Jimmy Carter

Short description: President of the United States from 1977 to 1981

"James Earl Carter" redirects here. For his father, see James Earl Carter Sr. For other uses, see James Carter.

Jimmy Carter

Official portrait, 1977

39th President of the United States
In office
January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981
Vice President| Walter Mondale
Preceded by| Gerald Ford
Succeeded by| Ronald Reagan
76th Governor of Georgia
In office
January 12, 1971 – January 14, 1975
Lieutenant| Lester Maddox
Preceded by| Lester Maddox
Succeeded by| George Busbee
Member of the Georgia State Senate
from the 14th district
In office
January 14, 1963 – January 9, 1967
Preceded by| James M. Dykes
Succeeded by| Hugh Carter
Personal details
Born|

James Earl Carter Jr.

(1924-10-01)October 1, 1924
Plains, Georgia, U.S.
Died| December 29, 2024(2024-12-29) (aged 100)
Plains, Georgia, U.S.
Resting place| Jimmy Carter House, Plains
Political party| Democratic
Spouse(s)|

Rosalynn Smith
(m. 1946; died 2023)

Children| 4, including Jack and Amy
Parents|

* James Earl Carter Sr.
* Bessie Lillian Gordy

Relatives| Carter family
Education| United States Naval Academy (BS)
Occupation|

* Politician
* humanitarian
* author

Civilian awards| Full list
Signature|
Military service
Branch/service| United States Navy
Years of service|

* 1946–1953 (active)
* 1953–1961 (reserve)

Rank| Lieutenant
Battles/wars| World War II
Military awards|

* American Campaign Medal
* World War II Victory Medal
* China Service Medal
* National Defense Service Medal

Template:Listen voice

Template:Jimmy Carter series James Earl Carter Jr. (October 1, 1924 - December 29, 2024) was an American politician and humanitarian who served as the 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981. A member of the Democratic Party, Carter served from 1971 to 1975 as the 76th governor of Georgia and from 1963 to 1967 in the Georgia State Senate. He is the longest-lived president in U.S. history, the only U.S. President from Georgia, and the only one to reach the age of 100.

Born in Plains, Georgia, Carter graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1946 and joined the submarine service before returning to his family's peanut farm. He was active in the civil rights movement, then served as a state senator and the 76th governor, one of the first of the "New South governors" committed to desegregation. After announcing his candidacy in 1976, Carter secured the Democratic nomination as a dark horse little known outside his home state before narrowly defeating Republican incumbent Gerald Ford in the general election.

As president, Carter pardoned all Vietnam draft evaders and negotiated major foreign policy agreements, including the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, and the second round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, and he established diplomatic relations with China. He created a national energy policy that included conservation, price control, and new technology. He signed bills that created the Departments of Energy and Education. The later years of his presidency were marked by several foreign policy crises, including the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (leading to the end of détente and the 1980 Olympics boycott) and the fallout of the Iranian Revolution (including the Iran hostage crisis and 1979 oil crisis). Carter sought reelection in 1980, defeating a primary challenge by Senator Ted Kennedy, but lost the election to Republican nominee Ronald Reagan.

Polls of historians and political scientists have ranked Carter's presidency below average. His post-presidency—the longest in U.S. history—is viewed more favorably. After Carter's presidential term ended, he established the Carter Center to promote human rights, earning him the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize. He traveled extensively to conduct peace negotiations, monitor elections, and end neglected tropical diseases, becoming a major contributor to the eradication of dracunculiasis. Carter was a key figure in the nonprofit housing organization Habitat for Humanity. He also wrote political memoirs and other books, commentary on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and poetry.

## Contents

* 1 Early life
* 1.1 Education
* 2 Naval career
* 3 Farming
* 4 Early political career (1963–1971)
* 4.1 Georgia state senator (1963–1967)
* 4.2 1966 and 1970 gubernatorial campaigns
* 5 Georgia governorship (1971–1975)
* 6 1976 presidential campaign
* 6.1 Election
* 6.2 Transition
* 7 Presidency (1977–1981)
* 7.1 Domestic policy
* 7.1.1 Holidays and proclamations
* 7.1.2 Economy
* 7.1.3 Environment
* 7.1.4 U.S. energy crisis
* 7.1.5 Relations with Congress
* 7.1.6 Deregulation
* 7.1.7 Chrysler bailout
* 7.1.8 Healthcare
* 7.1.9 Education
* 7.1.10 LGBTQ rights
* 7.2 Foreign policy
* 7.2.1 Israel and Egypt
* 7.2.2 Africa
* 7.2.3 East Asia
* 7.2.4 Iran
* 7.2.5 Soviet Union
* 7.2.5.1 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
* 7.2.6 International trips
* 7.3 Allegations and investigations
* 7.4 1980 presidential campaign
* 8 Post-presidency (1981–2024)
* 8.1 Diplomacy
* 8.2 Views on later presidents
* 8.3 Presidential politics
* 8.4 Hurricane relief
* 8.5 Other activities
* 8.6 Israel and Palestine
* 9 Personal life
* 9.1 Interests, friendships and hobbies
* 9.2 Beliefs
* 10 Health
* 10.1 Longevity
* 11 Death and funeral
* 12 Legacy
* 12.1 Assessments
* 12.2 Public opinion
* 12.3 Awards and honors
* 13 See also
* 14 Notes
* 15 References
* 15.1 Bibliography
* 15.2 News sources
* 15.3 Websites
* 16 Further reading
* 16.1 Primary sources
* 17 External links

## Early life

The Carter family store, part of Carter's Boyhood Farm, in Plains, Georgia

James Earl Carter Jr. was born on October 1, 1924, in Plains, Georgia, at the Wise Sanitarium, where his mother worked as a registered nurse.[1] Carter was the first U.S. president born in a hospital.[2] He was the eldest child of Bessie Lillian Gordy and James Earl Carter Sr., and a descendant of English immigrant Thomas Carter, who settled in the Colony of Virginia in 1635.[3][4] In Georgia, numerous generations of Carters worked as cotton farmers.[5] Carter's father was a successful local businessman who ran a general store and was an investor in farmland;[6] he had served as a reserve second lieutenant in the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps during World War I.[6]

During Carter's infancy, his family moved several times, settling on a dirt road in nearby Archery, which was almost entirely populated by impoverished Black families.[2][7] His family eventually had three more children, Gloria, Ruth, and Billy.[8] Carter had a good relationship with his parents, even though his mother was often absent during his childhood since she worked long hours. Although his father was staunchly pro-segregation, he allowed Jimmy to befriend the Black farmhands' children.[9] Carter was an enterprising teenager who was given his own acre of Earl's farmland, where he grew and sold peanuts.[10] Carter also rented out a section of tenant housing he had purchased.[2]

### Education

Carter attended Plains High School from 1937 to 1941, graduating from the 11th grade; the school did not have a 12th grade.[11] By that time, Archery and Plains had been impoverished by the Great Depression, but the family benefited from New Deal farming subsidies, and Carter's father became a community leader.[10][12] Carter was a diligent student with a fondness for reading.[13] According to a popular anecdote, he was passed over for valedictorian after he and his friends skipped school to venture downtown in a hot rod (although it is not clear he would otherwise have been valedictorian).(Bourne, 1997) Carter played on the Plains High School basketball team and joined Future Farmers of America, which helped him develop a lifelong interest in woodworking.[14]

Carter had long dreamed of attending the United States Naval Academy.[10] In 1941, he started undergraduate coursework in engineering at Georgia Southwestern College in nearby Americus, Georgia.[15] The next year, Carter transferred to the Georgia School of Technology (now Georgia Tech) in Atlanta.[16] While at Georgia Tech, Carter took part in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps.[17] Civil rights icon Blake Van Leer encouraged Carter to join the Naval Academy.[18] In 1943, he received an appointment to the Naval Academy from U.S. Representative Stephen Pace, and Carter graduated with a Bachelor of Science in 1946.[19][17] He was a good student, but was seen as reserved and quiet, in contrast to the academy's culture of aggressive hazing of freshmen.[20] While at the academy, Carter fell in love with Rosalynn Smith, a friend of his sister Ruth.[21] The two wed shortly after his graduation in 1946, and were married until her death on November 19, 2023.[22][23] Carter was a sprint football player for the Navy Midshipmen and a standout freshman cross country runner.[24][25] He graduated 60th out of 821 midshipmen in the class of 1947[lower-alpha 1] with a Bachelor of Science degree and was commissioned as an ensign.[27]

## Naval career

Carter with Rosalynn Smith and his mother at his graduation from the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, June 5, 1946

From 1946 to 1953, the Carters lived in Virginia, Hawaii, Connecticut, New York, and California, during his deployments in the Atlantic and Pacific fleets.[28] In 1948, he began officer training for submarine duty and served aboard  missing name.[29] Carter was promoted to lieutenant junior grade in 1949. His service aboard Pomfret included a simulated war patrol to the western Pacific and Chinese coast from January to March of that year.[30] In 1951, Carter was assigned to the diesel/electric  missing name, qualified for command, and served in several positions, including executive officer.[31]

In 1952, Carter began an association with the Navy's fledgling nuclear submarine program, led by then-Captain Hyman G. Rickover.[32] Rickover had high standards, and Carter later said that, next to his parents, Rickover had the greatest influence on his life.[33] Carter was sent to the Naval Reactors Branch of the Atomic Energy Commission in Washington, D.C., for three-month temporary duty, while Rosalynn moved with their children to Schenectady, New York.[34]

On December 12, 1952, an accident with the experimental NRX reactor at Atomic Energy of Canada's Chalk River Laboratories caused a partial meltdown.[35] Carter was ordered to Chalk River to lead a U.S. maintenance crew to assist in the shutdown of the reactor.[36] The painstaking process required each team member to don protective gear and be lowered individually into the reactor for 90 seconds at a time, limiting their exposure to radioactivity while they disassembled the crippled reactor.[37] During and after his presidency, Carter said that his experience at Chalk River had shaped his views on atomic energy and led him to cease the development of a neutron bomb.[38]

In March 1953, Carter began a six-month nuclear power plant operation course at Union College in Schenectady.[28] His intent was to eventually work aboard  missing name, which was intended to be the second U.S. nuclear submarine.[39] His plans changed when his father died of pancreatic cancer in July, two months before construction of Seawolf began, and Carter obtained a release from active duty so he could take over the family peanut business.[40][41] Deciding to leave Schenectady proved difficult, as Rosalynn had grown comfortable with their life there.[42][43] She later said that returning to small-town life in Plains seemed "a monumental step backward".[44] Carter left active duty on October 9, 1953.[45][46] He served in the inactive Navy Reserve until 1961 and left with the rank of lieutenant.[47] Carter's awards include the American Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal, China Service Medal, and National Defense Service Medal.[48] As a submarine officer, he also earned the "dolphin" badge.[49]

## Farming

After debt settlements and division of his father's estate, Jimmy inherited comparatively little.[50] For a year, he, Rosalynn, and their three sons lived in public housing in Plains.[lower-alpha 2] Carter set out to expand the family's peanut-growing business.[52] Transitioning from the Navy to farming was difficult as his first-year harvest failed due to drought, and Carter had to open several lines of credit to keep the farm afloat.[53] He took classes and studied agriculture while Rosalynn learned accounting to manage the business's books.[54] Though they barely broke even the first year, the Carters grew the business and became quite successful.[51][54]

## Early political career (1963–1971)

### Georgia state senator (1963–1967)

As racial tension inflamed in Plains by the 1954 Supreme Court of the United States ruling in Brown v. Board of Education,[55] Carter favored integration but often kept those feelings to himself to avoid making enemies. By 1961, Carter began to speak more prominently of integration as a member of the Baptist Church and chairman of the Sumter County school board.[56][57] In 1962, he announced his campaign for an open Georgia State Senate seat.[58] Rosalynn, who had an instinct for politics and organization, was instrumental in his campaign. While early counting of the ballots showed Carter trailing his opponent, Homer Moore, this was later proven to be the result of fraudulent voting.[58] Another election was held, in which Carter defeated Moore as the sole Democratic candidate.[59] He served in both the 127th Georgia General Assembly and the 128th Georgia General Assembly.

The civil rights movement was well underway when Carter took office. Carter remained relatively quiet on the issue at first, even as it polarized much of the county, to avoid alienating his segregationist colleagues. Carter did speak up on a few divisive issues, giving speeches against literacy tests and against an amendment to the Georgia Constitution that he felt implied a compulsion to practice religion.[60] Carter entered the state Democratic Executive Committee two years into office, where he helped rewrite the state party's rules. He became the chairman of the West Central Georgia Planning and Development Commission, which oversaw the disbursement of federal and state grants for projects such as historic site restoration.[61]

When Bo Callaway was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1964, Carter immediately began planning to challenge him. The two had previously clashed over which two-year college would be expanded to a four-year college program by the state, and Carter saw Callaway—who had switched to the Republican Party—as representing aspects of politics he despised.[62] Carter was reelected to a second two-year term in the state Senate,[63] where he chaired its Education Committee and sat on the Appropriations Committee. He contributed to a bill expanding statewide education funding and getting Georgia Southwestern State University a four-year program. He leveraged his regional planning work, giving speeches around the district to make himself more visible to potential voters. On the last day of the term, Carter announced his candidacy for the House of Representatives.[64] Callaway decided to run for governor instead;[65] Carter decided to do the same.[66]

### 1966 and 1970 gubernatorial campaigns

In the 1966 gubernatorial election, Carter ran against liberal former governor Ellis Arnall and conservative segregationist Lester Maddox in the Democratic primary. In a press conference, he described his ideology as "Conservative, moderate, liberal and middle-of-the-road ... I believe I am a more complicated person than that."[67] He lost the primary but drew enough votes as a third-place candidate to force Arnall into a runoff election with Maddox, who defeated Arnall.[68] In the general election, Republican nominee Callaway won a plurality of the vote but less than a majority, allowing the Democratic-majority Georgia House of Representatives to elect Maddox as governor.[68] Maddox's victory—due to his segregationist stance—was seen as the worst outcome for the indebted Carter.[68] Carter returned to his agriculture business, carefully planning his next campaign. This period was a spiritual turning point for Carter; he declared himself a born again Christian. His last child, Amy, was born during this time.[69][70]

In the 1970 gubernatorial election, liberal former governor Carl Sanders became Carter's main opponent in the Democratic primary. Carter ran a more modern campaign, employing printed graphics and statistical analysis. Responding to polls, he leaned more conservative than before, positioning himself as a populist and criticizing Sanders for both his wealth and perceived links to the national Democratic Party. He also accused Sanders of corruption, but when pressed by the media, he did not provide evidence.[71][72] Throughout his campaign, Carter sought both the black vote and the votes of those who had supported prominent Alabama segregationist George Wallace. While he met with black figures such as Martin Luther King Sr. and Andrew Young and visited many black-owned businesses, he also praised Wallace and promised to invite him to give a speech in Georgia. Carter's appeal to racism became more blatant over time, with his senior campaign aides handing out a photograph of Sanders celebrating with Black basketball players.[71][72]

Carter came ahead of Sanders in the first ballot, leading to a runoff election. The subsequent campaign was even more bitter. Despite his early support for civil rights, Carter's appeal to racism grew, and he criticized Sanders for supporting Martin Luther King Jr. Carter won the runoff election and won the general election against Republican nominee Hal Suit. Once elected, Carter began to speak against Georgia's racist politics. Leroy Johnson, a black state senator, voiced his support for Carter: "I understand why he ran that kind of ultra-conservative campaign. I don't believe you can win this state without being a racist."[71]

## Georgia governorship (1971–1975)

Carter's official portrait as governor of Georgia, 1971

Carter was sworn in as the 76th governor of Georgia on January 12, 1971. In his inaugural speech, he declared that "the time for racial discrimination is over",[73] shocking the crowd and causing many segregationists who had supported his candidacy to feel betrayed. Carter was reluctant to engage with fellow politicians, making him unpopular with the legislature.[74][75] He expanded the governor's authority by introducing a reorganization plan submitted in January 1972. Despite an initially cool reception in the legislature, the plan passed at midnight on the last day of the session.[76] Carter merged about 300 state agencies into 22, although it is disputed whether that saved the state money.[77] On July 8, 1971, during an appearance in Columbus, Georgia, he stated his intention to establish a Georgia Human Rights Council.[78]

In March 1972, Carter said he might call a special session of the general assembly if the Justice Department struck down any reapportionment plans by either the House or Senate.[79] He pushed several reforms through the legislature, providing equal state aid to schools, setting up community centers for mentally disabled children, and increasing educational programs for convicts.[80][81] In one of his more controversial decisions, he vetoed a plan to build a dam on Georgia's Flint River, which attracted the attention of environmentalists nationwide.[82][83]

Carter greeting Florida governor Reubin Askew and his wife in 1971; as president, Carter appointed Askew as U.S. trade representative.

Civil rights were a high priority for Carter, who added black state employees and portraits of three prominent black Georgians to the capitol building. This angered the Ku Klux Klan.[83] He favored a constitutional amendment to ban busing for the purpose of expediting integration in schools on a televised joint appearance with Florida Governor Reubin Askew on January 31, 1973,[84] and co-sponsored an anti-busing resolution with Wallace at the 1971 National Governors Conference.[85][86] After the U.S. Supreme Court struck down Georgia's death penalty statute in Furman v. Georgia (1972), Carter signed a revised statute that reintroduced the practice. He later regretted endorsing the death penalty, saying, "I didn't see the injustice of it as I do now."[87]

Ineligible for a second consecutive term under the 1945 Georgia Constitution, Carter considered running for president and engaged in national politics. He was named to several southern planning commissions and a delegate to the 1972 Democratic National Convention, where U.S. Senator George McGovern was the likely nominee. Carter tried to ingratiate himself with conservative and anti-McGovern voters. He was fairly obscure at the time, and his attempt at triangulation failed.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".[lower-alpha 3] On August 3, Carter met with Wallace in Birmingham, Alabama, to discuss preventing the Democrats from losing in a landslide,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". but they did.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

Carter regularly met with his fledgling campaign staff and decided to start putting together a presidential campaign for 1976. He tried unsuccessfully to become chairman of the National Governors Association to boost his visibility. With David Rockefeller's endorsement, he was named to the Trilateral Commission in April 1973. The next year, he was named chairman of the Democratic National Committee's congressional and gubernatorial campaigns.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In May 1973, Carter warned his party against politicizing the Watergate scandal,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". which he attributed to president Richard Nixon's isolation from Americans and secretive decision-making.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

## 1976 presidential campaign

File:Jimmy Carter 1976 presidential campaign logo from poster.jpgCarter's presidential campaign logo

On December 12, 1974, Carter announced his presidential campaign at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. His speech contained themes of domestic inequality, optimism, and change.[88][89] Upon his entrance in the Democratic primaries, he was competing against sixteen other candidates and was considered to have little chance against the more nationally known politicians such as Wallace.[90] His name recognition was very low, and his opponents derisively asked "Jimmy Who?".[91] In response to this, Carter began to emphasize his name and what he stood for, stating "My name is Jimmy Carter, and I'm running for president."[92]

This strategy proved successful. By mid-March 1976, Carter was not only far ahead of the active contenders for the presidential nomination, but led incumbent Republican president Gerald Ford by a few percentage points.[93] As the Watergate scandal was still fresh in the voters' minds, Carter's position as an outsider proved helpful. He promoted government reorganization. In June, Carter published a memoir titled Why Not the Best? to introduce himself to the American public.[94]

File:1976-07-15CarterMondaleDNC.jpgCarter and his running mate Walter Mondale at the Democratic National Convention in New York City, July 1976

Carter became the front-runner early on by winning the Iowa caucuses and the New Hampshire primary. His strategy involved reaching a region before another candidate could extend influence there, traveling over Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"., visiting 37 states, and delivering over 200 speeches before any other candidate had entered the race.[95] In the South, he tacitly conceded certain areas to Wallace and swept them as a moderate when it became clear Wallace could not win the region. In the North, Carter appealed largely to conservative Christian and rural voters. While he did not achieve a majority in most Northern states, he won several by building the largest singular support base. Although Carter was initially dismissed as a regional candidate, he would clinch the Democratic nomination.[96] In 1980, Laurence Shoup noted that the national news media discovered and promoted Carter, and stated:

> What Carter had that his opponents did not was the acceptance and support of elite sectors of the mass communications media. It was their favorable coverage of Carter and his campaign that gave him an edge, propelling him rocket-like to the top of the opinion polls. This helped Carter win key primary election victories, enabling him to rise from an obscure public figure to President-elect in the short space of 9 months.[97]

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Carter and President Gerald Ford debating at the Walnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia, September 1976

During an interview in April 1976, Carter said, "I have nothing against a community that is... trying to maintain the ethnic purity of their neighborhoods."[98] His remark was intended as supportive of open housing laws, but specifying opposition to government efforts to "inject black families into a white neighborhood just to create some sort of integration".[98] Carter's stated positions during his campaign included public financing of congressional campaigns,[99] supporting the creation of a federal consumer protection agency,[100] creating a separate cabinet-level department for education,[101] signing a peace treaty with the Soviet Union to limit nuclear weapons,[102] reducing the defense budget,[103] a tax proposal implementing "a substantial increase toward those who have the higher incomes" alongside a levy reduction on taxpayers with lower and middle incomes,[104] making multiple amendments to the Social Security Act,[105] and having a balanced budget by the end of his first term.[106]

On July 15, 1976, Carter chose U.S. senator Walter Mondale as his running mate.[107] Carter and Ford faced off in three televised debates,[108] the first United States presidential debates since 1960.[108][109]

For the November 1976 issue of Playboy, which hit newsstands a couple of weeks before the election, Robert Scheer interviewed Carter. While discussing his religion's view of pride, Carter said: "I've looked on a lot of women with lust. I've committed adultery in my heart many times."[110][111] This response and his admission in another interview that he did not mind if people uttered the word "fuck" led to a media feeding frenzy and critics lamenting the erosion of boundary between politicians and their private intimate lives.[112]

### Election

1976 electoral vote results. Carter won 297–240.

Carter once had a sizable lead over Ford in national polling, but by late September his lead had narrowed to only several points.[113][114] In the final days before the election, several polls showed that Ford had tied Carter, and one Gallup poll found that Ford was slightly ahead.[115] Most analysts agreed that Carter was going to win the popular vote, but some argued Ford had an opportunity to win the electoral college and thus the election.[116][117]

Carter and Mondale ultimately defeated Ford and his runningmate (Senator Bob Dole), receiving 297 electoral votes and 50.1% of the popular vote.[118] Carter's victory was attributed in part[119] to his overwhelming support among black voters in states decided by close margins.[120] In Ohio and Wisconsin, where the margin between Carter and Ford was under two points, the black vote was crucial for Carter; if he had not won both states, Ford would have won the election.[120][121]

### Transition

File:President Ford and President-Elect Jimmy Carter Walking Through the Rose Garden Prior to Their Meeting to Discuss the Presidential Transition - NARA - 45644333 (1).jpgCarter walking with Ford in the White House Rose Garden following the election, November 22, 1976

Preliminary planning for Carter's presidential transition had been underway for months before his election.[122][123] Carter had been the first presidential candidate to allot significant funds and a significant number of personnel to a pre-election transition planning effort, which then became standard practice.[124] He set a mold that influenced all future transitions to be larger, more methodical and more formal than they were.[124][123]

On November 22, 1976, Carter conducted his first visit to Washington, D.C. after being elected, meeting with director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) James Lynn and United States secretary of defense Donald Rumsfeld at the Blair House, and holding an afternoon meeting with President Ford at the White House.[125] The next day, he conferred with congressional leaders, saying that his meetings with cabinet members had been "very helpful" and that Ford had offered his assistance if he needed anything.[126] Relations between Ford and Carter were relatively cold during the transition.[127] During his transition, Carter announced the selection of numerous designees for positions in his administration.[128]

A few weeks before his inauguration, Carter moved his peanut business into the hands of trustees to avoid a potential conflict of interest.[129] He also asked incoming members of his administration to divest themselves of assets through blind trusts.[130]

## Presidency (1977–1981)

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Image of President Carter displayed in the National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C. Portrait by Robert Templeton.

Carter was inaugurated as the 39th president on January 20, 1977.[131] One of Carter's first acts was the fulfillment of a campaign promise by issuing Proclamation 4483 declaring unconditional amnesty for Vietnam War–era draft evaders.[132][133] Carter's tenure in office was marked by an economic malaise, a time of continuing inflation and recession and the 1979 energy crisis. Under Carter, in May 1980, the Federal Trade Commission became "apparently the first agency ever closed by a budget dispute", but Congress took action and the agency opened the next day.[134]

Carter attempted to calm various conflicts around the world, most visibly in the Middle East with the signing of the Camp David Accords;[135] giving the Panama Canal to Panama; and signing the SALT II nuclear arms reduction treaty with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev. His final year was marred by the Iran hostage crisis, which contributed to his losing the 1980 election to Ronald Reagan.[136] Whistleblowers have alleged, most recently in 2023, that people working on the Reagan campaign's behalf convinced Iran to prolong the crisis to reduce Carter's chance of reelection.[137]

### Domestic policy

#### Holidays and proclamations

In 1978, Carter signed into law a bill creating a celebration in May called Asian American Heritage Week. May 7 and 10 were designated for national observance and recognition of the contributions of Asian Americans and Asian immigrants to American society. In 1992, President George H. W. Bush signed a bill expanding the celebration into Asian American Heritage Month.[138] In 2021, President Joe Biden signed a bill renaming this celebration Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Heritage Month.[139]

#### Economy

A chart regarding inflationInflation rate of yen and USD, 1971–2009

The first two years of Carter's presidency were a time of intense stagflation, primarily due to recovery from a previous recession that had left fixed investment at extreme lows and unemployment at 9%.[140] Under Carter, the unemployment rate declined from 8.1% when he took office to 5.7% by July 1978,[141][142] but during the early 1980s recession it returned to its pre-1977 level.[143] His last two years were marked by double-digit inflation, very high interest rates,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". oil shortages, and slow economic growth.[144] Due to economic stimulus legislation, such as the Public Works Employment Act of 1977, proposed by Carter and passed by Congress, real household median income had grown by 5.2%, with a projection of 6.4% for the next quarter.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

The 1979 energy crisis ended this period of growth, and as inflation and interest rates rose, economic growth, job creation and consumer confidence declined sharply.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Federal Reserve Board chairman G. William Miller's relatively loose monetary policy had already contributed to somewhat higher inflation,[145] rising from 5.8% in 1976 to 7.7% in 1978. The sudden doubling of crude oil prices[146] forced inflation to double-digit levels, averaging 11.3% in 1979 and 13.5% in 1980.[140] The sudden shortage of gasoline as the 1979 summer vacation season began exacerbated the problem and came to symbolize the crisis to the general public;Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". the acute shortage, originating in the shutdown of Amerada Hess refining facilities, led the federal government to sue the company that year.[147]

#### Environment

During his 1976 campaign, Carter promised to sign into law any bills Congress passed to regulate strip mining.[148] In 1977, Carter signed the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977, which regulated strip mining.[149]

In 1978, Carter declared a federal emergency in the Love Canal neighborhood of Niagara Falls, New York. More than 800 families were evacuated from the neighborhood, which was on top of a toxic waste landfill. The Superfund law was created in response to the situation.[150] Federal disaster money was appropriated to demolish about 500 houses and two schools built atop the dump, and to remediate the dump and construct a containment area for the hazardous waste. This was the first time such a process had been undertaken. Carter acknowledged that several more "Love Canals" existed across the country, and that discovering such hazardous dump sites was "one of the grimmest discoveries of our modern era".[151]

In December 1978, Carter used the 1906 Antiquities Act and his executive order power to designate Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". of land in Alaska as a national monument. This executive order protected the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge until Congress codified it into law with the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980, which doubled the amount of public land set aside for national parks and wildlife refuges.[152][153]

#### U.S. energy crisis

Carter at Three Mile Island nuclear accident, April 1979

Moralism typified much of Carter's action.[154] On April 18, 1977, he delivered a televised speech declaring that the energy crisis was the "moral equivalent of war". He encouraged energy conservation and installed solar water heating panels on the White House.[155][156] He wore a cardigan[152] to offset turning down the heat in the White House.[157] On August 4, 1977, Carter signed the Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977, forming the Department of Energy, the first new cabinet position in eleven years.[158]

Carter emphasized that the House of Representatives had "adopted almost all" of the energy proposal he had made five months earlier and called the compromise "a turning point in establishing a comprehensive energy program."[159] The next month, he called energy "the most important domestic issue that we will face while I am in office".[160]

On January 12, 1978, Carter said the continued discussions about his energy reform proposal had been "long and divisive and arduous".[161] In an April 11, 1978, news conference, Carter said his biggest surprise "in the nature of a disappointment" since becoming president was the difficulty Congress had in passing legislation, citing the energy reform bill in particular.[162] After much deliberation and modification, Congress approved the Carter energy legislation on October 15, 1978. It deregulated the sale of natural gas, dropped a longstanding pricing disparity between intra- and interstate gas, and created tax credits to encourage energy conservation and the use of non-fossil fuels.[163]

On March 1, 1979, Carter submitted a standby gasoline rationing plan per the request of Congress.[164] On April 5, he delivered an address in which he stressed the urgency of energy conservation and increasing domestic production of energy sources such as coal and solar.[165]

On July 15, 1979, Carter delivered a nationally televised address in which he identified what he believed to be a "crisis of confidence" among American people,[166] under the advisement of pollster Pat Caddell who believed Americans faced a crisis in confidence from events of the 1960s and 1970s, before his presidency.[167] Some later called this his "malaise speech",[166] memorable for mixed reactions[168][169] and his use of rhetoric.[167] The speech's negative reception centered on a view that he did not emphasize his own efforts to address the energy crisis and seemed too reliant on Americans.[170]

#### Relations with Congress

File:President Carter addresses a Joint Session of Congress.jpgCarter addressing members of the U.S. Congress on September 18, 1978

Carter typically refused to conform to Washington's rules.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". He avoided phone calls from members of Congress and verbally insulted them. He was unwilling to return political favors. His negativity led to frustration in passing legislation.[171] During a press conference on February 23, 1977, Carter stated that it was "inevitable" that he would come into conflict with Congress and added that he had found "a growing sense of cooperation" with Congress and met in the past with congressional members of both parties.[172] Carter developed a bitter feeling following an unsuccessful attempt at having Congress enact the scrapping of several water projects.[173]

As a rift ensued between the White House and Congress afterward, Carter noted that the Democratic Party's liberal wing opposed his policies the most ardently, attributing this to Ted Kennedy's wanting the presidency.[174] Thinking he had support from 74 Congressmen, Carter issued a "hit list" of 19 projects that he claimed were "pork barrel" spending that he said he would veto if they were included in legislation.[175] He found himself again at odds with Congressional Democrats, as House Speaker Tip O'Neill found it inappropriate for a president to pursue what had traditionally been the role of Congress. Carter was also weakened by signing a bill that contained many of the "hit list" projects he had intended to veto.[176]

A monochrome image of Carter shaking hands with Joe BidenPresident Carter meeting with U.S. Senator and future president Joe Biden in 1978

In an address to a fundraising dinner for the Democratic National Committee on June 23, 1977, Carter said, "I think it's good to point out tonight, too, that we have evolved a good working relationship with the Congress. For eight years we had government by partisanship. Now we have government by partnership."[177] At a July 28 news conference, assessing the first six months of his presidency, Carter spoke of his improved understanding of Congress:

> I have learned to respect the Congress more in an individual basis. I've been favorably impressed at the high degree of concentrated experience and knowledge that individual members of Congress can bring on a specific subject, where they've been the chairman of a subcommittee or committee for many years and have focused their attention on this particular aspect of government life which I will never be able to do.[178]

On May 10, 1979, the House voted against giving Carter authority to produce a standby gas rationing plan.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". The following day, Carter described himself as shocked and embarrassed for the U.S. government by the vote and concluded "the majority of the House Members are unwilling to take the responsibility, the political responsibility for dealing with a potential, serious threat to our Nation." He added that most House members were placing higher importance on "local or parochial interests" and challenged the House to compose its own rationing plan in the next 90 days.[179]

Carter's remarks were met with criticism by House Republicans, who accused his comments of not befitting the formality a president should have in their public remarks. Others pointed to 106 Democrats voting against his proposal and the bipartisan criticism potentially coming back to haunt him.[180] At a news conference on July 25, 1979, Carter called on believers in the future of the U.S. and his proposed energy program to speak with Congress as it bore the responsibility to impose his proposals.[181] Amid the energy proposal opposition, The New York Times commented that "as the comments flying up and down Pennsylvania Avenue illustrate, there is also a crisis of confidence between Congress and the President, sense of doubt and distrust that threatens to undermine the President's legislative program and become an important issue in next year's campaign."[182]

#### Deregulation

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Carter surrounded by a crowd of people as he signs the Airline Deregulation Act.Carter signing the Airline Deregulation Act, 1978

In 1977, Carter appointed Alfred E. Kahn to lead the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB). He was part of a push for deregulation of the industry, supported by leading economists, leading think tanks in Washington, a civil society coalition advocating the reform, the head of the regulatory agency, Senate leadership, the Carter administration, and even some in the airline industry. This coalition swiftly gained legislative results in 1978.[183]

Carter signed the Airline Deregulation Act into law on October 24, 1978. The main purpose of the act was to remove government control over fares, routes and market entry (of new airlines) from commercial aviation. The Civil Aeronautics Board's powers of regulation were to be phased out, eventually allowing market forces to determine routes and fares. The Act did not remove or diminish the Federal Aviation Administration's regulatory powers over airline safety.[184]

In 1978, Carter signed a bill into law "allowing homebrewing and small-scale craft brewing to operate legally".[185] The new law deregulated the American beer industry by making it legal to sell malt, hops, and yeast to American home brewers for the first time since the 1920 beginning of prohibition in the United States.[186] This deregulation led to an increase in home brewing that by the 2000s had developed into a strong craft microbrew culture in the United States.[187]

#### Chrysler bailout

In the late 1970s, the Chrysler Cooperation—one of the "Big Three" automakers in the U.S.—faced near-certain bankruptcy as it projected a loss of $1Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".billion.[188] Carter proposed that the company forgo salary increases and bonuses, saying that it might be done "without decimating the company or putting it on its knees", but the company had already frozen wage increases and bonuses months before, to no avail.[189] In 1979, Congress began working on a bailout plan for Chrysler, led by Congressman James J. Blanchard. Carter assembled a team that included Vice President Mondale and Assistant Domestic Policy Adviser David Rubenstein to secure a $1.5 billion loan guarantee.[190]

In December, Congress passed the Chrysler Corporation Loan Guarantee Act of 1979 to bail Chrysler out with $3.5Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".billion (equivalent to $Error when using {{Inflation}}: NaN/calculation error please notify Template talk:Inflation.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".billion in 2024) in aid.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". The bill turned over $162 million in stock to Chrysler's workers, eliminated around $125 million in wage increases, and gave Chrysler $500 million in bank loans.[188] Carter, who had initially opposed the bailout of corporations,[190] signed it into law in January 1980, saying that the bill saved thousands of jobs.[188] The bailout was successful at the time, but Chrysler would eventually file for bankruptcy during the 2008 financial crisis.[190]

#### Healthcare

During his presidential campaign, Carter embraced healthcare reform akin to the Ted Kennedy–sponsored bipartisan universal national health insurance.[191] Carter's proposals on healthcare while in office included a 1977 mandatory health care cost proposal,[192] and a 1979 proposal that provided private health insurance coverage.[193] The 1977 mandatory health care cost proposal was passed in the Senate,[194] but later defeated in the House.[195] During 1978, he met with Kennedy over a compromise healthcare law that proved unsuccessful.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". He later said Kennedy's disagreements thwarted his plan to provide a comprehensive American health care system.[196]

In 1980, Carter signed into law the Mental Health Systems (MHSA) Act, which allocated block grants to states to bolster community health services and provided funding to states to create and implement community-based health services. The MHSA was considered landmark legislation in mental health care.[197] By September 1981, the Reagan administration had repealed most of the law.[198]

#### Education

File:Jimmy Carter speaks at the Democratic Mid-Term Convention - NARA - 182660.tifJimmy Carter speaks at the Democratic Mid-Term Convention in 1978.

Early into his term, Carter collaborated with Congress to fulfill his campaign promise to create a cabinet-level education department. In an address from the White House on February 28, 1978, Carter argued "Education is far too important a matter to be scattered piecemeal among various government departments and agencies, which are often busy with sometimes dominant concerns."[199] On February 8, 1979, the Carter administration released an outline of its plan to establish an education department and asserted enough support for the enactment to occur by June.[200] On October 17, the same year, Carter signed the Department of Education Organization Act into law,[201] establishing the United States Department of Education.[202]

Carter added 43,000 children and families to the Head Start program,[203] while the percentage of nondefense dollars spent on education was doubled.[204] In a speech on November 1, 1980, Carter stated his administration had extended Head Start to migrant children.[205]

#### LGBTQ rights

During Carter's administration, the United States Foreign Service "lifted its ban on gay and lesbian personnel". In 1977, the Carter administration became the first U.S. presidential administration to invite gay and lesbian rights activists to the White House to discuss federal policy with regard to ending employment discrimination in the federal government on the basis of sexual orientation and related issues.[206]

### Foreign policy

Sadat, Carter, and Begin together during the Camp David accordsAnwar Sadat, Jimmy Carter, and Menachem Begin meet at Camp David on September 6, 1978.

#### Israel and Egypt

Carter standing alongside Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin, during his 1979 visit

From the onset of his presidency, Carter attempted to mediate the Arab–Israeli conflict.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". After a failed attempt to seek a comprehensive settlement in 1977 (through reconvening the 1973 Geneva conference),Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Carter invited the Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin to the presidential lodge Camp David in September 1978, in hopes of creating a definitive peace. While the two sides could not agree on Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank, the negotiations resulted in Egypt formally recognizing Israel, and the creation of an elected government in the West Bank and Gaza. This resulted in the Camp David Accords, which ended the war between Israel and Egypt.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

The accords were a source of great domestic opposition in both Egypt and Israel. Historian Jørgen Jensehaugen argues that by the time Carter left office in January 1981, he was "in an odd position—he had attempted to break with traditional U.S. policy but ended up fulfilling the goals of that tradition, which had been to break up the Arab alliance, sideline the Palestinians, build an alliance with Egypt, weaken the Soviet Union and secure Israel."[207]

#### Africa

First Lady Rosalynn Carter, Tanzanian leader Julius Nyerere, and Carter, 1977

In an address to the African officials at the United Nations on October 4, 1977, Carter stated the U.S.'s interest to "see a strong, vigorous, free, and prosperous Africa with as much of the control of government as possible in the hands of the residents of your countries" and pointed to their unified efforts on "the problem of how to resolve the Rhodesian, Zimbabwe question."[208] At a news conference later that month, Carter said the U.S. wanted to "work harmoniously with South Africa in dealing with the threats to peace in Namibia and in Zimbabwe in particular", to do away with racial issues such as apartheid, and to work for equal opportunities in other facets of society in the region.[209]

Despite human rights concerns, Carter continued U.S. support for Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire.[210] Zaire received nearly half the foreign aid Carter allocated to sub-Saharan Africa.[211] Under Carter an alliance with Liberia's Samuel Doe, who had come to power in a 1980 coup, was pursued.[212]

Carter with Nigerian leader Olusegun Obasanjo on April 1, 1978

Carter visited Nigeria from March 31 to April 3, 1978, to improve relations,[213] the first U.S. president to do so.[214] He reiterated interest in convening a peace conference on Rhodesia that involved all parties.[215]

The elections of Margaret Thatcher as prime minister of the United Kingdom[216] and Abel Muzorewa for Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Rhodesia,[217] South Africa turning down a plan for South West Africa's independence, and domestic opposition in Congress were seen as a heavy blow to the Carter administration's policy toward South Africa.[218] On May 16, 1979, the Senate voted in favor of lifting economic sanctions against Rhodesia, seen by some Rhodesians and South Africans as a potentially fatal blow to joint diplomacy efforts and any compromise between the Salisbury leaders and guerrillas.[219] On December 3, Secretary of State Cyrus Vance promised Senator Jesse Helms that when the British governor arrived in Salisbury to implement an agreed Lancaster House settlement and the electoral process began, the President would take prompt action to lift sanctions against Zimbabwe Rhodesia.[220]

#### East Asia

Deng Xiaoping with Carter in 1979

Carter sought closer relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC), continuing the Nixon administration's drastic policy of rapprochement. The two countries increasingly collaborated against the Soviet Union, and the Carter administration tacitly consented to the Chinese invasion of Vietnam. In December 1978, he announced the United States' intention to formally recognize and establish full diplomatic relations with the PRC starting on January 1, 1979, while severing ties with Taiwan, including revoking a mutual defense treaty with the latter.[221][222] In 1979, Carter extended formal diplomatic recognition to the PRC for the first time. This decision led to a boom in trade between the United States and the PRC, which was pursuing economic reforms under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Carter supported the China-allied Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia fighting the Soviet-backed Vietnamese invasion.[223]

File:Jimmy Carter, Richard Nixon and Deng Xiaoping during the state dinner for the Vice Premier of China. - NARA - 183214.tifCarter speaking with Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping and Richard Nixon at the White House

After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Carter allowed the sale of military supplies to China and began negotiations to share military intelligence.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". In January 1980, Carter unilaterally revoked the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty with the Republic of China (ROC). Conservative Republicans challenged Carter's abrogation of the treaty in court, but the Supreme Court ruled that the issue was a non-justiciable political question in Goldwater v. Carter. The U.S. continued to maintain quasi-diplomatic contacts with the ROC through the 1979 Taiwan Relations Act.[224]

During Carter's presidency, the U.S. continued to support Indonesia under Suharto as a Cold War ally, despite human rights violations in East Timor. The violations followed Indonesia's December 1975 invasion of East Timor. Under Carter's administration military assistance to Indonesia increased, peaking in 1978.[225][226] This was antithetical to Carter's stated policy of "not selling weapons if it would exacerbate a potential conflict in a region".[227][228] In the Philippines, Carter supported the regime of President Ferdinand Marcos.[229]

During a news conference on March 9, 1977, Carter reaffirmed his interest in having a gradual withdrawal of American troops from South Korea.[230] On May 19, The Washington Post quoted Chief of Staff of U.S. forces in South Korea John K. Singlaub as criticizing Carter's withdrawal of troops from the Korean peninsula.[231] Carter relieved Singlaub of his duties on May 21.[232][233]

During a news conference on May 26, 1977, Carter said South Korea could defend itself with reduced American troops in case of conflict.[234] From June 30 to July 1, 1979, Carter held meetings with president of South Korea Park Chung Hee for a discussion on relations between the U.S. and South Korea as well as Carter's interest in preserving his policy of worldwide tension reduction.[235] On April 21, 1978, Carter announced a reduction in American troops in South Korea scheduled to be released by the end of the year by two-thirds, citing lack of action by Congress in regard to a compensatory aid package for the South Korean government.[236] He supported South Korean President Chun Doo-hwan during the suppression of the Gwangju Uprising in May 1980.[237] South Korean pro-democracy activist Kim Dae-jung was sentenced to death in September 1980, but his sentence was commuted after the intervention of presidents Carter and Reagan.[238]

#### Iran

Carter with King Hussein of Jordan, the Shah and Shahbanou of Iran in 1977

On November 15, 1977, Carter pledged that his administration would continue positive relations between the U.S. and Iran, calling its contemporary status "strong, stable and progressive".[239] On December 31, 1977, he called Iran under the Shah an "island of stability".[240][241] Carter praised the Shah's "great leadership" and spoke of "personal friendship" between them.[242] American support for the unpopular Shah increased anti-American sentiment in Iran, which intensified after the Shah, who was dying of cancer, left Iran for the last time in January 1979 and Carter allowed him to be admitted to the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York on October 22, 1979.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

On November 4, 1979, a group of Iranian students took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. The students belonged to the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line and supported the Iranian revolution.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Fifty-two American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for the next 444 days. They were freed immediately after Ronald Reagan succeeded Carter as president on January 20, 1981. During the crisis, Carter remained in isolation in the White House for more than 100 days.[243]

A month into the affair, Carter announced his commitment to resolving the dispute without "any military action that would cause bloodshed or arouse the unstable captors of our hostages to attack them or to punish them".[244] On April 7, 1980, he issued Executive Order 12205, imposing economic sanctions against Iran,[245] and announced further government measures he deemed necessary to ensure a safe release.[246][247]

On April 24, 1980, Carter ordered Operation Eagle Claw to try to free the hostages. The mission failed, leaving eight American servicemen dead and two aircraft destroyed.[248][249] The failure led Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, who had opposed the mission, to resign.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

Released in 2017, a declassified memo produced by the CIA in 1980 concluded "Iranian hardliners—especially Ayatollah Khomeini" were "determined to exploit the hostage issue to bring about President Carter's defeat in the November elections." Additionally, Tehran in 1980 wanted "the world to believe that Imam Khomeini caused President Carter's downfall and disgrace."[250]

#### Soviet Union

Carter and Leonid Brezhnev signing the SALT II treaty at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, June 18, 1979

On February 8, 1977, Carter said he had urged the Soviet Union to align with the U.S. in forming "a comprehensive test ban to stop all nuclear testing for at least an extended period of time", and that he was in favor of the Soviet Union ceasing deployment of the RSD-10 Pioneer.[251] At a June 13 press conference, he announced that the U.S. would "work closely with the Soviet Union on a comprehensive test ban treaty to prohibit all testing of nuclear devices underground or in the atmosphere", and that Paul Warnke would negotiate demilitarization of the Indian Ocean with the Soviet Union.[252]

At a December 30 news conference, Carter said that during "the last few months, the United States and the Soviet Union have made great progress in dealing with a long list of important issues, the most important of which is to control the deployment of strategic nuclear weapons", and that the two countries sought to conclude SALT II talks by the spring of the next year.[253] The talk of a comprehensive test ban treaty materialized with the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II by Carter and Leonid Brezhnev on June 18, 1979.[254][255]

Carter meeting with Chilean leader Augusto Pinochet, in Washington, D.C., September 6, 1977. Pinochet was an ally of the United States in the fight against Soviet-backed communist movements in Latin America.

In 1979, the Soviets intervened in the Second Yemenite War. The Soviet backing of South Yemen constituted a "smaller shock", in tandem with tensions that were rising due to the Iranian Revolution. This played a role in making Carter's stance on the Soviet Union more assertive, a shift that finalized with the impending Soviet-Afghan War.[256]

In his 1980 State of the Union Address, Carter emphasized the significance of relations between the two regions: "Now, as during the last 3½ decades, the relationship between our country, the United States of America, and the Soviet Union is the most critical factor in determining whether the world will live at peace or be engulfed in global conflict."[257]

##### Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Communists under the leadership of Nur Muhammad Taraki seized power in Afghanistan on April 27, 1978.[258] Due to the regime's improvement of secular education and redistribution of land coinciding with mass executions and political oppression, Taraki was deposed by rival Hafizullah Amin in September.[258][259][260] Amin was considered a "brutal psychopath" by foreign observers and had lost control of much of the country, prompting the Soviet Union to invade Afghanistan on December 24, 1979, execute Amin, and install Babrak Karmal as president.[258][259]

Carter, Begin, and Zbigniew Brzezinski in September 1978

In the West, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was considered a threat to global security and the oil supplies of the Persian Gulf, as well as the existence of Pakistan.[259][261] These concerns led Carter to expand collaboration between the CIA and Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), which had begun in July 1979, when the CIA started providing $695,000 worth of non-lethal assistance to the Afghan mujahideen.[262] The modest scope of this early collaboration was likely influenced by the understanding, later recounted by CIA official Robert Gates, "that a substantial U.S. covert aid program" might have "raise[d] the stakes", thereby causing "the Soviets to intervene more directly and vigorously than otherwise intended."[261][263]

King Khalid of Saudi Arabia and Carter in October 1978

According to a 2020 review of declassified U.S. documents by Conor Tobin in the journal Diplomatic History:

> The primary significance of this small-scale aid was in creating constructive links with dissidents through Pakistan's ISI that could be utilized in the case of an overt Soviet intervention ... The small-scale covert program that developed in response to the increasing Soviet influence was part of a contingency plan if the Soviets did intervene militarily, as Washington would be in a better position to make it difficult for them to consolidate their position, but not designed to induce an intervention.[262]

On December 28, 1979, Carter signed a presidential finding explicitly allowing the CIA to transfer "lethal military equipment either directly or through third countries to the Afghan opponents of the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan" and to arrange "selective training, conducted outside of Afghanistan, in the use of such equipment either directly or via third country intermediation."[262] His finding defined the CIA's mission as "harassment" of Soviet troops; at the time, "this was not a war the CIA expected to win outright on the battlefield," in the words of Steve Coll.[264]

Carter was determined to respond harshly to what he considered a dangerous provocation. In a televised speech on January 23, 1980, he announced sanctions on the Soviet Union, promised renewed aid and registration to Pakistan and the Selective Service System, and committed the U.S. to the Persian Gulf's defense.[261][263][265][266] Carter imposed an embargo on grain shipments to the USSR, tabled SALT II, requested a 5% annual increase in defense spending,Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".[267] and called for a boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, which was ultimately joined by 65 other nations.[268][269][270]

In early 1980, Carter determined the thrust of U.S. policy for the duration of the war: he initiated a program to arm the mujahideen through Pakistan's ISI and secured a pledge from Saudi Arabia to match U.S. funding for this purpose. Despite huge expenditure, the Soviet Union was unable to quell the insurgency and withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989.[271][261] The routing of U.S. aid through Pakistan led to some controversy, as weapons sent to Karachi were frequently controlled by Pakistan, whose government influenced which rebels received assistance. Despite this, Carter has expressed no regret over his decision to support what he considered the Afghan freedom fighters.[261]

#### International trips

Countries visited by Carter during his presidency

Carter made twelve international trips to 25 countries as president.[272] He was the first president to make a state visit to Sub-Saharan Africa when he went to Nigeria in 1978.[214] He made several trips to the Middle East to broker peace negotiations. His visit to Iran from December 31, 1977, to January 1, 1978, took place less than a year before the overthrow of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.[273] Carter gave his "Island of Stability" speech during this visit.

### Allegations and investigations

On September 21, 1977, the Carter administration's OMB director Bert Lance resigned amid allegations of improper banking activities before his tenure.[274] United States Attorney General Griffin Bell appointed Paul J. Curran as a special counsel to investigate loans made to the peanut business Carter owned by a bank controlled by Lance,[275][lower-alpha 4] and Carter became the first sitting president to testify under oath as part of an investigation of him.[276][277] In October 1979, Curran announced that no evidence had been found to support allegations that funds loaned from the National Bank of Georgia had been diverted to Carter's 1976 presidential campaign, ending the investigation.[278]

### 1980 presidential campaign

File:Presidential Debate with Ronald Reagan and President Carter, October 28, 1980.webmCarter and Reagan debating in Cleveland, Ohio, on October 28, 1980

Carter announced his reelection campaign in December 1979.[279] A month earlier, Senator Ted Kennedy had announced his candidacy for the Democratic nomination.[280] During the Democratic presidential primaries, questions about Kennedy were a frequent subject of Carter's press conferences.[281][282] Despite winning key states such as California and New York, Kennedy surprised his supporters by running a weak campaign. Carter won most of the primaries and secured renomination. He later wrote that the strongest opposition to his policies came from the Democratic Party's liberal wing, which he attributed to Kennedy.[283] Kennedy had mobilized the liberal wing, which weakened Carter's support in the general election.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

Carter and Mondale were formally nominated at the 1980 Democratic National Convention in New York City.[284] Carter delivered a speech notable for its tribute to the late Hubert Humphrey, whom he initially called "Hubert Horatio Hornblower",[285] and Kennedy made "The Dream Shall Never Die" speech, in which he criticized Reagan and did not endorse Carter.[286]

Carter was defeated in the 1980 presidential election by Ronald Reagan.

Along with Reagan and Kennedy, Carter was opposed by centrist John B. Anderson, who had previously contested the Republican presidential primaries, and upon losing to Reagan, reentered the race as an independent. Anderson advertised himself as a more liberal alternative to Reagan's conservatism.[287] As the campaign went on, Anderson's polling numbers dropped and his base was gradually pulled to Carter or Reagan.[288] Carter had to run against his own "stagflation"-ridden economy, while the hostage crisis in Iran dominated the news. He was attacked by conservatives for failing to "prevent Soviet gains" in less-developed countries, as pro-Soviet governments had taken power in countries including Angola, Ethiopia, Nicaragua and Afghanistan.[289] His brother, Billy Carter, caused controversy due to his association with Muammar Gaddafi's regime in Libya.[290] Carter alienated many liberal college students, who were expected to be one of his strongest support bases, by reactivating the Selective Service System on July 2, 1980, reinstating registration for the military draft. His campaign manager, Timothy Kraft, stepped down five weeks before the general election amid what turned out to be an uncorroborated allegation of cocaine use.[291]

On October 28, Carter and Reagan participated in the sole presidential debate of the election cycle in which they were both present, due to Carter refusing to participate in debates that included Anderson.[292] Though initially trailing Carter by several points,[293] Reagan experienced a surge in polling after the debate.[294] This was in part influenced by Reagan deploying the phrase "There you go again", which became the election's defining phrase.[295] It was later discovered that in the final days of the campaign, Reagan's team acquired classified documents Carter used to prepare for the debate.[296]

Reagan and his running mate (George H. W. Bush) defeated Carter and Mondale in a landslide, winning 489 electoral votes. The Senate went Republican for the first time since 1952.[297] Carter's 49 electoral votes were the second-fewest for an incumbent president seeking reelection. In his concession speech, Carter admitted that he was hurt by the election's outcome but pledged "a very fine transition period" with President-elect Reagan.[298]

## Post-presidency (1981–2024)

File:Jimmy Carter smiling, 2014 (1).jpgCarter in 2014

Shortly after losing reelection, Carter told the White House press corps that he intended to emulate the retirement of Harry S. Truman and not use his subsequent public life to enrich himself.[299]

### Diplomacy

Diplomacy was a large part of Carter's post-presidency. These diplomatic efforts began in the Middle East, with a September 1981 meeting with prime minister of Israel Menachem Begin,[300] and a March 1983 tour of Egypt that included meeting with members of the Palestine Liberation Organization.[301]

In 2018, official files revealed that, in January 1993, Carter had been suggested for a Northern Ireland peace process role by president-elect Bill Clinton amid speculation that Clinton would appoint a special envoy for Northern Ireland.[302]

In 1994, Clinton sought Carter's assistance in a North Korea peace mission, during which Carter negotiated an understanding with Kim Il Sung.[303][304] Carter outlined a treaty with Kim, which, in order to spur American action, he announced to CNN without the Clinton administration's consent.[305] North Korea and the United States signed the Agreed Framework on October 21, 1994.

Carter (second from right) with Martti Ahtisaari, William Hague, and Lakhdar Brahimi from The Elders group in London, July 24, 2013

In March 1999, Carter visited Taiwan and met with President Lee Teng-hui. During the meeting, Carter praised the progress Taiwan made in democracy, human rights, economy, culture, science, and technology.[306] But Carter remained a controversial figure in Taiwan for having ended U.S. diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan).[307]

In 2003, Carter championed a plan to hold elections in Venezuela amid protests aimed at doing so.[308] Ultimately, no elections were held.

In 2006, Carter stated his disagreements with Israel's domestic and foreign policy while saying he supported the country,[309][310] extending his criticisms to Israel's policies in Lebanon, the West Bank, and Gaza.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

In July 2007, Carter joined Nelson Mandela in Johannesburg, South Africa, to announce his participation in The Elders, a group of independent global leaders working together on peace and human rights issues.[311][312] After the announcement, Carter participated in visits to Darfur,[313] Sudan,[314][315] Cyprus, the Korean Peninsula, and the Middle East, among others.[316] He attempted to travel to Zimbabwe in 2008, but was stopped by President Robert Mugabe's government.[317] In December 2008, Carter met with Syrian President Bashar al-Assad,[318][319] and in a June 2012 call with Jeffery Brown, he stressed that Egyptian military generals could take full executive and legislative power to form a new constitution favoring themselves if their announced intentions came true.[320]

On August 10, 2010, Carter traveled to North Korea and negotiated the release of Aijalon Gomes.[321][322] In 2017, as tensions between the U.S. and North Korea persisted, Carter recommended a peace treaty between the two nations,[323] and confirmed that he had volunteered to the Trump administration to be a diplomatic envoy to North Korea.[324]

### Views on later presidents

File:President Ronald Reagan meeting President Jimmy Carter.jpgCarter meeting with his successor Ronald Reagan at the White House, October 1981

Carter began his first year out of office with a pledge not to critique the Reagan administration, saying it was "too early".[325] He sided with Reagan on issues like building neutron arms after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan,[326] but frequently spoke out against his administration, denouncing many of its actions in the Middle East.[327] He condemned the handling of the Sabra and Shatila massacre,[328] the lack of efforts to rescue and retrieve four American businessmen from West Beirut in 1984,[329] Reagan's support of the Strategic Defense Initiative in 1985,[330] and his claim of an international conspiracy on terrorism.[331] In 1987 he criticized Reagan for conceding to terrorist demands,[332] nominating Robert Bork for the Supreme Court,[333] and his handling of the Persian Gulf crisis.[334]

On January 16, 1989, before the inauguration of George H. W. Bush, Carter told Gerald Ford that Reagan had experienced a media honeymoon, saying that he believed Reagan's immediate successor would be less fortunate.[335]

File:Presidents Obama, Clinton, and Carter (cropped).jpgFormer presidents Bill Clinton (left) and Carter (right) with then-president Barack Obama (center) at the 50th Anniversary of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom at the Lincoln Memorial, August 2013

Carter had a mostly poor relationship with Bill Clinton, who snubbed him from his inauguration ceremony. He questioned the Clinton administration's morality, particularly with respect to the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal and the pardon of Marc Rich.[336]

In July 2001, Carter said he was "disappointed in almost everything" President George W. Bush had done, but after the September 11 attacks, he offered only praise, calling on Americans to support Bush with "complete unity".[337] Later, Carter opposed the Iraq War[338] and what he considered an attempt by Bush and Tony Blair to oust Saddam Hussein with "lies and misinterpretations".[339] In 2004, Carter said he believed Bush had exploited the September 11 attacks.[340] In 2007, Carter said the Bush administration "has been the worst in history" on foreign affairs;[341] he later said he was just comparing Bush's tenure to Nixon's.[342] On the Bush administration's behalf, Tony Fratto responded that Carter's comments increased his irrelevance.[343]

Though he praised President Barack Obama in the early part of his tenure,[344] Carter stated his disagreement with using drone strikes against suspected terrorists, Obama's choice to keep Guantanamo Bay detention camp open,[345] and the federal surveillance programs Edward Snowden revealed.[346][347]

During Donald Trump's presidency, Carter spoke favorably of the chance for immigration reform[348] and criticized Trump for his handling of the U.S. national anthem protests.[349] In an October 2017 interview with The New York Times, he said the media had covered Trump more harshly "than any other president certainly that I've known about".[350][351] In 2019, Trump called Carter and expressed concern that China was "getting ahead" of the United States. Carter agreed, saying that China's strength came from its lack of involvement in armed conflict and calling the U.S. "the most warlike nation in the history of the world."[352]

In July 2021, Carter gave his final recorded interview and said that President Biden had "done very well" in office.[353]

### Presidential politics

Carter in 1988

Carter was considered a potential candidate in the 1984 presidential election.[354][355] In May 1982, Carter ruled out another run, and instead endorsed Mondale for the Democratic presidential nomination.[356] After Mondale secured the nomination in the Democratic primaries, Carter critiqued the Reagan campaign,[357] spoke at the 1984 Democratic National Convention, and advised Mondale about his campaign.[358] After the election, in which Reagan defeated Mondale, Carter said the loss was predictable because Mondale's platform included raising taxes.[359]

In March 1987, Carter ruled himself out as a candidate in the 1988 presidential election.[360] Ahead of the 1988 Democratic National Convention, Carter predicted that the convention would see party unity[361] after tensions arose between presumptive nominee Michael Dukakis and runner-up Jesse Jackson.[362] Carter delivered an address at the convention.[363]

Carter spoke of the need for the 1992 Democratic National Convention to address certain issues not focused on in the past,[364] and campaigned for Clinton after he became the Democratic nominee,[365] publicly stating his expectation to be consulted during Clinton's presidency.[366]

Carter endorsed Vice President Al Gore, the Democratic nominee, days before the 2000 presidential election,[367] and in subsequent years voiced his opinion that Gore won the election,[368] despite Republican nominee George W. Bush having been certified the victor following the Supreme Court's ruling in Bush v. Gore.[369]

In the 2004 presidential election, Carter endorsed the Democratic nominee John Kerry and spoke at the 2004 Democratic National Convention.[370] He also voiced concern about another voting mishap in Florida.[371]

During the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries, it was speculated that Carter would endorse Barack Obama over his main primary rival Hillary Clinton, as Carter and other members of the Carter family had spoken favorably of Obama.[372][373] Although he did not endorse Obama during the primaries, he said in late May 2008 that Clinton should end her bid and concede to Obama after the final primaries on June 3.[374] On June 3, Carter endorsed Obama, and said he would vote for Obama as a superdelegate to the 2008 Democratic National Convention[375] (as a former president, Carter was entitled to hold one of 20 superdelegate slots reserved for "distinguished party leaders").[376] Before this, he had remained publicly neutral.[375] During the general election campaign, Carter criticized John McCain, the Republican nominee.[377][378] Once Obama became the presumptive nominee, he advised Obama not to select Clinton as his running mate.[379]

Ahead of the primaries of the 2012 presidential election, Carter expressed his preference for Mitt Romney to win the Republican nomination, though he clarified that he preferred Romney because he believed him to be the prospective Republican nominee who would most assure Obama's reelection.[380] Carter recorded an address that was shown at the 2012 Democratic National Convention.[381]

The state funeral of George H. W. Bush in December 2018. Carter and his wife Rosalynn can be seen on the far right of the photograph.

In the 2016 presidential election, Carter was critical of Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump shortly after Trump entered the primary, predicting that he would lose.[382][383] As the primary continued, Carter said he preferred Trump to his main rival, Ted Cruz,[384] though he rebuked the Trump campaign during the primary[385] and in his address to the 2016 Democratic National Convention.[386] In August 2016, Carter endorsed the presumptive Democratic nominee, Hillary Clinton.[387] He again expressed his support of Clinton in his speech to the Democratic convention, which he delivered by video.[386][388] In 2019, Carter said that Trump would not have been elected without Russia's interference in the 2016 election.[389] When questioned, he agreed that Trump is an "illegitimate president".[390][391] In a 2017 discussion with Senator Bernie Sanders, Carter said he voted for Sanders in the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries.[392]

Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter delivered a recorded audio message endorsing Joe Biden for the virtual 2020 Democratic National Convention. On January 6, 2021, after the U.S. Capitol attack,[393] Carter released a statement that he and his wife were "troubled" by the events, that what had occurred was "a national tragedy and is not who we are as a nation", and that "having observed elections in troubled democracies worldwide, I know that we the people can unite to walk back from this precipice to peacefully uphold the laws of our nation".[394] Carter recorded an audio message for Biden's inauguration on January 20, 2021, as the Carters could not attend the ceremony in person.[395]

In November 2022, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit overruled a three-judge panel of the court and scheduled a rehearing of the case against the Trump administration–proposed land swap in Alaska to allow a road through the Izembek National Wildlife Refuge. In an unusual action, Carter had filed an opinion in support of a lawsuit by environmental groups, saying the swap violated the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act passed near the end of his presidency. Carter said the act "may be the most significant domestic achievement of my political life".[396]

In August 2024, Carter's son Chip said his father wanted to live to 100 to vote for Kamala Harris in the 2024 presidential election.[397] He did so on October 16.[398][399]

### Hurricane relief

Carter criticized the Bush administration's handling of Hurricane Katrina,[400] and built homes in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy.[401] He also partnered with former presidents to work with One America Appeal to help the victims of Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Irma in the Gulf Coast and Texas communities,[402] in addition to writing op-eds about the goodness seen in Americans who assist each other during natural disasters.[403]

### Other activities

Video of Carter discussing his legacy.Carter discussing his legacy and the work of the Carter Center on the eve of his 95th birthday

The Carter family's peanut business accumulated a $1 million debt in 1981. Carter began writing books to pay off this debt. As of July 2019, he had "published more than 30, from a children's book to reflections on his presidency".[404] After he left the White House, "[o]n average, he completed just about one book per year over those 35 years, including many bestsellers, a novel and a children's book."[405]

In 1982, Carter founded the Carter Center,[406] a non-governmental and nonprofit organization with the purpose of advancing human rights and alleviating human suffering.[407] Among these efforts has been working with the World Health Organization to eradicate dracunculiasis, also called Guinea worm disease. The incidence of this disease has decreased from 3.5Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".million cases in the mid-1980s[408][409] to four in the first seven months of 2024, according to the Carter Center's statistics.[410]

Carter attended the dedication of his presidential library[411] and those of Presidents Ronald Reagan,[412] George H. W. Bush,[413] Bill Clinton,[414][415] and George W. Bush.[416] He delivered eulogies at the funerals of Coretta Scott King,[417] Gerald Ford,[418][419] and Theodore Hesburgh.[420]

In 2007, Carter founded the New Baptist Covenant organization for social justice.[421][422]

In 2013, Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter, their son Chip, and Chip's wife Becky traveled to the neighborhood of Queens Village in New York City. They worked on five housing construction projects with Habitat for Humanity.[423]

As of August 2019,[update]Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". Carter was Honorary Chair of the World Justice Project.[424] He was formerly an honorary chair of the Continuity of Government Commission.[425] He continued to occasionally teach Sunday school at Maranatha Baptist Church as of 2019.[426] Carter also taught at Emory University, and in 2019 was awarded tenure for 37 years of service.[427]

### Israel and Palestine

Commentary on Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid|Israeli apartheid}}

File:January 1996 was the date for the first Palestinian general election. Many international observers supervised the historic election, including former US president Mr. Jimmy Carter.jpgCarter was one of many international observers who took part in the first Palestinian general election in 1996.

Carter was one of many international observers who took part in the first Palestinian general election in 1996. The Carter Center and National Democratic Institute sent an 85-person team to take part in the election observation.[428][429]

Carter's 2006 book Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid, a New York Times Best Seller, generated controversy for characterizing Israel's policies in the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip as amounting to apartheid.[430] In remarks broadcast over radio, he said that Israel's policies amounted to an apartheid worse than South Africa's:[431]

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Carter defended himself against accusations of antisemitism by saying "the hope is that my book will at least stimulate a debate, which has not existed in this country. There's never been any debate on this issue of any significance."[431] He said that Israel would not have peace until it agreed to withdraw from the occupied territories, adding, "the greatest commitment in my life has been trying to bring peace to Israel."[431]

In a 2007 speech at Brandeis University, Carter apologized for wording in the book that suggested that Palestinian suicide terror attacks were justified as a political tool. "That sentence was worded in a completely improper and stupid way. I've written my publishers to change that sentence immediately in future editions of the book. I apologize to you personally and to everyone here."[432][433][434][435]

In his 2010 book We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land, Carter cites Israel's unwillingness to withdraw from the occupied Palestinian territories and settlement expansion as the primary obstacle to peace in the Middle East.[436]

## Personal life

Carter had three younger siblings, all of whom died of pancreatic cancer: Gloria Spann, Ruth Stapleton, and Billy Carter.[437] He was a first cousin of politician Hugh Carter and a distant cousin of the Carter family of musicians.[438]

Farah Pahlavi, Empress of Iran, holds Jimmy Carter IV while Rosalynn Carter, Caron Carter, and Chip Carter watch, January 1978.

Carter married Rosalynn Smith on July 7, 1946, in the Plains Methodist Church, the church of Rosalynn's family.[439] They had three sons, John "Jack", James III "Chip", and Donnel "Jeff", and a daughter, Amy.[440] Mary Prince (an African American woman wrongly convicted of murder, and later pardoned) was their daughter Amy's nanny for most of the period from 1971 until Carter's presidency ended.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".[441][442] Carter had asked to be designated as her parole officer, helping enable her to work in the White House.[441][lower-alpha 5]

On October 19, 2019, the Carters became the longest-wed presidential couple, having overtaken George and Barbara Bush at 26,765 days.[445] After Rosalynn's death on November 19, 2023, after 77 years and four months of marriage, Carter released the following statement:

> Rosalynn was my equal partner in everything I ever accomplished. She gave me wise guidance and encouragement when I needed it. As long as Rosalynn was in the world, I always knew somebody loved and supported me.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

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The Carters' eldest son, Jack, was the 2006 Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate in Nevada and lost to Republican incumbent John Ensign. Jack's son Jason Carter is a former Georgia state senator[446] who in 2014 was the Democratic nominee for governor of Georgia, losing to the Republican incumbent, Nathan Deal. On December 20, 2015, while teaching a Sunday school class, Carter announced that his 28-year-old grandson Jeremy Carter had died of unspecified causes.[447]

### Interests, friendships and hobbies

Carter's hobbies included painting,[448] fly fishing, woodworking, cycling, tennis, and skiing.[449] He also had an interest in poetry, particularly the works of Dylan Thomas.[450] During a state visit to the UK in 1977, Carter suggested that Thomas should have a memorial in Poets' Corner at Westminster Abbey;[451] this came to fruition in 1982.[450][452] In 1994, Carter published a book of poetry, Always a Reckoning and Other Poems, illustrated by his granddaughter Sarah Chuldenko.[453]

Carter was a personal friend of Elvis Presley, whom he and Rosalynn met on June 30, 1973.[454] They remained in contact by telephone two months before Presley's sudden death in August 1977. According to Carter, Presley was almost incoherent because of his addiction to barbiturates; although he phoned the White House several more times, that was the last time they spoke.[455] The day after Presley's death, Carter issued a statement and said Presley had "changed the face of American popular culture".[456]

Carter filed a report with both the International UFO Bureau and the National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena[457] saying that he saw an unidentified flying object in October 1969.[458][459][460] Records showed that Carter got the date wrong, and it was in fact on January 6, 1969. In 2016, a former Air Force scientist found old government reports about a scientific project that on that date launched a barium cloud to examine the upper atmosphere. It would have appeared in the sky at an elevation of 33 degrees, which is almost exactly what Carter had speculated.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

### Beliefs

From a young age, Carter showed deep commitment to evangelical Christianity.[461][462] He taught Sunday school at Maranatha Baptist Church in Plains.[463] At a private inauguration worship service, the preacher was Nelson Price, the pastor of Roswell Street Baptist Church of Marietta, Georgia.[464] An evangelical Christian, Carter appealed to voters after the scandals of the Nixon Administration, and is credited with popularizing the term "born again" into American lexicon during his 1976 presidential campaign.[462][465][466][467] As president, Carter prayed several times a day, and said Jesus was the driving force in his life. He was greatly influenced by a sermon he had heard as a young man that asked: "If you were arrested for being a Christian, would there be enough evidence to convict you?"[468] In 2000, after the Southern Baptist Convention announced it would no longer permit women to become pastors, he renounced his membership, saying: "I personally feel that women should play an absolutely equal role in service of Christ in the church."[469] He remained a member of the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship.[461] Carter's support for the Equal Rights Amendment[470] led many evangelical conservatives to leave the Democratic Party, contributing to the development of the Christian right in American politics.[471]

## Health

Carter in Plains, Georgia, 2008

On August 3, 2015, Carter underwent elective surgery to remove a small mass on his liver, and his prognosis for a full recovery was initially said to be excellent. On August 12, he announced he had been diagnosed with cancer that had metastasized.[472] On August 20, Carter said that melanoma had been found in his brain and liver and that he had begun treatment.[473] On December 5, he announced that his medical scans no longer showed any cancer.[474]

Carter broke his hip in a fall at his Plains home on May 13, 2019, and underwent surgery the same day at the Phoebe Sumter Medical Center in Americus, Georgia.[475] On October 6, an injury above his left eyebrow sustained in another fall at home required 14 stitches[476] and resulted in a black eye.[477] On October 21, Carter was admitted to the Phoebe Sumter Medical Center after sustaining a minor pelvic fracture from falling at home for the third time in 2019.[478]

On November 11, 2019, Carter was hospitalized at the Emory University Hospital in Atlanta for a procedure to relieve pressure on his brain caused by bleeding connected with his falls.[479][480] He was released from the hospital on November 27.[481][479] On December 2, 2019, Carter was readmitted to the hospital for a urinary tract infection. He was released on December 4.[482][483]

On February 18, 2023, the Carter Center announced that following a "series of short hospital stays", Carter decided to "spend his remaining time at home with his family" in Plains to "receive hospice care"[484][485] for an unspecified illness.[486][487]

### Longevity

At 100 years old, Carter was the longest-lived former U.S. president.[488] He was the earliest-serving living former president since Gerald Ford's death in 2006. In 2012, he surpassed Herbert Hoover as the longest-retired president. In 2017 and 2021, he became the first president to live to the 40th anniversary of his inauguration and post-presidency, respectively. In 2017, Carter, then 92, became the oldest former president ever to attend an American presidential inauguration.[489][490] On March 22, 2019, he became the longest-lived U.S. president.[491] He said in a 2019 interview with People that he never expected to live as long as he had and that the best explanation for longevity was a good marriage.[492]

The Carter Center announced Jimmy Carter 100: A Celebration in Song, an event concert to celebrate Carter's 100th birthday that featured appearances by musicians and celebrities. The event took place on September 17, 2024, at the Fox Theatre in Atlanta.[493] On October 1, 2024, Carter turned 100, the first U.S. president to do so.[494] Local events celebrating his birthday included a F-18 Super Hornet flyover formation by eight Navy pilots from Naval Air Station Oceana, which Carter viewed from his backyard, and a naturalization ceremony for 100 new citizens at Plains High School, which Chip Carter attended.[495][496]

Carter made arrangements to be buried in front of his home at 209 Woodland Drive in Plains. In 2006, he said that a funeral in Washington, D.C., with visitation at the Carter Center, was also planned.[497] Carter asked President Biden to deliver his eulogy.[498]

## Death and funeral

File:Jimmy Carter lay-in state at U.S. Capitol.jpgCarter lying in state in the U.S. Capitol rotunda

Carter died at his home in Plains, Georgia, on December 29, 2024, at age 100.[499][500] To date, he remains the longest-lived U.S. president and Georgia governor.[501]

Shortly after the announcement, President Biden released a statement honoring Carter's legacy, calling him a "man of principle, faith, and humility".[502][503][504] The nation held an official state funeral and day of mourning for Carter on January 9, 2025. All five living U.S. presidents—Biden, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and President-elect Donald Trump—attended the funeral.[505] After the funeral, Carter's body was flown to Plains, Georgia, where he was buried next to his wife near the home where they each died. The National Park Service staff at the Jimmy Carter National Historical Park opened it to the public in July 2025.[506][507]

## Legacy

### Assessments

When Carter left office in 1981, scholars and even many Democrats viewed his presidency as a failure.[508][509][510][511] Betty Glad, a political scientist at the University of Illinois, summarized the public consensus on Carter: "he didn't have a well-developed political philosophy and gave people a feeling he didn't quite know where he was headed."[512]

Historians have ranked Carter's presidency as below average.[513]Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". After leaving office, he told allies he predicted history would be kinder to him than voters were in the 1980 election.[512] In a 1982 Chicago Tribune survey, when 49 historians and scholars were asked to rank the best and worst U.S. presidents, Carter was ranked the tenth worst.[514] In 2006, conservative British historian Andrew Roberts ranked Carter the worst U.S. president.[515] Yet some of Carter's policy accomplishments have been more favorably received.[516] The 2009 documentary Back Door Channels: The Price of Peace credits Carter's efforts at Camp David, which brought peace between Israel and Egypt, with bringing the only meaningful peace to the Middle East.[517][518] Stuart E. Eizenstat, who served as Carter's chief White House domestic policy adviser, wrote, "Carter's accomplishments at home and abroad were more extensive and longer lasting than those of almost all modern presidents."[519]

While historians generally consider Carter a below-average president, his post-presidency activities have been universally praised, including his peacekeeping and humanitarian efforts.[513]Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". The Independent wrote in 2009, "Carter is widely considered a better man than he was a president."[520]

### Public opinion

In exit polls from the 1976 presidential election, many voters still held Ford's pardon of Nixon in 1974 against him.[521] By comparison, Carter was viewed as a sincere, honest, and well-meaning southerner.[520] During his presidency, polls generally showed that most Americans saw Carter as likable and "a man of high moral principles".[522] In the 1980 election, Reagan projected an easy self-confidence, in contrast to Carter's serious and introspective temperament. Carter was portrayed as more pessimistic and indecisive than Reagan, who was known for his charm and delegation of tasks to subordinates.[523] Reagan used the economic issues, the Iran hostage crisis, and the lack of Washington cooperation to portray Carter as a weak and ineffectual leader. Carter was the first elected incumbent president since Herbert Hoover in 1932 to lose a reelection bid.[524]

Carter began his presidency with an approval rating between 66% and 75%.[525][526] He maintained approval ratings above 50% until March 1978,[526] and the following month his approval rating fell to 39%,[527] primarily due to the declining economy.[528] His ratings briefly rebounded after the Camp David Accords in late 1978[529] but dipped during the 1979 energy crisis and got as low as 28% in July 1979.[530] At the beginning of the Iran hostage crisis, his approval rating surged to 61%, up 23 points from his pre-crisis rating.[531] Polls also found that up to 77% of Americans approved of Carter's initial response to the crisis,[531] but by June 1980, amid heated criticism from across the political spectrum[532] for his failure to free the hostages, his approval rating slumped to 33%; that same month Reagan surpassed Carter in pre-1980 election polling.[533] As Carter was leaving office, a Gallup poll found that 48% of Americans thought he had been an "average" or "above average" president, 46% said he had been "below average" or "poor", and only 3% thought he had been "outstanding".[534] His average approval rating during his entire presidency was 46%,[535][536] and he left office as one of the most unpopular U.S. presidents in history.[537]

In a 1990 Gallup survey, 45% of respondents said they approved of the overall job Carter did as president, leaving only Nixon and Lyndon B. Johnson with lower ratings.[538] In a 2006 poll, 61% of respondents said they approved of the job Carter did as president, his highest rating since 1979.[539] In a 2021 survey, 27% of respondents said he had been an "outstanding" or "above average" president, 43% regarded him as "average", and only 24% said he had been "below average" or "poor".[540] A 2025 YouGov poll listed Carter as the most popular politician in America, with an overall approval rating of 64%.[541]

### Awards and honors

Carterpuri, a village in Haryana, India, was renamed in his honor after he visited in 1978.[542][543]

Carter received the American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award in 1984.[135]

File:Jcnhsvistctr.jpgCarter National Historic Site File:Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum.jpgThe Jimmy Carter Library and Museum was opened in 1986.

The Jimmy Carter Library and Museum was opened in 1986.[544] The following year, buildings connected to Carter's life were granted status as National Historic Sites[545] and in 2021 were collectively renamed the Jimmy Carter National Historic Park.[546]

In 1991, Carter was made an honorary member of Phi Beta Kappa at Kansas State University,[547] and was elected to the American Philosophical Society.[548] In 1998, the U.S. Navy named the third and final Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". submarine Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"..[549]

Carter received the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights, given in honor of human rights achievements,[550] and the Hoover Medal, recognizing engineers who have contributed to global causes.[551] Carter's 2002 Nobel Peace Prize[552] was partially a response to president George W. Bush's threats of war against Iraq and Carter's criticism of the Bush administration.[553]

In 2009, the Souther Field Airport in Americus, Georgia, was renamed Jimmy Carter Regional Airport.[554]

In November 2024, Carter received his 10th nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for audio recordings of his books. He won four times—for Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis (2007), A Full Life: Reflections at 90 (2015), Faith: A Journey For All (2018), and Last Sunday in Plains: A Centennial Celebration (2024).[lower-alpha 6] He is the most nominated and awarded recipient in the category.

On February 21, 2024, the White House Historical Association unveiled its official 2024 White House Christmas ornament honoring Carter's naval service and efforts for peace. This was the first time a president being honored was alive at the time of the unveiling.[561]

## See also

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* Electoral history of Jimmy Carter - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* Jimmy Carter rabbit incident - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* List of centenarians (politicians and civil servants) - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* List of members of the American Legion - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* List of peace activists
* List of presidents of the United States - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* List of presidents of the United States by previous experience - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
* "Mush from the Wimp" – Joke headline from The Boston Globe in a 1980 op-ed
* Political positions of Jimmy Carter - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". - Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

## Notes

1. ↑ The Naval Academy's Class of 1947 graduated in 1946 as a result of World War II.[26]
2. ↑ Carter was the only U.S. president to have lived in subsidized housing before he took office.[51]
3. ↑ Eagleton was later replaced on the ticket by Sargent Shriver.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
4. ↑ Curran also investigated President Jimmy Carter's family peanut business for the Justice Department in 1979, and thus became the first lawyer to examine a sitting president under oath.
5. ↑ After working in the Georgia governor's mansion as a trustee prisoner, Prince had been returned to prison in 1975 when Carter's term as governor ended, but intervention on her behalf by both Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter, with Jimmy Carter asking to be designated as her parole officer, enabled her to be reprieved and to work in the White House.[443][441][444]
6. ↑ Attributed to multiple sources:[555][556][557][558][559][560]

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## References

1. ↑ Godbold 2010, p. 9.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Bourne 1997, pp. 11–32.
3. ↑ Kaufman & Kaufman 2013, p. 70.
4. ↑ Carter 2012, p. 10.
5. ↑ Bourne 1997, p. 9.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Bourne 1997, p. 114.
7. ↑ Biven 2002, p. 57.
8. ↑ Flippen 2011, p. 25.
9. ↑ Newton 2016, p. 172.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Hamilton 2005, p. 334.
11. ↑ National Park Service 2020.
12. ↑ Hayward 2004, The Plain Man from Plains.
13. ↑ Hobkirk 2002, p. 8.
14. ↑ Bourne 1997, pp. 33–43.
15. ↑ Panton 2022, p. 99.
16. ↑ Rattini 2020.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Balmer 2014, p. 34.
18. ↑ Archives (January 21, 2020). "The Colonel". https://vanleerarchives.org/the-colonel/.
19. ↑ Hobkirk 2002, p. 38.
20. ↑ Kaufman & Kaufman 2013, p. 62.
21. ↑ Wertheimer 2004, p. 343.
22. ↑ Bourne 1997, pp. 44–55.
23. ↑ Barrow & Warren 2023.
24. ↑ Hingston 2016.
25. ↑ "On the road with Carter ROADRUNNER Continued from Page A1". The Boston Globe. November 11, 1979. p. 91. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-on-the-road-with-carter/161959991/.
26. ↑ Argetsinger 1996.
27. ↑ Alter 2020, p. 59.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Zelizer 2010, pp. 11–12.
29. ↑ Thomas 1978, p. 18.
30. ↑ Nijnatten 2012, p. 77.
31. ↑ Jimmy Carter Library and Museum 2004.
32. ↑ Hambley 2008, p. 202.
33. ↑ Bourne 1997, pp. 72–77.
34. ↑ Bourne 1997, p. 74.
35. ↑ Frank 1995, p. 554.
36. ↑ Martel 2008, p. 64.
37. ↑ Marguet 2022, p. 262.
38. ↑ Milnes 2009.
39. ↑ Naval History and Heritage Command 1997.
40. ↑ Wead 2005, p. 404.
41. ↑ Panton 2022, p. 100.
42. ↑ Wooten 1978, p. 270.
43. ↑ Schneider & Schneider 2005, p. 310.
44. ↑ Bourne 1997, p. 79.
45. ↑ Bourne 1997, pp. 77–81.
46. ↑ Hayward 2009, p. 23.
47. ↑ Eckstein 2015.
48. ↑ Suciu 2020.
49. ↑ Gherman 2004, p. 34.
50. ↑ Mukunda 2022, p. 105.
51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Bourne 1997, pp. 83–91.
52. ↑ Kaufman 2016, p. 66.
53. ↑ Gherman 2004, p. 38.
54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Morris 1996, p. 115.
55. ↑ Gherman 2004, p. 40.
56. ↑ Bourne 1997, pp. 92–108.
57. ↑ Donica & Piccotti 2018.
58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Carter 1992, pp. 83–87.
59. ↑ Bourne 1997, pp. 108–132.
60. ↑ Bourne 1997, pp. 132–140.
61. ↑ Ryan 2006, p. 37.
62. ↑ Bourne 1997, pp. 132–145.
63. ↑ Georgia General Assembly 1965.
64. ↑ Bourne 1997, pp. 145–149.
65. ↑ Bourne 1997, p. 150.
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70. ↑ Hayward 2009, pp. 39–46.
71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 Bourne 1997, pp. 180–199.
72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Hayward 2009, pp. 46–51.
73. ↑ Berman 2022.
74. ↑ Bourne 1997, p. 204.
75. ↑ Hayward 2009, pp. 55–56.
76. ↑ Bourne 1997, pp. 214–220.
77. ↑ Freeman 1982, p. 5.
78. ↑ Rome News-Tribune 1971a.
79. ↑ Rome News-Tribune 1972b.
80. ↑ Sidey 2012.
81. ↑ World Book 2001, p. 542.
82. ↑ NBC News 2008.
83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 Bourne 1997, pp. 250–251.
84. ↑ Rome News-Tribune 1973a.
85. ↑ Rome News-Tribune 1971c.
86. ↑ Bourne 1997, pp. 212–213.
87. ↑ Pilkington 2013.
88. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. (December 12, 1974). "Address Announcing Candidacy for the Democratic Presidential Nomination at the National Press Club in Washington, DC". https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-announcing-candidacy-for-the-democratic-presidential-nomination-the-national-press.
89. ↑ "Carter a candidate for the presidency". Lodi News-Sentinel. December 13, 1974. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CG0zAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3DIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=6942,5857919.
90. ↑ E. Zelizer, Julian (September 7, 2015). "17 Democrats Ran for President in 1976. Can Today's GOP Learn Anything From What Happened?". https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/09/2016-election-1976-democratic-primary-213125/.
91. ↑ "American History: Jimmy Carter Wins the 1976 Presidential Election". https://www.manythings.org/voa/history/220.html.
92. ↑ Setterfield, Ray (December 31, 2020). "'My Name is Jimmy Carter and I'm Running for President'". https://www.onthisday.com/articles/my-name-is-jimmy-carter-and-im-running-for-president.
93. ↑ Shoup, Laurence H. (1980). The Carter Presidency, and Beyond: Power and Politics in the 1980s. Ramparts Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-87867-075-8. https://archive.org/details/carterpresidency0000shou/page/70.
94. ↑ Mohr, Charles (July 16, 1976). "Choice of Mondale Helps To Reconcile the Liberals". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1976/07/16/archives/choice-of-mondale-helps-to-reconcile-the-liberals-choice-of-mondale.html.
95. ↑ "Jimmy Carter". Public Broadcasting Service. November 11, 2002. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/carter/#transcript.
96. ↑ Broder, David (December 18, 1974). "Early Evaluation Impossible on Presidential Candidates". Toledo Blade: p. 16. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yMgwAAAAIBAJ&pg=7214,2087680.
97. ↑ Shoup, Laurence H. (1980). The Carter Presidency, and Beyond: Power and Politics in the 1980s. Ramparts Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-87867-075-8. https://archive.org/details/carterpresidency0000shou/page/94.
98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 "The Campaign: Candidate Carter: I Apologize". Time 107 (16). April 19, 1976. https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/printout/0,8816,914056,00.html.
99. ↑ "Carter Officially Enters Demo Presidential Race". Herald-Journal. December 13, 1974. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=SFOYbPikdlgC&dat=19741213&printsec=frontpage.
100. ↑ "Carter Backs Consumer Plans". Toledo Blade. August 10, 1976. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8_tS2Vw13FcC&dat=19760810&printsec=frontpage.
101. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "Bardstown, Kentucky Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session at a Town Meeting. (July 31, 1979)". The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32680. "THE PRESIDENT. Could you all hear it? The question was, since it appears that the campaign promise that I made to have a separate department of education might soon be fulfilled, would I consider appointing a classroom teacher as the secretary of education."
102. ↑ "Carter Berates Lack Of New A-Arm Pact". Toledo Blade. October 14, 1976. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8_tS2Vw13FcC&dat=19761014&printsec=frontpage.
103. ↑ Kane, Frank (October 3, 1976). "Carter Positions on Amnesty, Defense Targets of Dole Jabs". Toledo Blade. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8_tS2Vw13FcC&dat=19761003&printsec=frontpage.
104. ↑ "GOP Raps Carter On Tax Proposal". Herald-Journal. September 19, 1976. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=SFOYbPikdlgC&dat=19760919&printsec=frontpage.
105. ↑ "Social Security Amendments of 1977 Statement on Signing S. 305 Into Law". American Presidency Project. December 20, 1977. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7035.
106. ↑ "Carter Would Delay Programs If Necessary". Herald-Journal. September 4, 1976. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=SFOYbPikdlgC&dat=19760904&printsec=frontpage.
107. ↑ Kane, Frank (July 15, 1976). "Carter Nominated, Names Mondale Running Mate". Toledo Blade. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8_tS2Vw13FcC&dat=19760715&printsec=frontpage.
108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 Howard, Adam (September 26, 2016). "10 Presidential Debates That Actually Made an Impact". NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/2016-presidential-debates/10-presidential-debates-made-impact-n650741.
109. ↑ Kraus, Sidney (1979). The Great Debates: Carter vs. Ford, 1976. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 3. https://www.questia.com/read/94445794/the-great-debates-carter-vs-ford-1976. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
110. ↑ "The Playboy Interview: Jimmy Carter." Robert Scheer. Playboy, November 1976, Vol. 23, Iss. 11, pp. 63–86.
111. ↑ Casser-Jayne, Halli. A Year in My Pajamas with President Obama, The Politics of Strange Bedfellows. Halli Casser-Jayne. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-9765960-3-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=Psu5UNg1jEUC&pg=PA216. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
112. ↑ Sabato, Larry J. (1998). "Washingtonpost.com Special Report: Clinton Accused". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/frenzy/carter.htm?noredirect=on.
113. ↑ Carter's lead narrows . The Springfield News-Leader. September 29, 1976. October 3, 2024.
114. ↑ Harris, Louis (October 30, 1976). Harris Poll says Carter holds only a 1-point lead. Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved September 30, 2024.
115. ↑ Presidential Contenders Strain At Finish. United Press International. The Times Argus. November 1, 1976. Retrieved September 30, 2024.
116. ↑ Larrabee, Don (October 31, 1976). Presidency seems to be up for grabs. The Greenville News. Retrieved October 1, 2024.
117. ↑ Ford's brother sees electoral college victory . Associated Press. The Recorder. November 1, 1976. Retrieved October 1, 2024.
118. ↑ "Carter Appears Victor Over Ford". Toledo Blade. November 3, 1976. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8_tS2Vw13FcC&dat=19761103&printsec=frontpage.
119. ↑ Kaplan, Seth; Kaplan, James I. (November 3, 1976). Many Factors Figured in Carter's Win . The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved September 30, 2024.
120. ↑ 120.0 120.1 Delaney, Paul (November 8, 1976). "Blacks Line Up For Carter Plums". The New York Times. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-parsons-sun-blacks-line-up-for-carte/156325287/.
121. ↑ Kornacki, Steve (July 29, 2019). Journey to power: The history of black voters, 1976 to 2020 . NBC News. Retrieved September 30, 2024.
122. ↑ Burke, John P. (2009). "The Contemporary Presidency: The Obama Presidential Transition: An Early Assessment". Presidential Studies Quarterly 39 (3): 574–604. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2009.03691.x. ISSN 0360-4918.
123. ↑ 123.0 123.1 Skinner, Richard (October 5, 2016). "Jimmy Carter changed presidential transitions forever". https://www.vox.com/mischiefs-of-faction/2016/10/5/13142390/jimmy-carter-changed-presidential-transitions.
124. ↑ 124.0 124.1 Burke, John P. (2004). Becoming President: The Bush Transition, 2000–2003. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 12, 18. ISBN 978-1-58826-292-9.
125. ↑ "Carter in Washington, Meets Lynn, Rumsfield". Toledo Blade. November 22, 1976. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8_tS2Vw13FcC&dat=19761122&printsec=frontpage.
126. ↑ "Ford Promises Carter Transition Cooperation". Toledo Blade. November 23, 1976. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=8_tS2Vw13FcC&dat=19761123&printsec=frontpage.
127. ↑ Eksterowicz, Anthony J.; Hastedt, Glenn (1998). "Modern Presidential Transitions: Problems, Pitfalls, and Lessons for Success". Presidential Studies Quarterly 28 (2): 299–319. ISSN 0360-4918.
128. ↑ "Carter Announces Nominees For 6 More Top Posts". Toledo Blade. January 19, 1977. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19770119&id=UQxPAAAAIBAJ&pg=6092,1318484.
129. ↑ "Carter to quit peanut business". The Register-Guard. January 4, 1977. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=4pF9x-cDGsoC&dat=19770104&printsec=frontpage.
130. ↑ McCarthy, James (January 6, 1977). "Carter Ethics Code Leaves Loopholes". The Charlotte Observer. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-charlotte-observer-carter-ethics-cod/156494024/.
131. ↑ "48TH INAUGURAL CEREMONIES". United States Senate. https://www.inaugural.senate.gov/48th-inaugural-ceremonies/.
132. ↑ "Executive Orders". October 25, 2010. https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/11967.html.
133. ↑ "Online NewsHour: Remembering Vietnam: Carter's Pardon". PBS. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/vietnam/vietnam_1-21-77.html.
134. ↑ Cass, Connie (September 30, 2013). "A Complete Guide To Every Government Shutdown In History". https://www.businessinsider.com/a-history-of-us-government-shutdowns-2013-9.
135. ↑ 135.0 135.1 "Jimmy Carter Biography and Interview". American Academy of Achievement. https://www.achievement.org/achiever/jimmy-carter/#interview.
136. ↑ "Jimmy Carter and the Iranian Hostage Crisis". White House Historical Association. https://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_classroom/classroom_9-12-transitions-carter.html.
137. ↑ Baker, Peter (March 18, 2023). "A Four-Decade Secret: The Untold Story of Sabotaging Jimmy Carter's Re-election". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/18/us/politics/jimmy-carter-october-surprise-iran-hostages.html.
138. ↑ "Jimmy Carter remembered for launching 1st Asian Pacific American Heritage Week". NBC News. December 30, 2024. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/jimmy-carter-asian-american-heritage-month-rcna71682.
139. ↑ "Proclamation 10189—Asian American and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander Heritage Month, 2021". May 5, 2021. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-10189-asian-american-and-native-hawaiianpacific-islander-heritage-month-2021.
140. ↑ 140.0 140.1 "1988 Statistical Abstract of the United States". Department of Commerce. https://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1988-04.pdf.
141. ↑ Sharp Drop Noted In Unemployment. Associated Press. Spokane Chronicle. July 7, 1978. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
142. ↑ Jobless Level Up Slightly. The New York Times. The Patriot-News. October 7, 1978. Retrieved October 26, 2024.
143. ↑ Jobless Rate Could Reach 7.5% This Year, 8% In 1981, Kahn Predicts. Associated Press. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. May 1, 1980. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
144. ↑ Jim Jubak (April 1, 2008). "Is '70s-style stagflation returning?". Jubak's Journal (MSN). https://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/Investing/JubaksJournal/Is70sStyleStagflationComing.aspx.
145. ↑ "The Inflation of the 1970s: November 21, 1978". University of California at Berkeley and National Bureau of Economic Research. December 19, 1995. https://econ161.berkeley.edu/econ_articles/theinflationofthes.html.
146. ↑ "The Outlook for U.S. Oil Dependence". U.S. Department of Energy. https://www-cta.ornl.gov/cta/Publications/Reports/ORNL-6873 .pdf.
147. ↑ "United States v. Society of Independent Gasoline Marketers of America". https://md.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.\FCT\C04\1979\19791226_0040006.C04.htm/qx.
148. ↑ Ford defends vetoing limits on strip mines. The Courier-Journal. October 23, 1977. Retrieved January 1, 2025.
149. ↑ Coal strip mining bill signed into law by Carter . The New York Times. August 4, 1977. Retrieved January 1, 2025.
150. ↑ W. Kolb, Robert (2008). Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society. SAGE Publications. p. 1305. ISBN 978-1-4522-6569-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=v751AwAAQBAJ&q=carter+Love+Canal+in+the+city+of+Niagara+Falls,+New+York.+More+than+800+families+were+evacuated&pg=PT1417. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
151. ↑ E. Rosenfeld, Paul; Feng, Lydia; Andrew, William (2011). Risks of Hazardous Wastes. William Andrew. ISBN 978-1-4377-7843-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=eUTkicMAXuQC&q=one+of+the+grimmest+discoveries+of+our+modern+era+carter&pg=PR15. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
152. ↑ 152.0 152.1 Bird, Kai. "The bold environmental vision of President Jimmy Carter". https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/12/president-jimmy-carter-death-100-environmental-legacy-conservation-solar-energy-alaskan-national-wildlife-refuge/.
153. ↑ See Seth S. King, "Carter Designates U.S. Land In Alaska For National Parks," The New York Times, December 2, 1978
154. ↑ Kenneth Earl Morris, ed. Jimmy Carter, American Moralist ( University of Georgia Press, 1996).
155. ↑ "Maine college to auction off former White House solar panels". October 28, 2004. https://www.unity.edu/news/solar1004.htm.
156. ↑ Burdick, Dave (January 27, 2009). "White House Solar Panels: What Ever Happened To Carter's Solar Thermal Water Heater? (VIDEO)". HuffPost. https://huffingtonpost.com/2009/01/27/white-house-solar-panels_n_160575.html.
157. ↑ Shirley, Craig (October 8, 2010). "Days of 'Malaise' and Jimmy Carter's Solar Panels". Fox News. https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/days-of-malaise-and-jimmy-carters-solar-panels.
158. ↑ Relyea, Harold; Carr, Thomas P. (2003). The executive branch, creation and reorganization. Nova Publishers. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-59033-610-6.
159. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "The President's News Conference (29 September 1977)". https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-125.
160. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "The President's News Conference (13 October 2021)". https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-122.
161. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "The President's News Conference (12 January 1978)". https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-1008.
162. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "The President's News Conference (11 April 1978)". https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-1006.
163. ↑ Kaufman, Burton Ira (1993). The Presidency of James Earl Carter, Jr.. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-7006-0572-9. OCLC 26359258.
164. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "Standby Gasoline Rationing Plan Message to the Congress Transmitting the Plan. (1 March 1979)". https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/standby-gasoline-rationing-plan-message-the-congress-transmitting-the-plan-0.
165. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "Energy Address to the Nation. (5 April 1979)". https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/energy-address-the-nation.
166. ↑ 166.0 166.1 ""Crisis of Confidence" Speech (July 15, 1979)" (text and video). Miller Center, University of Virginia. October 20, 2016. https://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/3402.
167. ↑ 167.0 167.1 "Jimmy Carter". PBS. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/carter-crisis-speech/.
168. ↑ Cutler Cleveland (January 24, 2007). "Jimmy Carter's "malaise speech"". The Encyclopedia of Earth. https://www.eoearth.org/article/Jimmy_Carter's__malaise_speech_.
169. ↑ Adam Clymer (July 18, 1979). "Speech Lifts Carter Rating to 37%; Public Agrees on Confidence Crisis; Responsive Chord Struck". The New York Times: p. A1. https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0611F8395D12728DDDA10994DF405B898BF1D3.
170. ↑ Weintraub, Walter (1986). Political Psychology 7: Profiles of American Presidents as Revealed in Their Public Statements: The Presidential News Conferences of Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan. International Society of Political Psychology. pp. 285–295.
171. ↑ "The 'Georgia Mafia'. Jimmy Carter". WGBH American Experience. PBS. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/georgia-mafia/.
172. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "The President's News Conference (23 February 1977)". https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-119.
173. ↑ "Commentary: New president's 100 days of pressure – CNN.com". CNN. October 28, 2008. https://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/10/27/zelizer.hundred/index.html.
174. ↑ Carter, Jimmy Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis, p. 8, (2005), Simon & Schuster
175. ↑ Pincus, Walter (April 1, 1977). "When a Campaign Vow Crashes into a Pork Barrel". The Washington Post. https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/143163782.html?dids=143163782:143163782&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+1,+1977&author=By+Walter+Pincus+Washington+Post+Staff+Writer&pub=The+Washington+Post+(1974-Current+file)&edition=&startpage=A1&desc=When+a+Campaign+Vow+Crashes+Into+a+Pork+Barrel.
176. ↑ "Jimmy Carter: Water Resource Projects Message to the Congress". presidency.ucsb.edu. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=6799.
177. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "Democratic National Committee Dinner Remarks at the Fundraising Dinner in New York City. (23 June 1977)". https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/democratic-national-committee-dinner-remarks-the-fundraising-dinner-new-york-city.
178. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "The President's News Conference (28 July 1977)". https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-104.
179. ↑ Carter, Jimmy (May 11, 1979). "Standby Gasoline Rationing Plan Remarks on the House of Representatives Disapproval of the Plan (10 May 1979)". American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32325.
180. ↑ "Carter's Clash With Congress on Gas Plan". The New York Times. May 15, 1979. https://www.nytimes.com/1979/05/15/archives/carters-clash-with-congress-on-gas-plan-news-analysis-some.html.
181. ↑ "The President's News Conference (25 July 1979)". American Presidency Project. July 25, 1979. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=32653.
182. ↑ Roberts, Steven V. (August 5, 1979). "Carter and the Congress: Doubt and Distrust Prevail". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/05/archives/carter-and-the-congress-doubt-and-distrust-prevail.html.
183. ↑ Vietor, Richard H. K.. Contrived Competition: Regulation and Deregulation in America. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-43679-4. OCLC 897163998.
184. ↑ Cannon, James R.; Richey, Franklin D. (2012). Practical Applications in Business Aviation Management. Government Institutes. ISBN 978-1-60590-770-3.
185. ↑ "From White House to brew houses: How Jimmy Carter sparked a craft beer revival". December 31, 2024. https://www.newscentermaine.com/article/money/business/small-business/maine-craft-brew-industry-president-jimmy-carter-homebrewing-small-scale-breweries/97-44c37318-3b14-447c-a92b-cbbbb33f929b#:~:text=In+1978,+Carter+signed+HR,first+licensed+craft+brewery+opened..
186. ↑ Philpott, Tom (August 17, 2011). "Beer Charts of the Day". Mother Jones. https://motherjones.com/tom-philpott/2011/08/beer-charts.
187. ↑ "Brewers Association Releases Annual Craft Brewing Industry Production Report and Top 50 Producing Craft Brewing Companies for 2021". Brewers Association. April 5, 2022. https://www.brewersassociation.org/press-releases/brewers-association-releases-annual-craft-brewing-industry-production-report-and-top-50-producing-craft-brewing-companies-for-2021/.
188. ↑ 188.0 188.1 188.2 Chrysler Aid Plan Signed . The Kansas City Times. January 8, 1980. Retrieved December 22, 2024.
189. ↑ Auto firm says sacrifices made . The Hamilton Spectator. August 13, 1979. Retrieved December 22, 2024.
190. ↑ 190.0 190.1 190.2 Howard, Phoebe Wall (December 31, 2024). Chrysler rescue of 80,000 jobs during Carter administration almost didn't happen . Detroit Free Press. Retrieved January 1, 2025.
191. ↑ Multiple sources * Reinhold, Robert (April 17, 1976). "Carter proposes U.S. health plan; says he favors mandatory insurance financed from wage and general taxes". The New York Times: p. 1. https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30717FD3E5F167493C5A8178FD85F428785F9. "Although Mr. Carter left some details a bit vague today, his proposal seemed almost identical to the so-called Kennedy-Corman health security plan. His position on the issue is now substantially the same as that of his chief rivals, Senator Hubert H. Humphrey, Senator Henry M. Jackson and Representative Morris K. Udall. All three are co-sponsors of the Kennedy-Corman bill." * Auerbach, Stuart (April 17, 1976). "Carter gives broad outline for national health plan; cost unknown". The Washington Post: p. A1. https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/120359627.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI. "The outlines of Carter's program are close to one sponsored by Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.) and strongly supported by organized labor." * "Carter urges universal health plan". Chicago Tribune. United Press International: p. 4. April 17, 1976. https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/613101652.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI. "Although Carter didn't provide an estimate of what his health plan would cost taxpayers, it features many proposals similar to plans suggested by others, including Sen. Edward Kennedy [D., Mass.] which are estimated to cost at least $40 billion annually."
192. ↑ Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 95th Congress 1st Session....1977. 33. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. 1978. pp. 499–507. OCLC 1564784.
193. ↑ Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 96th Congress 1st Session....1979. 35. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. 1980. pp. 536–540. OCLC 1564784.
194. ↑ Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 95th Congress 2nd Session....1978. 34. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. 1979. pp. 619–625. OCLC 1564784.
195. ↑ "House kills Carter hospital cost control plan". Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 96th Congress 1st Session....1979. 35. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly. 1980. pp. 512–518. OCLC 1564784.
196. ↑ Carter, Jimmy (1982). Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President. Bantam Books. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-0-553-05023-3. https://archive.org/details/keepingfaithmemo00cart/page/86.
197. ↑ Mental Health Systems Act 'landmark' legislation, state MH director says . Hattiesburg American. October 30, 1980.
198. ↑ Walker, Joe (September 18, 1981). Mental health boss focuses help call on the public . The Paducah Sun. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
199. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "Elementary and Secondary Education Remarks Announcing the Administration's Proposals to the Congress. (28 February 1978)". https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/elementary-and-secondary-education-remarks-announcing-the-administrations-proposals-the.
200. ↑ "Department of Education Outlined". Associated Press. February 9, 1979. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IkwNAAAAIBAJ&pg=5661,1224804.
201. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "Department of Education Organization Act Statement on Signing S. 210 Into Law. (17 October 1979)". https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/department-education-organization-act-statement-signing-s-210-into-law.
202. ↑ Kosar, Kevin (September 23, 2015). "Kill the Department of Ed.? It's been done". https://www.politico.com/agenda/story/2015/09/department-of-education-history-000235/.
203. ↑ "A Historical Perspective". https://ilheadstart.org/about-ihsa/history-goals-and-values/head-start-a-historical-perspective/.
204. ↑ Berube, M.R. (1991). American Presidents and Education. Greenwood. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-313-27848-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=CZ18F-KzLREC&pg=PA49. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
205. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "Brownsville, Texas Remarks at a Rally With Area Residents. (1 November 1980)". https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/brownsville-texas-remarks-rally-with-area-residents.
206. ↑ Gallagher (he/him), John (December 29, 2024). "Jimmy Carter has died at the age of 100. He invited the first gay activists to the White House". https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2024/12/jimmy-carter-has-died-at-the-age-of-100-he-invited-the-first-gay-activists-to-the-white-house/.
207. ↑ Jørgen Jensehaugen. Arab–Israeli Diplomacy under Carter: The US, Israel and the Palestinians (2018) p. 178, quoted on H-DIPLO
208. ↑ "United Nations Remarks at a Working Luncheon for Officials of African Nations". American Presidency Project. October 4, 1977. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=6745.
209. ↑ "The President's News Conference". American Presidency Project. October 27, 1977. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=6849.
210. ↑ John Soares, "Jimmy Carter in Africa: Race and the Cold War." Presidential Studies Quarterly 48.4 (2018): 865–866.
211. ↑ Lamb, David (1987) The Africans, Vintage, Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"., p. 46
212. ↑ Gershoni, Yekutiel (2022). Liberia Under Samuel Doe, 1980–1985 The Politics of Personal Rule. Lexington Books. p. 301.
213. ↑ Kaufman, Michael T. (March 31, 1978). "Carter Trip to Nigeria Culminates Long Effort to Improve Relations". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/31/archives/carter-trip-to-nigeria-culminates-long-effort-to-improve-relations.html.
214. ↑ 214.0 214.1 "Presidents' Travels to Nigeria (31 March — 3 April)". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian. https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/nigeria.
215. ↑ "Carter Seeks Talks Including All Sides in Rhodesia Conflict". The New York Times. April 3, 1978. https://www.nytimes.com/1978/04/03/archives/new-jersey-pages-carter-seeks-talks-including-all-sides-in-rhodesia.html.
216. ↑ "Conservatives Win British Vote; Margaret Thatcher First Woman to Head a European Government". The New York Times. May 4, 1979. https://www.nytimes.com/1979/05/04/archives/conservatives-win-british-vote-margaret-thatcher-first-woman-to.html.
217. ↑ "Rhodesian Election Ends with Turnout Put at 65 Percent". The New York Times. April 25, 1979. https://www.nytimes.com/1979/04/25/archives/muzorewa-party-wins-in-rhodesia-with-bare-majority-in-parliament.html.
218. ↑ "Fight Over Rhodesia Sanctions Reflects Carter Bid to Save Africa Policy". The New York Times. May 14, 1979. https://www.nytimes.com/1979/05/14/archives/fight-over-rhodesia-sanctions-reflects-carter-bid-to-save-africa.html.
219. ↑ "Rhodesia, South Africa Hail Move In Senate to End Curb on Salisbury". The New York Times. May 17, 1979. https://www.nytimes.com/1979/05/17/archives/rhodesia-south-africa-hail-move-in-senate-to-end-curb-on-salisbury.html.
220. ↑ "Carter Promises to Stop Sanctions After Rhodesia Political Settlement". The New York Times. December 4, 1979. https://www.nytimes.com/1979/12/04/archives/carter-promises-to-stop-sanctions-after-rhodesia-political.html.
221. ↑ Wachman, Alan M. (1984). "Carter's Constitutional Conundrum: An Examination of the President's Unilateral Termination of a Treaty". The Fletcher Forum 8 (2): 427–457. ISSN 0147-0981.
222. ↑ Walsh, Edward (December 16, 1978). "U.S. to Normalize Ties With Peking, End Its Defense Treaty With Taiwan". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/12/16/us-to-normalize-ties-with-peking-end-its-defense-treaty-with-taiwan/7d53f81a-865d-4a87-8c32-a0f6f343502c/.
223. ↑ John W. Garver, China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic (2016) pp 383–400.
224. ↑ Strong, Robert A. (October 4, 2016). "Jimmy Carter: Foreign Affairs". Miller Center, University of Virginia. https://millercenter.org/president/carter/foreign-affairs.
225. ↑ "Report: U.S. Arms Transfers to Indonesia 1975–1997". World Policy Institute. March 1997. https://www.worldpolicy.org/projects/arms/reports/indoarms.html.
226. ↑ Dumbrell, John (1995). The Carter Presidency: A Re-evaluation (2nd ed.). Manchester, England, UK: Manchester University Press. pp. 187, 191. ISBN 978-0-7190-4693-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=2GK7AAAAIAAJ&q=Indonesia&pg=PA187. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
227. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
228. ↑ Ball, Nicole; Lettenberg, Milton (February 1979). "The foreign arms sales of the Carter administration". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science) 35 (2): 31–36. doi:10.1080/00963402.1979.11458586. ISSN 0096-3402. Bibcode: 1979BuAtS..35b..31B. https://books.google.com/books?id=GgsAAAAAMBAJ&q=Carter+weapons+sales+Indonesia&pg=PA31. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
229. ↑ "Carter Asks for No Cut in Arms Aid to Marcos Despite Negative Human-Rights Report". The New York Times. February 6, 1978. https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/06/archives/carter-asks-for-no-cut-in-arms-aid-to-marcos-despite-negative.html.
230. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "The President's News Conference (9 March 1977)". https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-117.
231. ↑ "Carter Summons General in Korea Over Criticism of Withdrawal Plan". The New York Times. May 20, 1977. https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/20/archives/carter-summons-general-in-korea-over-criticism-of-withdrawal-plan.html.
232. ↑ Weinraub, Bernard (May 22, 1977). "Carter Disciplines Gen. Singlaub, Who Attacked His Policy on Korea". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/22/archives/carter-disciplines-gen-singlaub-who-attacked-his-policy-on-korea.html.
233. ↑ "Armed Forces: General on the Carpet". Time. May 30, 1977. https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,914937,00.html. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
234. ↑ "Carter Defends Plan to Reduce Forces in Korea". The New York Times. May 27, 1977. https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/27/archives/carter-defends-plan-to-reduce-forces-in-korea-carer-defends-plan-to.html.
235. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "Seoul, Republic of Korea Joint Communiqué Issued at the Conclusion of Meetings With President Park. (1 July 1979)". https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/seoul-republic-korea-joint-communique-issued-the-conclusion-meetings-with-president-park.
236. ↑ Smith, Terence (April 22, 1978). "Carter Cuts Total of U.S. Troops To Leave South Korea This Year (21 April 1978)". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1978/04/22/archives/carter-cuts-total-of-us-troops-to-leave-south-korea-this-year.html.
237. ↑ Kim, In Jeong; Shorrock, Tim (May 28, 2020). "2 Days in May That Shattered Korean Democracy". The Nation. https://www.thenation.com/article/world/two-days-in-may-that-shattered-korean-democracy/.
238. ↑ "The National Security Archive". https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//dc.html?doc=3696543-Document-16-Memorandum-of-Conversation-National.
239. ↑ "Carter Lauds Shah On His Leadership". The New York Times. November 16, 1977. https://www.nytimes.com/1977/11/16/archives/carter-lauds-shah-on-his-leadership-assures-visitor-us-will.html.
240. ↑ "Jimmy Carter Toasts the Shah". Voices and Visions. December 31, 1977. https://vandvreader.org/jimmy-carter-toasts-the-shah-31-december-1977/.
241. ↑ The Making of US Foreign Policy. Manchester University Press. 1997. p. 72.
242. ↑ Gill Guererro, Javier (2016). The Carter Administration and the Fall of Iran's Pahlavi Dynasty US-Iran Relations on the Brink of the 1979 Revolution. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 57.
243. ↑ D. Sarna, Jonathan (December 2, 2009). "How Hanukkah Came To The White House". The Forward. https://forward.com/articles/120124/how-hanukkah-came-to-the-white-house/.
244. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "American Hostages in Iran Remarks to State Department Employees. (7 December 1979)". https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/american-hostages-iran-remarks-state-department-employees.
245. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "Executive Order 12205—Economic Sanctions Against Iran (7 April 1980)". https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-12205-economic-sanctions-against-iran.
246. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "Sanctions Against Iran Remarks Announcing U.S. Actions. (7 April 1980)". https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/sanctions-against-iran-remarks-announcing-us-actions.
247. ↑ "Carter Cuts Ties With Iran". The Harvard Crimson. April 8, 1980. https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1980/4/8/carter-cuts-ties-with-iran-ppresident/.
248. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "Address to the Nation on the Rescue Attempt for American Hostages in Iran (24 April 1980)". https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-the-nation-the-rescue-attempt-for-american-hostages-iran.
249. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "Rescue Attempt for American Hostages in Iran White House Statement. (25 April 1980)". The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/rescue-attempt-for-american-hostages-iran-white-house-statement.
250. ↑ "Declassified CIA memo predicted the 1980 October Surprise". MuckRock. July 24, 2017. https://www.muckrock.com/news/archives/2017/jul/24/declassified-cia-memo-predicted-1980-october-surpr/.
251. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "The President's News Conference (8 February 1977)". https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-112.
252. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "The President's News Conference (13 June 1977)". https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-114.
253. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "The President's News Conference (30 December 1977)". https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/the-presidents-news-conference-115.
254. ↑ "U.S. And Soviet Sign Strategic Arms Treaty; Carter Urges Congress To Support Accord". The New York Times. June 19, 1979. https://www.nytimes.com/1979/06/19/archives/us-and-soviet-sign-strategic-arms-treaty-carter-urges-congress-to.html.
255. ↑ Glass, Andrew (June 18, 2015). "Jimmy Carter signs Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, June 18, 1979". Politico. https://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/this-day-in-politics-june-18-1979-119113.
256. ↑ "Jimmy Carter and the Second Yemenite War: A Smaller Shock of 1979?". Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. June 28, 2021. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/jimmy-carter-and-second-yemenite-war-smaller-shock-1979.
257. ↑ "The State of the Union Address Delivered Before a Joint Session of the Congress. (January 23, 1980)". The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=33079.
258. ↑ 258.0 258.1 258.2 Kaplan, Robert D. (2008). Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan. New York City: Knopf Doubleday. pp. 115–117. ISBN 978-0-307-54698-2.
259. ↑ 259.0 259.1 259.2 Kepel, Gilles (2006). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. London, England: I.B. Tauris. pp. 138–139, 142–144. ISBN 978-1-84511-257-8.
260. ↑ Blight, James G. (2012). Becoming Enemies: U.S.-Iran Relations and the Iran-Iraq War, 1979–1988. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-1-4422-0830-8.
261. ↑ 261.0 261.1 261.2 261.3 261.4 Riedel, Bruce (2014). What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979–1989. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. pp. ix–xi, 21–22, 93, 98–99, 105. ISBN 978-0-8157-2595-4.
262. ↑ 262.0 262.1 262.2 Tobin, Conor (April 2020). "The Myth of the 'Afghan Trap': Zbigniew Brzezinski and Afghanistan, 1978–1979". Diplomatic History (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press) 44 (2): 237–264. doi:10.1093/dh/dhz065.
263. ↑ 263.0 263.1 Gates, Bob (2007). From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War. New York City: Simon and Schuster. pp. 145–147. ISBN 978-1-4165-4336-7. When asked whether he expected that the revelations in his memoir would inspire the conspiracy theories surrounding the U.S. aid program, Gates replied: "No, because there was no basis in fact for an allegation the administration tried to draw the Soviets into Afghanistan militarily." See Gates, email communication with John Bernell White Jr., October 15, 2011, as cited in Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". cf. Coll, Steve (2004). Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. Penguin. p. 581. ISBN 978-1-59420-007-6. https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll. "Contemporary memos—particularly those written in the first days after the Soviet invasion—make clear that while Brzezinski was determined to confront the Soviets in Afghanistan through covert action, he was also very worried the Soviets would prevail.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".... Given this evidence and the enormous political and security costs that the invasion imposed on the Carter administration, any claim that Brzezinski lured the Soviets into Afghanistan warrants deep skepticism."
264. ↑ Coll, Steve (2004). Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. New York City: Penguin Group. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-59420-007-6.
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267. ↑ Leuchtenburg, William E. (2015). "Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter". The American President. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 577. ISBN 978-0-19-517616-2.
268. ↑ Eaton, Joseph (November 2016). "Reconsidering the 1980 Moscow Olympic Boycott: American Sports Diplomacy in East Asian Perspective". Diplomatic History 40 (5): 845–864. doi:10.1093/dh/dhw026.
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274. ↑ Hershey, Robert D. Jr. (August 15, 2013). "Bert Lance, Carter Adviser, Dies at 82". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/16/us/politics/bert-lance-carter-adviser-dies-at-82.html.
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279. ↑ "President Set to Toss Hat in Ring". December 4, 1979. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-bismarck-tribune-president-set-to-to/156390552/. Retrieved October 1, 2024.
280. ↑ Allis, Sam (February 18, 2009). "Chapter 4: Sailing into the Wind: Losing a quest for the top, finding a new freedom". The Boston Globe. https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2009/02/18/chapter_4_sailing_into_the_wind/.
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283. ↑ Carter, Jimmy (2005). Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis. New York City: Simon and Schuster. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7432-8457-8. https://archive.org/details/ourendangeredv00cart.
284. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "Remarks Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the 1980 Democratic National Convention in New York (14 August 1980)". https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-accepting-the-presidential-nomination-the-1980-democratic-national-convention-new.
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290. ↑ "Billygate – 1980". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/frenzy/billy.htm.
291. ↑ "Nation: Kraft Drops Out". Time. September 29, 1980. https://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952778,00.html. Retrieved June 29, 2013.
292. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "Presidential Debate in Cleveland (28 October 1980)". https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/presidential-debate-cleveland.
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295. ↑ "Other stars emerge other than those on the presidential ticket". Gannett News Service. November 4, 2008. https://www.news-press.com/article/20081104/NEWS0107/81104001/1075.
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299. ↑ Carter, Jimmy (October 14, 2008). Beyond the White House: Waging Peace, Fighting Disease, Building Hope. Simon & Schuster. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4165-5881-1. https://archive.org/details/beyondwhitehouse00cart.
300. ↑ "Carter: Begin set to compromise". Chicago Tribune. October 15, 1981. https://archives.chicagotribune.com/1981/10/15/page/10/article/carter-begin-set-to-compromise.
301. ↑ Farrell, William E. (March 8, 1983). "Carter Meets P.L.O. Officials in Egypt". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/09/world/carter-meets-plo-officals-in-egypt.html.
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303. ↑ Creekmore, Marion V. (2006). A Moment of Crisis: Jimmy Carter, The Power of a Peacemaker, and North Korea's Nuclear Ambitions. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-414-9.
304. ↑ Kaplan, Fred (May 2004). "Rolling Blunder". Washington Monthly. https://washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/may-2004/rolling-blunder-2/. Retrieved June 8, 2010.
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306. ↑ "President Lee Hosts Former US President Jimmy Carter". March 30, 1999. https://english.president.gov.tw/NEWS/1219.
307. ↑ Wong, Tessa (December 30, 2024). "'It was destiny': How Jimmy Carter embraced China and changed history". https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn446nmjp1vo.
308. ↑ Olson, Alexandra (January 22, 2003). "Jimmy Carter proposes plan to hold elections in Venezuela". https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sun-jimmy-carter-proposes-plan-to-ho/156439619/. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
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312. ↑ "Our Work". The Elders. https://www.theelders.org/our-work.
313. ↑ "Jimmy Carter blocked from meeting Darfur chief". Reuters. October 3, 2007. https://uk.reuters.com/article/2007/10/03/idUKL03712818._CH_.242020071003.
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322. ↑ McCurry, Justin (August 27, 2010). "North Korea releases US prisoner after talks with Jimmy Carter". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/27/north-korea-us-prisoner-jimmy-carter.
323. ↑ Hallerman, Tamar (August 10, 2017). "Jimmy Carter presses U.S., North Korea to tone down escalating rhetoric". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. https://politics.blog.ajc.com/2017/08/10/jimmy-carter-presses-u-s-north-korea-to-tone-down-nuclear-war-rhetoric/.
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325. ↑ Thomas, Helen (March 16, 1981). "Too early to criticize Reagan, says Carter". United Press International. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/03/16/Too-early-to-criticize-Reagan-says-Carter/2336353566800/.
326. ↑ "Carter backs Reagan on neutron weapon". United Press International. September 3, 1981. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/09/03/Carter-backs-Reagan-on-neutron-weapon/8627368337600/.
327. ↑ "Carter to Lobby Senate on AWACS". The New York Times. October 12, 1981. https://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/13/world/carter-to-lobby-senate-on-awacs.html.
328. ↑ "Former President Jimmy Carter says the massacre of some...". United Press International. September 21, 1982. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/09/21/Former-President-Jimmy-Carter-says-the-massacre-of-some/8666401428800/?spt=su.
329. ↑ "Former President Jimmy Carter criticized the Reagan administration Sunday...". United Press International. December 23, 1984. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/12/23/Former-President-Jimmy-Carter-criticized-the-Reagan-administration-Sunday/6686472626000/.
330. ↑ Shanker, Thom (April 12, 1985). "'Star Wars' May Hurt Talks, Carter Warns". Chicago Tribune. https://www.chicagotribune.com/1985/04/12/star-wars-may-hurt-talks-carter-warns/.
331. ↑ "Carter: Avoid force against terrorism". United Press International. July 14, 1985. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1985/07/14/Carter-Avoid-force-against-terrorism/9869490161600/?spt=su.
332. ↑ "Former President Jimmy Carter told students Monday that President...". United Press International. February 9, 1987. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/02/09/Former-President-Jimmy-Carter-told-students-Monday-that-President/1036539845200/.
333. ↑ Hanrahan, John (September 30, 1987). "Former President Jimmy Carter declared Wednesday he is strongly...". United Press International. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/09/30/Former-President-Jimmy-Carter-declared-Wednesday-he-is-strongly/5450987249052/.
334. ↑ Quinn, Matthew C. (October 17, 1987). "Carter criticizes Reagan's gulf policy". United Press International. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/10/17/Carter-criticizes-Reagans-gulf-policy/1657561441600/.
335. ↑ McCormick, Patrick (January 18, 1989). "Former President Gerald Ford Wednesday said the Washington press...". United Press International. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1989/01/18/Former-President-Gerald-Ford-Wednesday-said-the-Washington-press/7903601102800/.
336. ↑ Felsenthal, Carol (May 25, 2011). "Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton: They Genuinely Dislike Each Other". https://www.huffingtonpost.com/carol-felsenthal/jimmy-carter-and-bill-cli_b_94926.html.
337. ↑ Berke, Richard L. (September 28, 2001). "A Nation Challenged: The Former Presidents – From the Outside, Former Presidents Lend the Support of Insiders". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/28/us/nation-challenged-former-presidents-outside-former-presidents-lend-support.html.
338. ↑ Carter, Jimmy (March 9, 2003). "Just War – or a Just War?". https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/09/opinion/just-war-or-a-just-war.html. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
339. ↑ "Jimmy Carter: Blair Subservient to Bush". The Washington Post. Associated Press. August 27, 2006. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/27/AR2006082701094.html.
340. ↑ "Carter says Bush exploiting 9/11 terrorist attacks". October 26, 2004. https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2004/oct/26/carter-says-bush-exploiting-911-terrorist-attacks/. Retrieved October 1, 2024.
341. ↑ Lockwood, Frank. "Carter calls Bush administration worst ever". https://www2.arkansasonline.com/news/2007/may/19/carter-calls-bush-administration-worst-ever/. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
342. ↑ "Carter: Anti-Bush remarks 'careless or misinterpreted'". Associated Press. CNN. May 21, 2007. https://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/05/21/carter.bush.ap/index.html.
343. ↑ "'Carter is irrelevant,' Bush administration shoots back". Associated Press. CNN. May 20, 2007. https://edition.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/05/20/carter.bush.ap/index.html.
344. ↑ Alarkon, Walter (January 28, 2009). "Jimmy Carter Says Obama Will Be 'Outstanding'". The Hill. https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/campaigns/administration/35543-jimmy-carter-says-obama-will-be-outstanding/.
345. ↑ Bingham, Amy (June 25, 2012). "Jimmy Carter Accuses U.S. of 'Widespread Abuse of Human Rights'". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/06/jimmy-carter-accuses-u-s-of-widespread-abuse-of-human-rights/. ABC quotes came from a NY Times June 25, 2012 op-ed written by Carter
346. ↑ Bluestein, Greg; Galloway, Jim (July 18, 2013). "Your daily jolt: 'America has no functioning democracy,' says Jimmy Carter". https://www.ajc.com/politics/political-insider-blog-your-daily-jolt-america-has-no-functioning-democracy-says-jimmy-carter/DKLFS2YYFBANHD7AHB2AYBH6ZA/.
347. ↑ Schmitz, Peter (July 17, 2013). "NSA-Affäre: Ex-Präsident Carter verdammt US-Schnüffelei". Der Spiegel. https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/nsa-affaere-jimmy-carter-kritisiert-usa-a-911589.html. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
348. ↑ "Ex-President Carter: Give Trump credit on forcing immigration debate". Fox News. September 14, 2017. https://www.foxnews.com/politics/ex-president-carter-give-trump-credit-on-forcing-immigration-debate.
349. ↑ Thomsen, Jacqueline (October 21, 2017). "Jimmy Carter: 'I would rather see all the players stand during' anthem". The Hill. https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/356566-jimmy-carter-i-would-rather-see-all-the-players-stand-during/.
350. ↑ Dowd, Maureen (October 21, 2017). "Jimmy Carter Lusts for a Trump Posting". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/21/opinion/sunday/jimmy-carter-lusts-trump-posting.html.
351. ↑ Chavez, Nicole. "Jimmy Carter wants to partner with Trump". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2017/10/22/politics/jimmy-carter-new-york-times-interview/index.html.
352. ↑ "President Trump Called Former President Carter To Talk About China". WABE. April 14, 2019. https://www.wabe.org/president-trump-calls-president-carter-to-talk-china/.
353. ↑ Woodruff, Judy; Guray, Geoffrey Lou (July 5, 2021). "Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter reflect on 75 years of marriage, the state of American politics". PBS News Hour. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/jimmy-and-rosalynn-carter-reflect-on-75-years-of-marriage-the-state-of-america-politics.
354. ↑ Sperling, Godfrey Jr. (March 10, 1981). "Mondale in '84: he may run if Jimmy Carter doesn't". The Christian Science Monitor. https://www.csmonitor.com/1981/0310/031029.html.
355. ↑ Thomas, Helen (April 25, 1984). "Rosalynn Carter: Bitter at 1980 loss: Wishes her husband would run again". United Press International. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/04/25/Rosalynn-Carter-Bitter-at-1980-loss-Wishes-her-husband-would-run-again/7363451717200/.
356. ↑ Multiple sources:
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* "Mondale wins Carter hometown". United Press International. March 14, 1984. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/03/14/Mondale-wins-Carter-hometown/9490448088400/.
357. ↑ "Carter Predicts That Reagan Will Avoid Debating Mondale". The New York Times. June 14, 1984. https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/14/us/carter-predicts-that-reagan-will-avoid-debating-mondale.html.
358. ↑ "Campaign Notes; Carter Vows to Shun Convention Spotlight". The New York Times. June 28, 1984. https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/28/us/campaign-notes-carter-vows-to-shun-convention-spotlight.html.
359. ↑ Rosenberg, Carol (November 7, 1984). "Former President Jimmy Carter said Wednesday Walter Mondale's defeat...". United Press International. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/11/07/Former-President-Jimmy-Carter-said-Wednesday-Walter-Mondales-defeat/4956468651600/.
360. ↑ "Former President Jimmy Carter said today Vice President George...". United Press International. March 19, 1987. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/03/19/Former-President-Jimmy-Carter-said-today-Vice-President-George/2079543128400/.
361. ↑ Mackay, Robert (July 16, 1988). "Carter predicts unified convention". United Press International. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/07/16/Carter-predicts-unified-convention/8408585028800/.
362. ↑ Dionne, E.J. Jr. (July 15, 1988). "Jackson Suggests Carter Might Heal Rift With Dukakis" (in en). https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/15/us/jackson-suggests-carter-might-heal-rift-with-dukakis.html.
363. ↑ "The Carter Constituency". The Washington Post. July 21, 1988. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1988/07/21/the-carter-constituency/0044a89e-a29c-425d-a7f4-7deb29449bf8/.
364. ↑ Glasser, Steve (August 19, 1992). "Clinton and Gore help Carter build house". United Press International. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/08/19/Clinton-and-Gore-help-Carter-build-house/8269714196800/.
365. ↑ Ifill, Gwen (August 20, 1992). "THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: The Democrats; Clinton Assails G.O.P. Attacks Aimed at Wife". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/20/news/the-1992-campaign-the-democrats-clinton-assails-gop-attacks-aimed-at-wife.html.
366. ↑ "Carter ready to consult with Clinton". United Press International. November 6, 1992. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/11/06/Carter-ready-to-consult-with-Clinton/4107721026000/.
367. ↑ "Former President Carter endorses Gore". United Press International. November 1, 2000. https://www.upi.com/Archives/2000/11/01/Former-President-Carter-endorses-Gore/5798973054800/.
368. ↑ Thoreau, Jackson (2007). Born to Cheat: How Bush, Cheney, Rove & Co. Broke the Rules – From the Sandlot to the White House. Do Something Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-881365-53-2.
369. ↑ "Poll: Majority of Americans accept Bush as legitimate president". CNN. December 13, 2000. https://edition.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/12/13/cnn.poll/index.html.
370. ↑ "Carter: Kerry 'the president we need now'". CNN. July 26, 2004. https://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/07/26/cnna.carter/.
371. ↑ "Jimmy Carter fears repeat of election fiasco in Florida". The Guardian. September 28, 2004. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/28/uselections2004.usa.
372. ↑ "Carter Praises Obama". CNN. January 30, 2008. https://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/01/30/carter-praises-obama/.
373. ↑ "Carter hints at supporting Obama". CNN. April 3, 2008. https://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/04/03/carter-hints-at-supporting-obama/.
374. ↑ "Carter: After June 3, It Will Be Time for Clinton to 'Give It Up'". CNN. May 26, 2008. https://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/05/26/carter-after-june-3-it-will-be-time-for-clinton-to-give-it-up/.
375. ↑ 375.0 375.1 "Fmr President Carter to Endorse Obama". WPVI-TV. June 3, 2008. https://6abc.com/archive/6182749/.
376. ↑ DeSilver, Drew (May 5, 2016). "Who Are the Democratic Superdelegates?". Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2016/05/05/who-are-the-democratic-superdelegates/.
377. ↑ "Carter: McCain 'milking' POW status". United Press International. August 28, 2008. https://www.upi.com/Carter-McCain-milking-POW-status/64911219972668/.
378. ↑ "Carter: McCain 'milking' POW time". ABC News. August 30, 2008. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=5679652&page=1.
379. ↑ Freedland, Jonathan (June 4, 2008). "US elections: Jimmy Carter tells Barack Obama Not to Pick Hillary Clinton as Running Mate". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/04/uselections2008.
380. ↑ Yahoo News, Jimmy Carter wants Mitt Romney to be the Republican nominee , September 16, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
381. ↑ Camia, Catalina (August 7, 2012). "Jimmy Carter to speak by video at Dem convention". USA Today. https://content.usatoday.com/communities/onpolitics/post/2012/08/jimmy-carter-democratic-convention-speaker-barack-obama/1.
382. ↑ Schleifer, Theodore (July 8, 2015). "Jimmy Carter: Trump's comments are 'very stupid'". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2015/07/08/politics/jimmy-carter-donald-trump-hillary-clinton/.
383. ↑ Hensch, Mark (November 2, 2015). "Carter: Dems, GOP 'hardly speak' now". The Hill. https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/258811-carter-democrats-and-republicans-hardly-speak-now/.
384. ↑ Condon, Stephanie (February 3, 2016). "Jimmy Carter: I would choose Donald Trump over Ted Cruz". CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/jimmy-carter-i-would-choose-donald-trump-over-ted-cruz/.
385. ↑ Goodstein, Laurie (May 24, 2016). "Jimmy Carter, Seeing Resurgence of Racism, Plans Baptist Conference for Unity". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/24/us/jimmy-carter-racism-baptist-conference-unity-donald-trump.html.
386. ↑ 386.0 386.1 Gass, Nick (July 26, 2016). "Jimmy Carter Blasts Trump for Lack of 'Moral and Ethical Principles'". https://www.politico.com/story/2016/07/dnc-2016-jimmy-carter-226249.
387. ↑ Bluestein, Greg (August 22, 2016). "Jimmy Carter Says He's Backing a 'Quite Unpopular' Hillary Clinton". https://www.ajc.com/blog/politics/jimmy-carter-says-backing-quite-unpopular-hillary-clinton/qHLLQNiJiVtT3jBakFZs2O/.
388. ↑ "The 2016 Democratic Convention - Live Updates". CBS News. July 28, 2016. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/democratic-convention.
389. ↑ Wagner, John (June 28, 2019). "Jimmy Carter Says Trump Wouldn't Be President Without Help From Russia". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/jimmy-carter-says-trump-wouldnt-be-president-without-help-from-russia/2019/06/28/deef1ef0-99b6-11e9-8d0a-5edd7e2025b1_story.html.
390. ↑ Lewis, Sophie (June 28, 2019). "Jimmy Carter calls Trump an 'illegitimate president' due to Russian interference". CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/jimmy-carter-says-president-trump-illegitimate-president-russian-interference-2019-06-28/.
391. ↑ "Conversation with Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale". C-SPAN. June 28, 2019. https://www.c-span.org/video/?c4805096/jimmy-carter-president-trump-put-office-russian-interference.
392. ↑ Hawkins, Derek (May 9, 2017). "'Y'all see why I voted for him?': Jimmy Carter says he was a Bernie Sanders supporter". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/05/09/yall-see-why-i-voted-for-him-jimmy-carter-says-he-was-a-bernie-sanders-supporter/.
393. ↑ "Live updates: U.S. Capitol is on lockdown as protesters clash with police and breach the building". The Washington Post. January 6, 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/01/06/dc-protests-trump-rally-live-updates/.
394. ↑ "All living former presidents condemn violence at the Capitol: 'A national tragedy'". Today. January 7, 2021. https://www.today.com/news/all-living-former-presidents-condemn-violence-capitol-t205224.
395. ↑ "Former President Carter reflects on his inauguration, offers Biden, Harris insight in video". January 21, 2021. https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/former-president-carter-reflects-on-his-inauguration-offers-biden-harris-insight-in-video.
396. ↑ Fountain, Henry (November 11, 2022). "Court to reconsider Trump-era decision that favored Alaska road project". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/11/climate/anilca-road-alaska-trump-court-decision.html.
397. ↑ Alvord, Kyler (August 5, 2024). "Jimmy Carter Told Son Why He Wants to Live Past 100: 'I'm Only Trying to Make It to Vote for Kamala Harris'". People. https://people.com/jimmy-carter-wants-to-vote-kamala-harris-president-8689929. Retrieved October 16, 2024.
398. ↑ Bluestein, Greg; Suggs, Ernie. "Jimmy Carter votes for Kamala Harris". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. ISSN 1539-7459. https://www.ajc.com/politics/jimmy-carter-fulfills-wish-and-votes-for-kamala-harris/HTE7BVP3AZDIJJNZE3XPYPNGXI/.
399. ↑ Dunlap, Stanley (October 15, 2024). "Georgia's early voting first-day turnout already breaks record". https://georgiarecorder.com/2024/10/15/georgias-early-voting-first-day-turnout-on-already-breaks-record/.
400. ↑ "Jimmy Carter criticizes FEMA's role in Katrina relief". wistv.com. September 21, 2005. https://www.wistv.com/story/3878857/jimmy-carter-criticizes-femas-role-in-katrina-relief.
401. ↑ Robbins, Christopher (October 12, 2013). "Former President Carter joins effort to rebuild Sandy-ravaged Union Beach". https://www.nj.com/monmouth/index.ssf/2013/10/former_president_carter_joins_effort_to_rebuild_sandy-ravaged_union_beach.html.
402. ↑ Shelbourne, Mallory (September 10, 2017). "Former presidents fundraise for Irma disaster relief". The Hill. https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/349993-former-presidents-add-irma-recovery-to-fundraising-appeal/.
403. ↑ "Jimmy Carter: When the waters rise, so do our better angels". CNN. September 2, 2017. https://www.cnn.com/2017/09/02/opinions/help-harvey-recovery-jimmy-carter/index.html.
404. ↑ Elkins, Kathleen (July 18, 2019). "When former president Jimmy Carter left office, his peanut business was $1 million in debt". CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/17/when-jimmy-carter-left-office-his-peanut-business-was-deep-in-debt.html.
405. ↑ Brinkley, Douglas. "Jimmy Carter's many books were as direct and plainspoken as their author". The Washington Post, December 31, 2024.
406. ↑ "Timeline and History of The Carter Center [1981–1989"]. The Carter Center. https://www.cartercenter.org/about/history/chronology_1980.html.
407. ↑ "The Carter Center At 30 Years". GeorgiaTrend. October 31, 2012. https://www.georgiatrend.com/November-2012/The-Carter-Center-At-30-Years/.
408. ↑ "African worm disease from dirty water nearly eradicated, says Jimmy Carter". CBS News. January 11, 2017. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/guinea-worm-disease-nearly-eradicated-jimmy-carter-says/.
409. ↑ "Dracunculiasis eradication: "on the threshold of a historic achievement"". World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news/item/26-09-2019-dracunculiasis-eradication-on-the-threshold-of-a-historic-achievement.
410. ↑ "View Latest Worldwide Guinea Worm Case Totals". Carter Center. August 14, 2024. https://www.cartercenter.org/health/guinea_worm/case-totals.html.
411. ↑ "You Gave of Yourself': Reagan Praises Carter at Library Dedication". Los Angeles Times. October 2, 1986. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-10-02-mn-3888-story.html.
412. ↑ Reinhold, Robert (November 5, 1991). "4 Presidents Join Reagan in Dedicating His Library". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/05/us/4-presidents-join-reagan-in-dedicating-his-library.html.
413. ↑ "Dedication of Bush Library Is Set for Today". The New York Times. November 6, 1997. https://www.nytimes.com/1997/11/06/us/dedication-of-bush-library-is-set-for-today.html.
414. ↑ Newman, Maria (November 18, 2004). "Thousands Attend Dedication of Clinton's Presidential Library". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/18/politics/18cnd-clin.html.
415. ↑ "Clinton library open for business". BBC News (BBC). November 18, 2004. https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4021201.stm.
416. ↑ "At George W. Bush library, five presidents meet in harmony". Los Angeles Times. April 25, 2013. https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-xpm-2013-apr-25-la-na-bush-library-20130426-story.html.
417. ↑ "At Mrs. King's Funeral, a Mix of Elegy and Politics". The New York Times. February 8, 2006. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/08/us/at-mrs-kings-funeral-a-mix-of-elegy-and-politics.html.
418. ↑ "Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum". January 3, 2007. https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/grf/Funeral/Carter.asp.
419. ↑ "Carter praises 'distinguished opponent' Ford at funeral". CBC News. January 3, 2007. https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/carter-praises-distinguished-opponent-ford-at-funeral-1.640103.
420. ↑ Dits, Joseph (August 20, 2018). "Habitat ceremony at Notre Dame is only chance to see Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter". South Bend Tribune (South Bend, Ind.: GateHouse Media). https://www.southbendtribune.com/news/local/habitat-ceremony-at-notre-dame-is-only-chance-to-see/article_f63d275c-f402-52cc-a7dd-0cd740ac393f.html.
421. ↑ Carla Hinton, Ex-president Jimmy Carter works to unite all Baptists , oklahoman.com, US, July 25, 2009
422. ↑ Cooperman, Alan (January 21, 2007). "Carter, Clinton Seek To Bring Together Moderate Baptists Exiles From Conservative Group Targeted". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2007/01/21/carter-clinton-seek-to-bring-together-moderate-baptists-span-classbankheadexiles-from-conservative-group-targetedspan/2044354e-264d-4577-8120-03d491375775/.
423. ↑ "Queens remembers Jimmy Carter, 100". January 2, 2025. https://www.qchron.com/editions/queenswide/queens-remembers-jimmy-carter-100/article_dfb35677-62eb-5fc8-b34f-f29d1d63e29f.html.
424. ↑ "Honorary Chairs". https://worldjusticeproject.org/about-us/who-we-are/honorary-chairs.
425. ↑ ﻿Preserving Our Institutions﻿ (Report). Continuity of Government Commission. June 2009. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/06_continuity_of_government.pdf. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
426. ↑ "Jimmy Carter's Sunday School Class". Maranatha Baptist Church. https://www.mbcplains.org/?page_id=212.
427. ↑ Watkins, Eli (June 3, 2019). "Jimmy Carter granted tenure at Emory University". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/03/politics/jimmy-carter-emory-university-tenure/index.html.
428. ↑ "Palestinian elections yield unexpected but fair results". Emory University. https://www.emory.edu/EMORY_REPORT/erarchive/2006/March/March 20/CarterCenter.htm.
429. ↑ "President Carter's Trip Report on the Palestinian Presidential Election" (in en-US). The Carter Center. https://www.cartercenter.org/news/documents/doc1965.html.
430. ↑ Craig Daigle, "Beyond Camp David: Jimmy Carter, Palestinian Self-Determination, and Human Rights." Diplomatic History 42.5 (2018): 802–830.
431. ↑ 431.0 431.1 431.2 "Jimmy Carter: Israel's 'Apartheid' Policies Worse Than South Africa's". Haaretz. November 12, 2006. https://www.haaretz.com/2006-12-11/ty-article/jimmy-carter-israels-apartheid-policies-worse-than-south-africas/0000017f-db7c-d3a5-af7f-fbfea0530000.
432. ↑ "Jimmy Carter apologizes for 'mistake' in book". Brandeis University. https://www.brandeis.edu/now/2008/january/cartervisit.html.
433. ↑ "Carter defends book; challenges Brandeis to send Mideast delegation". https://www.thejustice.org/article/2007/01/carter-defends-book-challenges-brandeis-to-send-mideast-delegation.
434. ↑ "Carter Wins Over Student Crowd at Brandeis, Receives Ovation". January 24, 2007. https://forward.com/news/9916/carter-wins-over-student-crowd-at-brandeis-receiv/.
435. ↑ The Carter Center (June 20, 2014). "Speech to Brandeis University (Jan. 23, 2007)". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbUA8ld_2yc.
436. ↑ "Books written by President and Mrs. Carter". Jimmy Carter Library. https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/library/carterbi.phtml.
437. ↑ Hershey, Robert D., Jr. (September 26, 1988). "Billy Carter Dies of Cancer at 51; Troubled Brother of a President". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/26/obituaries/billy-carter-dies-of-cancer-at-51-troubled-brother-of-a-president.html.
438. ↑ Cash, John R. (1997). Johnny Cash, the Autobiography. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-274080-7.
439. ↑ Vejnoska, Jill (July 7, 2017). "Happy 71st wedding anniversary Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter!". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. https://www.ajc.com/news/happy-71st-wedding-anniversary-jimmy-and-rosalynn-carter/8gLu5tUWRYN0iKxX4g8mWP/.
440. ↑ "Biography of Jimmy Carter". Jimmy Carter Library. July 25, 2018. https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/about_us/biography_of_jimmy_carter.
441. ↑ 441.0 441.1 441.2 Jimmy Carter (2005). Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis. New York City: Simon and Schuster. pp. 84–. ISBN 978-0-7432-8457-8. https://archive.org/details/ourendangeredvalcart00cart. "My last book, Sharing Good Times, is dedicated "to Mary Prince, whom we love and cherish." Mary is a wonderful black woman who, as a teenager visiting a small town, was falsely accused of murder and defended by an assigned lawyer whom she first met on the day of the trial, when he advised her to plead guilty, promising a light sentence. She got life imprisonment instead ... A reexamination of the evidence and trial proceedings by the original judge revealed that she was completely innocent, and she was granted a pardon."
442. ↑ Bird, Kai (2021). The Outlier: The Unfinished Presidency of Jimmy Carter. New York City: Crown. pp. 3–4, 81–82. ISBN 978-0-451-49523-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=g9MAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA81.
443. ↑ Crawford, Clare (March 14, 1977). "A Story of Love and Rehabilitation: the Ex-Con in the White House". People. https://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20067515,00.html. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
444. ↑ Chabbott, Sophia (March 19, 2015). "The Residence: Meet the Women Behind Presidential Families Kennedy, Johnson, Carter". Glamour. https://www.glamour.com/inspired/blogs/the-conversation/2015/03/the-residence-book. "Rosalynn Carter, who believed Prince was wrongly convicted, secured a reprieve so Prince could join them in Washington. Prince was later granted a full pardon; to this day she occasionally babysits the Carters' grandkids."
445. ↑ Barnes, Dustin (October 19, 2019). "'Still going strong': Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter become longest-married presidential couple". https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/10/18/jimmy-rosalynn-carter-become-longest-married-presidential-couple/4025978002/.
446. ↑ Hulse, Carl (May 11, 2010). "Veteran House Democrat Loses Seat in Primary". https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/12/us/politics/12elect.html.
447. ↑ Fantz, Ashley; Hassan, Carma (December 20, 2015). "Hours after death of grandson, Jimmy Carter reveals the news to his church". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2015/12/20/us/jimmy-carter-grandson-death/.
448. ↑ "Jimmy Carter Painting Brings Over Half Million Dollars At Auction". June 27, 2017. https://www.artfixdaily.com/news_feed/2017/06/27/4532-jimmy-carter-painting-brings-over-half-million-dollars-at-auction.
449. ↑ "Jimmy Carter – Biographical". The Nobel Foundation. https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2002/carter-bio.html.
450. ↑ 450.0 450.1 "Jimmy Carter to welcome visitors to Dylan Thomas house". November 9, 2011. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-15661342.
451. ↑ Wilson, M.J. (June 27, 1977). "Jimmy Carter's Crusade for Dylan Thomas Wins a Supporter—his Grateful Widow, Caitlin". https://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20068169,00.html.
452. ↑ "Dylan Thomas". Westminster Abbey: The Dean and Chapter of Westminster. 2015. https://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/dylan-thomas.
453. ↑ "All About Jimmy Carter and Rosalynn Carter's Children and Grandchildren" (in en). https://people.com/politics/all-about-jimmy-carter-rosalynn-carter-children-grandchildren/.
454. ↑ "Elvis Presley and Politics". July 15, 2015. https://www.neatorama.com/2015/07/15/Elvis-Presley-and-Politics/.
455. ↑ Erin Overbey (August 16, 2011). "Takes: Elvis Presley on the Line". The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/books/double-take/takes-elvis-presley-on-the-line. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
456. ↑ Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T.. "Statement by the President on the Death of Elvis Presley". The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=7969/.
457. ↑ O'Toole, Thomas (April 30, 1977). "UFO Over Georgia? Jimmy Logged One". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/04/30/ufo-over-georgia-jimmy-logged-one/080ef1c3-6ff3-41a9-a1e4-a37c54b5cbca/.
458. ↑ Kilgore, Ed (September 18, 2019). "Jimmy Carter Saw a UFO on This Day in 1973". New York. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/09/jimmy-carter-saw-a-ufo-on-this-day-in-1973.html.
459. ↑ "Official report by Carter to the International UFO Bureau". https://www.nicap.org/waves/CarterSightingRptOct1969.pdf.
460. ↑ Egelhof, Joseph (November 11, 1977). "Jimmy Carter's UFO". Boston Evening Globe: p. 15. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86289659/.
461. ↑ 461.0 461.1 Sengupta, Somini (October 21, 2000). "Carter Sadly Turns Back on National Baptist Body". p. A9. https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/21/us/carter-sadly-turns-back-on-national-baptist-body.html. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
462. ↑ 462.0 462.1 Balmer, Randall (February 22, 2023). "Jimmy Carter Was America's Evangelical-in-Chief". https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/02/22/jimmy-carter-foreign-policy-america-evangelical-christianity/.
463. ↑ Burns, Rebecca (June 1, 2016). "Pilgrimage to Plains: The faithful come from around the world to hear Jimmy Carter preach". Atlanta Magazine. https://www.atlantamagazine.com/great-reads/pilgrimage-to-plains-jimmy-carter/. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
464. ↑ Hobbs, Herschel H. and Mullins, Edgar Young. (1978). The Axioms of Religion. Nashville, Tennessee: Broadman Press. Revised edition. p. 22. Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24"..
465. ↑ Burke, Daniel (May 20, 2021). "Evangelicals and the American Presidency". PBS. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/billy-graham-evangelicals-and-american-presidency/.
466. ↑ Haberman, Clyde (October 28, 2018). "Religion and Right-Wing Politics: How Evangelicals Reshaped Elections". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/28/us/religion-politics-evangelicals.html.
467. ↑ Green, Joshua (March 1, 2023). "How Evangelical Voters Swung From Carter to Trump". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/how-evangelical-voters-swung-from-carter-to-trump/2023/03/01/e43a7112-b833-11ed-b0df-8ca14de679ad_story.html.
468. ↑ Carter, Jimmy; Richardson, Don (1998). Conversations with Carter. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-55587-801-6.
469. ↑ "Jimmy Carter Leaves Southern Baptists". ABC News. October 20, 2000. https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=95311&page=1.
470. ↑ Stasson, Anneke (2014). "The Politicization of Family Life: How Headship Became Essential to Evangelical Identity in the Late Twentieth Century". Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 24: 100–138. doi:10.1525/rac.2014.24.1.100.
471. ↑ Ellis, Blake A. "An Alternative Politics: Texas Baptists and the Rise of the Christian Right, 1975–1985." The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, vol. 112, no. 4, 2009, pp. 361–86. JSTOR website Retrieved May 5, 2023.
472. ↑ Pramuk, Jacob (August 12, 2015). "Former President Jimmy Carter reveals he has cancer". New York City: CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2015/08/12/former-president-jimmy-carter-reveals-he-has-cancer.html.
473. ↑ Olorunnipa, Toluse (August 20, 2015). "Jimmy Carter Says He's Being Treated for Cancer in Brain". Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2015-08-20/jimmy-carter-says-he-will-undergo-treatment-for-cancer-in-brain.
474. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
475. ↑ Jacobo, Julia (May 13, 2019). "Former President Jimmy Carter undergoes surgery after breaking hip". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/US/president-jimmy-carter-undergoes-surgery-breaking-hip/story?id=63012990.
476. ↑ Osborne, Mark (October 6, 2019). "Former President Jimmy Carter requires 14 stitches after fall at home, 'feels fine'". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/president-jimmy-carter-requires-stitches-fall-home-feels/story?id=66100086.
477. ↑ Hall, Kristin M.. "Jimmy Carter was left with a black eye and needed 14 stitches after falling at his Georgia home". https://www.businessinsider.com/jimmy-carter-black-eye-stitches-after-fall-2019-10.
478. ↑ Stracqualursi, Veronica; Sayers, Devon M.; Klein, Betsy (October 22, 2019). "Jimmy Carter hospitalized after fall at Georgia home". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/22/politics/jimmy-carter-hospital-fall-home/index.html.
479. ↑ 479.0 479.1 Duster, Chandelis (November 27, 2019). "Jimmy Carter released from hospital after two week stay". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/27/politics/jimmy-carter-released-from-hospital/index.html.
480. ↑ "Pastor: Jimmy Carter 'Up and Walking' Post Brain Surgery". Voice of America. November 14, 2019. https://www.voanews.com/a/usa_pastor-jimmy-carter-and-walking-post-brain-surgery/6179409.html.
481. ↑ Allen, Karma (November 11, 2019). "Former President Jimmy Carter admitted to hospital for brain surgery". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/president-jimmy-carter-admitted-hospital-brain-surgery/story?id=66926890.
482. ↑ Booker, Brakkton (December 3, 2019). "Jimmy Carter Hospitalized for Urinary Tract Infection". NPR. https://www.npr.org/2019/12/03/784376075/jimmy-carter-hospitalized-for-urinary-tract-infection.
483. ↑ "Jimmy Carter discharged from Georgia hospital after urinary tract infection". NPR. December 4, 2019. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/jimmy-carter-discharged-georgia-hospital-urinary-tract-infection-n1095951.
484. ↑ "Statement on President Carter's Health". Carter Center. February 18, 2023. https://www.cartercenter.org/news/pr/2023/statement-on-president-carters-health.html.
485. ↑ Barrow, Bill (February 18, 2023). "Carter Center: Former President Jimmy Carter in hospice care". Associated Press News. https://apnews.com/article/politics-united-states-government-gerald-ford-ronald-reagan-hospice-care-f4e26c10a7b366f14e62f690da403b0a.
486. ↑ "Jimmy Carter enters hospice care. What is it?". Associated Press News. February 21, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/jimmy-carter-hospice-care-86b6d73e53eec03ab3cb9980c71bbb32. "Hospice careLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".... is reserved for those declared by two physicians to be terminally ill, with six months or less to live."
487. ↑ Stableford, Dylan (November 28, 2023). "Rosalynn Carter funeral: Jimmy Carter and all 5 living first ladies attend service". Yahoo! News. https://news.yahoo.com/watch-live-rosalynn-carter-funeral-jimmy-carter-all-5-living-first-ladies-melania-trump-hillary-clinton-michelle-obama-162011346.html. "In February, he decided to forgo further medical treatment for an undisclosed illness and entered hospice care at his home."
488. ↑ Faguy, Ana (October 1, 2024). "Jimmy Carter, former US president, turns 100". BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clyldnlrnxdo.
489. ↑ Reilly, Katie (January 20, 2017). "How Jimmy Carter Beat Cancer and Became the Oldest President to Attend an Inauguration". Time. https://time.com/4639799/jimmy-carter-beat-cancer-donald-trump-inauguration/. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
490. ↑ Jacobo, Julia (March 21, 2019). "Jimmy Carter is poised to be the president who has lived the longest in US history". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/jimmy-carter-now-oldest-living-president-us-history/story?id=61835536.
491. ↑ Barrow, Bill (March 22, 2019). "Jimmy Carter's new milestone: Longest-lived U.S. president". The Detroit News. https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/nation/2019/03/22/carter-president-longest-lived/39240613/.
492. ↑ Carlson, Adam (October 15, 2019). "Jimmy Carter: Why I Chose Habitat and How I Keep Going". People. https://people.com/politics/jimmy-carter-living-to-95-habitat-humanity-build-rosalynn-marriage/. Retrieved March 8, 2023.
493. ↑ Smith, Matthew W. (September 18, 2024). "'Jimmy Carter 100' event turns Fox Theatre into a 'Love Shack'". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. ISSN 1539-7459. https://www.ajc.com/things-to-do/jimmy-carter-100-event-turns-fox-theatre-into-a-love-shack-review/DKDYTOWPTZDVBE3DNEMEFM7EIM/.
494. ↑ "President Jimmy Carter becomes the first US president to live to 100 years old". USA Today. October 1, 2024. https://www.usatoday.com/videos/news/politics/2024/09/30/jimmy-carter-former-us-president-celebrates-100th-birthday/75450406007/.
495. ↑ "Jimmy Carter and his hometown of Plains celebrate the 39th president's 100th birthday". WSB-TV. October 1, 2024. https://www.wsbtv.com/news/jimmy-carter-his/XVIWDPWIQNGPFBSYG5XC2SRHE4/.
496. ↑ "Local Navy pilots honor former President Carter's 100th Birthday with flyover". WHRO-TV. October 1, 2024. https://www.whro.org/military-veterans/2024-10-01/local-navy-pilots-honor-former-president-carters-100th-birthday-with-flyover.
497. ↑ "President Carter Talks of Funeral Plans". Deseret News. Associated Press. December 4, 2006. https://www.deseretnews.com/article/650212241/Carter-hopes-to-be-buried-in-hometown-of-Plains-Ga.html.
498. ↑ Judd, Donald (March 14, 2023). "Biden says Carter asked him to deliver his eulogy". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/14/politics/jimmy-carter-eulogy-biden/index.html.
499. ↑ Sullivan, Kevin; Walsh, Edward (December 29, 2024). "Jimmy Carter, 39th president and Nobel Peace Prize winner, dies at 100, his son says". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2024/12/29/jimmy-carter-president-dead/.
500. ↑ "Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter Passes Away at 100". Carter Center. December 29, 2024. https://www.cartercenter.org/news/pr/2024/statement-on-president-jimmy-carter-122924.html.
501. ↑ Zurcher, Anthony; Geoghegan, Tom (December 29, 2024). "Jimmy Carter, former US president, dies aged 100". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpww85w5p30o.
502. ↑ Biden, Joseph Robinette (December 29, 2024). "Statement by President Joe Biden and First Lady Jill Biden on the Passing of Former President Jimmy Carter". https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/12/29/statement-by-president-joe-biden-and-first-lady-jill-biden-on-the-passing-of-former-president-jimmy-carter/.
503. ↑ Uribe, Raquel Coronell (29 December 2024). "Biden lauds former President Jimmy Carter's decency and character in remarks". NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/joe-biden/biden-delivers-remarks-death-former-president-jimmy-carter-rcna185711.
504. ↑ Limehouse, Jonathan (30 December 2024). "Joe Biden praises 'dear friend' Jimmy Carter after the former president's death". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2024/12/30/joe-biden-jimmy-carter-death/77315715007/.
505. ↑ Anthony, Ted. "From Carter's funeral, an American snapshot: A singular image, 5 presidents, 379 years of history". Associated Press News. https://apnews.com/article/carter-obama-bush-trump-biden-clinton-funeral-6c7e8c12019f2b83f3e30b3ecd1eb4ad.
506. ↑ "Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter gravesite now open at Plains memorial garden" (in en-US). 2025-07-12. https://www.11alive.com/article/news/politics/jimmy-carter/jimmy-rosalynn-carter-gravesite-open-plains/85-9990f887-8626-4044-837f-e7e2a095586a.
507. ↑ "Jimmy Carter National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)" (in en). https://www.nps.gov/jica/index.htm.
508. ↑ Stillwell, Cinnamon (December 12, 2006). "Jimmy Carter's Legacy of Failure". San Francisco Chronicle. https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Jimmy-Carter-s-Legacy-of-Failure-2483048.php.
509. ↑ "Jimmy Carter: Why He Failed". Brookings Institution. January 21, 2000. https://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2000/01/21politics-hess.
510. ↑ Ponnuru, Ramesh (May 28, 2008). "In Carter's Shadow". Time. https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1810305,00.html. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
511. ↑ Siders, David (March 13, 2019). "Democrats find a foil for Trump in Jimmy Carter". Politico. https://www.politico.com/story/2019/03/13/jimmy-carter-trump-1207385.
512. ↑ 512.0 512.1 "Historians rate best and worst presidents". January 10, 1982. https://www.newspapers.com/article/wisconsin-state-journal-historians-rate/161375991/. Retrieved December 22, 2024.
513. ↑ 513.0 513.1 "Jimmy Carter's Post-Presidency". PBS. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/carter-post-presidency/.
514. ↑ "Presidents rated: Truman, Ike near the top". February 4, 1982. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-world-presidents-rated-truman-ike/156226892/. Retrieved September 29, 2024.
515. ↑ Roberts, Andrew (November 11, 2006). "Jimmy Carter". https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-independent-jimmy-carter/161333473/. Retrieved December 21, 2024.
516. ↑ Schumann, Megan (February 23, 2023). "Jimmy Carter's Legacy: Historian Reflects on the 39th President". Rutgers University. https://www.rutgers.edu/news/jimmy-carters-legacy-rutgers-historian-reflects-39th-president. Retrieved December 21, 2024.
517. ↑ Gibb, Lindsay (June 4, 2009). "Monte-Carlo TV fest opens with doc for first time". https://realscreen.com/2009/06/08/montecarlofest-20090608/.
518. ↑ "WorldScreen.com – Archives". https://www.worldscreen.com/articles/display/21252.
519. ↑ Eizenstat, Stuart (December 29, 2024). "History views Carter's legacy — and his many accomplishments — all wrong". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/12/29/stuart-eizenstat-jimmy-carter-accomplishments/.
520. ↑ 520.0 520.1 "Jimmy Carter:39th president – 1977–1981". The Independent. January 22, 2009. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/presidents/jimmy-carter-1482922.html.
521. ↑ "Polls: Ford's Image Improved Over Time". CBS News. December 27, 2006. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/polls-fords-image-improved-over-time/.
522. ↑ Light, Larry (January 17, 1980). "Carter runs on first-term record and as rallying point in crisis". https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-anniston-star-carter-runs-on-first-t/156081570/. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
523. ↑ Dionne, E. J. (May 18, 1989). "Washington Talk; Carter Begins to Shed Negative Public Image". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/18/us/washington-talk-carter-begins-to-shed-negative-public-image.html.
524. ↑ "The Unfinished Presidency – Jimmy Carter's Journey Beyond the White House". June 7, 1998. https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/brinkley-unfinished.html.
525. ↑ "What History Foretells for Obama's First Job Approval Rating". Gallup, Inc.. January 22, 2009. https://www.gallup.com/poll/113923/History-Foretells-Obama-First-Job-Approval-Rating.aspx.
526. ↑ 526.0 526.1 Gallup, George (March 27, 1978). "Carter's Decline Is Halted". Gallup Inc.. https://www.newspapers.com/article/honolulu-star-bulletin-carters-decline/156055551/. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
527. ↑ Gallup, George (June 4, 1978). "Carter Gains In Popularity". https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-macon-news-carter-gains-in-popularit/161398320/. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
528. ↑ "Carter's approval rating shows rich, poor similar". April 9, 1978. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-pantagraph-carters-approval-rating/156056662/. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
529. ↑ Gallup, George (October 1, 1978). "Carter's popularity rise all-time gain". https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-carters-popularity-rise-all-t/161451925/. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
530. ↑ Gallup, George (August 14, 1979). "Trust in Carter Still Strong". https://www.newspapers.com/article/honolulu-star-bulletin-trust-in-carter-s/156057185/. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
531. ↑ 531.0 531.1 "Survey Finds Carter's Popularity Has Risen Sharply in Iran Crisis". December 10, 1979. https://www.nytimes.com/1979/12/10/archives/survey-finds-carters-popularity-has-risen-sharply-in-iran-crisis.html. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
532. ↑ "Carter's Lead over Kennedy Is Declining". April 17, 1980. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tampa-tribune-carters-lead-over-ken/156180040/. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
533. ↑ "For the First Time, Reagan Leads Carter". June 18, 1980. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tampa-tribune-for-the-first-time-re/156058167/. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
534. ↑ "Only 3% regard Carter as 'outstanding' president"]. January 9, 1981. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-miami-herald-only-3-regard-carter-a/156083128/. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
535. ↑ Panagopoulos, Costas (January 2, 2007). "Ford didn't have it easy". https://www.newspapers.com/article/ledger-enquirer-fort-didnt-have-it-easy/161260379/. Retrieved December 20, 2024.
536. ↑ Swanson, Emily (August 27, 2017). "Trump setting records for low average presidential approval". https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-roanoke-times-trump-setting-records/161260871/. Retrieved December 20, 2024.
537. ↑ "Bush Presidency Closes With 34% Approval, 61% Disapproval". Gallup Inc.. January 14, 2009. https://www.gallup.com/poll/113770/Bush-Presidency-Closes-34-Approval-61-Disapproval.aspx.
538. ↑ "JFK Tops Presidents' List". December 5, 1990. https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-post-standard-jfk-tops-presidents-l/156388619/. Retrieved October 1, 2024.
539. ↑ Panagopoulos, Costas (December 29, 2006). "Ford won the public's affection". https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-baltimore-sun-ford-won-the-publics/158133879/. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
540. ↑ Jones, Jeffrey M. (December 29, 2024). "Jimmy Carter Retrospective". Gallup Organization. https://news.gallup.com/opinion/gallup/235277/jimmy-carter-retrospective.aspx. Retrieved December 31, 2024.
541. ↑ "The Most Popular Politicians (Q1 2025)". https://today.yougov.com/ratings/politics/popularity/politicians/all.
542. ↑ "Carterpuri awaits Clinton visit". http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/02/29/stories/0229000n.htm.
543. ↑ "Carterpuri - Indian village named to honor Jimmy Carter - pays tribute" (in en). January 3, 2025. https://www.the-independent.com/news/world/americas/us-politics/jimmy-carter-indian-village-funeral-b2673334.html.
544. ↑ Applebome, Peter (May 30, 1993). "Carter Center: More Than the Past". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/30/travel/carter-center-more-than-the-past.html.
545. ↑ Parker, Najja (May 9, 2018). "Guide to visiting Jimmy Carter Historical Park in Plains, Georgia". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. https://www.ajc.com/news/world/guide-visiting-jimmy-carter-historic-site-plains-georgia/VVYPV6Ni0LqcJ0UaPuQkWP/.
546. ↑ Jones, Alex (January 15, 2021). "Jimmy Carter historic sites become national historic park". WTVM. https://www.wtvm.com/2021/01/15/jimmy-carter-historic-sites-become-national-historic-park/.
547. ↑ "Presidents". PBK – Phi Beta Kappa. https://www.pbk.org/presidents.
548. ↑ "APS Member History". https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Jimmy+Carter&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced.
549. ↑ McIntyre, Jamie (April 8, 1998). "Navy to name submarine after former president Jimmy Carter". CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/US/9804/08/carter.sub/.
550. ↑ "HR Prize – List of previous recipients". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/HRPrizeListofpreviousrecipients.aspx.
551. ↑ "James Earl Carter Jr 1998 – ASME". https://www.asme.org/about-asme/get-involved/honors-awards/unit-awards/hoover-awards/1998.
552. ↑ Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
553. ↑ "Jimmy Carter wins Nobel Peace Prize". CNN. October 11, 2002. https://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/10/11/carter.nobel/index.html.
554. ↑ "Jimmy Carter Regional Airport Becomes a Reality". Associated Press. Fox News. October 11, 2009. https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/10/11/jimmy-carter-regional-airport-reality/.
555. ↑ Gregory Krieg (February 15, 2016). "Former President Jimmy Carter wins Grammy Award". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2016/02/15/politics/jimmy-carter-grammy-award-spoken-word/.
556. ↑ Leeds, Jeff; Manly, Lorne (February 12, 2007). "Defiant Dixie Chicks Are Big Winners at the Grammys". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/12/arts/music/12gram.html.
557. ↑ Judy Kurtz, Jimmy Carter up for another Grammy , The Hill (December 7, 2015).
558. ↑ Karanth, Sanjana (February 11, 2019). "Jimmy Carter Wins 2019 Grammy Award For Spoken Word Album". https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/jimmy-carter-grammys-spoken-word-album_us_5c60b896e4b0eec79b24c9cc?guccounter=1.
559. ↑ Musa, Amanda (November 9, 2024). "100-year-old Jimmy Carter receives 10th Grammy Award nomination for spoken-word album 'Last Sundays in Plains'". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2024/11/09/us/jimmy-carter-grammy-nomination/index.html.
560. ↑ "Kendrick Reigns, Charli Shines, Jimmy Carter Gets a Nod: The Best and Weirdest 2025 Grammy Noms". Rolling Stone. November 8, 2024. https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/2025-grammys-best-weirdest-1235157302/. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
561. ↑ "Jimmy Carter becomes first president to live to see White House ornament honoring his legacy". Associated Press. February 21, 2024. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tSSQFo97Mg.

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### Bibliography

* Alter, Jonathan (2020). His Very Best: Jimmy Carter, a Life. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-2554-6.
* Balmer, Randall (2014). Redeemer: The Life of Jimmy Carter. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02958-7.
* Biven, W. Carl (2002). Jimmy Carter's Economy: Policy in an Age of Limits. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-6124-3. OCLC 53876246.
* Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-19543-8.
* Brinkley, Douglas (1998). The Unfinished Presidency — Jimmy Carter's Journey Beyond the White House. Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-670-88006-5.
* Carter, Jeff (2012). Ancestors of Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter. McFarland & Co. ISBN 978-0-7864-8954-1. OCLC 802261814.
* Carter, Jimmy (1992). Turning Point: A Candidate, a State, and a Nation Come of Age. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-8129-2299-8.
* Flippen, J. Brooks (2011). Jimmy Carter, the Politics of Family, and the Rise of the Religious Right. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-3955-9. OCLC 724088293.
* Frank, Northen Magill (1995). Great Events from History II: 1945–1966. Salem Press. ISBN 978-0-89356-753-8.
* Freeman, Roger A. (1982). The Wayward Welfare State. Hoover Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-7493-0.
* Gherman, Beverly (2004). Jimmy Carter. Lerner Publications. ISBN 0-8225-0816-8. OCLC 51861756.
* Godbold, E. Stanly Jr. (2010). Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter: the Georgia Years, 1924–1974. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-977962-8.
* Hambley, Del (2008). Presidential Footprints: Inauguration of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, January 20, 1961. Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-815-6. OCLC 678081512.
* Hamilton, Neil A. (2005). Presidents: a Biographical Dictionary (2 ed.). Facts On File. ISBN 978-1-4381-0816-2. OCLC 234178908.
* Hayward, Steven F. (2004). The Real Jimmy Carter: How Our Worst Ex-president Undermines American Foreign Policy, Coddles Dictators, and Created the Party of Clinton and Kerry. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59698-278-9. OCLC 836407503. "Earl may not have voted for FRD again, but he was not above receiving several New Deal agricultural subsidies as the Depression wore on."
* Hayward, Steven F. (2009). The Age of Reagan: the Fall of the Old Liberal Order: 1964–1980. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-45370-9.
* Herring, George C. (2008). From Colony to Superpower; U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507822-0.
* Hobkirk, Lori (2002). James Earl Carter: Our Thirty-ninth President. The Child's World, Inc.. ISBN 1-56766-873-9. OCLC 45024331.
* Kaufman, Scott (2016). A Companion to Gerald R. Ford and Jimmy Carter. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-90763-4. OCLC 916409068.
* Kaufman, Burton I.; Kaufman, Scott (2006). The Presidency of James Earl Carter (2 ed.). University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1471-4.
* Kaufman, Diane; Kaufman, Scott (2013). Historical Dictionary Of the Carter Era. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8108-7968-3. OCLC 834614686.
* Marguet, Serge (2022). A Brief History of Nuclear Reactor Accidents from Leipzig to Fukushima. Springer. ISBN 978-3-031-10500-5. OCLC 1366112034.
* Martel, Peter (2008). Memoirs of a Hayseed Physicist. Strategic Book. ISBN 978-1-60693-341-1.
* Morris, Kenneth Earl (1996). Jimmy Carter, American Moralist. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-1862-2.
* Mukunda, Gautam (2022). Picking Presidents: How to Make the Most Consequential Decision in the World. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-97703-7. OCLC 1303569935.
* Newton, David E. (2016). The Global Water Crisis: a Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-3981-8. OCLC 945976409.
* Nijnatten, Frans van (2012) (in nl). Tussen liberalisme en conservatisme: de verkiezingscampagnes van Jimmy Carter (1962–1980). Vossiuspers UvA. ISBN 978-90-5629-698-8. OCLC 775137957.
* Panton, Kenneth J. (2022). Historical Dictionary of the United States. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-2419-2. OCLC 1295808727.
* Ryan, Bernard Jr. (2006). Jimmy Carter: U.S. President and Humanitarian. Ferguson Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8160-5903-4.
* Schneider, Dorothy; Schneider, Carl J. (2005). First Ladies: a Biographical Dictionary (2 ed.). Infobase. ISBN 978-1-4381-0815-5. OCLC 234178582.
* Thomas, Sunny (1978). Jimmy Carter: From Peanuts to Presidency. Vesta Publications. ISBN 0-919806-61-9. OCLC 6041403.
* Wead, Doug (2005). The Raising of a President: The Mothers and Fathers of Our Nation's Leaders. Atria Books. ISBN 978-1-4165-1307-0.
* Wertheimer, Molly Meijer (2004). Inventing a Voice: the Rhetoric of American First Ladies of the Twentieth Century. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-2970-3. OCLC 835122766.
* Wooten, James T. (1978). Dasher: The Roots and the Rising of Jimmy Carter. Summit Books. ISBN 0-671-40004-5. OCLC 3481251.
* World Book Encyclopedia (Hardcover) [Jimmy Carter entry]. World Book. January 2001. ISBN 978-0-7166-0101-2.
* Zelizer, Julian E. (2010). Jimmy Carter. Times Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-8957-8.

### News sources

* Hingston, Sandy (April 24, 2016). "Why This Princeton Football Team Won't Be Suiting Up Next Season". Philadelphia. https://www.phillymag.com/news/2016/04/24/princeton-sprint-football-team/.
* Argetsinger, Amy (June 5, 1996). "The Class of the Naval Academy Has 50th Reunion". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1996/06/05/the-class-of-the-naval-academy-has-50th-reunion/1631f2ba-b06e-4fe4-9968-1c39efb7d6bc/.
* Barrow, Bill; Warren, Michael (November 20, 2023). "Rosalynn Carter, Outspoken Former First Lady, Dies At 96". Associated Press News. https://apnews.com/article/rosalynn-carter-dead-e4291133392444bc9ad9d1da461d95c1.
* Milnes, Arthur (January 28, 2009). "When Jimmy Carter Faced Radioactivity Head-on". Ottawa Citizen. https://ottawariverkeeper.ca/news/when_jimmy_carter_faced_radioactivity_head_on/.
* Suciu, Peter (March 27, 2020). "Why President Jimmy Carter Got His Very Own Submarine". The National Interest. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/why-president-jimmy-carter-got-his-very-own-submarine-137717.
* Berman, Eliza (2022). "A Governor Speaks Out on Race: LIFE's Look at Jimmy Carter, 1971". Life. https://www.life.com/history/jimmy-carter-governor-inauguration-discrimination/. Retrieved September 24, 2024.
* "Carter Aims to Create Human Relations Panel". Rome News-Tribune. July 8, 1971. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19710714&printsec=frontpage.
* "Gov. Carter Orders Cuts In Georgia Spending". Rome News-Tribune. July 14, 1971. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GW5NAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vDUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3623,1460658.
* "Two Budget Proposals Offered By Gov. Carter to Legislature". Rome News-Tribune. January 13, 1972. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19720113&printsec=frontpage.
* "Reappointment Rejection Could Bring Session". Rome News-Tribune. March 2, 1972. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=N5pMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xzUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2478,241190.
* "Jimmy Carter Battles Plan for Dams – Again". NBC News. July 28, 2008. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna25889670.
* "Governors Disagree on School Busing". Rome News-Tribune. February 1, 1973. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19730201&printsec=frontpage.
* "Southern Governors Meeting in Atlanta". Rome News-Tribune. November 7, 1971. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19711107&printsec=frontpage.
* Pilkington, Ed (November 11, 2013). "Jimmy Carter Calls for Fresh Moratorium on Death Penalty". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/11/jimmy-carter-supreme-court-death-penalty.
* "Carter, Wallace Hold Election Conference". Rome News-Tribune. August 4, 1972. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19720804&printsec=frontpage.
* "Carter Cautions Democrats to Play it Cool on Watergate". Rome News-Tribune. May 13, 1973. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19730513&printsec=frontpage.
* "Carter Off on European Tour". Rome News-Tribune. May 14, 1973. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=BJbdYPG6LGMC&dat=19730514&printsec=frontpage.

### Websites

* "Plains High School". National Park Service. October 14, 2020. https://www.nps.gov/places/plains-high-school.htm.
* Rattini, Kristin Baird (2020). "Jimmy Carter". Georgia Tech Alumni Association. https://www.gtalumni.org/s/1481/alumni/17/magazine-pages.aspx?sid=1481&gid=21&pgid=18394&cid=40232&ecid=40232&crid=0&calpgid=18390&calcid=40218.
* "Former First Lady Rosalynn Carter Passes Away at Age 96". Carter Center. November 19, 2023. https://www.cartercenter.org/news/pr/2023/statement-rosalynn-carter-111923.html.
* "Jimmy Carter's Naval Service". Jimmy Carter Library and Museum. November 19, 2004. https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/documents/jec/jcnavy.phtml.
* "James Earl Carter, Jr.". Naval History and Heritage Command. October 19, 1997. https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/biographies-list/bios-c/carter-james-e.html.
* Eckstein, Megan (March 9, 2015). "From Ensign to Commander-in-Chief: A Look at the Presidents Who Served in the U.S. Navy Reserve". United States Naval Institute. https://news.usni.org/2015/03/09/from-ensign-to-commander-in-chief-a-look-at-the-presidents-who-served-in-the-u-s-navy-reserve.
* "Lieutenant James Earl Carter Jr., USN". Naval History and Heritage Command. March 3, 2023. https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/people/presidents/carter.html.
* Donica, Adrienne; Piccotti, Tyler (March 27, 2018). "Jimmy Carter". https://www.biography.com/us-president/jimmy-carter.
* "Members Of The General Assembly Of Georgia: State Senate and Hous of Representatives – Term 1965–1966". Georgia General Assembly. February 1965. https://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/cgi-bin/govdimag.cgi?path=dbs/1965/ga/s700/_ps1/g4/1965_h66/sess_p1_sno_p1.con/&user=galileo&sessionid=637f8586-1547653717-5036&serverid=DU&instcode=afpl&return=ggpd?userid=galileo&dbs;=ggpd&action;=retrieve&recno;=70&numrecs;=100&__rtype=recno&key;=y-ga-bs700-b-ps1-bg4-b1965-h66-bsess-p1-sno-p1.
* Sidey, Hugh S. (January 22, 2012). "Carter, Jimmy". World Book. https://www.worldbook.com/content-spotlight/item/1156-lives-and-times-of-american-presidents-1961-present/1156-lives-and-times-of-american-presidents-1961-present?start=5.

## Further reading

* Andelic, Patrick. Donkey Work: Congressional Democrats in Conservative America, 1974–1994 (2019) excerpt
* Berggren, D. Jason; Rae, Nicol C. (2006). "Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush: Faith, Foreign Policy, and an Evangelical Presidential Style". Presidential Studies Quarterly 36 (4): 606–632. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.02570.x. ISSN 0360-4918.
* Bird, Kai (2021). The Outlier: The Unfinished Presidency of Jimmy Carter (First hardcover ed.). New York: Crown. ISBN 978-0-451-49523-5. OCLC 1280936868. In-depth biography focused on the presidency. Excerpt; .
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* Daigle, Craig. "Beyond Camp David: Jimmy Carter, Palestinian Self-Determination, and Human Rights." Diplomatic History 42.5 (2018): 802–830.
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* Jensehaugen, Jørgen. Arab-Israeli diplomacy under Carter: the US, Israel and the Palestinians (Bloomsbury, 2018).
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* Reichard, Gary W. "Early Returns: Assessing Jimmy Carter" Presidential Studies Quarterly 20#3 (Summer 1990) 603–620. online
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* Williams, Daniel K. The Election of the Evangelical: Jimmy Carter, Gerald Ford, and the Presidential Contest of 1976 (University Press of Kansas, 2020) online review
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### Primary sources

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* Carter, Jimmy (1977). Why Not the Best?.
* Carter, Jimmy (1982). Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President; excerpt; .
* Carter, Jimmy (1978–1981). Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Jimmy Carter, 1977. Annual compilation of all his public documents.
* Carter, Jimmy (2001). An Hour Before Daylight: Memories of a Rural Boyhood. Excerpt; .
* Carter, Jimmy (2002). The Nobel Peace Prize Lecture: Delivered in Oslo on December 10, 2002.
* Carter, Jimmy (2003). Negotiation: The Alternative To Hostility; excerpt; .
* Carter, Jimmy (2005). Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis. Excerpt; .
* Carter, Jimmy (2006). Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid.
* Carter, Jimmy (2007). Beyond the White House: Waging Peace, Fighting Disease, Building Hope.
* Carter, Jimmy (2011). White House Diary.
* Carter, Jimmy (2015). A Full Life: Reflections at Ninety.
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## External links

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* Jimmy Carter Presidential Library & Museum
* The Carter Center
* Jimmy Carter National Historic Site
* White House biography
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*[m.]: married