Kristen Kroll

Short description: American developmental biologist

Kristen L. Kroll

Alma mater|

* Northwestern University (BA)
* University of California, Berkeley (PhD)[1]

Known for| Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of brain development
Scientific career
Fields| Developmental biology, Neuroscience, Transcription, Epigenetics
Institutions| Washington University School of Medicine

Kristen Kroll is an American developmental and stem cell biologist and Professor of Developmental Biology at Washington University School of Medicine. Her laboratory studies transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of brain development and its disruption to cause neurodevelopmental disorders.[2][3][4]

## Contents

* 1 Early life and education
* 2 Career
* 3 Research areas
* 4 Awards
* 5 Service contributions
* 6 Personal life
* 7 Selected publications
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## Early life and education

Kroll grew up in Wisconsin. She graduated from Wilmot High School in 1984 and received her Bachelor's Degree with the highest honors from Northwestern University in 1988.[5][6][7] She became interested in a career in developmental biology while doing undergraduate research in the laboratory of Robert Holmgren, where her project involved cloning the segment polarity gene Cubitus interruptus, a Drosophila homolog of the GLI transcription factors that mediate Hedgehog signaling.[5]

## Career

In her doctoral work in John Gerhart's lab at the University of California at Berkeley, Kroll developed nuclear transplantation-based approaches for transgenesis in embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis.[5] In collaboration with Dr. Enrique Amaya, she used nuclear transfer-based transgenesis to directly produce animals with stable transgene integration in each cell without breeding.[8][9] This work expanded the utility of Xenopus for studying vertebrate embryogenesis, enabling high throughput analysis of cis-regulatory elements and the study of later aspects of development, during which gene function could not previously be manipulated.[10][11][12][13][14]

As a Damon Runyon-Walter Winchell Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow, Kroll pursued an interest in developmental biology during postdoctoral work in Marc Kirschner's lab at Harvard Medical School.[5][15] She used functional screening of cDNA libraries to define novel regulators of early embryonic development. These included Geminin (Gmnn), a novel nuclear protein that she identified based on its ability to expand the Xenopus neural plate at the expense of non-neural tissue.[5][16]

Kroll joined the Department of Developmental Biology (previously Dept. of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology) at Washington University School of Medicine in 2000. Her laboratory has focused on identifying how transcriptional and epigenetic regulation controls various aspects of neural development.[2][3]

## Research areas

A major focus of work in the Kroll laboratory has been to identify mechanisms underlying transcriptional and epigenetic control of embryonic development.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] They demonstrated that Gmnn plays an essential role in these processes, showing that Gmnn is required for neural fate acquisition of embryonic stem cells and promotes an accessible and hyperacetylated chromatin state that facilitates neural gene transcription[19] while also limiting non-neural fate acquisition (endoderm/mesoderm) through functional cooperativity with Polycomb complex (PcG)-mediated epigenetic repression.[18][20] They demonstrated that Gmnn associates with and promotes histone acetylation at regulatory elements of many neurodevelopmental genes and used these data to construct gene regulatory networks underlying neural fate acquisition.[5][17][19]

Beyond early cell fate acquisition, they also defined other aspects of development that require Gmnn, including regulating gene expression during neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation, and neural tube patterning and controlling Hox gene regulation to pattern the vertebrate limb, and they also demonstrated that Gmnn deficiency enhanced survival and response to therapy in mouse models of the pediatric brain tumor medulloblastoma.[25][26] This body of work established Gmnn as a key cell-intrinsic regulator of several aspects of embryogenesis through its interactions with the SWI/SNF and Polycomb chromatin-modifying complexes.[5][23][27][28][29][30]

Current work in the Kroll laboratory uses directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to identify regulatory networks controlling the development of human neuronal cell types that are frequently disrupted in neurodevelopmental disorders. These include cortical interneurons (cINs), GABAergic inhibitory neurons that modulate excitatory neuronal activity in the cortex by providing local inhibition. The laboratory developed modified protocols for directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) efficiently into cINs that provide an effective model for elucidating mechanisms of human cIN development. They have subsequently used this model to define regulatory networks that control human cIN development.[31][32][33]

As of 2021, Kroll leads efforts to characterize how pathogenic gene variants contribute to intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) in hPSC-derived models at Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM). She leads the Cellular Models program for WUSM's Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (IDDRC), coordinating with the IDDRC's Clinical-Translational Core to build patient-derived cellular models of IDDs.[citation needed] She coordinates human cell and organoid-based modeling under WUSM's Precision Medicine Integrated Experimental Resources (PreMIER) platform, WU's model organism screening platform for precision medicine. She also co-leads the NICHD-supported Cross-IDDRC Human Cellular Models Group, which engages the 14 IDDRCs in the United States in collaborative efforts to build and share human IDD cellular models, develop cross-IDDRC calibrated platforms for human cellular modeling, perform data meta-analyses, and develop IDD model bio- and data-repositories models as resources for the network.[34]

## Awards

Kroll has received several awards for her work, including the March of Dimes Basil O’Connor Award, the American Cancer Society Research Scholar grant, and American Cancer Society Hope Award.[35] Her other awards include:

* 1986-1988: Alice G. Hough Scholarship, Northwestern University[citation needed]
* 1987: Phi Eta Sigma honorary society, Northwestern University[citation needed]
* 1988: Phi Beta Kappa, Northwestern University[citation needed]
* 1992: Teaching Effectiveness Award and Outstanding Graduate Student Instructor, University of California, Berkeley[5]
* 1996-1998: Damon Runyon-Walter Winchell Cancer Research Fund Fellow, Harvard Medical School[5][2]
* 2000: Howard Hughes Medical Institute Faculty Development Research Award[5]
* 2001: March of Dimes, Basil O'Connor Award, Wash. U. School of Medicine[5][2]
* 2003: Wilmot High School Alumni Hall of Fame[5][36]
* 2006: American Cancer Society Research Scholar Award, Wash. U. School of Medicine[5]
* 2007: Hope Award, American Cancer Society, Wash. U. School of Medicine[5][2]

## Service contributions

* National Institutes of Health Study Sections and Special Emphasis Panels: Permanent member Developmental Biology 2 (DEV2) NIH Study Section (2014-2020); Ad hoc Member: Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Neuroscience (MDCN) study section, Neurogenetics and Genomics Special Emphasis and Challenge Grants Panels, Neurogenesis and Cell Fate (NCF) Study Sections, Genomic and Genetic Analysis in Xenopus Special Emphasis Panels[citation needed]
* Co-chair, Cross-Intellectual, and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (IDDRC) Human Stem Cell Models Group (2018-present)[citation needed]
* Co-Director, Instructor, or Lecturer, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cell and Developmental Biology of Xenopus laevis Course (1996-1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2008-2010)[citation needed]

## Personal life

Kroll is married to John D. Bradley, a scientist at Bayer.[37][38] Her sister, Jennifer Lee Kroll, died on May 9, 2020, at 52 years of age, due to metastatic breast cancer. She was writer who published more than 30 books.[39][40] Kroll is also the granddaughter of Josephine LeGrave Wautlet, author of several works, including a language course called Phonetic Walloon for Belgian Americans.[2][3] Her grandmother was also featured in an oral history on Belgian Americans and the Walloon language (University of Wisconsin, Green Bay).[41]

## Selected publications

Kristen Kroll has more than 50 publications in the field of developmental biology including:

* Kroll, K.L.; Amaya, E. (1996-10-01). "Transgenic Xenopus embryos from sperm nuclear transplantations reveal FGF signaling requirements during gastrulation". Development (The Company of Biologists) 122 (10): 3173–3183. doi:10.1242/dev.122.10.3173. ISSN 1477-9129. PMID 8898230.
* Postigo, A. A. (2003-05-15). "Regulation of Smad signaling through a differential recruitment of coactivators and corepressors by ZEB proteins". The EMBO Journal (Wiley) 22 (10): 2453–2462. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg226. ISSN 1460-2075. PMID 12743039.
* Orenic, T V; Slusarski, D C; Kroll, K L; Holmgren, R A (1990). "Cloning and characterization of the segment polarity gene cubitus interruptus Dominant of Drosophila.". Genes & Development (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) 4 (6): 1053–1067. doi:10.1101/gad.4.6.1053. ISSN 0890-9369. PMID 2166702.
* Kroll, K.L.; Salic, A.N.; Evans, L.M.; Kirschner, M.W. (1998-08-15). "Geminin, a neuralizing molecule that demarcates the future neural plate at the onset of gastrulation". Development (The Company of Biologists) 125 (16): 3247–3258. doi:10.1242/dev.125.16.3247. ISSN 1477-9129. PMID 9671596.
* Lustig, K.D.; Kroll, K.L.; Sun, E.E.; Kirschner, M.W. (1996-12-01). "Expression cloning of a Xenopus T-related gene (Xombi) involved in mesodermal patterning and blastopore lip formation". Development (The Company of Biologists) 122 (12): 4001–4012. doi:10.1242/dev.122.12.4001. ISSN 1477-9129. PMID 9012520.
* Seo, Seongjin; Herr, Anabel; Lim, Jong-Won; Richardson, Genova A.; Richardson, Helena; Kroll, Kristen L. (2005-07-15). "Geminin regulates neuronal differentiation by antagonizing Brg1 activity". Genes & Development (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) 19 (14): 1723–1734. doi:10.1101/gad.1319105. ISSN 0890-9369. PMID 16024661.
* Seo, Seongjin; Richardson, Genova A.; Kroll, Kristen L. (2005-01-01). "The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling protein Brg1 is required for vertebrate neurogenesis and mediates transactivation of Ngn and NeuroD". Development (The Company of Biologists) 132 (1): 105–115. doi:10.1242/dev.01548. ISSN 1477-9129. PMID 15576411.
* Seo, Seongjin; Lim, Jong-Won; Yellajoshyula, Dhananjay; Chang, Li-Wei; Kroll, Kristen L (2007-11-15). "Neurogenin and NeuroD direct transcriptional targets and their regulatory enhancers". The EMBO Journal (Wiley) 26 (24): 5093–5108. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601923. ISSN 0261-4189. PMID 18007592.
* Salic, A.N.; Kroll, K.L.; Evans, L.M.; Kirschner, M.W. (1997-12-01). "Sizzled: a secreted Xwnt8 antagonist expressed in the ventral marginal zone of Xenopus embryos". Development (The Company of Biologists) 124 (23): 4739–4748. doi:10.1242/dev.124.23.4739. ISSN 1477-9129. PMID 9428410.
* Lustig, K.D.; Kroll, K.; Sun, E.; Ramos, R.; Elmendorf, H.; Kirschner, M.W. (1996-10-01). "A Xenopus nodal-related gene that acts in synergy with noggin to induce complete secondary axis and notochord formation". Development (The Company of Biologists) 122 (10): 3275–3282. doi:10.1242/dev.122.10.3275. ISSN 1477-9129. PMID 8898239.

## References

1. ↑ Kenosha News. Wed. August 31, 1994. Kristen Kroll receives PhD from UC Berkeley.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "New Models to Understand the Intricacies of Neurodevelopmental Disorders". 2021-04-21. https://www.scientia.global/dr-kristen-kroll-new-models-to-understand-the-intricacies-of-neurodevelopmental-disorders/.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Using human models of brain development to understand autism". 2021-08-16. https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/using-human-models-of-brain-development-to-understand-autism/117560/.
4. ↑ "Jake's mice: Searching for answers to the puzzle of autism". 2022-01-02. https://apnews.com/article/autism-science-health-genetics-3ade8474801201208a97e1af2222bb6a.
5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 "New Models to Understand the Intricacies of Neurodevelopmental Disorders". 2021-04-21. https://www.scientia.global/dr-kristen-kroll-new-models-to-understand-the-intricacies-of-neurodevelopmental-disorders/.
6. ↑ Kenosha News. Friday July 29, 1988. Kristen Kroll receives BA degree from Northwestern University.
7. ↑ Kenosha News. Thurs. May 24, 1984. Kristen Kroll graduates Wilmot HS.
8. ↑ "Transgenic Xenopus embryos from sperm nuclear transplantations reveal FGF signaling requirements during gastrulation". Development 122 (10): 3173–83. October 1996. doi:10.1242/dev.122.10.3173. PMID 8898230.
9. ↑ "Transgenic X. laevis embryos from eggs transplanted with nuclei of transfected cultured cells". Science 266 (5185): 650–3. October 1994. doi:10.1126/science.7939720. PMID 7939720. Bibcode: 1994Sci...266..650K.
10. ↑ "An amphibian with ambition: a new role for Xenopus in the 21st century". Genome Biol 2 (10): REVIEWS1029. 2001. doi:10.1186/gb-2001-2-10-reviews1029. PMID 11597339.
11. ↑ "Developmental biology. High hops of transgenic frogs". Nature 383 (6603): 765–6. October 1996. doi:10.1038/383765a0. PMID 8892997.
12. ↑ "Frog is a prince of a new model organism". Science 285 (5424): 25. July 1999. doi:10.1126/science.285.5424.25. PMID 10428694.
13. ↑ "Decoding development in Xenopus tropicalis". Genesis 45 (6): 418–26. June 2007. doi:10.1002/dvg.20286. PMID 17549727.
14. ↑ "Transgenic frogs and FGF signalling in early development". Trends Genet 12 (11): 439–40. November 1996. doi:10.1016/0168-9525(96)30105-4. PMID 8973142.
15. ↑ Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation awardees.
16. ↑ "Geminin, a neuralizing molecule that demarcates the future neural plate at the onset of gastrulation". Development 125 (16): 3247–58. August 1998. doi:10.1242/dev.125.16.3247. PMID 9671596.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Gene regulatory networks in neural cell fate acquisition from genome-wide chromatin association of Geminin and Zic1". Sci Rep 6: 37412. November 2016. doi:10.1038/srep37412. PMID 27881878. Bibcode: 2016NatSR...637412S.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Geminin restrains mesendodermal fate acquisition of embryonic stem cells and is associated with antagonism of Wnt signaling and enhanced polycomb-mediated repression". Stem Cells 31 (8): 1477–87. August 2013. doi:10.1002/stem.1410. PMID 23630199.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 "Geminin promotes neural fate acquisition of embryonic stem cells by maintaining chromatin in an accessible and hyperacetylated state". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108 (8): 3294–9. February 2011. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012053108. PMID 21300881. Bibcode: 2011PNAS..108.3294Y.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Geminin cooperates with Polycomb to restrain multi-lineage commitment in the early embryo". Development 138 (1): 33–44. January 2011. doi:10.1242/dev.059824. PMID 21098561.
21. ↑ "Neurogenin and NeuroD direct transcriptional targets and their regulatory enhancers". EMBO J 26 (24): 5093–108. December 2007. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601923. PMID 18007592.
22. ↑ "The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling protein Brg1 is required for vertebrate neurogenesis and mediates transactivation of Ngn and NeuroD". Development 132 (1): 105–15. January 2005. doi:10.1242/dev.01548. PMID 15576411.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Geminin regulates neuronal differentiation by antagonizing Brg1 activity". Genes Dev 19 (14): 1723–34. July 2005. doi:10.1101/gad.1319105. PMID 16024661.
24. ↑ "Geminin regulates the transcriptional and epigenetic status of neuronal fate-promoting genes during mammalian neurogenesis". Mol Cell Biol 32 (22): 4549–60. November 2012. doi:10.1128/MCB.00737-12. PMID 22949506.
25. ↑ "Geminin is required for Hox gene regulation to pattern the developing limb". Dev Biol 464 (1): 11–23. August 2020. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.05.007. PMID 32450229.
26. ↑ "Geminin loss causes neural tube defects through disrupted progenitor specification and neuronal differentiation". Dev Biol 393 (1): 44–56. September 2014. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.06.021. PMID 24995796.
27. ↑ "A small gem with great powers: geminin keeps neural progenitors thriving". Dev Cell 9 (2): 171–2. August 2005. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2005.07.005. PMID 16054024.
28. ↑ "Remodeling plans for cellular specialization: unique styles for every room". Curr Opin Genet Dev 16 (5): 508–12. October 2006. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2006.08.001. PMID 16905306.
29. ↑ "Chromatin remodelling in mammalian differentiation: lessons from ATP-dependent remodellers". Nat Rev Genet 7 (6): 461–73. June 2006. doi:10.1038/nrg1882. PMID 16708073.
30. ↑ "Epigenetic alchemy for cell fate conversion". Curr Opin Genet Dev 16 (5): 502–7. October 2006. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2006.07.001. PMID 16844365.
31. ↑ "Altered neuronal physiology, development, and function associated with a common chromosome 15 duplication involving CHRNA7". BMC Biol 19 (1): 147. July 2021. doi:10.1186/s12915-021-01080-7. PMID 34320968.
32. ↑ "Cellular and molecular characterization of multiplex autism in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons". Mol Autism 10: 51. 2019. doi:10.1186/s13229-019-0306-0. PMID 31893020.
33. ↑ "Regulatory networks specifying cortical interneurons from human embryonic stem cells reveal roles for CHD2 in interneuron development". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114 (52): E11180–E11189. December 2017. doi:10.1073/pnas.1712365115. PMID 29229852. Bibcode: 2017PNAS..11411180M.
34. ↑ "Balancing serendipity and reproducibility: Pluripotent stem cells as experimental systems for intellectual and developmental disorders". Stem Cell Reports 16 (6): 1446–1457. June 2021. doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.03.025. PMID 33861989.
35. ↑ "Kristen L. Kroll - Washington University School of Medicine" (in en-GB). https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/contributor_profile/kristen-l-kroll-washington-university-school-of-medicine/.
36. ↑ Kenosha News. Monday June 9, 2003. Kristen Kroll inducted into Wilmot HS hall of fame.
37. ↑ Sunday News-Kenosha News. Sunday July 28, 1991. Kristen Kroll and John Bradley wedding.
38. ↑ Kenosha News. Saturday March 23, 1991. Kristen Kroll and John Bradley engagement.
39. ↑ Kenosha News. Sunday May 17, 2020. Jennifer Kroll obituary.
40. ↑ Jennifer Lee Kroll (1967 - 2020). Legacy.com.
41. ↑ McAuley, Lynn C. (1976-04-13). "Oral history with Edward and Josephine Wautlet, and Grace and Harvey LeMense, in 6 parts - UWDC". https://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/M23UWI52U5ZS48K.

## External links

* Kristen Kroll publications indexed by Google Scholar
* Publications by Kristen Kroll, at ResearchGate

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