Ian Hacking

Short description: Canadian philosopher (1936–2023)

Ian Hacking

CC FRSC FBA

Hacking in 2009

Born| (1936-02-18)February 18, 1936

Vancouver , British Columbia, Canada

Died| May 10, 2023(2023-05-10) (aged 87)

Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Alma mater| University of British Columbia
Trinity College, Cambridge
Spouse(s)|

* Laura Anne Leach
(undated, divorced)

* Nancy Cartwright
(undated, divorced)

* Judith Baker (died 2014)

Era| 20th-century philosophy
Region| Western philosophy
School| Analytic philosophy
Doctoral advisor| Casimir Lewy
Doctoral students| David Papineau

Main interests

| Philosophy of science
Philosophy of statistics

Notable ideas

| Entity realism
Historical ontology (transcendental nominalism)

Influences

* Michel Foucault, Paul Feyerabend, Nelson Goodman, Thomas Kuhn, Charles Sanders Peirce, Ludwig Wittgenstein, J. L. Austin, Casimir Lewy

Influenced

* David Papineau, Jason Josephson Storm[1]

Ian MacDougall Hacking CC FRSC FBA (February 18, 1936 – May 10, 2023) was a Canadian philosopher specializing in the philosophy of science. Throughout his career, he won numerous awards, such as the Killam Prize for the Humanities and the Balzan Prize, and was a member of many prestigious groups, including the Order of Canada, the Royal Society of Canada and the British Academy.

## Contents

* 1 Life and career
* 2 Philosophical work
* 3 Awards and lectures
* 4 Selected works
* 4.1 Books
* 4.2 Chapters in books
* 4.3 Articles
* 5 References
* 6 Further reading
* 7 External links

## Life and career

Born in Vancouver , he earned undergraduate degrees from the University of British Columbia (1956) and the University of Cambridge (1958), where he was a student at Trinity College.[2] Hacking also earned his PhD at Cambridge (1962), under the direction of Casimir Lewy, a former student of G. E. Moore.[3]

Hacking started his teaching career as an instructor at Princeton University in 1960 but, after just one year, moved to the University of Virginia as an assistant professor. After working as a research fellow at Cambridge from 1962 to 1964, he taught at his alma mater, UBC, first as an assistant professor and later as an associate professor from 1964 to 1969. He became a lecturer at Cambridge in 1969 before moving to Stanford University in 1974. After teaching for several years at Stanford, he spent a year at the Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Bielefeld, Germany, from 1982 to 1983. Hacking was promoted to Professor of Philosophy at the University of Toronto in 1983 and University Professor, the highest honour the University of Toronto bestows on faculty, in 1991.[3] From 2000 to 2006, he held the Chair of Philosophy and History of Scientific Concepts at the Collège de France. Hacking is the first Anglophone to be elected to a permanent chair in the Collège's history.[4] After retiring from the Collège de France, Hacking was a professor of philosophy at UC Santa Cruz, from 2008 to 2010. He concluded his teaching career in 2011 as a visiting professor at the University of Cape Town.[5]

Hacking was married three times: his first two marriages, to Laura Anne Leach and fellow philosopher Nancy Cartwright, ended in divorce. His third marriage, Judith Baker, lasted until her death in 2014. He had two daughters and a son.[2]

Hacking died from heart failure at a retirement home in Toronto on May 10, 2023, at the age of 87.[2][6]

## Philosophical work

Influenced by debates involving Thomas Kuhn, Imre Lakatos, Paul Feyerabend and others, Hacking is known for bringing a historical approach to the philosophy of science.[7] The fourth edition (2010) of Feyerabend's 1975 book Against Method, and the 50th anniversary edition (2012) of Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions include an Introduction by Hacking. He is sometimes described as a member of the "Stanford School" in philosophy of science, a group that also includes John Dupré, Nancy Cartwright and Peter Galison. Hacking himself identified as a Cambridge analytic philosopher. Hacking was a main proponent of a realism about science called "entity realism."[8] This form of realism encourages a realistic stance towards answers to the scientific unknowns hypothesized by mature sciences (of the future), but skepticism towards current scientific theories. Hacking has also been influential in directing attention to the experimental and even engineering practices of science, and their relative autonomy from theory. Because of this, Hacking moved philosophical thinking a step further than the initial historical, but heavily theory-focused, turn of Kuhn and others.[9]

After 1990, Hacking shifted his focus somewhat from the natural sciences to the human sciences, partly under the influence of the work of Michel Foucault. Foucault was an influence as early as 1975 when Hacking wrote Why Does Language Matter to Philosophy? and The Emergence of Probability. In the latter book, Hacking proposed that the modern schism between subjective or personalistic probability, and the long-run frequency interpretation, emerged in the early modern era as an epistemological "break" involving two incompatible models of uncertainty and chance. As history, the idea of a sharp break has been criticized,[10][11] but competing 'frequentist' and 'subjective' interpretations of probability still remain today. Foucault's approach to knowledge systems and power is also reflected in Hacking's work on the historical mutability of psychiatric disorders and institutional roles for statistical reasoning in the 19th century. He labels his approach to the human sciences transcendental nominalism[12][13] (also dynamic nominalism[14] or dialectical realism),[14] a historicised form of nominalism that traces the mutual interactions over time between the phenomena of the human world and our conceptions and classifications of them.[15]

In Mad Travelers (1998) Hacking provided a historical account of the effects of a medical condition known as fugue in the late 1890s. Fugue, also known as "mad travel," is a diagnosable type of insanity in which European men would walk in a trance for hundreds of miles without knowledge of their identities.[16]

## Awards and lectures

In 2002, Hacking was awarded the first Killam Prize for the Humanities, Canada's most distinguished award for outstanding career achievements. He was made a Companion of the Order of Canada (CC) in 2004.[17] Hacking was appointed visiting professor at University of California, Santa Cruz for the Winters of 2008 and 2009. On August 25, 2009, Hacking was named winner of the Holberg International Memorial Prize, a Norwegian award for scholarly work in the arts and humanities, social sciences, law and theology.[18]

In 2003, he gave the Sigmund H. Danziger Jr. Memorial Lecture in the Humanities, and in 2010 he gave the René Descartes Lectures at the Tilburg Center for Logic and Philosophy of Science (TiLPS). Hacking also gave the Howison lectures at the University of California, Berkeley, on the topic of mathematics and its sources in human behavior ('Proof, Truth, Hands and Mind') in 2010. In 2012, Hacking was awarded the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art, and in 2014 he was awarded the Balzan Prize.[19]

## Selected works

### Books

Hacking's works have been translated into several languages. His works include:

* The Logic of Statistical Inference (1965)[20]
* A Concise Introduction to Logic (1972) ISBN:039431008X
* The Emergence of Probability (1975)[21]
* Why Does Language Matter to Philosophy? (1975)[22]
* Scientific Revolutions (1981) ISBN:019875051X
* Representing and Intervening, Introductory Topics in the Philosophy of Natural Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1983.[23][24]
* The Taming of Chance (1990)[25]
* Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory (1995)[26][27]
* Mad Travelers: Reflections on the Reality of Transient Mental Illnesses (1998)[28]
* The Social Construction of What? (1999)[29]
* An Introduction to Probability and Inductive Logic (2001)[30]
* Historical Ontology (2002) ISBN:9780674016071
* Why Is There Philosophy of Mathematics at All? (2014) ISBN: 9781107050174

### Chapters in books

* Hacking, Ian (1992), "The self-vindication of the laboratory sciences", in Pickering, Andrew, Science as practice and culture, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 29–64, ISBN 978-0-226-66801-7.
* Hacking, Ian (1996), "Causal Cognition: A Multidisciplinary Debate", in Sperber, Dan; Premack, David; Premack, Ann James, The Looping Effects of Human Kinds, Oxford University Press, pp. 351–394, ISBN 9780191689093

### Articles

* Hacking, Ian (1967). "Slightly More Realistic Personal Probability". Philosophy of Science 34 (4): 311–325. doi:10.1086/288169. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/e4015d08b5be94ae8fd2cbda6f148949d788833d.
* 1979: "What is Logic?", Journal of Philosophy 76(6), reprinted in A Philosophical Companion to First Order Logic (1993), edited by R.I.G. Hughes
* Hacking, Ian (1988). "Telepathy: Origins of Randomization in Experimental Design". Isis 79 (3): 427–451. doi:10.1086/354775. https://semanticscholar.org/paper/dfdbd650a0223c5cff427b3b5214661cf09c75a7.
* Hacking, I. (2005). "Truthfulness". Common Knowledge 11: 160–172. doi:10.1215/0961754X-11-1-160.
* Hacking, Ian (2006). "Genetics, biosocial groups & the future of identity". Daedalus 135 (4): 81–95. doi:10.1162/daed.2006.135.4.81.
* 2007: "Root and Branch: A Canadian philosopher surveys some of the livelier flashpoints in America's battle over evolution". , The Nation
* Hacking, Ian (January 1, 2007). "Putnam's Theory of Natural Kinds and Their Names is Not the Same as Kripke's" (in pt). Principia: An International Journal of Epistemology 11 (1): 1–24. ISSN 1808-1711. https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/principia/article/view/14845.

## References

1. ↑ Storm, Jason Josephson (2021). Metamodernism: The Future of Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 119–121. ISBN 978-0-226-78665-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=pEQ6EAAAQBAJ.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Williams, Alex (May 28, 2023). "Ian Hacking, Eminent Philosopher of Science and Much Else, Dies at 87". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/28/science/ian-hacking-dead.html. Retrieved May 28, 2023.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Ian Hacking, Philosopher". http://www.ianhacking.com.
4. ↑ Jon Miller, "Review of Ian Hacking, Historical Ontology", Theoria 72(2) (2006), p. 148.
5. ↑ "Ian Hacking fonds - Discover Archives". https://discoverarchives.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/ian-hacking-fonds.
6. ↑ "In memoriam: Ian Hacking (1936-2023)". https://philosophy.utoronto.ca/news/in-memoriam-ian-hacking-1936-2023/.
7. ↑ Hacking, Ian (2002). Historical Ontology. Harvard University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1n3x198. ISBN 978-0-674-00616-4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1n3x198.
8. ↑ https://philarchive.org/archive/MILWIH
9. ↑ Grandy, Karen. "Ian Hacking". https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ian-hacking.
10. ↑ Garber, Daniel; Zabell, Sandy (1979). "On the emergence of probability". Archive for History of Exact Sciences 12 (1): 33–53. doi:10.1007/BF00327872. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41133550. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
11. ↑ Franklin, James (2001). The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 373. ISBN 0-8018-6569-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=1zDECQAAQBAJ.
12. ↑ See Transcendence and Nominalism.
13. ↑ A view that Hacking also ascribes to Thomas Kuhn (see D. Ginev, Robert S. Cohen (eds.), Issues and Images in the Philosophy of Science: Scientific and Philosophical Essays in Honour of Azarya Polikarov, Springer, 2012, pp. 313–315).
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Ş. Tekin (2014), "The Missing Self in Hacking's Looping Effects".
15. ↑ "Root and Branch". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. http://www.thenation.com/article/root-and-branch?page=full.
16. ↑ "Dissociative Amnesia, DSM-IV Codes 300.12 ( Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition )". Psychiatryonline.com. http://www.psychiatryonline.com/content.aspx?aID=9708.
17. ↑ "Mr. Ian Hacking". https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/146-15851.
18. ↑ Michael Valpy (August 26, 2009). "From autism to determinism, science to the soul". The Globe and Mail: pp. 1, 7. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/from-autism-to-determinism-sciencetothesoul/article1264432/.
19. ↑ "Ian Hacking – Balzan Prize Epistemology/Philosophy of Mind". http://www.balzan.org/en/prizewinners/ian-hacking.
20. ↑ Hacking, Ian; Romeijn, Jan-Willem (2016). Logic of Statistical Inference - Ian Hacking. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316534960. ISBN 9781107144958. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/logic-of-statistical-inference/BD956F6BB9F16B69F2B314D3CB7DDDDA#:~:text=One of Ian Hacking's earliest,their practical consequences for statisticians..
21. ↑ Barnouw, Jeffrey (1979). "Review of The Emergence of Probability: A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas About Probability, Induction and Statistical Inference.". Eighteenth-Century Studies 12 (3): 438–443. doi:10.2307/2738528. ISSN 0013-2586. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2738528.
22. ↑ Loeb, Louis E. (1977). "Review of Why does Language Matter to Philosophy?". The Philosophical Review 86 (3): 437–440. doi:10.2307/2183805. ISSN 0031-8108. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2183805.
23. ↑ Hacking, Ian (October 20, 1983) (in en). Representing and Intervening: Introductory Topics in the Philosophy of Natural Science. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-28246-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=4hIQ5fGf-_oC.
24. ↑ Hacking, Ian (1983). Representing and Intervening: Introductory Topics in the Philosophy of Natural Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-28246-8. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/representing-and-intervening/F6506B708BB5A8B6A5D884BDCF28E7B7.
25. ↑ Hacking, Ian (1990). The Taming of Chance. Ideas in Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-38014-0. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/taming-of-chance/79755A47B3FE3A340C2C79FBA1DE53D0.
26. ↑ Hacking, Ian (1995). Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05908-2. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7rr17.
27. ↑ "Rewriting the soul: Multiple personality and the sciences of memory." (in en). https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1995-97589-000.
28. ↑ Hacking, Ian (1998). Mad travelers: reflections on the reality of transient mental illnesses. Page-Barbour lectures for (1. publ ed.). Charlottesville, Va.: Univ. Press of Virginia. ISBN 978-0-8139-1823-5.
29. ↑ Hacking, Ian (November 15, 2000). The Social Construction of What?. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00412-2. https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674004122.
30. ↑ Hacking, Ian (July 2, 2001) (in en). An Introduction to Probability and Inductive Logic. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77501-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=ycbc5cpAuMAC.

## Further reading

* Ruphy, Stéphanie (2011). "From Hacking's Plurality of Styles of Scientific Reasoning to "Foliated" Pluralism: A Philosophically Robust Form of Ontologico-Methodological Pluralism". Philosophy of Science (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 78 (5): 1212–1222. doi:10.1086/664571. Bibcode: 2010SHPSA..41..158K.
* Kusch, Martin (2010). "Hacking's historical epistemology: a critique of styles of reasoning". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A (Elsevier BV) 41 (2): 158–173. doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2010.03.007. ISSN 0039-3681. Bibcode: 2010SHPSA..41..158K.
* Resnik, David B. (1994). "Hacking's Experimental Realism". Canadian Journal of Philosophy (Cambridge University Press (CUP)) 24 (3): 395–411. doi:10.1080/00455091.1994.10717376. ISSN 0045-5091.
* Sciortino, Luca (2017). "On Ian Hacking's Notion of Style of Reasoning". Erkenntnis (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 82 (2): 243–264. doi:10.1007/s10670-016-9815-9. ISSN 0165-0106. https://philarchive.org/rec/SCIOIH-2.
* Sciortino, Luca (2016). "Styles of Reasoning, Human Forms of Life, and Relativism". International Studies in the Philosophy of Science (Informa UK Limited) 30 (2): 165–184. doi:10.1080/02698595.2016.1265868. ISSN 0269-8595. https://philarchive.org/rec/SCISOR.
* Tsou, Jonathan Y. (2007). "Hacking on the Looping Effects of Psychiatric Classifications: What Is an Interactive and Indifferent Kind?". International Studies in the Philosophy of Science (Informa UK Limited) 21 (3): 329–344. doi:10.1080/02698590701589601. ISSN 0269-8595.
* Sciortino, Luca (2023), History of Rationalities: Ways of Thinking from Vico to Hacking and Beyond, New York: Springer- Palgrave McMillan, pp. 1–351, ISBN 978-3-031-24003-4.
* Martínez Rodríguez, María Laura (2021) Texture in the Work of Ian Hacking. Springer International Publishing. ISBN:978-3-030-64785-8

## External links

Archives at

| Source| digital description

|

How to use archival material

* Official website
* Hacking, Ian in The Canadian Encyclopedia
* Ian Hacking archival papers held at the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services
* Hacking, Ian (1936–), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy

* v
* t
* e

Analytic philosophy

Related articles|

| Areas of focus|

* Epistemology
* Language
* Mathematics
* Science

|

Turns|

* Aretaic
* Linguistic

Logic|

* Classical
* Mathematical
* Non-classical
* Philosophical

Theories|

* Anti-realism
* Australian realism
* Descriptivist theory of names
* Emotivism
* Functionalism
* Analytical feminism
* Logical atomism
* Logical positivism
* Analytical Marxism
* Neopragmatism
* Neurophilosophy
* Ordinary language
* Quietism
* Scientific structualism
* Sense data

Concepts|

* Analysis (Paradox)
* Analytic–synthetic distinction
* Counterfactual
* Natural kind
* Reflective equilibrium
* Supervenience

| Modality|

* Actualism
* Necessity
* Possibility
* Possible world
* Realism
* Rigid designator

|

Philosophers|

* Nick Bostrom
* Noam Chomsky
* Patricia Churchland
* David Chalmers
* James F. Conant
* Alice Crary
* Daniel Dennett
* Cora Diamond
* Keith Donnellan
* Paul Feyerabend
* Bas van Fraassen
* Gottlob Frege
* Jerry Fodor
* Ian Hacking
* Jaegwon Kim
* Alasdair MacIntyre
* J. L. Mackie
* Ruth Millikan
* Ernest Nagel
* Thomas Nagel
* Derek Parfit
* Karl Popper
* Graham Priest
* John Searle
* Peter Singer
* J. J. C. Smart
* Ernest Sosa
* Barry Stroud
* Charles Taylor
* Michael Walzer

| Cambridge|

* Charlie Broad
* Norman Malcolm
* G. E. Moore
* Bertrand Russell
* Frank P. Ramsey
* Ludwig Wittgenstein

|

Oxford|

* G. E. M. Anscombe
* J. L. Austin
* A. J. Ayer
* Michael Dummett
* Antony Flew
* Philippa Foot
* Peter Geach
* Paul Grice
* R. M. Hare
* Gilbert Ryle
* P. F. Strawson
* Richard Swinburne
* Bernard Williams
* Timothy Williamson

Berlin Circle|

* Carl Gustav Hempel
* Hans Reichenbach

Vienna Circle|

* Rudolf Carnap
* Kurt Gödel
* Otto Neurath
* Moritz Schlick

Harvard|

* Roderick Chisholm
* Donald Davidson
* Nelson Goodman
* Christine Korsgaard
* Thomas Kuhn
* Robert Nozick
* Hilary Putnam
* W. V. O. Quine
* John Rawls

Pittsburgh School|

* Robert Brandom
* John McDowell
* Nicholas Rescher
* Wilfrid Sellars

Princeton|

* David Lewis
* Saul Kripke
* Richard Rorty

Notre Dame|

* Robert Audi
* Peter van Inwagen
* Alvin Plantinga

* Category
* Index

* v
* t
* e

Philosophy of science

| Concepts|

* Analysis
* Analytic–synthetic distinction
* A priori and a posteriori
* Causality
* Commensurability
* Consilience
* Construct
* Creative synthesis
* Demarcation problem
* Empirical evidence
* Explanatory power
* Fact
* Falsifiability
* Feminist method
* Functional contextualism

* Ignoramus et ignorabimus
* Inductive reasoning
* Intertheoretic reduction
* Inquiry
* Nature
* Objectivity
* Observation
* Paradigm
* Problem of induction
* Scientific law
* Scientific method
* Scientific revolution
* Scientific theory
* Testability
* Theory choice
* Theory-ladenness
* Underdetermination
* Unity of science

|

Metatheory
of science|

* Coherentism
* Confirmation holism
* Constructive empiricism
* Constructive realism
* Constructivist epistemology
* Contextualism
* Conventionalism
* Deductive-nomological model
* Hypothetico-deductive model
* Inductionism
* Epistemological anarchism
* Evolutionism
* Fallibilism
* Foundationalism
* Instrumentalism
* Pragmatism
* Model-dependent realism
* Naturalism
* Physicalism
* Positivism / Reductionism / Determinism
* Rationalism / Empiricism
* Received view / Semantic view of theories
* Scientific realism / Anti-realism
* Scientific essentialism
* Scientific formalism
* Scientific skepticism
* Scientism
* Structuralism
* Uniformitarianism
* Vitalism

Philosophy of|

* Physics
* thermal and statistical
* Motion
* Chemistry
* Biology
* Environment
* Geography
* Social science
* Technology
* Engineering
* Artificial intelligence
* Computer science
* Information
* Mind
* Psychiatry
* Psychology
* Perception
* Space and time

Related topics|

* Alchemy
* Criticism of science
* Epistemology
* Faith and rationality
* History and philosophy of science
* History of science
* History of evolutionary thought
* Logic
* Metaphysics
* Pseudoscience
* Relationship between religion and science
* Rhetoric of science
* Science studies
* Sociology of scientific knowledge
* Sociology of scientific ignorance

Philosophers of science by era

| Ancient|

* Plato
* Aristotle
* Stoicism
* Epicureans

|

Medieval|

* Averroes
* Avicenna
* Roger Bacon
* William of Ockham
* Hugh of Saint Victor
* Dominicus Gundissalinus
* Robert Kilwardby

Early modern|

* Francis Bacon
* Thomas Hobbes
* René Descartes
* Galileo Galilei
* Pierre Gassendi
* Isaac Newton
* David Hume

Late modern|

* Immanuel Kant
* Friedrich Schelling
* William Whewell
* Auguste Comte
* John Stuart Mill
* Herbert Spencer
* Wilhelm Wundt
* Charles Sanders Peirce
* Wilhelm Windelband
* Henri Poincaré
* Pierre Duhem
* Rudolf Steiner
* Karl Pearson

Contemporary|

* Alfred North Whitehead
* Bertrand Russell
* Albert Einstein
* Otto Neurath
* C. D. Broad
* Michael Polanyi
* Hans Reichenbach
* Rudolf Carnap
* Karl Popper
* Carl Gustav Hempel
* W. V. O. Quine
* Thomas Kuhn
* Imre Lakatos
* Paul Feyerabend
* Jürgen Habermas
* Ian Hacking
* Bas van Fraassen
* Larry Laudan
* Daniel Dennett

* Category
*   *

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