List of founders of religious traditions

Short description: None

These are historical figures credited with founding religions or religious philosophies, or who codified older known religious traditions. The list includes those who have founded a specific major denomination within a larger religion.

## Contents

* 1 Legendary/semi-historical
* 2 Ancient (before AD 500)
* 3 Medieval to Early Modern (500–1800 AD)
* 4 New religious movements (post-1800)
* 5 See also
* 6 Notes
* 7 References
* 8 Bibliography

## Legendary/semi-historical

Traditional founder  | Religious tradition founded  | Historical founder(s)  | Life of historical founder

|
|
|

No single Founder (Hinduism)
Indra (Vedic Hinduism) | Hinduism | The Saptarishi | c. 15th century BC to 10th century BC
Abraham (covenant with God)
Moses (religious law) | Judaism | Yahwists[n 1] | c. 13th[1][2][3] to 8th century BC[n 2]
Laozi | Taoism | Zhuang Zhou | 369 BC – 286 BC

## Ancient (before AD 500)

See culture hero for legendary founders of doubtful historicity. For figures that fall into that category, please add them to the Legendary section, not here.

Founder Name  | Religious tradition founded  | Life of founder

|
|

Akhenaten | Atenism | c. 1353 BC – 1336 BC[4]
Zoroaster | Zoroastrianism | c. 1000 BC[5]
Parshvanatha | The penultimate (23rd) Tirthankara in Jainism | 877 BC – 777 BC[6][7][8][9][10]
Numa Pompilius | Roman Religion | c. 753 BC – 672 BC
Nebuchadnezzar II | built the Etemenanki, established Marduk as the patron deity of Babylon | c. 634 BC – 562 BC[citation needed]
Ajita Kesakambali | Charvaka | 6th century BC[11][12][13]
Mahavira | The final (24th) tirthankara in Jainism | 599 BC – 527 BC[14][15][16]
Gautama Buddha | Buddhism | 563 BC – 483 BC[17][18]
Confucius | Confucianism | 551 BC – 479 BC[19][20]
Pythagoras | Pythagoreanism | fl. 520 BC
Mozi | Mohism | 470 BC – 390 BC
Makkhali Gosala | Ājīvika | 5th century BC[21]
Ezra | Second Temple Judaism[22] | fl. 459 BC[n 3]
Epicurus | Epicureanism | fl. 307 BC
Zeno of Citium | Stoicism | 333 BC – 264 BC
Pharnavaz I of Iberia | Armazi | 326 BC – 234 BC
Valmiki | Valmikism | c. 3rd century BC[23]
Patanjali | Rāja yoga sect of Hinduism | 2nd century BC
Jesus (and the Twelve Apostles) | Christianity | c. 4 BC – c. 30/33 AD
Paul the Apostle | Pauline Christianity | c. 33 AD
James the Just | Jewish Christianity | c. 33 AD
Lakulisha | Pashupata Shaivism sect of Hinduism | 1st century AD
Judah the Prince | Rabbinic Judaism | 2nd century AD
Montanus | Montanism | 2nd century AD
Marcion of Sinope | Marcionism | 110–160
Nagarjuna | Madhyamaka | 150–250
Plotinus | Neoplatonism | 205–270
Mani | Manichaeism | 216–274
Arius[n 4] | Arianism[n 5] | 250–336
Pelagius[n 4] | Pelagianism[n 6] | 354–430
Nestorius[n 4] | Nestorianism[n 7] | 386–451
Eutyches | Monophysitism[n 8] | 380–456

## Medieval to Early Modern (500–1800 AD)

Name  | Religious tradition founded  | Life of founder

|
|

Mazdak | Mazdakism | died c. 526
Bodhidharma | Zen, more specifically Ch'an | 5th or 6th century
Muhammad | Islam | c. 570–632
Songtsen Gampo | Tibetan Buddhism | 7th century
En no Gyōja | Shugendō | late 7th century
Huineng | East Asian Zen Buddhism | 638–713
Padmasambhava | Nyingma | 8th century
Han Yu | Neo-Confucianism | 8th or 9th century
Saichō | Tendai (descended from Tiantai) | 767–822
Kūkai | Shingon Buddhism | 774–835
Adi Shankara | Advaita Vedanta | 788–820
Ibn Nusayr | Nusayrism | late 9th century
Matsyendranath | Nath | 10th century
Ramanuja | Vishishtadvaita | 1017–1137
Great Peacemaker | Great Law of Peace | Between the 10th and 15th centuries
Hamza ibn ‘Alī ibn Aḥmad[24] | Druze | 11th century
Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir | Yazidism | 12th century
Basava | Lingayatism | 12th century
Hōnen | Jōdo-shū (descended from Pure Land Buddhism) | 1131–1212
Eisai | Rinzai Zen (descended from the Linji school) | 1141–1215
Shinran | Jōdo Shinshū (descended from Jōdo-shū) | 1173–1263
Dōgen | Sōtō Zen (descended from the Caodong school) | 1200–1253
Haji Bektash Veli | Bektashi Order of Sufism | 1209–1271
Nichiren | Nichiren Buddhism | 1222–1282
Abraham Abulafia | Prophetic Kabbalah, a.k.a. ecstatic Kabbalah | 1240–1290s
Dyaneshwar | Varkari | 1275–1296
Madhvacharya | Dvaita | 1238–1317
John Wycliffe | Lollardy | 1320s–1384
Fażlu l-Lāh Astar-Ābādī | Hurufism | 14th century
Mahmoud Pasikhani | Nuqṭawism | late 14th century
Jan Hus | Hussitism | 1372–1415
Tlacaelel | Cult of Huitzilopochtli | 1397–1487
Ramananda | Ramanandi Vaishnavism | 15th century
Kabir | Kabir Panth | 1398–1448
Pachacuti | Cult of Inti | 1418–1472
Sankardev | Ekasarana Dharma | 1449–1568
Ravidas | Ravidassia | c. 1450–1520
Guru Nanak | Sikhism, Nanak Panth | 1469–1539
Sri Chand | Udasi | 1494–1629
Vallabha Acharya | Shuddhadvaita | 1479–1531
Martin Luther | Lutheranism and Protestantism in general | 1483–1546
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu | Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Achintya Bheda Abheda | 1486–1534
Thomas Cranmer | Anglicanism (Church of England) | 1489–1556
Menno Simons | Mennonite | 1496–1561
Conrad Grebel | Swiss Brethren, Anabaptists | 1498–1526
Jacob Hutter | Hutterite | 1500–1536
Isaac Luria | Lurianic Kabbalah | 1534–1572
Guru Angad | Sikhism | 1539–1552
Sultan Sahak | Yarsanism | early 15th century
Guru Amar Das | Sikhism | 1552–1572
John Calvin | Calvinism[25] | 1509–1564
Michael Servetus[26] | Unitarianism | 1511?–1553
John Knox[27] | Presbyterianism | 1510–1572
Guru Ram Das | Sikhism | 1574–1581
Akbar | Din-i Ilahi | 1542–1605
Jacobus Arminius | Arminianism | 1560–1609
John Smyth[28] | Baptists | 1570–1612
Guru Arjan | Sikhism | 1571–1606
Guru HarGobind Sahib Ji | Sikhism | 1606–1644
Avvakum | Old Believers of Russian Orthodox Church | 1620–1682
Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji | Sikhism | 1621–1675
George Fox[29] | Quakers | 1624–1691
Philipp Spener[30] | Pietism | 1635–1705
Guru Har Rai Ji | Sikhism | 1644–1661
Jakob Ammann | Amish | 1656–1730
Guru Har Krishan Ji | Sikhism | 1661–1664
Guru Gobind Singh | Sikhism, Khalsa Panth | 1666–1708
Emanuel Swedenborg | The New Church | 1688–1772
Yisroel ben Eliezer "Baal Shem Tov"[31] | Hasidic Judaism | 1698–1760
John Wesley,[32] Charles Wesley, George Whitefield | Methodism | 1703–1791
Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab | Wahhabism | 1703–1792
Ann Lee[33] | Shakers | 1736–1784

## New religious movements (post-1800)

Further information: Religion:List of new religious movements

Name  | Religious tradition founded  | Life of founder

|
|

Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsá'í[34][35] | Shaykhism, precursor of Bábism[36][37] | 1753–1826
Ram Mohan Roy | Brahmo Samaj | 1772–1833
Swaminarayan | Swaminarayan Sampraday | 1781–1830
Auguste Comte | Religion of Humanity | 1798–1857
Nakayama Miki | Tenrikyo | 1798–1887
Ignaz von Döllinger | Old Catholic Church | 1799–1890
Phineas Quimby | New Thought | 1802–1866
Allan Kardec | Spiritism | 1804–1869
Joseph Smith | Mormonism, also known as the Latter Day Saint movement | 1805–1844
John Thomas | Christadelphians | 1805–1871
Abraham Geiger | Reform Judaism | 1810–1874
Jamgon Kongtrul | Rimé movement | 1813–1899
Hong Xiuquan | Taiping Christianity | 1814–1864
Bahá'u'lláh[38] | Baháʼí Faith | 1817–1892
Báb | Bábism, precursor of the Baháʼí Faith | 1819–1850
James Springer White | Seventh-day Adventist Church | 1821–1881
Wang Jueyi | Yiguandao | 1821–1884
Mary Baker Eddy[39] | Christian Science | 1821–1910
Ramalinga Swamigal | Samarasa Sutha Sanmarga Sangam | 1823–1874
Dayananda Saraswati | Arya Samaj | 1824–1883
Ellen G. White[40] | Seventh-day Adventist Church | 1827–1915
John Ballou Newbrough | Faithism | 1828–1891
Helena Blavatsky | Theosophy | 1831–1891
Ayya Vaikundar | Ayyavazhi | 1833–1851
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad | Ahmadiyya | 1835–1908
Guido von List | Armanism (Germanic mysticism) | 1848–1919
Charles Taze Russell[41] | Bible Student movement | 1852–1916
Wovoka | Ghost Dance | 1856–1932
Rudolf Steiner | Anthroposophy | 1861–1925
Swami Vivekananda | Ramakrishna Mission | 1863–1902
William Irvine[42] | Two by Twos and Cooneyites | 1863–1947
Max Heindel | The Rosicrucian Fellowship | 1865–1919
Tsunesaburo Makiguchi | Soka Gakkai | 1871–1944
Sri Aurobindo | Integral yoga | 1872–1950
Mason Remey | Orthodox Baháʼí Faith | 1874–1974
Aleister Crowley | Thelema | 1875–1947
Charles Fox Parham | Pentecostalism | 1873–1929
"Father Divine" | International Peace Mission movement | c. 1876–1965
Edgar Cayce | Association for Research and Enlightenment | 1877–1945
Ngô Văn Chiêu | Caodaism | 1878–1926
Guy Ballard | "I AM" Activity | 1878–1939
Frank Buchman | Oxford Group/Moral Re-Armament | 1878–1961
Alfred G. Moses | Jewish Science | 1878–1956
John Slocum  | Indian Shaker Church | 1881
Mordecai Kaplan | Reconstructionist Judaism | 1881–1983
Gerald Gardner | Wicca | 1884–1964
Felix Manalo | Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ) | 1886–1963
Frank B. Robinson | Psychiana | 1886–1948
Noble Drew Ali | Moorish Science Temple of America | 1886–1929
Marcus Garvey | Rastafari | 1887–1940
Ernest Holmes | Religious Science | 1887–1960
Sadafaldeo | Vihangamyoga | 1888–1954
Aimee Semple McPherson[43] | Foursquare Church | 1890–1944
Zélio Fernandino de Moraes[44] | Umbanda | 1891–1975
Ida B. Robinson | Mount Sinai Holy Church of America | 1891–1946
B. R. Ambedkar | Navayana Buddhism | 1891–1956
Wallace Fard Muhammad | Nation of Islam | 1891–1934 (absentia)
Paramahansa Yogananda | Yogoda Satsanga Society of India, Self-Realization Fellowship | 1893–1952
A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada | International Society for Krishna Consciousness | 1896–1977
Ruth Norman | Unarius | 1900–1993
Swami Muktananda | Siddha Yoga | 1908–1982
Paul Twitchell | Eckankar | 1908–1971
Ikurō Teshima | Makuya | 1910–1973
L. Ron Hubbard | Dianetics and Scientology | 1911–1986
Chinmayananda Saraswati | Chinmaya Mission | 1916–1993
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi | Transcendental Meditation | 1918–2008
Samael Aun Weor | Universal Christian Gnostic Movement | 1917–1977
Mark L. Prophet | The Summit Lighthouse | 1918–1973
Ben Klassen | Creativity | 1918–1993
Ahn Sahng-hong | World Mission Society Church of God | 1918–1985
Huỳnh Phú Sổ | Hòa Hảo | 1919–1947
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman | Mujibism | 1920–1975
Yong (Sun) Myung Moon[45] | Unification Church | 1920–2012
Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar | Ananda Marga | 1921–1990
Clarence 13X | Five-Percent Nation | 1922–1969
Mestre Gabriel | União do Vegetal | 1922–1971
Nirmala Srivastava | Sahaja Yoga | 1923–2011
Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson | Ásatrú | 1924–1993
Sathya Sai Baba | Sathya Sai Organization | 1926–2011
Anton LaVey | Church of Satan (LaVeyan Satanism) | 1930–1997
Rajneesh[46] | Rajneesh movement | 1931–1990
Mark L. Prophet;
Elizabeth Clare Prophet[47] | Church Universal and Triumphant | 1918–1973;
1939–2009
Adi Da | Adidam | 1939–2008
Claude Vorilhon | Raëlism | 1946–
Marshall Vian Summers | New Message from God | 1949–
Li Hongzhi | Falun Gong | born 1951 or 1952
Ryuho Okawa | Happy Science | 1956–2023
Vissarion | Church of the Last Testament | 1961–
Chris Korda | Church of Euthanasia | 1962–
Tamara Siuda | Kemetic Orthodoxy | 1969–
Olumba Olumba Obu | Brotherhood of the Cross and Star | 1918–
Isak Gerson | Missionary Church of Kopimism | 1993–
Bobby Henderson | Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster[48] or Pastafarianism | 1980–
Erdoğan Çınar | Ishikism | 21st century

## See also

* Burial places of founders of world religions
* List of Buddha claimants
* List of messiah claimants
* List of people who have been considered deities
* List of religions and spiritual traditions
* Lists of religious leaders by century
* Timeline of religion

## Notes

1. ↑ The religion of the Israelites of Iron Age I was based on a cult of ancestors and worship of family gods, the "gods of the fathers". With the emergence of the monarchy at the beginning of Iron Age II the kings promoted their family god, YHWH (Yahweh), as the god of the kingdom, but beyond the royal court, religion continued to be both polytheistic and family-centered. As such, this founding group is referred to as "Yahwists".
2. ↑ Israel emerges into the historical record in the last decades of the 13th century BCE, at the very end of the Late Bronze Age, as the Canaanite city-state system was ending. In the words of archaeologist William Dever, "most of those who came to call themselves Israelites … were or had been indigenous Canaanites". The worship of YHWH (Yahweh) alone began at the earliest with Elijah in the 9th century BCE, but more likely with the prophet Hosea in the 8th; even then it remained the concern of a small party before gaining ascendancy in the exilic and early post-exilic period.
3. ↑ historicity disputed but widely considered plausible. Gosta W. Ahlstrom argues the inconsistencies of the biblical tradition are insufficient to say that Ezra, with his central position as the 'father of Judaism' in the Jewish tradition, has been a later literary invention. (The History of Ancient Palestine, Fortress Press, p.888)
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 The teaching of the traditional "founding father" of a "heresy" is may well have differed greatly from the contents of the heresy as generally understood. For references see following notes.
5. ↑ Acc. to Rowan Williams, 'Arianism' was essentially a polemical creation of Athanasius in an attempt to show that the different alternatives to the Nicene Creed collapsed back into some form of Arius' teaching. (Arius, SCM (2001) p.247)
6. ↑ Pelagius' thought was one sided and an inadequate interpretation of Christianity, but his disciples, Celestius and, to a greater extent, Julian of Eclanum pushed his ideas to extremes.(Kelly, J.N.D. Early Christian Doctrines A & C. Black (1965) p.361) Pelagius himself was declared orthodox by the synod of Diospolis in 415, after repudiating some of Celestius' opinions. (Frend, W.H.C. Saints and Sinners in the Early Church DLT (1985) p.133)
7. ↑ Nestorius specifically endorsed the repudiation of "Nestorianism" reached at Chalcedon in 451 (Prestige, G.L. Fathers and Heretics SPCK (1963) p.130)
8. ↑ Monophysitism represents an advanced type of Alexandrian Theology; it emerged in a distinctive form in 433 as a result of the agreement between John of Antioch and Cyril of Alexandria. The exaggerated form held by Eutyches was condemned in 451 by the Council of Chalcedon. In its moderate forms the divergence from orthodoxy may be simply terminological. Alexandrian Theology stressed both divine transcendence and a marked dualism between the material and the spiritual and so tended to nullify the humanity of Christ.(Cross & Livingstone. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (1974) arts. Monophysitism, Alexandrian Theology)

## References

1. ↑ Albertz 1994, p. 61.
2. ↑ Grabbe 2008, pp. 225–6.
3. ↑ Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E.. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-097-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC&q=Biblical+peoples+and+ethnicity:+an+archaeological.
4. ↑ Hornung, Erik (1999). Akhenaten and the Religion of Light. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8725-5. https://archive.org/details/akhenatenreligio00horn.
5. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 191.
6. ↑ Zimmer 1953, p. 183.
7. ↑ Fisher, Mary Pat (1997). Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths. London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-148-0. p. 115
8. ↑ "Parshvanatha". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007. http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9058576. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
9. ↑ Bowker, John (2000). "Parsva". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192800947. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780192800947. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
10. ↑ Charpentier, Jarl (1922). "The History of the Jains". The Cambridge History of India. 1. Cambridge. pp. 153.
11. ↑ Radhakrishnan & Moore 1957, pp. 227–249
12. ↑ John M. Koller (1977), Skepticism in Early Indian Thought, Philosophy East and West, 27(2): 155-164
13. ↑ Dale Riepe (1996), Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120812932, pages 53-58
14. ↑ Upinder Singh 2016, p. 313.
15. ↑ Zimmer 1953, p. 222.
16. ↑ "Mahavira." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2006. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/mahavira
17. ↑ Cousins 1996, pp. 57–63.
18. ↑ Schumann 2003, pp. 10–13.
19. ↑ Hugan, Yong (2013). Confucius: A Guide for the Perplexed. A&C Black. p. 3. ISBN 9781441196538. https://books.google.com/books?id=1R9MAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA4.
20. ↑ Riegel 2002.
21. ↑ James Lochtefeld, "Ajivika", The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-0823931798, page 22
22. ↑ Brueggemann 2002, pp. 75, 144.
23. ↑ "Ramayana | Summary, Characters, & Facts". https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramayana-Indian-epic.
24. ↑ Hendrix, Scott; Okeja, Uchenna, eds (2018). The World's Greatest Religious Leaders: How Religious Figures Helped Shape World History [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 11. ISBN 978-1440841385.
25. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 67.
26. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 128.
27. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 69.
28. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 102.
29. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 95.
30. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 73.
31. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 183.
32. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 75.
33. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 724.
34. ↑ "AḤSĀʾĪ, SHAIKH AḤMAD". Encyclopædia Iranica. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahsai-shaikh-ahmad.
35. ↑ "Individualism and the Mystical Path in Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsa'i". https://www.h-net.org/~bahai/bhpapers/ahsaind.htm.
36. ↑ "Shaykhism". https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0188.xml.
37. ↑ "SHAYKHISM". Encyclopædia Iranica. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shaykhism.
38. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 992.
39. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 741.
40. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 621.
41. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 637.
42. ↑ Chryssides 2001, p. 330.
43. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 451.
44. ↑ Smith and Prokopy 2003, p. 279-280.
45. ↑ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 365.
46. ↑ Melton 2003, p. 1051.
47. ↑ Beit-Hallahmi 1998, p. 97.
48. ↑ Atheist, Friendly. "Thanks to a Technicality, Pastafarianism is Now an Official Religion in Poland!". http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2014/04/10/thanks-to-a-technicality-pastafarianism-is-now-an-official-religion-in-poland/.

## Bibliography

* Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1998). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Active New Religions, Sects, and Cults (Revised ed.). Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-2586-5.
* Brueggemann, Walter (2002). Reverberations of Faith: A Theological Handbook of Old Testament Themes. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22231-4.
* Chryssides, George D. (2001). Historical dictionary of new religious movements. The Scarecrow Press, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-8108-4095-9. https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000chry.
* Cousins, LS (1996), "The dating of the historical Buddha: a review article", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 3 6 (1): 57–63, doi:10.1017/s1356186300014760, http://indology.info/papers/cousins
* Jestice, Phyllis G. (2004). Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia (Volume 3). ABC-CLIO, Inc.. ISBN 978-1-57607-355-1.
* Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh ed.). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-7876-6384-1.
* Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli; Moore, Charles (1957). A Source Book in Indian Philosophy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01958-1. https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinindi00radh.
* Riegel, J (3 July 2002). "Confucius". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2012/entries/confucius/. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
* Schumann, Hans Wolfgang (2003), The Historical Buddha: The Times, Life, and Teachings of the Founder of Buddhism, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120818170
* Smith, Christian; Joshua Prokopy (1999). Latin American Religion in Motion. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92106-0. https://archive.org/details/latinamericanrel0000unse.
* Singh, Upinder (2016), A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, Pearson Education, ISBN 978-93-325-6996-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ
* Zimmer, Heinrich (1953), Campbell, Joseph, ed., Philosophies Of India, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, ISBN 978-81-208-0739-6, https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer

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