F. Hendry (1986)
* Peter Green (1987)
* S. C. Darby (1988)
* S. M. Gore (1989)
* Valerie Isham (1990)
* M. G. Kenward (1991)
* C. Jennison (1992)
* Jonathan Tawn (1993)
* R. F. A. Poultney (1994)
* Iain M. Johnstone (1995)
* J. N. S. Matthews (1996)
* Gareth Roberts (1997)
* D. Firth (1998)
* P. W. F. Smith
* J. Forster (1999)
* J. Wakefield (2000)
* Guy Nason (2001)
* Geert Molenberghs (2002)
* Peter Lynn (2003)
* Nicola Best (2004)
* Steve Brooks (2005)
* Matthew Stephens (2006)
* Paul Fearnhead (2007)
* Fiona Steele (2008)
* Chris Holmes (2009)
* Omiros Papaspiliopoulos (2010)
* Nicolai Meinshausen (2011)
* Richard Samworth (2012)
* Piotr Fryzlewicz (2013)
* Ming Yuan (2014)
* Jinchi Lv (2015)
* Yingying Fan (2017)

* v
* t
* e

Presidents of the Royal Statistical Society

19th century|

* 1834–1836 The Marquess of Lansdowne
* 1836–1838 Sir Charles Lemon, Bt
* 1838–1840 The Earl FitzWilliam
* 1840–1842 Viscount Sandon
* 1842–1843 The Marquess of Lansdowne
* 1843–1845 Lord Ashley
* 1845–1847 The Lord Monteagle of Brandon
* 1847–1849 The Earl FitzWilliam
* 1849–1851 The Earl of Harrowby
* 1851–1853 The Lord Overstone
* 1853–1855 The Earl FitzWilliam
* 1855–1857 The Earl of Harrowby
* 1857–1859 Lord Stanley
* 1859–1861 Lord John Russell
* 1861–1863 Sir John Pakington, Bt
* 1863–1865 William Henry Sykes
* 1865–1867 The Lord Houghton
* 1867–1869 William Ewart Gladstone
* 1869–1871 William Newmarch
* 1871–1873 William Farr
* 1873–1875 William Guy
* 1875–1877 James Heywood
* 1877–1879 George Shaw-Lefevre
* 1879–1880 Thomas Brassey
* 1880–1882 James Caird
* 1882–1884 Robert Giffen
* 1884–1886 Rawson W. Rawson
* 1886–1888 George Goschen
* 1888–1890 Thomas Graham Balfour
* 1890–1892 Frederic J. Mouat
* 1892–1894 Charles Booth
* 1894–1896 The Lord Farrer
* 1896–1897 John Biddulph Martin
* 1897 Alfred Edmund Bateman
* 1897–1899 Leonard Courtney
* 1899–1900 Henry Fowler
* 1900–1902 The Lord Avebury

20th century|

* 1902–1904 Patrick George Craigie
* 1904–1905 Sir Francis Powell, Bt
* 1905–1906 The Earl of Onslow
* 1906–1907 Richard Martin
* 1907–1909 Sir Charles Dilke, Bt
* 1909–1910 Jervoise Athelstane Baines
* 1910–1912 Lord George Hamilton
* 1912–1914 Francis Ysidro Edgeworth
* 1914–1915 The Lord Welby
* 1915–1916 Lord George Hamilton
* 1916–1918 Bernard Mallet, Registrar General
* 1918–1920 Herbert Samuel
* 1920–1922 R. Henry Rew
* 1922–1924 The Lord Emmott
* 1924–1926 Udny Yule
* 1926–1928 The Viscount D'Abernon
* 1928–1930 A. William Flux
* 1930–1932 Sir Josiah Stamp
* 1932–1934 The Lord Meston
* 1934–1936 Major Greenwood
* 1936–1938 The Lord Kennet
* 1938–1940 Arthur Lyon Bowley
* 1940–1941 Henry William Macrosty
* 1941 Hector Leak
* 1941–1943 William Beveridge
* 1943–1945 Charles Ernest Snow
* 1945–1947 The Lord Woolton
* 1947–1949 David Heron
* 1949–1950 Sir Geoffrey Heyworth
* 1950–1952 Austin Bradford Hill
* 1952–1954 Ronald Fisher
* 1954–1955 The Lord Piercy
* 1955–1957 Egon Pearson
* 1957–1959 Harry Campion
* 1959–1960 Hugh Beaver
* 1960–1962 Maurice Kendall
* 1962–1964 Joseph Oscar Irwin
* 1964–1965 Sir Paul Chambers
* 1965–1966 L. H. C. Tippett
* 1966–1967 M. S. Bartlett
* 1967–1968 Frank Yates
* 1968–1969 Arthur Cockfield
* 1969–1970 R. G. D. Allen
* 1970–1971 Bernard Benjamin
* 1971–1972 George Alfred Barnard
* 1972–1973 Harold Wilson
* 1973–1974 D. J. Finney
* 1974–1975 Henry Daniels
* 1975–1977 Stella Cunliffe
* 1977–1978 Henry Wynn
* 1978–1980 Sir Claus Moser
* 1980–1982 David Cox
* 1982–1984 Peter Armitage
* 1984–1985 Walter Bodmer
* 1985–1986 John Nelder
* 1986–1987 James Durbin
* 1987–1989 John Kingman
* 1989–1991 Peter G. Moore
* 1991–1993 T. M. F. Smith
* 1993–1995 D. J. Bartholomew
* 1995–1997 Adrian Smith
* 1997–1999 R. N. Curnow
* 1999–2001 Denise Lievesley

21st century|

* 2001–2003 Peter Green
* 2003–2005 Andy Grieve
* 2005–2007 Tim Holt
* 2008–2009 David Hand
* 2010–2010 Bernard Silverman (resigned Feb 2010; replaced pro tem by David Hand)
* 2011–2012 Valerie Isham
* 2013–2014 John Pullinger
* 2014–2016 Peter Diggle
* 2017–2018 David Spiegelhalter
* 2019– Deborah Ashby

* Category
* List

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis Ysidro Edgeworth. Read more

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