Gardner Ackley

Short description: American economist and diplomat

Gardner Ackley

United States Ambassador to Italy
In office
April 3, 1968 – August 27, 1969
President| Lyndon Johnson
Richard Nixon
Preceded by| Fred Reinhardt
Succeeded by| Graham Martin
6th Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers
In office
November 16, 1964 – February 15, 1968
President| Lyndon Johnson
Preceded by| Walter Heller
Succeeded by| Art Okun
Personal details
Born| Indianapolis, Indiana , U.S.
Died| February 12, 1998(1998-02-12) (aged 82)
Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.
Political party| Democratic
Education| Western Michigan University (BA)
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (MA, PhD)

Hugh Gardner Ackley (June 30, 1915 – February 12, 1998) was an American economist and diplomat.

Ackley served as a member of the Council of Economic Advisers under President John F. Kennedy, and as the chairman under President Lyndon B. Johnson from 1964 to 1968. He also served as ambassador to Italy from 1968 to 1969.[1] Ackley was a member of the University of Michigan faculty for 43 years and served as chair of its economics department. Upon returning to the university following his ambassadorship, he was named the Henry Carter Adams Professor of Political Economy. In 1982 he served as president of the American Economic Association.[2]

Ackley was born in Indianapolis, Indiana in 1915, and was raised in Kalamazoo, Michigan, where he attended public schools and graduated from Western Michigan University in 1936. He earned a Ph.D. from the University of Michigan in 1940, and joined the faculty that year. He served in the U.S. Office of Price Administration and the Office of Strategic Services in Washington, D.C., from 1941 to 1946 and as assistant director of the U.S. Office of Price Stabilization from 1951 to 1952.[3][4]

Ackley believed that government had a definite role in fine tuning the economy, using both fiscal and monetary intervention. He warned President Johnson in 1966 that a tax increase was needed to finance the escalation of the war in Vietnam and the increased social welfare spending that Johnson was undertaking. Johnson did not ask for a tax increase, and economists, including Paul Samuelson, believed this was the cause of the inflation of the 1970s.[2]

Ackley was the author of the popular graduate-level textbook Macroeconomic Theory, which was translated into several languages and remained the standard advanced text during the 1960s and early 1970s.[4][5] He was awarded a fellowship from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1968 and another fellowship from the Ford Foundation.[6] He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1972.[7]

## Selected publications

* "Relative Prices and Aggregate Consumer Demand", with D.B. Suits, 1950, American Economic Review.
* "The Wealth-Saving Relationship", Journal of Political Economy, 1951.
* "Administered Prices and the Inflationary Process", American Economic Review, 1959.
* Macroeconomic Theory, Macmillan Company, 1961; republished as Macroeconomics: Theory and Policy, 1978.
* Stemming World Inflation, The Atlantic Institute, 1971.
* "An Incomes Policy for the 1970s", Review of Economics and Statistics, 1972.
* Macroeconomics: Theory and Policy, Macmillan Library Reference 1978.
* "The Costs of Inflation", American Economic Review, 1978.

## References

1. ↑ U.S. Dept of State, Office of Historian. "Hugh Gardner Ackley Ambassador Italy"
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 McDowell, Edwin. "H. Gardner Ackley, 82, Dies; Presidential Economic Adviser", The New York Times , February 21, 1998.
3. ↑ Gardner Ackley Papers 1936–1990. "Summary Information", Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "H. Gardner Ackley, Obituary", The University Record, University of Michigan, February 25, 1998.
5. ↑ Ackley, Gardner (1961). Macroeconomic Theory. New York: Macmillan. https://archive.org/details/macroeconomicthe00ackl.
6. ↑ "Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter A". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf.
7. ↑ "APS Member History". https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Gardner+Ackley&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced.

Political offices

Preceded by
Walter Heller |  Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers
1964–1968  | Succeeded by
Art Okun
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
Fred Reinhardt |  United States Ambassador to Italy
1968–1969  | Succeeded by
Graham Martin

* v
* t
* e

normal;">Keynesians

Founder|

* John Maynard Keynes

Neo-Keynesians|

* Gardner Ackley
* Robert Solow
* William Baumol
* James Duesenberry
* Robert Eisner
* Trygve Haavelmo
* Alvin Hansen
* Roy Harrod
* Walter Heller
* John Hicks
* Lawrence Klein
* James Meade
* Lloyd Metzler
* Franco Modigliani
* Robert Mundell
* Arthur Melvin Okun
* Don Patinkin
* William Phillips
* William Poole
* Paul Samuelson
* James Tobin

Post-Keynesians|

* Victoria Chick
* Paul Davidson
* Evsey Domar
* James K. Galbraith
* John Kenneth Galbraith
* Myron J. Gordon
* Geoff Harcourt
* Michael Hudson
* Richard Kahn
* Nicholas Kaldor
* Michał Kalecki
* Steve Keen
* Jan Kregel
* Marc Lavoie
* Abba P. Lerner
* Hyman Minsky
* Bill Mitchell
* Basil Moore
* Steven Pressman
* Joan Robinson
* G. L. S. Shackle
* Pavlina R. Tcherneva
* Anthony Thirlwall
* Sidney Weintraub
* L. Randall Wray

New Keynesians|

* George Akerlof
* Ben Bernanke
* Olivier Blanchard
* Alan Blinder
* Guillermo Calvo
* Richard Clarida
* Brad DeLong
* Huw Dixon
* Stanley Fischer
* Jordi Galí
* Mark Gertler
* Robert J. Gordon
* Stephany Griffith-Jones
* Nobuhiro Kiyotaki
* Paul Krugman
* Greg Mankiw
* Marc Melitz
* Maurice Obstfeld
* Edmund Phelps
* Ricardo Reis
* Kenneth Rogoff
* David Romer
* Julio Rotemberg
* Nouriel Roubini
* Robert Shiller
* Andrei Shleifer
* Joseph Stiglitz
* Lawrence Summers
* John B. Taylor
* Michael Woodford

Related|

Keynesian economics

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