Hans Geiger

Hans Wilhelm Geiger (1928)

Born|

Neustadt an der Haardt, Palatinate, German Empire

Died| 24 September 1945(1945-09-24) (aged 62)

Potsdam, Germany

Nationality| German
Known for| Geiger counter
Geiger–Marsden experiment
Geiger–Müller tube
Geiger–Nuttall law
Atomic nucleus
Awards| Hughes Medal (1929)
Duddell Medal and Prize (1937)
Scientific career
Fields| Physics and sciences
Institutions| University of Erlangen
University of Manchester
Influences| Ernest Rutherford
John Mitchell Nuttall

Johannes Wilhelm "Hans" Geiger (30 September 1882 – 24 September 1945) was a German physicist. He is best known as the co-inventor of the detector component of the Geiger counter and for the Geiger–Marsden experiment which discovered the atomic nucleus.

Geiger was born at Neustadt an der Haardt, Germany. He was one of five children born to the Indologist Wilhelm Ludwig Geiger, who was a professor at the University of Erlangen. In 1902, Geiger started studying physics and mathematics at the University of Erlangen and was awarded a doctorate in 1906.[1] His thesis was on electrical discharges through gases.[2] He received a fellowship to the University of Manchester and worked as an assistant to Arthur Schuster. In 1907, after Schuster's retirement, Geiger began to work with his successor, Ernest Rutherford, and in 1908, along with Ernest Marsden, conducted the famous Geiger–Marsden experiment (also known as the "gold foil experiment"). This process allowed them to count alpha particles and led to Rutherford's winning the 1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[3][4][5][6]

In 1911 Geiger and John Mitchell Nuttall discovered the Geiger–Nuttall law (or rule) and performed experiments that led to Rutherford's atomic model.[7]

In 1912, Geiger was named head radiation research at the German National Institute of Science and Technology in Berlin. There he worked with Walter Bothe (winner of the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics) and James Chadwick (winner of the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics).[8] Work was interrupted when Geiger served in the German military during World War I as an artillery officer from 1914 to 1918.

In 1924, Geiger used his device to confirm the Compton effect which helped earn Arthur Compton the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics.[9]

In 1925, he began a teaching position at the University of Kiel where, in 1928 Geiger and his student Walther Müller created an improved version of the Geiger tube, the Geiger–Müller tube. This new device not only detected alpha particles, but beta and gamma particles as well, and is the basis for the Geiger counter.[10][11]

In 1929 Geiger was named professor of physics and director of research at the University of Tübingen where he made his first observations of a cosmic ray shower. In 1936 he took a position with the Technische Universität Berlin (Technical University of Berlin) where he continued to research cosmic rays, nuclear fission, and artificial radiation until his death in 1945.[12]

Beginning in 1939, after the discovery of atomic fission, Geiger was a member of the Uranium Club, the German investigation of nuclear weapons during World War II. The group splintered in 1942 after it was incorrectly determined that nuclear weapons would not play a major role in ending the war.[13]

Although Geiger signed a petition against the Nazi government's interference with universities, he provided no support to colleague Hans Bethe (winner of the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics) when he was fired for being Jewish.[14][15]

Geiger died in Potsdam, Germany, two months after the first nuclear bomb exploded over Japan .

## See also

* Geiger (crater)
* Geiger tube telescope

## References

1. ↑ Krebs, AT (July 1956). "Hans Geiger: Fiftieth Anniversary of the Publication of His Doctoral Thesis, 23 July 1906". Science 124 (3213): 166. doi:10.1126/science.124.3213.166. PMID 17843412. Bibcode: 1956Sci...124..166K.
2. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3228631/
3. ↑ Rutherford E.; Geiger H. (1908). "An electrical method of counting the number of α particles from radioactive substances". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A (London) 81 (546): 141–161. doi:10.1098/rspa.1908.0065. ISSN 1364-5021. Bibcode: 1908RSPSA..81..141R. https://books.google.com/books?id=jaezAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA141#v=onepage&q&f=false.
4. ↑ Geiger H. (1913). "Über eine einfache Methode zur Zählung von α- und β-Strahlen (On a simple method for counting α- and β-rays)". Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft 15: 534–539.
5. ↑ Campbell John (1999). Rutherford Scientist Supreme, AAS Publications.
6. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3228631/
7. ↑ H. Geiger and J.M. Nuttall (1911) "The ranges of the α particles from various radioactive substances and a relation between range and period of transformation," Philosophical Magazine, series 6, vol. 22, no. 130, pages 613-621. See also: H. Geiger and J.M. Nuttall (1912) "The ranges of α particles from uranium," Philosophical Magazine, series 6, vol. 23, no. 135, pages 439-445.
8. ↑ https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201206/physicshistory.cfm
9. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3228631/
10. ↑ Geiger; Müller W. (1928). "Elektronenzählrohr zur Messung schwächster Aktivitäten (Electron counting tube for the measurement of the weakest radioactivities)". Die Naturwissenschaften (The Sciences) (Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer) 16 (31): 617–618. doi:10.1007/BF01494093. ISSN 0028-1042. Bibcode: 1928NW.....16..617G.
11. ↑ See also:
1. Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1928) "Das Elektronenzählrohr" (The electron counting tube), Physikalische Zeitschrift, 29: 839-841.
2. Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1929) "Technische Bemerkungen zum Elektronenzählrohr" (Technical notes on the electron counting tube), Physikalische Zeitschrift, 30: 489-493.
3. Geiger, H. and Müller, W. (1929) "Demonstration des Elektronenzählrohrs" (Demonstration of the electron counting tube), Physikalische Zeitschrift, 30: 523 ff.
12. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3228631/
13. ↑ https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201206/physicshistory.cfm
14. ↑ https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/scientific-exodus
15. ↑ https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-2-pro-nazi-nobelists-attacked-einstein-s-jewish-science-excerpt1/

## External links

* Brief biographical material
* Annotated bibliography for Hans Geiger from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues

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