George Davis Snell

Born| December 19, 1903

Bradford, Massachusetts, U.S

Died| June 6, 1996(1996-06-06) (aged 92)

Bar Harbor, Maine, U.S

Education| Dartmouth College (BS)
Harvard University (DSc)
Known for| Discovery of H2
Spouse(s)| Rhoda Carson
Children| 3
Awards| 1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1978 Wolf Prize in Medicine
Scientific career
Fields| genetics
immunologist
Institutions| Jackson Laboratory
Brown University
Washington University School of Medicine
Doctoral advisor| William E. Castle

George Davis Snell NAS (December 19, 1903 – June 6, 1996) was an American mouse geneticist and basic transplant immunologist.

## Contents

* 1 Work
* 2 Life
* 3 Awards and honors
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Work

George Snell shared the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Baruj Benacerraf and Jean Dausset for their discoveries concerning "genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions". Snell specifically "discovered the genetic factors that determine the possibilities of transplanting tissue from one individual to another. It was Snell who introduced the concept of H antigens."[1] Snell's work in mice led to the discovery of HLA, the major histocompatibility complex, in humans (and all vertebrates) that is analogous to the H-2 complex in mice. Recognition of these key genes was prerequisite to successful tissue and organ transplantation.

## Life

George Snell was born in Bradford, Massachusetts, the youngest of three children. His father (who was born in Minnesota) worked as a secretary for the local YMCA; he invented a device for winding induction coils for motorboat engines. Snell was educated in the Brookline, Massachusetts schools and then enrolled at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire where he continued his passion for mathematics and science, focusing on genetics. He received his bachelor's degree from Dartmouth in 1926.

On the recommendation of John Gerould, his genetics professor at Dartmouth, Snell did graduate work at Harvard University with William E. Castle, the first American biologist to look for Mendelian inheritance in mammals. Snell earned his PhD from Harvard in 1930. His doctoral thesis was on genetic linkage in mice.

Upon receiving the PhD from Harvard, George Snell was employed as a teacher at Brown University, from 1930 to 1931.

Snell then spent two years as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Texas with H.J. Muller, who pioneered radiation genetics (and was also to win a Nobel Prize). Snell studied the genetic effects of x-rays on mice with Muller.

This experience "served to convince me that research was my real love," Snell wrote in his autobiography.[2]"If it were to be research, mouse genetics was the clear choice and the Jackson Laboratory, founded in 1929 by Dr. Clarence Cook Little, one of Castle's earlier students, almost the inevitable selection as a place to work." The Jackson Laboratory was (and still is) the world's mecca for mouse genetics.

From 1933 to 1934, Snell was a teacher at Washington University in St. Louis.

After brief stints as teachers, in 1935 Snell joined the staff of The Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor on Mount Desert Island on the coast of Maine and he remained there for the entire balance of his long career. In Bar Harbor, he met and married Rhoda Carson. Together they had three children. In his leisure time, Snell enjoyed skiing, a passion he developed during his years at Dartmouth, as well as tennis.

Snell received the Cancer Research Institute William B. Coley Award in 1978 for distinguished research in immunology. In 1988, he authored a substantial book, Search for a Rational Ethic, on the nature of ethics and the rules by which we live. It includes an evolution-based ethic founded on biological realities that he believed to be applicable to all human beings.

Snell died in Bar Harbor on June 6, 1996. His wife died in 1994.

## Awards and honors

* 1935-68 The Jackson Laboratory, staff scientist
* 1952 Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences
* 1955 Hekteon Medal of American Medical Association
* 1962 Griffen Animal Care Panel Award
* 1962 Bertner Foundation Award
* 1967 Gregor Mendel Medal, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences
* 1968-96 The Jackson Laboratory, senior staff scientist emeritus
* 1970 Elected to National Academy of Sciences
* 1976 Gairdner Foundation International Award
* 1978 National Cancer Institute Award
* 1978 Elected to British Transplantation Society, honorary
* 1978 Wolf Prize in Medicine
* 1979 Elected to French Academy of Sciences, foreign associate
* 1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
* 1981 Founding member of the World Cultural Council[1]
* 1982 Elected to American Philosophical Society
* 1982 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement[2]
* 1983 Elected to British Society of Immunology, honorary

## See also

* C.C. Little
* Peter Alfred Gorer
* Leroy Stevens

## References

1. ↑ "About Us". World Cultural Council. http://www.consejoculturalmundial.org/about-us/.
2. ↑ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". American Academy of Achievement. https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration.

## External links

* Miss nobel-id as parameter  including the Nobel Lecture Studies in Histocompatibility

* v
* t
* e

Laureates of the Wolf Prize in Medicine

1970s|

* George Snell / Jean Dausset / Jon J. van Rood (1978)
* Roger Sperry / Arvid Carlsson / Oleh Hornykiewicz (1979)

1980s|

* César Milstein / Leo Sachs / James L. Gowans (1980)
* Barbara McClintock / Stanley Norman Cohen (1981)
* Jean-Pierre Changeux / Solomon H. Snyder / James W. Black (1982)
* Donald F. Steiner (1984/5)
* Osamu Hayaishi (1986)
* Pedro Cuatrecasas / Meir Wilchek (1987)
* Henri G. Hers / Elizabeth F. Neufeld (1988)
* John Gurdon / Edward B. Lewis (1989)

1990s|

* Maclyn McCarty (1990)
* Seymour Benzer (1991)
* Judah Folkman (1992)
* Michael Berridge / Yasutomi Nishizuka (1994/5)
* Stanley B. Prusiner (1995/6)
* Mary F. Lyon (1996/7)
* Michael Sela / Ruth Arnon (1998)
* Eric Kandel (1999)

2000s|

* Avram Hershko / Alexander Varshavsky (2001)
* Ralph L. Brinster / Mario Capecchi / Oliver Smithies (2002/3)
* Robert Weinberg / Roger Y. Tsien (2004)
* Alexander Levitzki / Anthony R. Hunter / Anthony Pawson (2005)
* Howard Cedar / Aharon Razin (2008)

2010s|

* Axel Ullrich (2010)
* Shinya Yamanaka / Rudolf Jaenisch (2011)
* Ronald M. Evans (2012)
* Nahum Sonenberg / Gary Ruvkun / Victor Ambros (2014)
* John Kappler / Philippa Marrack / Jeffrey V. Ravetch (2015)
* Lewis C. Cantley / C. Ronald Kahn (2016)
* James P. Allison (2017)
* Jeffrey M. Friedman (2019)

2020s|

* Emmanuelle Charpentier / Jennifer Doudna (2020)

* v
* t
* e

Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

1901–1925|

* 1901: Emil Behring
* 1902: Ronald Ross
* 1903: Niels Finsen
* 1904: Ivan Pavlov
* 1905: Robert Koch
* 1906: Camillo Golgi / Santiago Ramón y Cajal
* 1907: Alphonse Laveran
* 1908: Élie Metchnikoff / Paul Ehrlich
* 1909: Emil Kocher
* 1910: Albrecht Kossel
* 1911: Allvar Gullstrand
* 1912: Alexis Carrel
* 1913: Charles Richet
* 1914: Róbert Bárány
* 1915
* 1916
* 1917
* 1918
* 1919: Jules Bordet
* 1920: August Krogh
* 1921
* 1922: Archibald Hill / Otto Meyerhof
* 1923: Frederick Banting / John Macleod
* 1924: Willem Einthoven
* 1925

1926–1950|

* 1926: Johannes Fibiger
* 1927: Julius Wagner-Jauregg
* 1928: Charles Nicolle
* 1929: Christiaan Eijkman / Frederick Gowland Hopkins
* 1930: Karl Landsteiner
* 1931: Otto Warburg
* 1932: Charles Scott Sherrington / Edgar Adrian
* 1933: Thomas Morgan
* 1934: George Whipple / George Minot / William Murphy
* 1935: Hans Spemann
* 1936: Henry Dale / Otto Loewi
* 1937: Albert Szent-Györgyi
* 1938: Corneille Heymans
* 1939: Gerhard Domagk
* 1940
* 1941
* 1942
* 1943: Henrik Dam / Edward Doisy
* 1944: Joseph Erlanger / Herbert Gasser
* 1945: Alexander Fleming / Ernst Chain / Howard Florey
* 1946: Hermann Muller
* 1947: Carl Cori / Gerty Cori / Bernardo Houssay
* 1948: Paul Müller
* 1949: Walter Hess / António Egas Moniz
* 1950: Edward Kendall / Tadeusz Reichstein / Philip Hench

1951–1975|

* 1951: Max Theiler
* 1952: Selman Waksman
* 1953: Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann
* 1954: John Enders / Thomas Weller / Frederick Robbins
* 1955: Hugo Theorell
* 1956: André Cournand / Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards
* 1957: Daniel Bovet
* 1958: George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg
* 1959: Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg
* 1960: Frank Burnet / Peter Medawar
* 1961: Georg von Békésy
* 1962: Francis Crick / James Watson / Maurice Wilkins
* 1963: John Eccles / Alan Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley
* 1964: Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen
* 1965: François Jacob / André Lwoff / Jacques Monod
* 1966: Francis Rous / Charles B. Huggins
* 1967: Ragnar Granit / Haldan Hartline / George Wald
* 1968: Robert W. Holley / Har Khorana / Marshall Nirenberg
* 1969: Max Delbrück / Alfred Hershey / Salvador Luria
* 1970: Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod
* 1971: Earl Sutherland Jr.
* 1972: Gerald Edelman / Rodney Porter
* 1973: Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen
* 1974: Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George Palade
* 1975: David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard Temin

1976–2000|

* 1976: Baruch Blumberg / Daniel Gajdusek
* 1977: Roger Guillemin / Andrew Schally / Rosalyn Yalow
* 1978: Werner Arber / Daniel Nathans / Hamilton O. Smith
* 1979: Allan Cormack / Godfrey Hounsfield
* 1980: Baruj Benacerraf / Jean Dausset / George Snell
* 1981: Roger Sperry / David H. Hubel / Torsten Wiesel
* 1982: Sune Bergström / Bengt I. Samuelsson / John Vane
* 1983: Barbara McClintock
* 1984: Niels Jerne / Georges Köhler / César Milstein
* 1985: Michael Brown / Joseph L. Goldstein
* 1986: Stanley Cohen / Rita Levi-Montalcini
* 1987: Susumu Tonegawa
* 1988: James W. Black / Gertrude B. Elion / George H. Hitchings
* 1989: J. Michael Bishop / Harold E. Varmus
* 1990: Joseph Murray / E. Donnall Thomas
* 1991: Erwin Neher / Bert Sakmann
* 1992: Edmond Fischer / Edwin G. Krebs
* 1993: Richard J. Roberts / Phillip Sharp
* 1994: Alfred G. Gilman / Martin Rodbell
* 1995: Edward B. Lewis / Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard / Eric F. Wieschaus
* 1996: Peter C. Doherty / Rolf M. Zinkernagel
* 1997: Stanley B. Prusiner
* 1998: Robert F. Furchgott / Louis Ignarro / Ferid Murad
* 1999: Günter Blobel
* 2000: Arvid Carlsson / Paul Greengard / Eric Kandel

2001–present|

* 2001: Leland H. Hartwell / Tim Hunt / Paul Nurse
* 2002: Sydney Brenner / H. Robert Horvitz / John E. Sulston
* 2003: Paul Lauterbur / Peter Mansfield
* 2004: Richard Axel / Linda B. Buck
* 2005: Barry Marshall / Robin Warren
* 2006: Andrew Fire / Craig Mello
* 2007: Mario Capecchi / Martin Evans / Oliver Smithies
* 2008: Harald zur Hausen / Luc Montagnier / Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
* 2009: Elizabeth Blackburn / Carol W. Greider / Jack W. Szostak
* 2010: Robert G. Edwards
* 2011: Bruce Beutler / Jules A. Hoffmann / Ralph M. Steinman (posthumously)
* 2012: John Gurdon / Shinya Yamanaka
* 2013: James Rothman / Randy Schekman / Thomas C. Südhof
* 2014: John O'Keefe / May-Britt Moser / Edvard Moser
* 2015: William C. Campbell / Satoshi Ōmura / Tu Youyou
* 2016: Yoshinori Ohsumi
* 2017: Jeffrey C. Hall / Michael Rosbash / Michael W. Young
* 2018: James P. Allison / Tasuku Honjo
* 2019: Gregg L. Semenza / Peter J. Ratcliffe / William Kaelin Jr.

* v
* t
* e

1980 Nobel Prize laureates

Chemistry|

* Paul Berg (United States)
* Walter Gilbert (United States)
* Frederick Sanger (Great Britain)

Literature|

* Czesław Miłosz (Poland/ United States)

Peace|

* Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (Argentina)

Physics|

* James Cronin (United States)
* Val Logsdon Fitch (United States)

Physiology or Medicine|

* Baruj Benacerraf (United States)
* Jean Dausset (France)
* George Davis Snell (United States)

Economic Sciences|

* Lawrence Klein (United States)

Nobel Prize recipients
1990

2000

* v
* t
* e

Founding members of the World Cultural Council

* Christian B. Anfinsen
* Werner Arber
* James Baddiley
* M. Balasegaram
* Frank Barnaby
* Christiaan Barnard
* Colin Blakemore
* Aage N. Bohr
* Norman Borlaug
* Harold G. Callan
* André Frédéric Cournand
* William J. Darby
* Eduardo de Robertis
* Cornelis de Jager
* Guy Blaudin de Thé
* Jean-François Denisse
* Venancio Deulofeu
* Frank J. Dixon
* Richard S. Doll
* Audouin Dollfus
* Jacques-Émile Dubois
* Gerald Durrell
* Francisco J. Dy
* John C. Eccles
* Paul Ehrlich
* Manfred Eigen
* Mohammed El Fasi
* Ernest L. Eliel
* Kenneth O. Emergy
* José Rafael Estrada
* Hans J. Eysenck
* Don W. Fawcett
* David J. Finney
* Val L. Fitch
* Carl G. Gahmberg
* Alfred D. Hershey
* Gerhard Herzberg
* David H. Hubel
* Osmo H. Järvi
* Reginald V. Jones
* Adrian Kantrowitz
* Nathan O. Kaplan
* Leo A. Kaprio
* Vasso Karageorghis
* Peter E. Kent
* Donald W. Kerst
* Seymour S. Kety
* Prem N. Kirpal
* Georges B. Koelle
* Walther Manshard
* Georges Mathé
* William D. McElroy
* Henry McIlwain
* John McMichael
* Jerrold Meinwald
* Harry Melville
* Desmond J. Morris
* Giuseppe Moruzzi
* Nevill Mott
* Vernon B. Mountcastle
* Robert S. Mulliken
* Walter H. Munk
* Ilie G. Murgulescu
* Jayant V. Narlikar
* Louis E. F. Néel
* Yuval Ne'eman
* Bernhard H. Neumann
* William A. Nierenberg
* Marshall W. Nirenberg
* George E. Palade
* Arthur B. Pardee
* David Phillips
* Jacques Piccard
* Jens J. Pindborg
* Comlan A. A. Quenum
* Hermann Rahn
* G. N. Ramachandran
* Gunnar Randers
* Chintamani N. R. Rao
* Rex Richards
* Jean Rösch
* Abraham J. A. Roux
* Stanley K. Runcorn
* Donald H. Sadler
* Hakim Muhammad Saeed
* Nobufusa Saito
* Abdus Salam
* Stuart J. Saunders
* Menahem Max Schiffer
* William G. Schneider
* Glenn T. Seaborg
* Ernest R. Sears
* Frederick Seitz
* Leonard T. Skeggs
* Stefan Ślopek
* George J. Smets
* George D. Snell
* Leonard Sosnowky
* Roger W. Sperry
* Lyman Spitzer
* Frederick Stewart
* Heikki Suomalainen
* Pol Swings
* Charles Tanford
* Henry Taube
* John M. Tedder
* Edward Teller
* Howard Temin
* Harold Thompson
* Peter C. Thonemann
* Phillip V. Tobias
* Alexander R. Todd
* Jan Peter Toennies
* Andrzej Trautman
* Jean L. F. Tricart
* Ioan Ursu
* Constantin Vago
* Eugene van Tamelen
* Ulf S. von Euler
* Alan Walsh
* William J. Whelan
* Karel F. Wiesner
* Rosalyn S. Yalow
* John Z. Young

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