George Dantzig

Dantzig c. 1936

Born|

George Bernard Dantzig

(1914-11-08)November 8, 1914

Portland, Oregon, US

Died| May 13, 2005(2005-05-13) (aged 90)

Stanford, California, US

Alma mater| University of Maryland (BS)
University of Michigan (MS)
University of California, Berkeley (PhD)
Known for| Linear programming
Quadratic programming
Stochastic programming
Linear complementarity problem
Max-flow min-cut theorem of networks
Pseudoforest
Vehicle routing problem
Dantzig's simplex algorithm
Dantzig–Wolfe decomposition
Awards| John von Neumann Theory Prize (1975) National Medal of Science (1975)
Harvey Prize (1985)
Harold Pender Award (1995)
Scientific career
Fields| Mathematics
Operations research
Industrial engineering
Computer science
Economics
Statistics
Institutions| U.S. Air Force Office of Statistical Control
RAND Corporation
University of California, Berkeley
Stanford University
Doctoral advisor| Jerzy Spława-Neyman
Doctoral students| Ilan Adler
Robert Fourer
Alfredo Noel Iusem
Ellis L. Johnson
Thomas Magnanti
Roger J-B Wets
Yinyu Ye

George Bernard Dantzig (/ˈdæntsɪɡ/; November 8, 1914–May 13, 2005) was an American mathematical scientist who made contributions to industrial engineering, operations research, computer science, economics and statistics.

Dantzig is known for his development of the simplex algorithm,[1] an algorithm for solving linear programming problems, and for his other work with linear programming. In statistics, Dantzig solved two open problems in statistical theory, which he had mistaken for homework after arriving late to a lecture by Polish mathematician-statistician Jerzy Spława-Neyman.[2]

At his death, Dantzig was professor emeritus of Transportation Sciences and Professor of Operations Research and of Computer Science at Stanford University.

## Contents

* 1 Early life
* 2 Education
* 3 Career
* 3.1 Research
* 3.1.1 Linear programming
* 4 Personal life
* 5 Presidential award
* 6 Publications
* 7 See also
* 8 Notes
* 9 Further reading
* 10 External links

## Early life

Born to Jewish parents in Portland, Oregon, George Bernard Dantzig was named after George Bernard Shaw, the Irish writer.[3][4] His father, Tobias Dantzig, was a mathematician and linguist, and his mother, Anja Dantzig (née Ourisson), was a Russian-born linguist of French-Lithuanian origin. Dantzig's parents met during their study at the University of Paris, where Tobias studied mathematics under Henri Poincaré, after whom Dantzig's brother was named.[4] The Dantzigs emigrated to the United States, where they settled in Portland, Oregon.

Early in the 1920s the Dantzig family moved from Baltimore to Washington, D.C. His mother became a linguist at the Library of Congress, and his father became a math tutor at the University of Maryland, College Park.

## Education

Dantzig attended Powell Junior High School and Central High School. By the time he reached high school, he was already fascinated by geometry, and this interest was further nurtured by his father, challenging him with complicated problems, particularly in projective geometry.[2][4]

George Dantzig received his B.S. from University of Maryland in 1936 in mathematics and physics. He earned his master's degree in mathematics from the University of Michigan in 1937. After working as a junior statistician at the Bureau of Labor Statistics from 1937 to 1939,[5] he enrolled in the doctoral program in mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley, where he studied statistics under Jerzy Spława-Neyman.

During his study in 1939, Dantzig solved two unproven statistical theorems due to a misunderstanding. Near the beginning of a class, Professor Spława-Neyman wrote two problems on the blackboard. Dantzig arrived late and assumed that they were a homework assignment. According to Dantzig, they "seemed to be a little harder than usual", but a few days later he handed in completed solutions for both problems, still believing that they were an assignment that was overdue.[4][6] Six weeks later, an excited Spława-Neyman eagerly told him that the "homework" problems he had solved were two of the most famous unsolved problems in statistics.[2][4] He had prepared one of Dantzig's solutions for publication in a mathematical journal.[7] This story began to spread and was used as a motivational lesson demonstrating the power of positive thinking. Over time, some facts were altered, but the basic story persisted in the form of an urban legend and as an introductory scene in the movie Good Will Hunting.[6]

Dantzig recalled in a 1986 interview in the College Mathematics Journal, "A year later, when I began to worry about a thesis topic, Spława-Neyman just shrugged and told me to wrap the two problems in a binder and he would accept them as my thesis."[8]

Years later, another researcher, Abraham Wald, was preparing to publish a paper where he had arrived at a conclusion for the second problem when he learned of Dantzig's earlier solution. When Dantzig suggested publishing jointly, Wald simply added Dantzig's name as co-author.[4][8][9]

## Career

With the outbreak of World War II, Dantzig took a leave of absence from the doctoral program at Berkeley to work as a civilian for the United States Army Air Forces. From 1941 to 1946, he became the head of the combat analysis branch of the Headquarters Statistical Control for the Army Air Forces.[2] In 1946, he returned to Berkeley to complete the requirements of his program and received his PhD that year.[3] Although he had a faculty offer from Berkeley, he returned to the Air Force as mathematical advisor to the comptroller.[4]

In 1952, Dantzig joined the mathematics division of the RAND Corporation. By 1960, he became a professor in the Department of Industrial Engineering at UC Berkeley, where he founded and directed the Operations Research Center. In 1966, he joined the Stanford faculty as Professor of Operations Research and of Computer Science. A year later, the Program in Operations Research became a full-fledged department. In 1973, he founded the Systems Optimization Laboratory (SOL) there. On a sabbatical leave that year, he managed the Methodology Group at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Laxenburg, Austria. Later, he became the C. A. Criley Professor of Transportation Sciences at Stanford University.[3]

He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Dantzig was the recipient of many honors, including the first John von Neumann Theory Prize in 1974, the National Medal of Science in 1975,[10] and an honorary doctorate from the University of Maryland, College Park in 1976. The Mathematical Programming Society honored Dantzig by creating the George B. Dantzig Prize, bestowed every three years since 1982 on one or two people who have made a significant impact in the field of mathematical programming. He was elected to the 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences.[11]

### Research

Freund wrote further that "through his research in mathematical theory, computation, economic analysis, and applications to industrial problems, Dantzig contributed more than any other researcher to the remarkable development of linear programming".[12]

Dantzig's work allows the airline industry, for example, to schedule crews and make fleet assignments. Based on his work, tools are developed "that shipping companies use to determine how many planes they need and where their delivery trucks should be deployed. The oil industry long has used linear programming in refinery planning, as it determines how much of its raw product should become different grades of gasoline and how much should be used for petroleum-based byproducts. It is used in manufacturing, revenue management, telecommunications, advertising, architecture, circuit design and countless other areas".[2]

#### Linear programming

Linear programming is a mathematical method for determining a way to achieve the best outcome (such as maximum profit or lowest cost) in a given mathematical model for some list of requirements represented as linear relationships. Linear programming arose as a mathematical model developed during World War II to plan expenditures and returns in order to reduce costs to the army and increase losses to the enemy. It was kept secret until 1947. Postwar, many industries found its use in their daily planning.

The founders of this subject are Leonid Kantorovich, a Russian mathematician who developed linear programming problems in 1939, Dantzig, who published the simplex method in 1947, and John von Neumann, who developed the theory of the duality in the same year.

Dantzig was asked to work out a method the Air Force could use to improve their planning process.[13] This led to his original example of finding the best assignment of 70 people to 70 jobs, showing the usefulness of linear programming. The computing power required to test all the permutations to select the best assignment is vast; the number of possible configurations exceeds the number of particles in the universe. However, it takes only a moment to find the optimum solution by posing the problem as a linear program and applying the Simplex algorithm. The theory behind linear programming drastically reduces the number of possible optimal solutions that must be checked.

In 1963, Dantzig's Linear Programming and Extensions was published by Princeton University Press. The book quickly became a standard text in linear programming.

## Personal life

Dantzig married Anne S. Shmuner in 1936.[14][15] He died on May 13, 2005, in his home in Stanford, California, of complications from diabetes and cardiovascular disease. He was 90 years old.[2] His children were named David, Paul, and Jessica.

## Presidential award

Dantzig with Ford at the 1976 National Medal of Science Awards Ceremony

On October 18, 1976, President Gerald Ford presented Dantzig with the National Medal of Science. The award was given "For inventing linear programming and discovering methods that led to wide-scale scientific and technical applications to important problems in logistics, scheduling, and network optimization, and to the use of computers in making efficient use of the mathematical theory."[16]

## Publications

Books by George Dantzig:

* 1953\. Notes on linear programming. RAND Corporation.
* 1956\. Linear inequalities and related systems. With others. Edited by H.W. Kuhn and A.W. Tucker. Princeton University Press.
* 1963\. Linear programming and extensions. Princeton University Press and the RAND Corporation. pdf from RAND
* 1966\. On the continuity of the minimum set of a continuous function. With Jon H. Folkman and Norman Shapiro.
* 1968\. Mathematics of the decision sciences. With Arthur F. Veinott, Jr. Summer Seminar on Applied Mathematics 5th : 1967 : Stanford University. American Mathematical Society.
* 1969\. Lectures in differential equations. A. K. Aziz, general editor. Contributors: George B. Dantzig and others.
* 1970\. Natural gas transmission system optimization. With others.
* 1973\. Compact city; a plan for a liveable urban environment. With Thomas L. Saaty.
* 1974\. Studies in optimization. Edited with B.C. Eaves. Mathematical Association of America.
* 1985\. Mathematical programming : essays in honor of George B. Dantzig. Edited by R.W. Cottle. Mathematical Programming Society.
* 1997\. Linear programming 1: Introduction. G.B.D. and Mukund N. Thapa. Springer-Verlag.
* 2003\. Linear programming 2: Theory and Extensions. G.B.D. and Mukund N. Thapa. Springer-Verlag.
* 2003\. The Basic George B. Dantzig. Edited by Richard W. Cottle. Stanford Business Books, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.[17]

Book chapters:

* Dantzig, George B. (1960), "General convex objective forms", Mathematical models in the social sciences, 1959: Proceedings of the first Stanford symposium, Stanford mathematical studies in the social sciences, IV, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, pp. 151–158. ISBN 9780804700214.

Articles, a selection:

* Dantzig, George B. (June 1940). "On the Non-Existence of Tests of 'Student's' Hypothesis Having Power Functions Independent of σ". The Annals of Mathematical Statistics 11 (2): 186–92. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177731912.
* Wood, Marshall K.; Dantzig, George B. (1949). "Programming of Interdependent Activities: I General Discussion". Econometrica 17 (3/4): 193–9. doi:10.2307/1905522.
* Dantzig, George B. (1949). "Programming of Interdependent Activities: II Mathematical Model". Econometrica 17 (3): 200–211. doi:10.2307/1905523.
* Dantzig, George B. (1955). "Optimal Solution of a Dynamic Leontief Model with Substitution". Econometrica 23 (3): 295–302. doi:10.2307/1910385.

## See also

* Dantzig–Wolfe decomposition
* Knapsack problem
* Maximum flow problem
* Optimization (mathematics)
* Travelling salesman problem
* Shadow price
* List of Jewish American mathematicians

## Notes

1. ↑ Gass, Saul I. (2011). "George B. Dantzig". Profiles in Operations Research. International Series in Operations Research & Management Science. 147. pp. 217–240. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6281-2_13. ISBN 978-1-4419-6280-5.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Joe Holley (2005). "Obituaries of George Dantzig". In: Washington Post, May 19, 2005; B06
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Richard W. Cottle, B. Curtis Eaves and Michael A. Saunders (2006). "Memorial Resolution: George Bernard Dantzig" . Stanford Report, June 7, 2006.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Albers, Donald J.; Alexanderson, Gerald L.; Reid, Constance, eds (1990). "George B. Dantzig". More Mathematical People. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 60–79. ISBN 978-0-15-158175-7. https://archive.org/details/moremathematical0000unse/page/60.
5. ↑ Dawn Levy (May 25, 2005). "George B. Dantzig, operations research giant, dies at 90". Stanford University News Service. https://news.stanford.edu/pr/2005/pr-dantzigobit-052505.html.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "The Unsolvable Math Problem". Snopes. June 28, 2011. http://www.snopes.com/college/homework/unsolvable.asp.
7. ↑ Dantzig, George (1940). "On the non-existence of tests of "Student's" hypothesis having power functions independent of σ". The Annals of Mathematical Statistics 11 (2): 186–192. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177731912.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Allende, Sira M.; Bouza, Carlos N. (2005). "Professor George Bernard Dantzig, Life & Legend". Revista Investigación Operacional 26 (3): 205–11. http://rev-inv-ope.univ-paris1.fr/fileadmin/rev-inv-ope/files/26305/IO-26305-1.pdf. Retrieved 2019-03-24.
9. ↑ Dantzig, George; Wald, Abraham (1951). "On the Fundamental Lemma of Spława-Neyman and Pearson". The Annals of Mathematical Statistics 22: 87–93. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177729695. http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.aoms/1177729695. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
10. ↑ National Science Foundation – The President's National Medal of Science
11. ↑ Fellows: Alphabetical List, Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences, https://www.informs.org/Recognizing-Excellence/Fellows/Fellows-Alphabetical-List, retrieved 2019-10-09
12. ↑ Robert Freund (1994). "Professor George Dantzig: Linear Programming Founder Turns 80" . In: SIAM News, November 1994.
13. ↑ "Biographical Profiles: Dantzig, George B." (in en-US). https://www.informs.org/Explore/History-of-O.R.-Excellence/Biographical-Profiles/Dantzig-George-B.
14. ↑ "George B. Dantzig, operations research professor, dies at 90". 25 May 2005. https://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/may25/dantzigobit-052505.html.
15. ↑ "George Dantzig". 27 May 2005. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1490820/George-Dantzig.html.
16. ↑ "The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details". https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.jsp?recip_id=95.
17. ↑ Todd, Michael J. (2011). "Review: The Basic George B. Dantzig, by Richard W. Cottle". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.) 48 (1): 123–129. doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-2010-01303-3. https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/2011-48-01/S0273-0979-2010-01303-3/.

## Further reading

* Cottle, Richard; Johnson, Ellis; Wets, Roger (March 2007). "George B. Dantzig (1914–2005)". Notices of the American Mathematical Society 54 (3): 344–62. https://www.ams.org/notices/200703/fea-cottle.pdf.
* "Professor George Dantzig: Linear Programming Founder Turns 80" , SIAM News, November 1994
* O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "George Dantzig", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Dantzig_George.html .
* Dantzig, George B. (1990). "The Diet Problem". Interfaces 20 (4): 43–7. doi:10.1287/inte.20.4.43.
* Cottle, Richard W. (2005). "George B. Dantzig: a legendary life in mathematical programming". Mathematical Programming 105 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1007/s10107-005-0674-4. ISSN 0025-5610.

## External links

* O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "George Dantzig", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews, http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Dantzig_George.html .
* Tributes to George Dantzig and Leonid Khachiyan
* Obituaries of George Dantzig
* Interview with George B. Dantzig: The Father of Linear Programming – The College Mathematical Journal, 1986 JSTOR 2686279
* INFORMS George Dantzig Memorial Website
* George Dantzig at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
* Biography of George Dantzig from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS)
* An Interview with Nobel Laureate Harry M. Markowitz [1]

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Allan R. Sandage
John C. Slater
John A. Wheeler
Saul Winstein
1973
Carl Djerassi
Maurice Ewing
Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
Vladimir Haensel
Frederick Seitz
Robert Rathbun Wilson
1974
Nicolaas Bloembergen
Paul Flory
William Alfred Fowler
Linus Carl Pauling
Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
1975
Hans A. Bethe
Joseph O. Hirschfelder
Lewis Sarett
Edgar Bright Wilson
Chien-Shiung Wu
1976
Samuel Goudsmit
Herbert S. Gutowsky
Frederick Rossini
Verner Suomi
Henry Taube
George Uhlenbeck
1979
Richard P. Feynman
Herman Mark
Edward M. Purcell
John Sinfelt
Lyman Spitzer
Victor F. Weisskopf

1980s|

1982
Philip W. Anderson
Yoichiro Nambu
Edward Teller
Charles H. Townes
1983
E. Margaret Burbidge
Maurice Goldhaber
Helmut Landsberg
Walter Munk
Frederick Reines
Bruno B. Rossi
J. Robert Schrieffer
1986
Solomon J. Buchsbaum
H. Richard Crane
Herman Feshbach
Robert Hofstadter
Chen-Ning Yang
1987
Philip Abelson
Walter Elsasser
Paul C. Lauterbur
George Pake
James A. Van Allen
1988
D. Allan Bromley
Paul Ching-Wu Chu
Walter Kohn
Norman F. Ramsey
Jack Steinberger
1989
Arnold O. Beckman
Eugene Parker
Robert Sharp
Henry Stommel

1990s|

1990
Allan M. Cormack
Edwin M. McMillan
Robert Pound
Roger Revelle
1991
Arthur L. Schawlow
Ed Stone
Steven Weinberg
1992
Eugene M. Shoemaker
1993
Val Fitch
Vera Rubin
1994
Albert Overhauser
Frank Press
1995
Hans Dehmelt
Peter Goldreich
1996
Wallace S. Broecker
1997
Marshall Rosenbluth
Martin Schwarzschild
George Wetherill
1998
Don L. Anderson
John N. Bahcall
1999
James Cronin
Leo Kadanoff

2000s|

2000
Willis E. Lamb
Jeremiah P. Ostriker
Gilbert F. White
2001
Marvin L. Cohen
Raymond Davis Jr.
Charles Keeling
2002
Richard Garwin
W. Jason Morgan
Edward Witten
2003
G. Brent Dalrymple
Riccardo Giacconi
2004
Robert N. Clayton
2005
Ralph A. Alpher
Lonnie Thompson
2006
Daniel Kleppner
2007
Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
Charles P. Slichter
2008
Berni Alder
James E. Gunn
2009
Yakir Aharonov
Esther M. Conwell
Warren M. Washington

2010s|

2011
Sidney Drell
Sandra Faber
Sylvester James Gates
2012
Burton Richter
Sean C. Solomon
2014
Shirley Ann Jackson

* v
* t
* e

John von Neumann Theory Prize

1975–1999|

* George Dantzig (1975)
* Richard Bellman (1976)
* Felix Pollaczek (1977)
* John F. Nash / Carlton E. Lemke (1978)
* David Blackwell (1979)
* David Gale / Harold W. Kuhn / Albert W. Tucker (1980)
* Lloyd Shapley (1981)
* Abraham Charnes / William W. Cooper / Richard J. Duffin (1982)
* Herbert Scarf (1983)
* Ralph Gomory (1984)
* Jack Edmonds (1985)
* Kenneth J. Arrow (1986)
* Samuel Karlin (1987)
* Herbert A. Simon (1988)
* Harry M. Markowitz (1989)
* Richard Karp (1990)
* Richard E. Barlow / Frank Proschan (1991)
* Alan J. Hoffman / Philip Wolfe (1992)
* Robert Herman (1993)
* Lajos Takacs (1994)
* Egon Balas (1995)
* Peter C. Fishburn (1996)
* Peter Whittle (1997)
* Fred W. Glover (1998)
* R. Tyrrell Rockafellar (1999)

2000–present|

* Ellis L. Johnson / Manfred W. Padberg (2000)
* Ward Whitt (2001)
* Donald L. Iglehart / Cyrus Derman (2002)
* Arkadi Nemirovski / Michael J. Todd (2003)
* J. Michael Harrison (2004)
* Robert J. Aumann (2005)
* Martin Grötschel / László Lovász / Alexander Schrijver (2006)
* Arthur F. Veinott, Jr. (2007)
* Frank Kelly (2008)
* Yurii Nesterov / Yinyu Ye (2009)
* Søren Asmussen / Peter W. Glynn (2010)
* Gérard Cornuéjols (2011)
* George Nemhauser / Laurence Wolsey (2012)
* Michel Balinski (2013)
* Nimrod Megiddo (2014)
* Vašek Chvátal / Jean Bernard Lasserre (2015)
* Martin I. Reiman / Ruth J. Williams (2016)
* Donald Goldfarb / Jorge Nocedal (2017)

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George Dantzig. Read more

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