Louise Glück

Short description: American poet and Nobel laureate (1943–2023)

Louise Glück

Glück c. 1977

Born| Louise Elisabeth Glück
(1943-04-22)April 22, 1943
New York City, U.S.
Died| October 13, 2023(2023-10-13) (aged 80)
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Occupation|

* Poet
* essayist
* professor

Education|

* Sarah Lawrence College
* Columbia University

Period| 1968–2023
Notable works|

* The Triumph of Achilles (1985)
* The Wild Iris (1992)

Notable awards|

* Pulitzer Prize for Poetry (1993)
* Bollingen Prize (2001)
* U.S. Poet Laureate (2003–2004)
* National Book Award (2014)
* National Humanities Medal (2015)
* Nobel Prize in Literature (2020)

Spouse|

* Charles Hertz Jr.
(m. 1967, divorced)

* John Dranow
(m. 1977; div. 1996)

Children| 1
Relatives| Abigail Savage (niece)

Louise Elisabeth Glück (/ɡlɪk/ GLIK;[1][2] April 22, 1943 – October 13, 2023) was an American poet and essayist. She won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Literature, whose judges praised "her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal".[3] Her other awards include the Pulitzer Prize, National Humanities Medal, National Book Award, National Book Critics Circle Award, and Bollingen Prize. From 2003 to 2004, she was Poet Laureate of the United States.

Glück was born in New York City and raised on Long Island. She began to suffer from anorexia nervosa while in high school and later overcame the illness. She attended Sarah Lawrence College and Columbia University but did not obtain a degree. In addition to being an author, she taught poetry at several academic institutions.

Glück is often described as an autobiographical poet; her work is known for its emotional intensity and for frequently drawing on mythology or nature imagery to meditate on personal experiences and modern life. Thematically, her poems have illuminated aspects of trauma, desire, and nature. In doing so, they have become known for frank expressions of sadness and isolation. Scholars have also focused on her construction of poetic personas and the relationship, in her poems, between autobiography and classical myth.

Glück served as the Frederick Iseman Professor in the Practice of Poetry at Yale University and as a professor of English at Stanford University. She split her time between Cambridge, Massachusetts; Montpelier, Vermont; and Berkeley, California.[4][5][6]

## Contents

* 1 Biography
* 1.1 Early life
* 1.2 Career
* 1.3 Personal life
* 2 Work
* 2.1 Form
* 2.2 Themes
* 2.3 Influences
* 3 Honors
* 3.1 Honors for body of work
* 3.2 Honors for individual works
* 3.3 Elected or invited posts
* 4 Selected bibliography
* 4.1 Poetry collections
* 4.2 Omnibus editions
* 4.3 Chapbooks
* 4.4 Essay collections
* 4.5 Fiction
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## Biography

### Early life

Louise Glück was born in New York City on April 22, 1943. She was the elder of two surviving daughters of Daniel Glück, a businessman, and Beatrice Glück (née Grosby), a homemaker.[7]

Glück's mother was of Russian Jewish descent.[8] Her paternal grandparents, Terézia (née Moskovitz) and Henrik Glück, were Hungarian Jews from Érmihályfalva, Bihar County, in what was then the Kingdom of Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Empire (present-day Romania); her grandfather ran a timber company called "Feldmann és Glück".[9][10] They emigrated to the United States in December 1900 and eventually owned a grocery store in New York.[8] Glück's father, who was born in the United States, had an ambition to become a writer, but went into business with his brother-in-law.[11] Together, they achieved success when they invented the X-Acto knife.[12] Glück's mother was a graduate of Wellesley College. In her childhood, Glück's parents taught her Greek mythology and classic stories such as the life of Joan of Arc.[13] She began to write poetry at an early age.[14]

As a teenager, Glück developed anorexia nervosa,[12][15] which became the defining challenge of her late teenage and young adult years. She described the illness, in one essay, as the result of an effort to assert her independence from her mother.[16] Elsewhere, she connected her illness to the death of an elder sister, an event that occurred before she was born.[7] During the fall of her senior year at George W. Hewlett High School, in Hewlett, New York, she began psychoanalytic treatment. A few months later, she was taken out of school in order to focus on her rehabilitation, although she still graduated in 1961.[17] Of that decision, she wrote, "I understood that at some point I was going to die. What I knew more vividly, more viscerally, was that I did not want to die".[16] She spent the next seven years in therapy, which she credited with helping her to overcome the illness and teaching her how to think.[18]

As a result of her condition, Glück did not enroll in college as a full-time student. She described her decision to forgo higher education in favor of therapy as necessary: "… my emotional condition, my extreme rigidity of behavior and frantic dependence on ritual made other forms of education impossible".[19] Instead, she took a poetry class at Sarah Lawrence College and, from 1963 to 1966, she enrolled in poetry workshops at Columbia University's School of General Studies, which offered courses for non-degree students.[20][21][22] While there, she studied with Léonie Adams and Stanley Kunitz. She credited these teachers as significant mentors in her development as a poet.[23]

### Career

While attending poetry workshops, Glück began to publish her poems. Her first publication was in Mademoiselle, followed soon after by poems in Poetry, The New Yorker, The Atlantic Monthly, The Nation, and other venues.[24][25] After leaving Columbia, Glück supported herself with secretarial work.[26] She married Charles Hertz Jr. in 1967.[27] In 1968, Glück published her first collection of poems, Firstborn, which received some positive critical attention. In a review, the poet Robert Hass described the book as "hard, artful, and full of pain".[28] However, reflecting on it in 2003, the critic Stephanie Burt said the collection "revealed a forceful but clotted poet, an anxious imitator of Robert Lowell and Sylvia Plath".[29] Following the publication, Glück experienced a prolonged case of writer's block, which was not cured, she said, until 1971, when she began to teach poetry at Goddard College in Vermont.[26][30] The poems she wrote during this time were collected in her second book, The House on Marshland (1975), which many critics have regarded as her breakthrough work, signaling her "discovery of a distinctive voice".[31]

In 1973, Glück gave birth to a son, Noah, with her partner, Keith Monley, who helped raise him for the first two years of his life.[12][32] Her marriage to Charles Hertz, Jr. had ended in divorce, and in 1977 she married John Dranow, an author who had started the summer writing program at Goddard College.[27][33] In 1980, Dranow and Francis Voigt, the husband of poet Ellen Bryant Voigt, co-founded the New England Culinary Institute as a private, for-profit college. Glück and Bryant Voigt were early investors in the institute and served on its board of directors.[33]

In 1980, Glück's third collection, Descending Figure, was published. It received some criticism for its tone and subject matter: for example, the poet Greg Kuzma accused Glück of being a "child hater" for her now anthologized poem, "The Drowned Children".[34] On the whole, however, the book was well received. In The American Poetry Review, Mary Kinzie praised the book's illumination of "deprived, harmed, stammering beings".[35] Writing in Poetry, the poet and critic J. D. McClatchy said the book was "a considerable advance on Glück's previous work" and "one of the year's outstanding books".[36] That same year, a fire destroyed Glück's house in Vermont, resulting in the loss of most of her possessions.[27]

In the wake of that tragedy, Glück began to write the poems that would later be collected in her award-winning work, The Triumph of Achilles (1985). Writing in The New York Times, the author and critic Liz Rosenberg described the collection as "clearer, purer, and sharper" than Glück's previous work.[37] The critic Peter Stitt, writing in The Georgia Review, declared that the book showed Glück to be "among the important poets of our age".[38] From the collection, the poem "Mock Orange", which has been likened to a feminist anthem,[39] has been called an "anthology piece" because of its frequent inclusion in poetry anthologies and college courses.[40]

In 1984, Glück joined the faculty of Williams College in Massachusetts as a senior lecturer in the English Department.[41] The following year, her father died.[42] The loss prompted her to begin a new collection of poems, Ararat (1990), the title of which references the mountain of the Genesis flood narrative. Writing in The New York Times in 2012, the critic Dwight Garner called it "the most brutal and sorrow-filled book of American poetry published in the last 25 years".[15] Glück followed this collection with one of her most popular and critically acclaimed books, The Wild Iris (1992), which features garden flowers in conversation with a gardener and a deity about the nature of life. Publishers Weekly proclaimed it an "important book" that showcased "poetry of great beauty".[43] The critic Elizabeth Lund, writing in The Christian Science Monitor, called it "a milestone work".[44] It went on to win the Pulitzer Prize in 1993, cementing Glück's reputation as a preeminent American poet.[45]

While the 1990s brought Glück literary success, it was also a period of personal hardship. Her marriage to John Dranow ended in divorce in 1996, the difficult nature of which affected their business relationship, resulting in Dranow's removal from his positions at the New England Culinary Institute.[33][46] Glück channeled her experience into her writing, entering a prolific period of her career. In 1994, she published a collection of essays called Proofs & Theories: Essays on Poetry. She then produced Meadowlands (1996), a collection of poetry about the nature of love and the deterioration of a marriage.[47] She followed it with two more collections: Vita Nova (1999) and The Seven Ages (2001).

In 2004, in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Glück published a chapbook entitled October. Consisting of one poem divided into six parts, it draws on ancient Greek myth to explore aspects of trauma and suffering.[48] That same year, she was named the Rosenkranz Writer in Residence at Yale University.[49]

After joining the faculty of Yale, Glück continued to publish poetry. Her books published during this period include Averno (2006), A Village Life (2009), and Faithful and Virtuous Night (2014). In 2012, the publication of a collection of a half-century's worth of her poems, entitled Poems: 1962–2012, was called "a literary event".[50] Another collection of her essays, entitled American Originality, appeared in 2017.[51]

In October 2020, Glück was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, becoming the sixteenth female literature laureate since the prize was founded in 1901.[52] Due to restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, she received her prize at her home.[53] In her Nobel lecture, which was delivered in writing, she highlighted her early engagement with poetry by William Blake and Emily Dickinson in discussing the relationship between poets, readers, and the wider public.[54]

In 2021, Glück's collection, Winter Recipes from the Collective, was published. In 2022, she was named the Frederick Iseman Professor in the Practice of Poetry at Yale.[55] In 2023, she was appointed a professor of English at Stanford University, where she taught in the Creative Writing Program.[6]

### Personal life

Glück's elder sister died young before Glück was born. Her younger sister, Tereze (1945–2018), worked at Citibank as a vice president and was also a writer, winning the Iowa Short Fiction Award in 1995 for her book, May You Live in Interesting Times.[56] Glück's niece is the actress Abigail Savage.[57]

She remained a close confidant and friend to Vermont novelist Kathryn Davis throughout her life. The two often corresponded to share their developing works, seeking creative advice throughout their lengthy friendship and writing careers.

Glück died from cancer at home in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on October 13, 2023, at age 80.[58]

## Work

External video Glück reads and discusses her poetry at a Lannan Foundation event in 2016. (9 mins)

Glück's work has been the subject of academic study. Her papers, including manuscripts, correspondence, and other materials, are housed at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University.[59]

### Form

Glück is best known for lyric poems of linguistic precision and dark tone. The poet Craig Morgan Teicher has described her as a writer for whom "words are always scarce, hard won, and not to be wasted".[60] The scholar Laura Quinney has argued that her careful use of words put Glück into "the line of American poets who value fierce lyric compression", from Emily Dickinson to Elizabeth Bishop.[61] Glück's poems shifted in form throughout her career, beginning with short, terse lyrics composed of compact lines and expanding into connected book-length sequences.[62] Her work is not known for poetic techniques such as rhyme or alliteration. Rather, the poet Robert Hahn has called her style "radically inconspicuous" or "virtually an absence of style", relying on a voice that blends "portentous intonations" with a conversational approach.[40]

Among scholars and reviewers, there has been discussion as to whether Glück is a confessional poet, owing to the prevalence of the first-person mode in her poems and their intimate subject matter, often inspired by events in Glück's personal life. The scholar Robert Baker has argued that Glück "is surely a confessional poet in some basic sense",[63] while the critic Michael Robbins has argued that Glück's poetry, unlike that of confessional poets Sylvia Plath or John Berryman, "depends upon the fiction of privacy".[64] In other words, she cannot be a confessional poet, Robbins argues, if she does not address an audience. Going further, Quinney argues that, to Glück, the confessional poem is "odious".[61] Others have noted that Glück's poems can be viewed as autobiographical, while her technique of inhabiting various personas, ranging from ancient Greek gods to garden flowers, renders her poems more than mere confessions. As the scholar Helen Vendler has noted: "In their obliquity and reserve, [Glück's poems] offer an alternative to first-person 'confession', while remaining indisputably personal".[65]

### Themes

While Glück's work is thematically diverse, scholars and critics have identified several themes that are paramount. Most prominently, Glück's poetry can be said to focus on trauma, as she wrote throughout her career about death, loss, suffering, failed relationships, and attempts at healing and renewal.[66] The scholar Daniel Morris notes that even a Glück poem that uses traditionally happy or idyllic imagery "suggests the author's awareness of mortality, of the loss of innocence".[31] The scholar Joanne Feit Diehl echoes this notion when she argues that "this 'sense of an ending' … infuses Glück's poems with their retrospective power", pointing to her transformation of common objects, such as a baby stroller, into representations of loneliness and loss.[67] Yet, for Glück, trauma was arguably a gateway to a greater appreciation of life, a concept explored in The Triumph of Achilles. The triumph to which the title alludes is Achilles' acceptance of mortality—which enables him to become a more fully realized human being.[68]

Another of Glück's common themes is desire. Glück wrote directly about many forms of desire—for example, the desire for love or insight—but her approach is marked by ambivalence. Morris argues that Glück's poems, which often adopt contradictory points of view, reflect "her own ambivalent relationship to status, power, morality, gender, and, most of all, language".[69] The author Robert Boyer has characterized Glück's ambivalence as a result of "strenuous self-interrogation". He argues that "Glück's poems at their best have always moved between recoil and affirmation, sensuous immediacy and reflection … for a poet who can often seem earthbound and defiantly unillusioned, she has been powerfully responsive to the lure of the daily miracle and the sudden upsurge of overmastering emotion".[70] The tension between competing desires in Glück's work manifests both in her assumption of different personas from poem to poem and in her varied approach to each collection of her poems. This led the poet and scholar James Longenbach to declare that "change is Louise Glück's highest value" and "if change is what she most craves, it is also what she most resists, what is most difficult for her, most hard-won".[71]

Another of Glück's preoccupations was nature, the setting for many of her poems. In The Wild Iris, the poems take place in a garden where flowers have intelligent, emotive voices. However, Morris points out that The House on Marshland is also concerned with nature and can be read as a revision of the Romantic tradition of nature poetry.[72] In Ararat, too, "flowers become a language of mourning", useful for both commemoration and competition among mourners to determine the "ownership of nature as a meaningful system of symbolism".[73] Thus, in Glück's work nature is both something to be regarded critically and embraced. The author and critic Alan Williamson has said it can also sometimes suggest the divine, as when, in the poem "Celestial Music", the speaker states that "when you love the world you hear celestial music", or when, in "The Wild Iris", the deity speaks through changes in weather.[74]

Glück's poetry is also notable for what it avoids. Morris argues that

> Glück's writing most often evades ethnic identification, religious classification, or gendered affiliation. In fact, her poetry often negates critical assessments that affirm identity politics as criteria for literary evaluation. She resists canonization as a hyphenated poet (that is, as a "Jewish-American" poet, or a "feminist" poet, or a "nature" poet), preferring instead to retain an aura of iconoclasm, or in-betweenness.[75]

### Influences

Glück pointed to the influence of psychoanalysis on her work, as well as her early learning in ancient legends, parables, and mythology. In addition, she credited the influence of Léonie Adams and Stanley Kunitz. Scholars and critics have pointed to the literary influence on her work of Robert Lowell,[76] Rainer Maria Rilke,[64] and Emily Dickinson,[77] among others.

## Honors

Glück received numerous honors for her work. Below are honors she received for both her body of work and individual works.

### Honors for body of work

* Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship (1967)[78]
* National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship (1970)[79]
* Guggenheim Fellowship for Creative Arts (1975)[80]
* National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship (1979)[79]
* American Academy of Arts and Letters Award in Literature (1981)[81]
* Guggenheim Fellowship for Creative Arts (1987)[80]
* National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship (1988)[79]
* Honorary Doctorate, Williams College (1993)[82]
* American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Elected Member (1993)[83]
* Vermont State Poet (1994–1998)[84]
* Honorary Doctorate, Skidmore College (1995)[85]
* Honorary Doctorate, Middlebury College (1996)[86]
* American Academy of Arts and Letters, Elected Member (1996)[87]
* Lannan Literary Award (1999)[88]
* School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences 50th Anniversary Medal, MIT (2001)[89]
* Bollingen Prize (2001)[90]
* Poet Laureate of the United States (2003–2004)[91]
* Wallace Stevens Award of the Academy of American Poets (2008)[92]
* Aiken Taylor Award for Modern American Poetry (2010)[93]
* American Academy of Achievement, Elected Member (2012)[94]
* American Philosophical Society, Elected Member (2014)[95]
* American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal in Poetry (2015)[96]
* National Humanities Medal (2015)[97]
* Tranströmer Prize (2020)[98]
* Nobel Prize in Literature (2020)[3]
* Honorary Doctorate, Dartmouth College (2021)[99]

### Honors for individual works

* Melville Cane Award for The Triumph of Achilles (1985)[100]
* National Book Critics Circle Award for The Triumph of Achilles (1985)[101]
* Rebekah Johnson Bobbitt National Prize for Poetry for Ararat (1992)[102]
* William Carlos Williams Award for The Wild Iris (1993)[21]
* Pulitzer Prize for The Wild Iris (1993)[103]
* PEN/Martha Albrand Award for First Nonfiction for Proofs & Theories: Essays on Poetry (1995)[104]
* Ambassador Book Award of the English-Speaking Union for Vita Nova (2000)[105]
* Ambassador Book Award of the English-Speaking Union for Averno (2007)[106]
* L.L. Winship/PEN New England Award for Averno (2007)[107]
* Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Poems 1962–2012 (2012)[108]
* National Book Award for Faithful and Virtuous Night (2014)[109]

In addition, The Wild Iris, Vita Nova, and Averno were all finalists for the National Book Award.[110] The Seven Ages was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Critics Circle Award.[111][101] A Village Life was a finalist for the National Book Critics Circle Award and the Griffin International Poetry Prize.[112]

Glück's poems have been widely anthologized, including in the Norton Anthology of Poetry,[113] the Oxford Book of American Poetry,[114] and the Columbia Anthology of American Poetry.[115]

### Elected or invited posts

In 1999, Glück, along with the poets Rita Dove and W. S. Merwin, was asked to serve as a special consultant to the Library of Congress for that institution's bicentennial. In this capacity, she helped the Library of Congress to determine programming to mark its 200th anniversary celebration.[116] In 1999, she was also elected a Chancellor of the Academy of American Poets, a post she held until 2005.[117] In 2003, she was appointed the judge of the Yale Series of Younger Poets, a position she held until 2010. The Yale Series is the oldest annual literary competition in the United States, and during her time as judge, she selected for publication works by the poets Jay Hopler, Peter Streckfus, and Fady Joudah, among others.[118]

Glück was a visiting faculty member at many institutions, including Stanford University,[119] Boston University,[120] the University of North Carolina, Greensboro,[121] and the Iowa Writers Workshop.[122]

## Selected bibliography

### Poetry collections

* Firstborn. The New American Library, 1968.
* The House on Marshland. The Ecco Press, 1975. ISBN 978-0-912946-18-4
* Descending Figure. The Ecco Press, 1980. ISBN 978-0-912946-71-9
* The Triumph of Achilles. The Ecco Press, 1985. ISBN 978-0-88001-081-8
* Ararat. The Ecco Press, 1990. ISBN 978-0-88001-247-8
* The Wild Iris. The Ecco Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-88001-281-2
* Meadowlands. The Ecco Press, 1997. ISBN 978-0-88001-452-6
* Vita Nova. The Ecco Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0-88001-634-6
* The Seven Ages. The Ecco Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-06-018526-8
* Averno. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006. ISBN 978-0-374-10742-0
* A Village Life. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009. ISBN 978-0-374-28374-2
* Poems: 1962–2012. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012. ISBN 978-0-374-12608-7
* Faithful and Virtuous Night. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2014. ISBN 978-0-374-15201-7
* Winter Recipes from the Collective. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2021. ISBN 978-0-374-60410-3

### Omnibus editions

* The First Four Books of Poems. The Ecco Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-88001-421-2
* The First Five Books of Poems. Carcanet Press, 1997. ISBN 978-1-857543-12-4

### Chapbooks

* The Garden. Antaeus Editions, 1976.[123]
* October. Sarabande Books, 2004. ISBN 978-1-932511-00-0

### Essay collections

* Proofs and Theories: Essays on Poetry. The Ecco Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-88001-442-7
* American Originality: Essays on Poetry. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2017. ISBN 978-0-374-29955-2

### Fiction

* Marigold and Rose: A Fiction. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2022. ISBN 978-0-374-60758-6

## See also

* List of Jewish Nobel laureates

## References

1. ↑ "Louise Glück wins Nobel Prize for Literature". October 8, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-54447291.
2. ↑ "Say How? – National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled". Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/nls/about/organization/standards-guidelines/efgh/#g.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Summary of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Literature". https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2020/summary/.
4. ↑ "Louise Glück | Authors | Macmillan" (in en-US). https://us.macmillan.com/author/louisegluck/.
5. ↑ Schley, Jim. "Book Review: 'Winter Recipes From the Collective,' Louise Glück" (in en). https://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/book-review-winter-recipes-from-the-collective-louise-gluck/Content?oid=34704087.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Sanford, John. "With five new appointments, Creative Writing Program undergoing 'amazing transformation' | Stanford Humanities and Sciences" (in en). https://humsci.stanford.edu/feature/five-new-appointments-creative-writing-program-undergoing-amazing-transformation.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Morris, Daniel (2006). The Poetry of Louise Glück: A Thematic Introduction. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. pp. 25. ISBN 9780826216939. https://archive.org/details/poetrylouisegluc00morr.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Morris, Daniel (2006). The Poetry of Louise Glück: A Thematic Introduction. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. p. 67. ISBN 9780826216939. https://archive.org/details/poetrylouisegluc00morr.
9. ↑ Kiss, Gábor (October 10, 2020). "Az Értől Az Óceánig – A Nobel-Díjas Louise E. Glück Magyar Gyökerei". szombat. https://szombat.org/tortenelem/az-ertol-az-oceanig-a-nobel-dijas-louise-e-gluck-magyar-gyokerei.
10. ↑ Berger, Joel (December 10, 2020). "Es war einmal in Érmihályfalva". Jüdische Allgemeine. https://scotty-berlin.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/AJW07-10.pdf.
11. ↑ Glück, Louise (1994). Proofs & Theories: Essays on Poetry. New York: The Ecco Press. p. 5.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Weeks, Linton (August 29, 2003). "Gluck to be Poet Laureate". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2003/08/29/gluck-to-be-poet-laureate/c168beab-27d5-4b4d-8156-e5b6dbe99598/.
13. ↑ Glück, Louise. Proofs & Theories: Essays on Poetry. p. 7.
14. ↑ Glück, Louise. Proofs & Theories: Essays on Poetry. p. 8.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Garner, Dwight (November 8, 2012). "Verses Wielded Like a Razor" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/09/books/louise-gluck-poems-1962-2012.html.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Glück, Louise. Proofs & Theories: Essays on Poetry. pp. 11.
17. ↑ "Louise Glück Biography and Interview". American Academy of Achievement. https://achievement.org/achiever/louise-gluck/#interview.
18. ↑ Gluck, Louise (October 27, 2012). "'A Voice of Spiritual Prophecy'. Louise Gluck Interview.". Washington D.C.. http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/glu0int-1.
19. ↑ Glück, Louise. Proofs & Theories: Essays on Poetry. pp. 13.
20. ↑ Morris, Daniel. The Poetry of Louise Glück: A Thematic Introduction. p. 28.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Haralson, Eric L. (2014) (in en). Encyclopedia of American Poetry: The Twentieth Century. Routledge. pp. 252. ISBN 978-1-317-76322-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=noCrAgAAQBAJ&q="louise+gluck"+columbia+1963&pg=PA252. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
22. ↑ "Louise Glück 2020 Winner of Nobel Prize in Literature" (in en). https://arts.columbia.edu/news/louise-glück-2020-winner-nobel-prize-literature.
23. ↑ Chiasson, Dan (November 4, 2012). "The Body Artist". The New Yorker (November 12, 2012). https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/11/12/the-body-artist. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
24. ↑ Zuba, Jesse (2016). The First Book: Twentieth-Century Poetic Careers in America. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 128. ISBN 978-1-4008-7379-1. OCLC 932268118.
25. ↑ Ratiner, Steven (December 27, 2012). "Book World: Louise Gluck's 'Poems 1962–2012'" (in en-US). The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/book-world-louise-glucks-poems-1962-2012/2012/12/27/c54fa088-4a02-11e2-ad54-580638ede391_story.html.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Louise Glück" (in en). https://www.neh.gov/humanities/2016/fall/feature/louise-glück.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Morris, Daniel (2006). The Poetry of Louise Gluck: A Thematic Introduction. pp. 29.
28. ↑ Miklitsch, Robert (October 1, 1982). "Assembling a Landscape: The Poetry of Louise Gluck". Hollins Critic 19 (4): 1. ISSN 0018-3644. https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-133018719/assembling-a-landscape-the-poetry-of-louise-gluck. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
29. ↑ Burt, Stephen (September 21, 2003). "The Laureate: Why Louise Gluck's intensely private poetry is just what the public needs" (in en). http://archive.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2003/09/21/the_laureate/.
30. ↑ Duffy, John J.; Hand, Samuel B.; Orth, Ralph H. (2003) (in en). The Vermont Encyclopedia. UPNE. pp. 138. ISBN 978-1-58465-086-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=uTBCXqOou0YC&q=louise+gluck+vermont+encyclopedia&pg=PA138.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Morris, Daniel. The Poetry of Louise Glück: A Thematic Introduction. p. 4.
32. ↑ Floersch, Larry (2023-11-01). "State of Mind: Louise Glück (1943–2023): Food and Friendship: A Remembrance" (in en-US). https://montpelierbridge.org/2023/11/state-of-mind-louise-gluck-1943-2023-food-and-friendship-a-remembrance/.
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Flagg, Kathryn. "Vermont's Struggling Culinary School Plans Its Next Course" (in en). https://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/vermonts-struggling-culinary-school-plans-its-next-course/Content?oid=2332056.
34. ↑ George, E. Laurie (1990). "The 'Harsher Figure' of Descending Figure: Louise Gluck's 'Dive into the Wreck'". Women's Studies 17 (3–4): 235–247. doi:10.1080/00497878.1990.9978808. http://faculty.washington.edu/elgeorge/The harsher figure of descending figure.pdf. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
35. ↑ Kinzie, Mary (1982). "Review of Descending Figure; Memory; Monolithos; The Southern Cross; Sure Signs: New and Selected Poems; Letters from a Father; Antarctic Traveller; Worldly Hopes". The American Poetry Review 11 (5): 37–46. ISSN 0360-3709. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27777028.
36. ↑ McClatchy, J. D. (1981). "Figures in the Landscape". Poetry 138 (4): 231–241. ISSN 0032-2032. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20594296.
37. ↑ Rosenberg, Liz (December 22, 1985). "Geckos, Porch Lights and Sighing Gardens" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1985/12/22/books/geckos-porch-lights-and-sighing-gardens.html.
38. ↑ Stitt, Peter (1985). "Contemporary American Poems: Exclusive and Inclusive". The Georgia Review 39 (4): 849–863. ISSN 0016-8386.
39. ↑ Abel, Colleen (January 15, 2019). "Speaking Against Silence". http://blog.pshares.org/index.php/speaking-against-silence/.
40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Hahn, Robert (Summer 2004). "Transporting the Wine of Tone: Louise Gluck in Italian". Michigan Quarterly Review XLIII (3). ISSN 1558-7266.
41. ↑ Williams College. "Poet Louise Glück at Williams College Awarded Coveted Bollingen Prize" (in en-US). https://communications.williams.edu/news-releases/poet-louise-gluck-at-williams-college-awarded-coveted-bollingen-prize/.
42. ↑ "A zest for life: Beatrice Glück of Woodmere dies at 101" (in en). May 26, 2011. https://www.liherald.com/fivetowns/stories/a-zest-for-life-beatrice-glck-of-woodmere-dies-at-101,33097?.
43. ↑ "Wild Iris". June 29, 1992. https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-88001-281-2.
44. ↑ "Images of Now and Then in Poetry's Mirror". The Christian Science Monitor. January 7, 1993. ISSN 0882-7729. https://www.csmonitor.com/1993/0107/07141.html.
45. ↑ "The Wild Iris, by Louise Glück (The Ecco Press)". https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/louise-gluck.
46. ↑ Bandler, James (January 26, 2000). "Too Many Cooks". Seven Days 5 (22): p. 8. https://issuu.com/7days/docs/012600-vol.05-no.22.
47. ↑ "Louise Glück". https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/louise-gluck.
48. ↑ Azcuy, Mary Kate (2011), "Persona, Trauma and Survival in Louise Glück's Postmodern, Mythic, Twenty-First-Century 'October'" (in en), Crisis and Contemporary Poetry (Palgrave Macmillan UK): pp. 33–49, doi:10.1057/9780230306097_3, ISBN 978-0-230-30609-7
49. ↑ Speirs, Stephanie (November 9, 2004). "Gluck waxes poetic on work" (in en). https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2004/11/09/gluck-waxes-poetic-on-work/.
50. ↑ "Creative Paralysis" (in en-US). December 6, 2013. https://theamericanscholar.org/creative-paralysis/.
51. ↑ "American Originality: Essays on Poetry". https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/29939146-american-originality.
52. ↑ "Louise Glück wins the 2020 Nobel prize in literature" (in en). October 8, 2020. http://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/oct/08/louise-gluck-wins-the-2020-nobel-prize-in-literature.
53. ↑ "Nobel ceremonies go low-key this year because of coronavirus". December 7, 2020. https://apnews.com/article/europe-oslo-nobel-prizes-coronavirus-pandemic-berlin-2eff5024db4fab77e46ead2f39f4bf20.
54. ↑ Glück, Louise. "The Nobel Lecture in Literature 2020" (in en-US). https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2020/gluck/lecture/.
55. ↑ "Louise Glück named Frederick Iseman Professor in the Practice of Poetry" (in en). May 11, 2022. https://news.yale.edu/2022/05/11/louise-gluck-named-frederick-iseman-professor-practice-poetry.
56. ↑ Iowa Writers' Workshop, List of Awards, University of Iowa homepage. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
57. ↑ "Obituary: Gluck, Tereze". December 19, 2018. https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/nytimes/obituary.aspx?n=tereze-gluck&pid=191030681&fhid=10713.
58. ↑ Risen, Clay (October 13, 2023). "Louise Glück, Nobel-Winning Poet Who Explored Trauma and Loss, Dies at 80". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/13/books/louise-gluck-dead.html. Retrieved October 13, 2023.
59. ↑ "Collection: Louise Glück papers | Archives at Yale". https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/11/resources/5489/collection_organization.
60. ↑ Teicher, Craig Morgan (August 4, 2017). "Deep Dives Into How Poetry Works (and Why You Should Care)" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/04/books/review/a-little-book-on-form-robert-hass-american-originality-louise-gluck.html.
61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Quinney, Laura (July 21, 2005). "Like Dolls with Their Heads Cut Off" (in en). London Review of Books 27 (14). https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v27/n14/laura-quinney/like-dolls-with-their-heads-cut-off. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
62. ↑ Cucinella, Catherine, ed (2002). Contemporary American Women Poets: An A-to-Z Guide. Westport: Greenwood Press. pp. 150–151. ISBN 978-1-4294-7550-1. OCLC 144590762. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/556e/88d648e8b39637eb4a33c8bae81334a83c66.pdf.
63. ↑ Baker, Robert (June 1, 2018). "Versions of Ascesis in Louise Glück's Poetry" (in en). The Cambridge Quarterly 47 (2): 131–154. doi:10.1093/camqtly/bfy011. ISSN 0008-199X. https://academic.oup.com/camqtly/article/47/2/131/5026611. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Robbins, Michael (December 4, 2012). "The Constant Gardener: On Louise Glück". https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-constant-gardener-on-louise-gluck/.
65. ↑ Vendler, Helen (1980). Part of Nature, Part of Us: Modern American Poets. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 311. ISBN 978-0-674-65476-1. https://archive.org/details/partofnaturepart0004vend.
66. ↑ Cucinella, Catherine, ed (2002). Contemporary American Women Poets: An A-to-Z Guide. pp. 149. "Wounds—the death of a firstborn child, anorexia, failed relationships, sibling rivalry, a parent's death, divorce—form the foundation from which Glück's poetry arises."
67. ↑ Diehl, Joanne Feit, ed (2005). On Louise Glück: Change What You See. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-472-11479-5.
68. ↑ ""The Ambivalence of Being in Gluck's The Triumph of Achilles" [by Caroline Malone"]. https://blog.bestamericanpoetry.com/the_best_american_poetry/2012/01/the-ambivalence-of-being-in-glucks-the-triumph-of-achilles-opening-the-box-opening-the-book-opening-the-self-what-ofte.html.
69. ↑ Morris, Daniel. The Poetry of Louise Glück: A Thematic Introduction. p. 73.
70. ↑ Boyers, Robert (November 20, 2012). "Writing Without a Mattress: On Louise Glück" (in en-US). The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/writing-without-mattress-louise-glueck/.
71. ↑ Longenbach, James (1999). "Louise Glück's Nine Lives". Southwest Review 84 (2): 184–198. ISSN 0038-4712.
72. ↑ Morris, Daniel. The Poetry of Louise Glück: A Thematic Introduction. p. 2.
73. ↑ Morris, Daniel. The Poetry of Louise Glück: A Thematic Introduction. p. 6.
74. ↑ Williamson, Alan (2005). "Splendor and Mistrust". in Diehl, Joanne Feit. On Louise Glück: Change What You See. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 65–66.
75. ↑ Morris, Daniel. The Poetry of Louise Glück: A Thematic Introduction. pp. 30–31.
76. ↑ Gargaillo, Florian (September 29, 2017). "Sounding Lowell: Louise Glück and Derek Walcott" (in en-US). https://www.literarymatters.org/10-1-sounding-lowell-louise-gluck-and-derek-walcott/.
77. ↑ Diehl, Joanne Feit (2005). "Introduction". in Diehl, Joanne Feit. On Louise Glück: Change What You See. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 13, 20.
78. ↑ Rockefeller Foundation (2003). "The President's Review and Annual Report 1967". https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Annual-Report-1967-1.pdf.
79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 "Literature Fellowships list" (in en). https://www.arts.gov/grants/recent-grants/literature-fellowships/list-by-year?field_year_value=All&field_lit_fellows_type_value=3&title=Louise+Gluck.
80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 "John Simon Guggenheim Foundation | Louise Glück" (in en-US). John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/louise-gluck/.
81. ↑ "Awards – American Academy of Arts and Letters" (in en-US). https://artsandletters.org/awards/.
82. ↑ Williams College. "Honorary Degrees" (in en-US). https://commencement.williams.edu/honorary-degrees/.
83. ↑ "Louise Elisabeth Gluck" (in en). https://www.amacad.org/person/louise-elisabeth-gluck.
84. ↑ "Vermont – State Poet Laureate (State Poets Laureate of the United States, Main Reading Room, Library of Congress)". https://www.loc.gov/rr/main/poets/vermont.html.
85. ↑ "Skidmore honorary degree recipient wins Nobel Prize". https://www.skidmore.edu/news/2020/1008-gluck.php.
86. ↑ "July 29, 1998" (in en). October 11, 2010. http://www.middlebury.edu/newsroom/archive/archive/1998/node/264220.
87. ↑ "Academy Members – American Academy of Arts and Letters" (in en-US). https://artsandletters.org/academy-members/.
88. ↑ "Lannan Foundation" (in en). https://lannan.org/literary/detail/louise-gluck.
89. ↑ "Soundings: Spring 01". http://web.mit.edu/shass/soundings/issue_01s/dep_celebration_01s.html.
90. ↑ "Louise Gluck | The Bollingen Prize for Poetry". https://bollingen.yale.edu/poet/louise-gluck.
91. ↑ "Louise Glück: Online Resources – Library of Congress Bibliographies, Research Guides, and Finding Aids (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress)". https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/gluck/.
92. ↑ Poets, Academy of American. "Wallace Stevens Award | Academy of American Poets". https://poets.org/academy-american-poets/prizes/wallace-stevens-award.
93. ↑ "Aiken Taylor Award" (in en-US). http://thesewaneereview.com/aiken-taylor-award.
94. ↑ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". American Academy of Achievement. https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#the-arts.
95. ↑ "APS Member History". https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Louise+Gluck&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced.
96. ↑ "Search Results for "Gluck" – American Academy of Arts and Letters" (in en-US). https://artsandletters.org/?s=Gluck&restype=all.
97. ↑ "Louise Glück" (in en). https://www.neh.gov/about/awards/national-humanities-medals/louise-glück.
98. ↑ Berggren, Jenny (February 14, 2020). "Poeten Louise Glück får Tranströmerpriset 2020" (in sv). SVT Nyheter. https://www.svt.se/nyheter/lokalt/vastmanland/poeten-louise-gluck-far-transtromerpriset-2020.
99. ↑ "Dartmouth Confers Honorary Degrees on Seven Remarkable Recipients" (in en). June 15, 2021. https://president.dartmouth.edu/news/2021/06/dartmouth-confers-honorary-degrees-seven-remarkable-recipients.
100. ↑ "Eberhart and Ginsberg Win Frost Poetry Medal" (in en-US). The New York Times. April 17, 1986. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/17/books/eberhart-and-ginsberg-win-frost-poetry-medal.html.
101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 "All Past National Book Critics Circle Award Winners and Finalists – National Book Critics Circle". https://www.bookcritics.org/awards/past/.
102. ↑ "Rebekah Johnson Bobbitt National Prize for Poetry (Prizes and Fellowships, The Poetry and Literature Center at the Library of Congress)". https://www.loc.gov/poetry/prize-fellow/bobbitt.html.
103. ↑ "Pulitzer Prize Winners by Year: 1993". https://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-year/1993.
104. ↑ "PEN/Martha Albrand Award for First Nonfiction Winners" (in en). May 5, 2016. https://pen.org/penmartha-albrand-award-for-first-nonfiction-winners/.
105. ↑ "ESU Programs – Books Across The Sea". August 20, 2008. http://www.esuus.org/books_across_sea_ambassador_books_awards_past_winners_1986_2002.htm.
106. ↑ "English Speaking Union of the United States". August 20, 2008. http://www.esuus.org/books_across_sea_2007.htm.
107. ↑ "PEN New England and the JFK Presidential Library Announce Winners of the 2007 Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award and the 2007 L.L. Winship/PEN New England Awards | JFK Library". https://www.jfklibrary.org/about-us/news-and-press/press-releases/pen-new-england-and-the-jfk-presidential-library-announce-winners-of-the-2007-hemingway-foundation-p.
108. ↑ LA Times Festival of Books. "List of Honorees". https://events.latimes.com/festivalofbooks/bookprizes-honorees-year/.
109. ↑ "National Book Awards 2014" (in en-US). https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-2014/.
110. ↑ "Louise Glück" (in en-US). https://www.nationalbook.org/people/louise-gluck/.
111. ↑ "Louise Gluck". https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/louise-gluck.
112. ↑ Says, Tarsitano. "Griffin Poetry Prize: Louise Glück" (in en-US). http://www.griffinpoetryprize.com/awards-and-poets/shortlists/2010-shortlist/louise-gluck/.
113. ↑ Ferguson, Margaret W.; Salter, Mary Jo; Stallworthy, Jon (January 2005). Norton Anthology of Poetry. Norton. Table of Contents. ISBN 9780393979213. https://library.villanova.edu/Find/Record/1261920/TOC. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
114. ↑ The Oxford Book of American poetry. Table of Contents. http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip065/2005036590.html. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
115. ↑ Parini, Jay, ed (1995). The Columbia Anthology of American Poetry. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-08122-1. http://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-columbia-anthology-of-american-poetry/9780231081221. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
116. ↑ "Librarian of Congress Makes Unprecedented Poetry Appointments". https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-99-043/librarian-of-congress-makes-unprecedented-poetry-appointments/1999-04-05/.
117. ↑ "Louise Glück | Steven Barclay Agency". https://www.barclayagency.com/speakers/louise-glueck/.
118. ↑ "The Judges" (in en-US). February 26, 2014. http://youngerpoets.yupnet.org/the-judges/.
119. ↑ "Mohr Visiting Poets". https://creativewriting.stanford.edu/people/mohr-visiting-poets.
120. ↑ "Creative Writing hosts faculty reading tonight". https://blogs.bu.edu/bunow/2011/04/12/creative-writing-hosts-faculty-reading-tonight/.
121. ↑ Johnston, Matthew (December 7, 2020). "Yes, Nobel laureate Louise Glück was a Spartan" (in en-US). https://uc.uncg.edu/magazine/newsfront/yes-nobel-laureate-louise-gluck-was-a-spartan/.
122. ↑ "Louise Glück". http://litcity.lib.uiowa.edu/person/louise-gluck/.
123. ↑ Glück, Louise (October 14, 1976). "The Garden". https://books.google.com/books?id=GAfzAAAAMAAJ.

## Further reading

* Burnside, John, The Music of Time: Poetry in the Twentieth Century, London: Profile Books, 2019, ISBN 978-1-78125-561-2
* Dodd, Elizabeth, The Veiled Mirror and the Woman Poet: H.D., Louise Bogan, Elizabeth Bishop, and Louise Glück, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992, ISBN 978-0-8262-0857-6
* Doreski, William, The Modern Voice in American Poetry, Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1995, ISBN 978-0-8130-1362-6
* Feit Diehl, Joanne, editor, On Louise Glück: Change What You See, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0-472-03062-0
* Gosmann, Uta, Poetic Memory: The Forgotten Self in Plath, Howe, Hinsey, and Glück, Madison: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-1-61147-037-6
* Harrison, DeSales, The End of the Mind: The Edge of the Intelligible in Hardy, Stevens, Larkin, Plath, and Glück, New York and London: Routledge, 2005, ISBN 978-0-415-97029-7
* Morris, Daniel, The Poetry of Louise Glück: A Thematic Introduction, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-8262-6556-2
* Upton, Lee, The Muse of Abandonment: Origin, Identity, Mastery in Five American Poets, Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-8387-5396-5
* Upton, Lee, Defensive Measures: The Poetry of Niedecker, Bishop, Glück, and Carson, Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0-8387-5607-2
* Vendler, Helen, Part of Nature, Part of Us: Modern American Poets, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980, ISBN 978-0-674-65475-4
* Zuba, Jesse, The First Book: Twentieth-Century Poetic Careers in America, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016, ISBN 978-0-691-16447-2

## External links

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Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature

1901–1925|

* 1901: Sully Prudhomme
* 1902: Theodor Mommsen
* 1903: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
* 1904: Frédéric Mistral / José Echegaray
* 1905: Henryk Sienkiewicz
* 1906: Giosuè Carducci
* 1907: Rudyard Kipling
* 1908: Rudolf Eucken
* 1909: Selma Lagerlöf
* 1910: Paul Heyse
* 1911: Maurice Maeterlinck
* 1912: Gerhart Hauptmann
* 1913: Rabindranath Tagore
* 1914
* 1915: Romain Rolland
* 1916: Verner von Heidenstam
* 1917: Karl Gjellerup / Henrik Pontoppidan
* 1918
* 1919: Carl Spitteler
* 1920: Knut Hamsun
* 1921: Anatole France
* 1922: Jacinto Benavente
* 1923: W. B. Yeats
* 1924: Władysław Reymont
* 1925: George Bernard Shaw

1926–1950|

* 1926: Grazia Deledda
* 1927: Henri Bergson
* 1928: Sigrid Undset
* 1929: Thomas Mann
* 1930: Sinclair Lewis
* 1931: Erik Axel Karlfeldt
* 1932: John Galsworthy
* 1933: Ivan Bunin
* 1934: Luigi Pirandello
* 1935
* 1936: Eugene O'Neill
* 1937: Roger Martin du Gard
* 1938: Pearl S. Buck
* 1939: Frans Eemil Sillanpää
* 1940
* 1941
* 1942
* 1943
* 1944: Johannes V. Jensen
* 1945: Gabriela Mistral
* 1946: Hermann Hesse
* 1947: André Gide
* 1948: T. S. Eliot
* 1949: William Faulkner
* 1950: Bertrand Russell

1951–1975|

* 1951: Pär Lagerkvist
* 1952: François Mauriac
* 1953: Winston Churchill
* 1954: Ernest Hemingway
* 1955: Halldór Laxness
* 1956: Juan Ramón Jiménez
* 1957: Albert Camus
* 1958: Boris Pasternak
* 1959: Salvatore Quasimodo
* 1960: Saint-John Perse
* 1961: Ivo Andrić
* 1962: John Steinbeck
* 1963: Giorgos Seferis
* 1964: Jean-Paul Sartre (declined award)
* 1965: Mikhail Sholokhov
* 1966: Shmuel Yosef Agnon / Nelly Sachs
* 1967: Miguel Ángel Asturias
* 1968: Yasunari Kawabata
* 1969: Samuel Beckett
* 1970: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
* 1971: Pablo Neruda
* 1972: Heinrich Böll
* 1973: Patrick White
* 1974: Eyvind Johnson / Harry Martinson
* 1975: Eugenio Montale

1976–2000|

* 1976: Saul Bellow
* 1977: Vicente Aleixandre
* 1978: Isaac Bashevis Singer
* 1979: Odysseas Elytis
* 1980: Czesław Miłosz
* 1981: Elias Canetti
* 1982: Gabriel García Márquez
* 1983: William Golding
* 1984: Jaroslav Seifert
* 1985: Claude Simon
* 1986: Wole Soyinka
* 1987: Joseph Brodsky
* 1988: Naguib Mahfouz
* 1989: Camilo José Cela
* 1990: Octavio Paz
* 1991: Nadine Gordimer
* 1992: Derek Walcott
* 1993: Toni Morrison
* 1994: Kenzaburō Ōe
* 1995: Seamus Heaney
* 1996: Wisława Szymborska
* 1997: Dario Fo
* 1998: José Saramago
* 1999: Günter Grass
* 2000: Gao Xingjian

2001–present|

* 2001: V. S. Naipaul
* 2002: Imre Kertész
* 2003: J. M. Coetzee
* 2004: Elfriede Jelinek
* 2005: Harold Pinter
* 2006: Orhan Pamuk
* 2007: Doris Lessing
* 2008: J. M. G. Le Clézio
* 2009: Herta Müller
* 2010: Mario Vargas Llosa
* 2011: Tomas Tranströmer
* 2012: Mo Yan
* 2013: Alice Munro
* 2014: Patrick Modiano
* 2015: Svetlana Alexievich
* 2016: Bob Dylan
* 2017: Kazuo Ishiguro
* 2018: Olga Tokarczuk
* 2019: Peter Handke

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